:

:
) ) ,

( )
: directional relay
Directional relay Bus Bar-Generators -Transformer
Over Current Relay
Relay ) (Fault

) (Fault Relay
Relay C.B
directional relay
-1 over current relay

Instantaneous directional relay -2

bus bar
: Bus Bar Differential


Relay
: Voltage Supervision Relay
: HVHRC
: High Voltage High Rupturing Capacity fuse



.
:
)(Generator protection
1-Overcurrent protection
2-Under/Over voltage
3-Reverse power
4-Loss of excitation
5-Rotor Earth leack
6-Differencial Protection
7-Negative sequence current
8-Netral Point Voltage
9-Out of Step
)10-over/under Frequency (speed


:

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soft starter .1
2.



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4
.
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: Tertiary Winding





,

.
:

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Armoury



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isolating
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:
:
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:

( )
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.

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2 GL
AM

: Bus Bar Protection

Current Injection

.

ATS
)(AC
Alternator
ac
rectifier matching


ac to dc alternator

()
.


.
: () )(Y
: .
Neutral Over Current Relay
) (Buck up Earth Fault
) (E/F Relay



(KV 33 (11 KV -

.
:

over current
E / F

10


: -
-
: Short ) (Link (
) ) (Link

456
:
1 2 .3- .

: harmonics
- :
-1 0110 3
-2 C.B
-3 )(UNDER VOLTAGES
-4
5 )(Q6
7 8 (- -)..........
9-

11





....
-PHASE 3

3 =

.1
.2-
.3 ( (DVD-
AUDIO/VEDIO AMPLHFIER
.4 - ( )discharge gas lamps
.5 -
.6 ( (
.7
ups system .8

detuned
)(VARLOGIC
: .

open delta
1 2
..
2 ( open delta
)

12





: "''Reclosing


Temporary




( 1)

:
CLAMP METER

0
0
: Knee Point

Knee Point % 10
% 50
Knee Point :
:

13


C.T.R = 300/5 , Is=5 A , 5 P 10 , 60 VA
Knee Point = 10*60 / Is = 10*60 / 5 = 120 Volt
P10 5 10] [Accuracy Limit Factor

Rated burden
Vcallculated = ( ALF*Rated burden ) / In

In = nominal secondary current

: ...
1. .
.2 /
.3 /
.4 _
:

... ((
... ( )


: pilot cable power cable
pilot
protection relay siemens relay 7SD600
as EMG. O/C with time delaypilot relay

14


open
delta DE/F
interposing VT
interposing VT
DE/F

STAR/DELTA CONVERTER


:

DC RESISTANCE POLARITY TEST SATURATION TEST mugger test : DIGITAL METER HOUR
MTER MV DP

2
) )V CONNICTION 3 WIRE PT METERS 4 WIRE


PHASE VOLTAGE

:
7 THE POWER OF RESISTANCE
3 W.

15


28 -
3 STAR CONNECTION
(
) -

)(STAR / DELTA CONVERTER
:

my question is if I have current transformer has facility to change ratio
from primary side and also from secondary side what is the better side for
change
the answer is according to what I want where the advantage of primary
side is maintaining ampere turnes so burden will be maintaned without
change but the disadvantage is decreasing short circuit level. and the the
opposite advantage and disadvantage for changing ratio from secondary
side

DCDB
A10
:

,
.

16






16




: Icu Isc
IEC 947-2 :
Icu () (
) ,
Isc ()
Icu :
Isc = 100, 75 , 50 , 25 % Icu
.
Isc Icu
.
Isc = 100% Icu
.
SF6
) (SF6

.
,
.

17

SF6 .
. m^3 / 6.14 KG
.
1. 164.07
2. C50.8 -
3. C- 63.8
4. C45.46
5. bar 73.193
6. g / m^30.725
7. -50.8C .........1.910g/m^3
.
.
) (SF6
.
> 2SF6 + 524 Kcal-------- S2 + 6F2

, ( , ,
, ( ,))
( C ) 500

18


S2F, F.F2,F4 F10

.
) (SO2F2 )(SOF2
.
.
) ( SF6

.
.

.

.
( - - )
) ) Electrical arcing

. ) (SF6
.

.
1-Sulphured Hydrogen
2-Sulfuric Anhydride
3-Hydroflouric Acid

19


SF6 .
----------------------------------------------------------



SF6.
---------------------------- ) (SF6

) ( with stand voltage
.

) (Break down voltage .

.
) ( withstand voltage ,
) (partial pressure of moisture
. )( Dew point of moisture
) ( SF6 .
.

