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Xử lý nước thải giàu hợp chất nitơ và photpho PDF
Xử lý nước thải giàu hợp chất nitơ và photpho PDF
~1~
gim ngun thc n ca thu ng vt, lm gim nng oxy ho tan trong
nc do qu trnh quang hp ca thc vt b hn ch, gy kh khn cho hot
ng ca ng vt thu sinh.
Hp cht hu c giu thnh phn carbon c kh nng sinh hu (BOD) khi
tn ti trong nc vi nng ln l ngun c cht cho cc loi vi sinh vt
pht trin. Vi cc loi vi sinh vt hiu kh, trong qu trnh pht trin v hot
ng chng tiu th mt lng oxy tan kh ln, vi mt cao s gy c
nc v khi cht chng lng xung lp bn y. Trong iu kin thiu oxy cc
loi vi sinh vt ym kh pht trin, to ra nhiu dng hp cht c mi hi (cc
cht c tnh kh cao nh H2S, metan, axit hu c d bay hi) u c mi
trng nc v khng kh vng xung quanh.
Nit v photpho l hai nguyn t c bn ca s sng, c mt tt c cc
hot ng lin quan n s sng v trong rt nhiu ngnh ngh sn xut cng
nghip, nng nghip. Hp cht ho hc cha nit, photpho c gi l thnh
phn dinh dng trong phm tr nc thi v l i tng gy nhim kh
trm trng cho mi trng. Khi thi 1 kg nit di dng hp cht ho hc vo
mi trng nc s sinh ra c 20 kg COD, cng tng t nh vy 1 kg
photpho s sinh ra c 138 kg COD di dng to cht [1].
Trong ngun nc nhn giu cht dinh dng (N, P) thng xy ra cc hin
tng: to v thy thc vt khc pht trin rt nhanh to nn mt ln. Vo
ban ngy hoc khi nhiu nng, qu trnh quang hp ca to din ra mnh lit.
Khi quang hp to hp th kh CO2 hoc bicarbonat (HCO3-) trong nc v
nh ra kh oxy. pH ca nc tng nhanh, nht l khi ngun nc nhn c
kim thp (tnh m thp do cn bng ca h H2CO3 - HCO3- - CO32-), vo
thi im cui bui chiu, pH ca mt s ao, h giu dinh dng c th t gi
tr trn 10. Nng oxy tan trong nc thng mc siu bo ho, c th ti
20 mg/l.
Song song vi qu trnh quang hp l qu trnh h hp (phn hu cht hu
c to ra nng lng, ngc vi qu trnh quang hp) xy ra. Trong khi h
hp, to thi ra kh CO2, tc nhn lm gim pH ca nc. Vo ban m hoc
nhng ngy t nng, qu trnh h hp din ra mnh m gy tnh trng thiu oxy
v lm gim pH trong nc. Trong cc ngun nc giu dinh dng vo bui
sng sm, trc lc bnh minh, lng oxy trong nc hu nh cn kit v pH
c th thp hn 5,5.
~2~
~3~
~4~
~5~
Nng thi
80%
70 - 80%
~6~
~7~
T-N
T-P
BOD
(s ngi c phc v)
mg/l
mg/l
mg O2/l
< 5000
1,5
15
5000 - 15.000
1,5
>15.000
1,5
15
H tn ti
thc hin chin lc gim thiu nhim do cht dinh dng, chnh ph
Na Uy chi 9 triu NOK cho chng trnh nghin cu trn. Mc ch chnh
ca d n nghin cu l tm cc bin php x l dinh dng thch hp vi iu
kin ca Na Uy l c kh hu lnh v nc thi b pha long, sao cho c th
gim 50 - 80% hm lng dinh dng trong nc thi sinh hot vi chi ph
xy dng v vn hnh hp l [6].
Nhm thc hin iu lut nc thi th ca EU, vng Flemish B c
lit vo vng nhy cm, nn cc h thng x l nc thi cho hn 10.000
ngi phi p ng tiu chun thi v phng din dinh dng. Do c u
t tho ng, iu lut trn s c thc thi trn vn vo nm 2005 trong tt c
118 h thng x l nc thi sinh hot [7]. t tiu chun cht lng thi,
cc h thng x l phi gim thiu t nht 75% nng cc cht dinh dng.
T nm 1990 chnh quyn Flemish thc hin mt chng trnh khn cp
nng cao hiu qu x l ca cc h thng c vi hiu sut x l ch t khong
33%. Hng Aquafin Ltd c thnh lp v c ch nh nhim v: tu sa,
xy dng v vn hnh nhng c s h tng cn thit phc v x l nc
thi. Nhm phc v tt h thng x l nc thi ngy cng tng, Aquafin Ltd
thc hin tiu chun ho cc cng ngh p dng thch hp cho cc qui m
~8~
25/125/60/...
Cng ngh
mt mng oxy ha c lng
25/125/60/-/
10.000 - 30.000
25/125/35/15/2
<4
b mt gin on, x l P
bng bin php ha hc.
mt mng oxy ha vi vng
30.000 -100.000
25/125/35/15/2
>4
>100.000
25/125/31/10/1
Ph thuc vo iu kin a
phng.
Trong cc chng trnh hnh ng gim thiu tp cht dinh dng, lun
xc nh cc ch dn c th nh trn [3, 4, 5, 8].
c rt nhiu c gng c thc hin nhm ci to cc h thng ang
hot ng nhm p ng ch tiu thi cht dinh dng. T nm 1995 n 2007
chnh ph B chi tiu cho chng trnh trn 5,2 t Euro.
D n cu trc li v phc hi ngun nc mt thuc lu vc sng Ruhr
(CHLB c) bng cc gii php ngn nga nhim bi cc cht dinh dng
~9~
do nc thi sinh hot tiu tn 2 t Mark. Lu vc trn c din tch 4488 km2
vi dn s khong 2,2 triu ngi. Vng nc c hin tng ph dng do
ngun nc thi cha nhiu cht dinh dng, hiu qu x l ca cc h thng
ch t khong 25% i vi hp cht nit v 10% i vi photpho. Sau nhiu
nm thc hin, cho n nm 1999 nng amoniac gim xung cn 2,3 mg/l
(nm 1972 l 20 mg/l), ca photpho l 0,15 mg/l (vo nhng nm 70 l 0,8
mg/l) [9].
Bng 1. 4. Tiu chun ho cng ngh h x l qui m nh.
Qui m (ngi) BOD/COD/SS BOD/COD/SS BOD/COD/SS/N/P
50/250/60 (mg/l) 25/125/60 (mg/l) 25/125/35/15/2 (mg/l)
20 - 500
Lng s cp,
x l vi thm
a lc sinh
hc, lc qua
thm sy
ha hc.
cy sy hai giai
on
500 - 1000
1000 - 2000
Mng oxy ha
~ 10 ~
y s pht trin t ca to. Khi pht trin mnh, to che chn nh sng
khng cho thc vt sng lp di pht trin, lm mt ngun thc n cho
thu ng vt. Khi cht to lng xung y, b vi sinh vt v nm phn hu
lm cn kit ngun oxy ho tan cung cp cho cc loi ng vt khc. Trong
khi phn hu to, cc cht dinh dng v hu c li c chit ra mi trng
nc t trm tch, cc yu t trn li thc y vi sinh vt pht trin. Vi sinh vt
pht trin s bm vo thn, l thc vt lm gim kh nng quang hp ca thc
vt. l qu trnh gy ra gim cht lng nc ca vng vnh.
Mt chng trnh phc hi vnh Chesapeake rng ln c thc hin bi
nhiu t chc (26 t chc tham gia k kt). Ngoi mt s bin php mang tnh
qun l, truyn thng, mc tiu chnh ca chng trnh phc hi (tho thun
1987) l gim lng dinh dng vo vnh 40% vo nm 2000 so vi nm
1985. Ch tiu trn tng ng vi cht lng nc thi khi vo vnh l 6
mg N/l v 1 mg P/l ca tt c cc h thng x l trong vng.
Cho ti nm 1992 ni dung trn c xem xt v nh gi li, kt qu cho
thy mc tiu t ra l kh thi v m rng qui nh trn cho tt c cc vnh.
Ti cn thi im nm 2000, kt qu thc hin chng trnh c tip tc
nh gi v cho thy mc tiu gim hm lng photpho thp hn ch tiu t
ra t 1 - 2%, gim hm lng nit khng t yu cu, ch khong 10 - 20%
(so vi 40%). V vy mt chng trnh mi li c tho thun s thc hin
tip trong 10 nm ti nhm phc hi vng vnh Chesapeake [10].
Qua nhng trnh by trn cho thy, chng nhng cc nh nghin cu khoa
hc, cng ngh a ra cnh bo v nguy c nhim do cc cht dinh dng
cng vi tc hi ca n m ngay cc c quan lp php, hnh php, cng
nghip, thng mi cng tch cc tham gia vo cc cng vic trn nhm
duy tr mt mi trng sng n nh, bn vng.
Ph hp vi hon cnh thc t ca mnh, mi quc gia u c chin lc v
cc gii php ph hp nhm ngn chn nhim do cc cht dinh dng.
~ 11 ~
~ 12 ~
~ 13 ~
~ 14 ~
Ngun gc.
Cng thc ha hc
Ha tr
NH4+/NH3
-3
N2
Dinit oxit
N2O
+1
Nit oxit
NO
+2
NO2--N
+3
NO2
+4
NO3--N
+5
Amoni/amoniac
Kh nit
Nitrit
Nit dioxit
Nitrat
~ 15 ~
2. 1. 1.
~ 16 ~
thnh phn khc trong cht thi rn v lng. Mi ngi hng ngy tiu th 516 g nit di dng protein v thi ra khong 30% trong s . Hm lng
nit thi qua nc tiu ln hn trong phn khong 8 ln [18]. Cc hp cht
cha nit , c bit l protein, v urin trong nc tiu b thu phn rt nhanh
to thnh amoni/amoniac. Trong cc b pht xy ra qu trnh phn hu ym
kh cc cht thi, qu trnh phn hu ny lm gim ng k lng cht hu c
dng carbon nhng tc dng gim hp cht nit khng ng k, tr mt phn
nh tham gia vo cu trc t bo vi sinh vt. Hm lng hp cht nit trong
nc thi t cc b pht cao hn so vi cc ngun thi cha qua phn hu ym
kh.
Trong nc thi sinh hot, nitrat v nitrit c hm lng rt thp do lng
oxy ho tan v mt vi sinh t dng (tp on vi sinh c kh nng oxy ho
amoni) thp. Thnh phn amoni chim 60 - 80% hm lng nit tng trong
nc thi sinh hot [1, 2].
Ngun pht thi photpho quan trng nht trong nc thi sinh hot l phn,
thc n tha, cht ty ra tng hp. Lng photpho c ngun gc t phn
c c tnh l 0,2 - 1,0 kg P/ngi/nm hoc trung bnh l 0,6 kg. Lng
photpho t ngun cht ty ra tng hp c c tnh l 0,3 kg/ngi/nm.
Sau khi hn ch hoc cm s dng photpho trong thnh phn cht ty ra,
lng photpho trn gim xung, cn khong 0,1 kg/ngi/nm.
Thc n tha: sa, tht, c hoc dng c nu n, ng cc loi trn khi vo
nc cng thi ra mt lng photpho ng k.