.
SF6.
.
1- ) ( withstand voltage

20



))Dew point of moisture )) SF6
.
2 . .
* SF6 .
-----------------------------------------1 .2 .
3 ) (Rubber sealing .
* SF6.
---------------------------------------------
:
/ .
/
) ( nitrogen purring
.
/ ( ( O-ring .
/ .
) (SF6
:-
1 ) (sealing .
2- ) (SF6 .

21


3 .
.
-------------------------------------------- ) (SF6
. 12 /2
.
. KV 400
KW 2 C 22-
.
* .
---------------------------------------------- ( (SF6
((O- ring
((O- ring ((O- ring (Silicon
)rubber .
((O- ring ) (neoprene
.
) (DEW POINT
) (DEW POINT
) (Hygrometer

22



) ( ppmw

() 15
{)}PPmw = PPmv x ( mw. water / mw.gas
PPmw = PPmv / 8.1
-----------
PPmw --------- PPmv --------- mw water --------- = 18mw gas --------- = 146.05SF6

.
.
) (ON )(OFF
. ) (ON
(ON) .
a ( )
.

.
b

)(auxiliary switch
.

23




100



,
,

,

.
: DIN VDE 0100, part 410, section 6.1.2
:
( PEN ) TN .
( ) .

lighting current arresters

24

.1

-1
-2

-3
-4

-5

: :


(
-)
( )
( )

25


:
efficiency Economic
Thermal efficiency

Operational efficiency

) heat rate factor ( Energy efficiency

Capacity factor
factor Load

:
(
, )
:



.


.
.

:
: -:
*
* ( )
*
: :

26


Generation of Electrical Energy





. :

:
.
.
.

( )
.
.

:
)1 1.5

)2 2.5
)3 4

27

- Phases-3

X MW Phase -3
phase-1
Phase 1 X MW Phase-3
XMW1.5

dc-- ac
-2 AC DC -:

- DC , A & V 1000 1000

, MW 1

Brushes Spark
. Short Circuit

AC ( ) 1000 - 600
. MW
-

. DC

28


220





- 1 over speed

( n2 =n1* ( f2 / f1
- 2 blocking

( I2=I1*(F2/F

-
-

:
:
-1 :
() .
-2 : ()

29


Surge Arrester


)
(

.
:

:
:

30

:
:

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31

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2.

32


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.

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33

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11.
.

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34


= + ) 20-10( + .

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.

16.

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17.

.
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18.

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35

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120
.

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23. " "

.

36


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( . / )100

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37

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38


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).

39


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.

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40


46.
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busswork.

49.
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1000 = 1( .
)1000

41


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53.

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42


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43


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48


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150
180
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49

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110 120 240 277
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53


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117.
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55



--
.
22
208 230 .

:
= ( ) 1000 /
= (V 230 4167) = 9.58 1000 /

120.

= ( / )1000
= ( ) / 1000 173
= ( ) 1000 /
= ( 1000 / )1.73

121. 3

--
. 3 -
. - 4 - 3
. 3 - 3
( ) .

56


122. 4 - 3
3 3
-- ""
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123. ' '

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124.

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125. - 60 -
50
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60.

126.

57



- 4
.
.

127.


.
.
.

128.

208
240 . .

480 240 .
480
240 .
.

129.

.

58


.
KVA 35dB 10kVA 75 dB.50

130.

75
.

131.

.

132. .
( )

. N.E.C. " 4-450 600
" . ()
()

.

133.


4-450

59


. " :
-- 4-450 600
( ) . 600

.
125
.
.
: 9
125

.
9
167 .
() - .
" .
: kVA 1 BKN4EA 120
240 24 12 .
208 230 .

958 .9580

.
= 9580 = 46 208
.
9
-- nonadjustable
125
.

60


. = 46 = 125
575.
( 4-450)
.
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. = 60.

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.

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135.

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62


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()

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63


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64



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3
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1200 V 480
1600 V 600 .
.

145.

() (
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.

146.
:


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:

65


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600 .

.
VA 250 kVA.750

148.

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149.


.


.

66


150.

60 .
.

.

151.

.
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.

152.

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153.

.

67


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.

156.
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68


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.

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157.
.

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.

158.
kV 5
.

.

159.

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. 150 60
200 30.

69

160.



.

161.

kVA 750 25 .
.
46 25
.

162.

.

.
.
.

163.

.

70



. 2
2 / 1 . 5 : V 480
V. 504
5+ .

164. Hz 60 50
Hz 60 Hz 50

. Hz 50
Hz.60

165.
V 240/120
V 120 - 3 .
V 120
.

.
.