Nng hp cht nit, photpho trong nc thi sinh hot bin ng theo
lu lng ngun nc thi: mc s dng nc ca c dn, mc tp
trung cc dch v cng cng, thi tit, kh hu trong vng, tp qun n ung
sinh hot (thc n ngui, t nu nng), thay i mnh theo chu k thi gian
ngy thng cng nh mc sng v tin nghi ca cng ng. Lng cht thi v
vy thng c tnh theo u ngi (khi lng kh) hoc nng sau khi
c pha long vi mc nc s dng trn u ngi ( cc nc cng
nghip khong 190 lt/ngi/ngy) hoc trong cc cng rnh thi (450
lt/ngi/ngy). Nng pha long c gi l nng ti im x hoc trong
cng thi.
Rt ng tic l Vit Nam chng ta khng c cc s liu nu. Bng 2.
2 ghi c im nc thi sinh hot kh c trng ca cc thnh ph M [1,
2].
~ 17 ~
Bng 2. 2. Mc nhim nc thi sinh hot, tnh theo khi lng kh trn
u ngi trong ngy ti im x C(x) v ti cng rnh C(R).
Thng s
BOD
85
450
187
COD
198
1050
436
Cn khng tan
95
503
209
NH3-N
7,8
41,2
17,2
TKN-N
(tng nit Kjeldahl)
13,3
70,4
29,3
P-Hu c
1,23
6,5
2,7
P-V c
2,05
10,8
4,5
P-tng
3,28
17,3
7,2
n v
Nng
Khong
c trng
Cht rn tan
mg/l
350 - 1200
700
Cn khng tan
mg/l
100 - 350
210
~ 18 ~
mg/l
110 - 400
210
TOC
mg/l
80 - 240
160
COD
mg/l
250 - 1000
500
mg/l
20 - 85
35
NH3-N
mg/l
12 - 50
22
P-tng (P)
mg/l
4 - 15
P-hu c
mg/l
1-5
P-v c
mg/l
3 - 10
2. 1. 2.
~ 19 ~
- Git m
115
- Ch bin tht
76
- Ch bin:
+ C da trn
+ Cua
+ Tm
+ C
33 (28 - 50)
94 (58 - 138)
215 (164 - 266)
30
21 (5 - 40)
- Ru vang
40 (10 - 50)
~ 20 ~
- Ha cht, phn bn
+ NH3-N
+ NO3--N
2. 1. 3.
1270
550
~ 21 ~
Nc thi chung tri ca cc loi nui khc nhau c nhim khc nhau
v cc thnh phn dinh dng trong phn khc nhau [15, 16]. Bng 2. 5 ghi
mt s thnh phn chnh trong phn ca cc loi vt nui khc nhau.
Nng hp cht nit, photpho tng dn theo thi gian lu gi nc thi
do lng cht hu c c kh nng sinh hu rt ln (BOD: 2300 - 49.000 mg/l),
trong thi gian lu gi chng b phn hu ym kh to ra kh metan v
carbonic trong khi hp cht nit, photpho hu nh khng bin ng, trong khi
cc vi sinh b cht cng tip tc phn hu thi ra hp cht nit, photpho.
Bng 2. 5. Thnh phn chnh trong phn ti ca mt s loi nui (gi tr
trung bnh)[16].
m (%)
N (%)
B tht
85
0,5
0,2
0,5
B sa
85
0,7
0,5
0,5
Gia cm
72
1,2
1,3
0,6
Ln
82
0,5
0,3
0,4
D, cu
77
1,4
0,5
0,2
~ 22 ~
8% N). To l ngun thc n trc tip cho vt nui (c chp trng, r phi, c
trm... tm...) v ca cc loi ng vt ph du (nh), ng vt ph du l thc
n ca loi nui. Khi h sinh thi trn n nh th mc nhim trong h
nui khng ln, khi mt cn bng th gy nhim ln, gy ra nhiu s c bt
li. V d do s dng qu nhiu thc n dn n mt to cao, mt s loi
to lam pht trin t (nc n hoa) v cht hng lot. Khi to cht b phn
hu s thi ra mt lng ln amoniac u c vt nui.
Hm lng photpho trong nc nui thu sn khng cao do b to hp thu
hoc nm dng sa lng di lp bn ao.
Mc nhim hp cht nit, photpho trong cc ao nui ph thuc vo vt
nui, mt nui, ma v ch thay nc (xem cc bng 2. 6, 2. 7).
Vo cui v nui, trc khi thu hoch (4 - 5 thng nui/v) ao nui i khi
c tho cn v phi. Nc thi t cc ao nui tm, c thm canh c
nhim kh cao v mc nhim dao ng ln, v d i vi photpho nm
trong khong 0,05 - 0,40 mg P/l, amoniac: 0,15 - 1,0 mg N/l, tng nit : 0,5 5,0 mg N/l v BOD: 5 - 20 mg/l [15].
Bng 2. 6. Mc nhim trung bnh v khong nhim trong ao nui c da
trn ph thuc vo ma nui [15].
Thng s
ng
Xun
Thu
BOD (mg/l)
9,0 (1,9-17,5)
6,0 (2,1-21,9)
9,6 (2,6-20,3)
13,1 (1,3-35,5)
0,19 (0-0,39)
NH3-N (mg/l) 0,48 (0,03-2,48) 0,92 (0,01-4,08) 1,32 (0,05-4,71) 1,81 (0,09-7,71)
NO2--N (mg/l) 0,03 (0,01-0,11) 0,19 (0,01-1,37) 0,08 (0,02-0,53) 0,06 (0,01-0,30)
NO3--N (mg/l) 0,94 (0,18-6,31) 0,74 (2,90-13,40) 0,47 (2,60-13,00) 0,63 (4,30-16,80)
Thng s
30
40
50
60
70
NO2--N (mg/l)
0,02
0,01
0,06
0,08
0,08
NO3--N (mg/l)
0,07
0,06
0,15
0,15
0,15
~ 23 ~
NH3-N (mg/l)
0,98
N-tng (mg/l)
3,55
4,04
14,9
20,9
17,1
P-tng (mg/l)
0,18
0,25
0,53
0,49
0,32
BOD (mg/l)
10,0
11,4
28,9
33,9
28,8
2. 1. 4.
Nc rc.
~ 24 ~
~ 25 ~
~ 26 ~
~ 27 ~
tng
~ 28 ~
2. 2.
H Ni
COD (mg/l)
a
b
VFA (mg/l)
a
b
40 - 100
11 - 2735
300 - 500
46 - 825
100 - 1600
22 - 2680
30 - 80
11 - 1158
10 - 40
9 - 368
20 - 50
8 - 570
120 - 350
31 - 1022
70 - 250
10 - 598
200 - 600
21 - 1787
300 - 800
55 - 1801
80 - 300
17 - 661
250 - 800
29 - 1980
TP (mg P/l)
a
b
5 - 12
1,1 - 31,6
3 - 12
0,5 - 18,9
5 - 16
0,8 - 26,1
3-5
0,9 - 12,7
~ 29 ~
~ 30 ~
Sn phm u ca
qu trnh phn hy
1.
Carbonhydrate
1. CO2
Ngun nhn
nit, oxy v
CO2 trong
khng kh
v nc
Cht trong thc
vt sng
1.
Carbonhydrate
1. CO2
Sn phm cui ca
qu trnh phn hy
1. CO2
~ 31 ~
Cht hu c
1.
Carbonhydrate
Cht trong
ng vt sng
Sn phm u ca
qu trnh phn hy
1.
Carbonhydrate
Ngun nhn
nit, oxy v
CO2 trong
khng kh
v nc
Cht trong thc
vt sng
1.
Carbonhydrate
1v 2. CO2, axit hu
c, NH4+, carbon
Sn phm cui ca
qu trnh phn hy
1v 2. CO2, NH4+,
mn, CH4
~ 32 ~
~ 33 ~
nng oxy tan trong nc.Trong cc dng chy (sng, sui, mng...) c
lp nc nng qu trnh oxy ha din ra mnh hn so vi cc ngun nc
su.
Mc sinh trng v pht trin ca chng loi vi sinh Nitrifier (oxy ha
amoniac) thp nn mt phn tn ca chng trong nc cng thp, hiu qu
oxy ha amoniac khng cao. Vi sinh Nitrifier thng tp hp li thnh mng
bm vo t ven b v cng chnh cc a im hm lng oxy cc b
cng cao hn gi tr trung bnh ca ngun nc. V l do nn tc oxy
ha amoniac ph thuc vo t l gia din tch tip xc v th tch ca dng
chy, cc ngun chy nng to iu kin tt hn cho qu trnh so vi dng
chy su. Mt khc lp nc trn b mt cng c nhit thng cao hn so
vi di lp nc su.
Trong cc ngun nc lng (ao, h, p...) s bin ng ca hp cht nit,
photpho lun lin quan n to v gy ra hin tng ph dng. Amoniac v
nitrat c to, thc vt hp thu to thnh protein, khi cht b phn hy thnh
amoniac t ngun thc vt v vi sinh vt.
Trong qu trnh x l hp cht nit trong nc thi, s bin i ca hp
cht nit theo chu trnh m t trong hnh 2. 3.
Vi sinh vt s dng amoniac xy dng t bo, mt phn t bo b cht
(phn hy ni sinh) tit ra amoniac v mt phn to ra lng sinh khi thc.
Loi vi sinh t dng thc hin phn ng oxy ha amoniac vi oxy sn
xut nng lng cho mc ch hot ng sng, sinh trng v pht trin. Qu
trnh oxy ha ti nitrit v nitrat gi l qu trnh nitrat ha. Loi vi sinh ty
nghi, d dng kh nitrit v nitrat vi cht hu c (cht cho in t) v to
thnh kh nit. Kh nit l sn phm cui ca qu trnh x l nit bng phng
php sinh hc.
Hp cht nit
(protein, ur)
Phn hy vi sinh
thy phn
Amoniac
To sinh
khi
T bo nit
hu c
Phn hy ni sinh
~ 34 ~
T bo
thc
NO2Kh nitrat
Kh nit
NO3Cht hu c carbon
~ 35 ~
Phn bn
Photpho hu c
P trong thc n
Khng kh
P-c
P-phn
P n
P trong to
P-hu c
khng tan
P-hu
c tan
Nc
P canxi
Bn
P-n
P-Ca
Ca, Al, Fe
P-hu c
tan
P-hu c
khng tan
P (Al, Fe)
~ 36 ~
3. 1.
X l hp cht nit.
~ 37 ~
Bn hot tnh,
nitrat ha, kh
Ti lng
Nng lng
T l
Sinh
Hiu qu
kgN/(ha.ngy)
tiu th
kWh/kgN
COD/N
khi
kg/kg N
x l N
%
200-700 1)
2,3 2)
3-6
1,0-1,2
> 75
~ 38 ~
200-700 1)
1,7 2)
2-4
0,8-0,9
> 75
0,9
<0,1
> 75
nitrit
Bn hot tnh, > 200-700 1)
oxy ha trc tip
gia NH3 v NO2Ao to
15-30
0,1 - 1,0
6-7
10-15
23-78
Ao bo
3-4
< 0,1
28
20-26
74-77
3-26 4)
< 0,1
2-7
30-70
Vng ngp nc
nhn to
Ghi ch: 1) Tnh theo b hiu kh c su 2m, din tch b chim 25%
din tch mt bng tng; 2) Nng lng s dng cho sc kh v khuy trn,
hiu qu s dng 2 kg O2/kWh; 3) Sinh khi kh; 4) i khi vi ti lng cao
ti 112 kg N/ha.