166.

.
.

71


.
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.
.

167.


.
.
6kVA kVA 3 " "
.

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-
.
energization.
.

168.

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169.

72



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170. ( )

.

171.
( )
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( : kVA 500

).

172.

.

173.

73


Hz 60 .
() 3 C57 - 12-01.

174.
7200 60 .

175.


. .
.
20+ ( . :
kVA 500
).

176.

.
.


()
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74

177. 1


. .

178. - 1


. .

179. 2


( ) .

180. - 2
2.

181. 3



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182.

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183.

.

184. R 3
3 .

.

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185. R 3
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186. 4
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76



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78

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5- / + nominal.These
. .
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81


.


20 .






10 100 .

equipmento









600
6000 1000000 / 100 .
() (

82


) .





Misregistration

' ' .

200.
. .
.

1500 $ .
-- .
/ $ 6000
$ 30000

83

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25-20
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85


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88


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91

--1

( )
(
)
-- 2 DIRECTIONAL RELAY
directional relay . bus bar-generators -transformer
over current relay
relay ( )fault

( )fault relay
relay C.B
. : directional relay
-- 1 over current relay

Instantaneous directional relay--2

92



bus bar
-- 3 BUSBAR
DIFFRENTIAL RELAY
. relay voltage supervision
-- 4 HVHRC
: High Rupturing Capacity fuse High Voltage

.
-- 5
(
...) (
) .
.
.
( ) . ( )

.


( ) .
()

.

-

.

93


.
-- 6

-- 7

starter soft-1
-2



-- 8 .

( 50)

.
-- 9 ( )Tertiary Winding
Tertiary Winding





,

.
-- 10
1 -- .

94


2 - ( )look out 3 - .
-- 11 ?
-- 1 .
-- 2 ( )
-- 3 ( )
-- 4 ( )
-- 12 .
1 - -- 2 open delta
1 2
-- 3 ..
-- 13
456
:
-- 1
-- 2 .
-- 3 .
-- 14 ?? Open delta




-- 15 () ()Y

-- 16 ??ATS
()ac
alternator

95


ac
rectifier matching
ac to dc alternator

()
.

.
-- 17
Armory
Armory



Is.c
isolating
is the IP standard "Protection degrees of enclosures What-- 18
IP

543 ex. IP
" "5 dust
" "4 "water or "liquid
" "3 mechanical impact


impact mechanical
-- 19 ANSI DEVICE NUMBERS
:
NO.2 MEANS TIME DELAY

96


DISTANCE NO.21 MEANS
NO.25 MEANS SYNCHRONISM-CHECK
NO.27 MEANS UNDERVOLTAGE
MEANS ANNUNCIATOR NO.30
NO.32 MEANS DIRECTIONAL POWER
OR UNDERPOWER NO.37 MEANS UNDERCURRENT
NO.38 MEANS BEARING
NO.40 MEANS FIELD
REVERSE-PHASE NO.46 MEANS
NO.47 MEANS PHASE-SEQUENCE VOLTAGE
THERMAL NO.49 MEANS
NO.50 MEANS INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT
CURRENT NO.51 MEANS AC TIME OVER
NO.59 MEANS OVER VOLTAGE
NO.60 MEANS VOLTAGE BALANCE
PRESSURE (MECHANICAL PROTECTION) NO.63 MEANS
NO.64 MEANS APPARATUS GROUND
MEANS AC DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT NO.67
NO.68 MEANS BLOCKING
PERMISSIVE NO.69 MEANS
NO.74 MEANS ALARM
NO.76 MEANS DC OVER CURRENT
OUT-OF-STEP NO.78 MEANS
NO.79 MEANS AC RECLOSING
NO.81 MEANS FREQUENCY
CARRIER OR PILOT-WIRE NO.85 MEANS
NO.86 MEANS LOCK OUT
DIFFERENTIAL NO.87 MEANS

97


NO.94 MEANS TRIPPING
-- 20


.
-- 21
:


Hz2000 mA30 60-50
5-3 .
60 50 .
40 1000
30
13 500.

.
: ( )
.
. fibrillation

.

98



.

Let Go Current .
50 65
110

30 60.

.
. -- 22
Ir IL - Io.c - Ioff - Is.c -
InL-
InL,IL,Ir,Io.c,IS.C , Ioff :
-- 23
:
fitting fire
:

:
(
)

-- 24

99


()
() ( (
-- 25

- -
-
-
-- 26 connected load ? load demand
connect load


connect load
.
demand load

load connect factor
diffarcity factor

.
-- 27 recepticals bye 3 wire not 2wire as
Egypt
hot and neutral only short
.