3. 2.
X l hp cht photpho.
~ 39 ~
Kh nng chuyn ha
Photpho hu c
Photphat n
Polyphotphat
Mui photphat
3. 3.
~ 40 ~
: 10 - 20% N, P.
- X l th cp + nitrat ha
: 20 - 30% N, P.
~ 41 ~
X l hp cht nit.
4. 1. 1.
~ 42 ~
~ 43 ~
Cation i
chn lc i/Na
Anion i
chn lc i/Cl-
Ra2+
13,0
CrO4-
100
2+
Ba
2+
Pb
Sr2+
2+
Cu
2+
Ca
2+
Zn
5,8
SeO4
2-
17
5,0
SO4
2-
9,1
4,8
HSO4-
4,1
2,6
NO3
1,9
3,2
Br
2,3
2-
1,8
HAsO4
Fe
1,7
SeO3
2-
1,3
Mg2+
1,67
HSO3-
1,2
2+
1,67
2+
Mn
NH4
1,6
1,3
NO2
Cl
1,5
1,1
HCO3
1,0
-
0,27
-
Na
1,0
CH3COO
0,14
H+
0,67
F-
0,07
~ 44 ~
NH4+
~ 45 ~
Z-Na+NH4++HCO3-
NO3-+2H++H2O
(4-1)
(4-2)
Biu thc (4-1) l qu trnh trao i amoni t zeolit ra ngoi dung dch,
biu thc (4-2) l qu trnh oxy ha trong dung dch. T hp c hai qu trnh
trn ta c:
Z-NH4++2O2+2NaHCO3
Z-Na +NO3-+Na++3H2O+2CO2
(4-3)
0,3-2,0
880-960
m (%)
3-7
Tp cht (%)
3-20
Khong pH
4-8
20
8-16
0,8-1,6
~ 46 ~
V d khi tng nng sunfat t 43 mg/l ln 310 mg/l trong nc ngun, hiu
qu hot ng ca ct i vi trao i nitrat gim ti 55%. Khi nng clorua
tng 200 mg/l, hiu qu x l nitrat gim ti 34%. Bicarbonat t nh hng
hn (xem bng 3.1): tng thm 340 mg/l HCO3- trong nc ngun, hiu qu
hot ng ca ct ch gim khong 15%. nh hng ca cc anion c tnh
nh tnh ln hiu qu trao i nitrat theo th t: sunfat > nitrat > clorua >
bicarbonat [3]. Hiu qu trao i nitrat ca cc anionit mnh dng 1 v 2 (xem
thm [1,5]) khng khc nhau nhiu trn hu ht cc anionit thng phm. Tuy
vy nu nc ngun c hm lng sunfat cao s d xut hin hin tng nitrat
b y ra khi ct do sunfat. Ch to anionit c tnh c hiu cao i vi nitrat
l mt phng hng c nghin cu rng ri trn c s d bo: tnh chn
lc ca anionit i vi sunfat gim khi khong cch gia cc nhm chc tng
(mt nhm chc thp) tnh chn lc tng i vi nitrat khi cu trc mng
tng v tnh k nc ca cc nhm chc tng.
Trn th trng lu hnh cc sn phm c chn lc cao i vi nitrat,
n ging cc anionit mnh dng 1 cha nhm chc trimethyl amin,
[RN(CH3)3], nhng nhm methyl c thay th bi ethyl, propyl lm tng
khong cch gia cc nhm tch in v tng k nc.
S dng phng php trao i ion x l nc thi bc 3 t thch hp v
trong nc thi cn cha nhiu ha cht, vi sinh vt c kh nng ph hy cht
trao i ion.
K thut trao i ion c th s dng loi b amoni v photphat. Trao i
amoni c tin hnh trn ct cha clinoptilolit v photphat trn ct anionit.
Dung dch cha hn hp mui - kim c s dng ti sinh clinoptilolit,
dung dch mui (NaCl) c s dng ti sinh anionit. Amoni tch t ct
clinoptilolit v photphat t ct anionit trong dung dch sau ti sinh c kt
ta di dng struvite MgNH4PO4 [6, 7, 8].
Phng php trao i ion cng c th s dng thu hi mt s loi cht
hu c t nc thi cng nghip ng thi vi vic s dng cc cht hp ph
polyme c hiu khc, v d thu hi phenol, x l mu, thu hi protein.
Nc thi t cc qu trnh git m gia sc, gia cm, thy sn cha lng
kh ln protein v m. Theo c tnh, trong qu trnh git m, protein ng
vt b hao ht 2 - 5%, nm trong nc thi. Lng protein c th phn hy
bng phng php sinh hc hoc c th thu hi bng phng php kt ta, keo
~ 47 ~
t [8] hoc phng php trao i ion [5], trong phng php trao i ion
cho php thu hi protein c kh nng ti s dng c.
Do lng tnh axit - baz, protein tch in dng khi pH ca mi trng
thp hn im ng in (-NH3+) v tch in m vng trn im ng in
(-CO2-). V vy protein c th trao i trn c nha cationit hoc anionit ty
thuc vo pH ca mi trng. Trao i protein trn cationit yu (cha nhm
carboxyl, COOH) t hiu qu rt cao, rt c th do cc phn t protein to
thnh cc tp hp thng qua cc cu ni gia cc nhm axit carboxylic trong
phn t ca chng v c vi nhm carboxylic ca nha di im ng in
(nhm chc khng tch in). Thc hin trao i protein ch nn tin hnh
vng pH cch xa (trn hoc di) im ng in, khng nn st im ng
in.