.
ground short
ground
.

100



:
:Recovery voltage
.
:Resitriking voltage
.
:Transient over voltage

.
:First phase to clear the fault (Phase 3
)short circuit
.
Resitriking
voltage . 1.5
.
:Symmetrical fault
.
:
phase fault3
phase to ground fault3
:Symmetrical fault As

.
:
fault Single phase to ground
Two phase to ground fault
Phase to phase fault
:impedance Zero sequence
( )Fault current If ( )Fault

101


( )Neutral point (,
......,).
Source impedance

.
:Inductive type voltage impedance

,
V110
.
:Out off phase switching
, ,
Short circuit phase2
.
--- 29 Over load ?? Over current


% 10 .% 25

1000
200
1200
40
240 .

. .
% 25 - 10
.
.

102


Over current


% 50 .

( )
.
--- 30

.
- 1 Breaker Vacuum Circuit


Torr 1 / 1000000000




36 .
- 2 Oil Circuit Breaker





.
- 3 SF6 Circuit Breaker

1100
.

103


SF6
.
: 31


- 1 single line diagram
2 wiringdiagram
- 3
4- - 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 32
1 - 2
- 3
- 4
5 -6
33
1 :

104


2 :
3 :

4 :



: 34
:
1 2 -

.

1/ 400 5/ 400
100/ 66000
110/ 66000 100/ 11000 110/ 11000
.
: 35
1
2
3 1 5
100 110
36 rated burden

105





37 p20 , 30 VA5
Name plate p
p 5
Accuracy class p
ALF 20

30 .
% 5 20
VA 30
P5 X p3 p6 CL
KL class class 0.5
class 2 20 n
.
: 38
1 ()continuity 2 1000 10
20
3 4 5
% 10 % 50

.
-6

106




=
39
S2 , S1 L , K



In
= ( )

40








- 41




65 95

107



50
70 100

42 ( )





2





43










: 44
1 11.

108



2 3 ( )
4 : 45

1
1 2, 1



66 .


66 . .
: 46 11 .


- :
1
2


3 ( ) 4 11 . 5 11 . 6 -

109

7 47 11 .

1
2 3 4
5
6 7 8 9 10
11

12



13
48

110


1 2 3

- 4
5 - 6
- 7
66 . 11 .
- 8 11.

9 2, 1 66 .

49
1

2 3 4
5
- 6
50

66 . 220 .

111









51

- 1

- 2




- 3
4
5
6
7
8 - 52

(

112


- 53
( ,
)



.


. .
-- 54 Frequency load shedding

When the load increase ------------------the frequency decrease
the load decrease ------------------the frequency Increase when
Frequency
Governor



speed governor
/

stability frailer
How the voltage affect by Reactive Power??55 :
affects directly with the reactive power in the Answer: The voltage
power increased the voltage increase power systems so if the reactive
.decrease the voltage decrease and vise versa when the reactive power
-- 56

113

= () / 3



.
.
phase
.
.
57- load bank resistor
UPS

( ) LOAD BANK RESISTOR
.
STANDBY
-- 58

114



() .
( )
.
-- 59 governor

under voltage n
f
.

air superheated steam torque
.

.
- 60

zero sequence current
.
-- 61


""""

(())




.

115




.

(


-- 62 BURDEN
BURDEN
. BURDEN Volt Ampere
Name Plate VA15 VA30
Accuracy P205 Cl 0.5

-- 63

.

( ) ,


-- 1
-- 2




-- 64

116


-- 64

. .

.

:
. 600


: 18
1733
:
. 1800
: 1831
20
( )
:
.. 1865
-- 65 :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
"

"

ELCB .
"
"

117


MCB

.
"

"

ELCB

-- 66 , electric field field magnetic
( )electric field
( )magnetic field
( )magnetic field )electric field
-- 67

90


)V=Vmcos(wt

)I(t)=imsin(wt
90

)I(t)=-imsin(wt
)I(t)=imcos(wt+90
-- 68
short

( )circuit open

118




-- 69

( )KNEE POINT
.

( )KNEE POINT

.
-- 70 CB&fuse

CB
FUSE FUSE
& CB
( )PROTECTION COORDINATION
-- 71 Faults
:Fault In Electrical Power System
Short Circuit "High Current will flow Multi-phase -1
a- Balanced three phase Fault
Single Phase - to - ground Fault -b
c- Double phase to ground Fault
to phase Fault d- Phase

119


Single Phase - to - ground Fault
% 80
.

120