Thu hi protein t nha trao i b nh hng bi dung dch ti sinh: kim,
axit, mui, mt s loi dung mi nh ru, dung dch ti sinh phi c kh
nng thay i mc phn ly ca nhm chc trong nha v gim lc lin kt
gia protein vi nha trao i ion.
Nha trao i ion thng dng trn c s mng polyme polystyren c dung
lng trao i thp i vi protein c kch thc ln (phn t lng 104 - 106)
do kch thc mao qun ca nha nh. Vt liu trao i ion trn c s xenlulo
c xp ln, kch thc mao qun to thch hp cho trao i protein v chng
c kh nng khuych tn trong . Chng c kh nng hp thu ti 0,5 g
protein/g cht trao i ion. Do bn cao cng vi cc tnh nng c hc khc,
nha c th s dng theo nhiu k thut khc nhau: dng ct hoc tng lu
th.
Cht trao i ion c th s dng gm cationit, anionit mnh hoc yu, vng
lm vic nm trong khong pH: 2 - 12.
Gii hp thu nha trao i c th thc hin vi dung dch mui, dung
dch hn hp mui kim kh thch hp ti sinh nha anionit yu. Cng sut
thit k trao i protein bng khong 50% so vi x l nc thng dng vi
mc nng ti 1000 mg/l.
Phng php trao i ion cng c th s dng tch amoni trong nc
sinh hot. Phn ln cc ngun nc ngm vng ng bng Bc B u b
nhim amoni mc thng gp l 20 - 30 mg/l, c bit c ngun ti 120 mg/l.
S dng cationit mnh c th trao i amoni vi hiu qu ph thuc vo hm
~ 48 ~
Dung
lng trao
i, g/l
g/l
Dung lng
trao i,
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
y = 3.0738ln(x) - 4.2828
R = 0.9863
20
40
60
80
Nng
mg N/l
N/l
Nng
amoni
amoni u
u vo,
vo, mg
Hnh 4.
1. Dung lng trao i amoni ca nha C100E vi cng 200 mg CaCO3/l.
cng c nh hng rt ln n hiu qu hot ng ca ct, dung lng
trao i amoni gim t 14,08 g/l xung cn 5,75 g/l khi tng cng t 50 ln
400 mg CaCO3/l, tc l gim khong 60% hiu qu. Hnh 4. 2 trnh by nh
hng ca cng ln hiu qu trao i amoni trn nha C100E.
~ 49 ~
50 mg CaCO3/l
y = 17.69x - 87.6
R = 0.997
800
100 mg CaCO3/l
y = 15.315x - 77.25
R = 0.9983
700
160 mg CaCO3/l
y = 10.82x - 65.8
R = 0.9942
200 mg CaCO3/l
y = 9.93x - 53.3
R = 0.9991
240 mg CaCO3/l
y = 8.855x - 49.85
R = 0.9951
300 mg CaCO3/l
y = 8.27x - 49.4
R = 0.9999
400 mg CaCO3/l
y = 7.22x - 43.7
R = 0.9963
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Hnh 4.
2. nh hng ca cng n hiu qu trao i amoni ti cc chiu cao khc
nhau ca tng cht trao i ion.
Do di ca tng chuyn khi nm trong khong 3 - 6 cm (xc nh t
thc nghim) ph thuc vo tc dng chy nn cc cao khc nhau ca
ct hiu qu trao i cng ph thuc theo (tng chuyn khi l tng trao i
cht, trong nng ca amoni gim t mc nng u vo n mc t
tiu chun cho php).
nh hng ng thi ca hm lng amoni v cng c th m t qua
phng trnh hi quy:
V=
~ 50 ~
4. 1. 2.
X l amoni
Clo c tnh cht oxy ha, c kh nng thu in t do tch in dng. Cc
hp cht clo: Cl2, Ca(OCl)2, NaOCl, clo dioxit, mt s loi hp cht clo hu
c nh cloamin B, T u c tnh oxy ha.
Trong mi trng nc, cc dng clo c tnh cht oxy ha u c chuyn
v dng axit hypocloro:
Cl2 + H2O
HOCl + HCl
Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O
NaOCl + H2O
(4-5)
Ca(OH)2 + 2HOCl
HOCl + NaOH
(4-6)
(4-7)
H+ + OCl-
(4-8)
Mi phn t HOCl hay ion OCl- s thu nhn hai in t trong phn ng oxy
ha kh v chuyn ha thnh Cl-. Thnh phn clo tch in dng c tnh oxy
ha cn c gi l clo hot tnh. Amoni hay amoniac l mt cht c tnh kh,
c kh nng nhng in t v nit trong c gi tr -3.
Phn ng gia amoniac vi clo hot tnh xy ra theo bc:
NH3 + HOCl
NH2Cl + H2O
(4-9)
NH2Cl + HOCl
NHCl2 + H2O
(4-10)
NHCl2 + HOCl
NCl3 + H2O
(4-11)
NH2Cl, NHCl2, NCl3 gi l mono-, di-, tricloamin thuc dng hp cht clo
lin kt v cng l cht oxy ha.
T l gia cc cloamin ph thuc vo pH, nhit , thi gian tip xc, quan
trng hn c l t l HOCl/NH4+. Theo t l mol HOCl/NH3 = 1 ti pH = 7-8 tt
c NH3 u chuyn ha thnh monocloamin vi tc rt nhanh (phn ngn
giy). Vi t l HOCl/NH3 = 2 tnh theo mol hoc bng 10 tnh theo nng
khi lng (mg/l) ti vng pH =7-8 th sn phm ch yu l dicloamin, khi t
l trn bng 3 th sn phm l tricloamin. Hai phn ng sau c tc chm
hn phn ng u, nhanh vng pH thp, chm vng pH cao.
~ 51 ~
NHCl2 + NH3
(4-12)
N2 + 3H+ + H2O
(4-13)
NO3- + Cl-
(4-14)
NO2- + H2O2
NO3- + H2O
(4-15)
~ 52 ~
N2 + SO42- + H2O
(4-16)
(4-17)
X l cyanua.
Mt s loi nc thi cng nghip: m, chit tch vng, bc, cha xianua
(CN-) vi nng c th ti c phn ngn. Cyanua l mt c cht i vi
ngi v ng vt, nht l trong mi trng axit. Axit cyanic HCN l mt axit
yu (pKA = 9,3) v kh nng bc hi mnh dng trung ha (pH thp). Ion
cyanua, CN- l mt trong nhng hp cht v c c tnh c vo loi cao nht.
c tnh ca cyanua l do n kt hp vi st ca phn t hemoglobin to
thnh phc rt bn, lm mt chc nng vn ti oxy ca mu. Liu gy cht i
vi ngi l 1 mg/kg, vi c hoc vi sinh vt trong ngun nc l 0,1 mg/l.
X l cyanua c th thc hin theo nhiu phng php khc nhau: oxy ha,
kh, to phc [10].
Oxy ha vi clo hot ng xy ra theo bc k tip vi sn phm trung
gian l clocyanua CNCl; trong mi trng kim sau n tip tc chuyn ha
thnh cyanat.
CN- + OCl- + H2O
CNCl + 2OHCN- + OCl-
CNCl + 2OH-
(4-18)
(4-19)
CNO- + Cl-
(4-20)
~ 53 ~
(4-21)
NH3 + CO32-
(4-22)
CNO- + H2O
(4-23)
CNO-+NH3+CH2(OH)COO-
(4-24)
~ 54 ~
CNO- + O2
(4-25)
2HCO3- + N2 + 3O2
(4-26)
(4-27)
(4-28)
Song song vi qu trnh thy phn cyanat (biu thc 4-22) qu trnh oxy
ha tip tc to thnh CO2 v N2:
2CNO- + 4OH-
(4-29)
~ 55 ~
Me(CN)2
(4-30)
[Me(CN)z + n]n-
(4-31)
4. 2. X l hp cht photpho.
Hp cht photpho tn ti trong nc thi cc dng: photphat n tan,
photphat trng ngng, photpho trong hp cht hu c. Photphat trng ngng
(polyme) v dng hu c (trong c th vi sinh) c th loi c mt phn qua
qu trnh lng hoc lc trong cc giai on lng s cp, th cp. Photphat n
tan trong nc khng th loi b theo phng php lng, lc.
~ 56 ~
(4-32)
H2PO4-
(4-33)
HPO42-
H+ + PO43-
(4-34)
pKA = 12,3
4. 2. 1. Kt ta photphat.
Kt qu t nhng nghin cu su v rng cho thy trong khi kt ta
photphat vi cc ion kim loi nu trn, kt ta khng phi l c ch duy nht
m qu trnh hp ph, keo t xy ra ng thi trong h cng ng gp vo
vic tch photphat tan ra khi mi trng nc. Hp cht photphat dng kt
ta gm rt nhiu loi, khc nhau v cu trc rn, dng tinh th, thnh phn
ha hc, thm ch khng tun theo cng thc t lng hoc chng thay i
ngay trong thi gian ngn.
Ring i vi ion st (II), (III) v nhm khi tn ti trong nc t bn thn
chng tham gia mt lot cc phn ng nh thy phn, to ra cc phn t ln
hn nh dime, trime cng nh polyme c mch di ngn khc nhau hoc cc
dng hydroxit c ha tr khc nhau. Hydroxit, polyme ca st v nhm trong
nc ng vai tr cht hp ph, cht keo t c kh nng hp ph photphat tan
hoc keo t cc hp cht photphat khng tan cng lng.
Din bin trong h nc - photphat - Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+ ph thuc vo iu
kin mi trng nh pH, th oxy ha kh (Eh) cng nh chnh nng ca
cc cu t tham gia phn ng.
c trng quan trng nht ca mt qu trnh kt ta l tch s tan ( tan)
ca sn phm to thnh. Tch s tan ca mt cht cng nh th hiu qu kt ta
cng cao. Trong mi trng nc, mt hp cht AmBn kh tan chu mt cn
bng gia ha tan phn li v kt ta:
tan, phn li
~ 57 ~
mA + nBm-
AmBn
(4-35)
Kt ta
(4-36)
KL
FePO4. 2H2O
10-23
AlPO4. 2H2O
10-21
Ca2+ + HPO42-
CaHPO4
10-6,6
4Ca2+ + 3PO43- + H+
Ca4H(PO4)3
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
10-46,9
10-114
(hydroxylapatit)
Ca10(PO4)6F2
10-118
10-39
(apatit)
CaHAl(PO4)2
CaCO3
CaF2
Ca2+ + CO32-
10-8,3
Ca2+ + 2F-
MgNH4PO4
10-10,4
~ 58 ~
10-12,6
(struvit)
Fe(OH)3
Fe3+ + 3OH-
10-36
Al(OH)3
Al3+ + 3OH-
10-32
lg[P] (mmol/l)
apatit
apatit + calcit
apatit
pH
~ 59 ~
bicarbonat v carbonat khi pH t trn 10 (hng s cn bng cp HCO3- CO32- pKA = 8,3). Ch c lng canxi d sau khi to thnh canxi carbonat mi
phn ng vi photphat. Phn ng to ra nhiu sn phm khng tan khc nhau
(xem bng 4. 3) nhng ch yu l hydroxylapatit:
10Ca2+ + 6PO43- + 2OH-
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
(4-37)
2CaCO3 + 2H2O
(4-38)
Fe3(PO4)2
(4-39)
~ 60 ~
Fe(HCO3)2 + CaSO4
(4-40)
(4-41)
AlPO4 + nH+
(4-42)
Fe3+ + HnPO43-n
FePO4 + nH+
(4-43)
~ 61 ~
(4-44)
(4-45)
(4-46)
~ 62 ~
~ 63 ~
(4-47)
~ 64 ~
Mt
in
tch
Dng
Khi
T l Phn t
lng pha % lng nht
ring kg/l
104
C303H
cao
bt trng
0,65
0,1-0,3
600
C303M
*//
//
400
C303ML
*//
//
350
C303V
*//
//
300
530
C303
*//
//
300
500
C300L
*//
//
200
450
C803
*//
//
100
300
C312
*//
//
400
800
C403HW
*//
//
550
800
C603
*//
//
400
450
C302
trung bnh
//
500
800
C325
//
700
900
~ 65 ~
Vng
ng dng
800cps Tch nc
700 t bn hu
c
600
C402
C602
//
400
750
TA-25
cao
bt trng
0,65
0,05-0,2
900
450
TA-24
*//
**
800
450
A-118
*//
**
1200
400
A-117
*//
**
1200
420
A-140
*//
**
1200
450
A-104
*//
**
1300
450
A-205
*//
**
1100
420
A-205L
*//
**
600
320
**
1800
330
Cht tr
keo t,
tch nc
t bn
trong
khong pH
trung tnh
n kim
Tr keo t.
Tch nc
A-350
**
1600
340
A-121
**
1300
230
A-101
**
t bn thch
hp trong
1300
350
khong pH
A-161
**
1600
A-102
**
1300
A-207
**
1400
390
A-106
thp
**
1300
250
A-166
//
**
1600
250
SA-606
//
**
1700
230
A-218
//
**
1600
260
A-268
//
**
1600
300
A-208
//
**
1300
260
N-107
trung ha
**
1600
120
N-101
//*
**
1100
50
N-110
//*
**
1300
N-208
//*
**
1300
N-202
//*
**
1300
200 axit nh n
200 kim nh
N-268
//*
**
1600
230
kim
-Tr keo t
-Tch nc
t bn
khong pH:
~ 66 ~
MgNH4PO4.6H2O
(4-48)
~ 67 ~
4. 2. 2.
~ 68 ~
- Tnh chn lc ca photphat thp so vi cc anion khc nh SO42-, HCO3-, Clv trong iu kin pH ca mi trng dng tn ti ch yu ca n l H 2PO4-,
HPO42-.
- Dung lng trao i ion v tc trao i thp.
- Anionit l vt liu c kh nng hp ph kh mnh cc cht hu c dng trung
ha, thnh phn rt sn trong nc thi nn d b nhim bn dn ti mt kh
nng trao i.
- Nc thi thng cha mt lng cn khng tan ln (so vi nc sinh hot
hoc nc cng nghip) cng lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca anionit [1].
khc phc cc kh khn trn, phng hng ch to mt loi cht trao
i ion c chn lc cao i vi photphat l hng i quan trng nht [32].
Anionit c chn lc cao c trng i hc Lehigh (PA. USA) nghin
cu ch to trn c s (nguyn liu) nha anionit yu Dowex M-4195 (Dow
Chemical Co. USA) cha nguyn t ng. Tnh chn lc cao i vi photphat
l do kh nng trao i phi t (ligand) thng qua to phc cng cua (chelat)
ca ion ng trong nhm chc amin (pyridyl) ca nha.
Vi dung dch photphat c pha t nc my, c nng l 4 mgP/l, th
nghim trao i ion c thc hin trong ct vi tc 3 - 20 ln th tch tng
nha/gi. Lng nc x l c nng thp hn 0,1 mgP/l t trn 400 ln
th tch nha.
Dung dch ti sinh l mui NaCl 1 mol/l (58 g/l) c axit ha n pH =
4,3. Lng dung dch ti sinh cn khong 3 ln th tch nha c th hi
phc c ti 95% dung lng trao i ban u ca nha. Dung lng ng
ca ct t 15 gP/l, mc lm giu t trn 100 ln so vi dung dch ban
u.
Tuy vi s liu ng khch l nu trn nhng khi th nghim pilot (qui m
100 lit/ngy) kt qu v dung lng trao i ch t c khong 10% so vi
kt qu t phng th nghim do cnh tranh trao i ca cc ion sunfat,
bicarbonat, nitrat trong nc thi.
Mc d c xy ra hp ph cc cht hu c nhng cha quan st thy hin
tng hng nha do nhim bn cng nh ng b tch ra khi nha.
hnh thnh c mt phng php n nh trong thc t cc nghin cu
lin quan ang c tip tc thc hin.
~ 69 ~
T l mol Al/P
khong
in hnh
75
1,25:1 - 1,5:1
1,4:1
85
1,6:1 - 1,9:1
1,7:1
~ 70 ~
95
2,1:1 - 2,6:1
2,3:1
Kt ta ti giai on x l th cp.
Kt ta photphat vi Al3+, Fe3+ c th thc hin bng cch a ha cht vo
trc b sc kh i vi phng php bn hot tnh hoc khi ra khi b sc kh
trc khi vo b lng th cp. Vi k thut lc nh git cng c th a ha
cht vo trc hoc sau im lc. Photphat c tch ra qua t hp ca cc
qu trnh: kt ta, hp ph, trao i ion, tham gia cu to t bo v cui cng
tch ra di dng bn th cp.
V mt l thuyt tan ca AlPO4 thp nht ti pH = 6,3, ca FePO4 ti pH
= 5,3, tuy vy trong thc t khong pH t 5,5 - 7,0 u cho hiu qu tch
photphat tt v ng thi cng l khong pH thng gp trong x l nc thi
sinh hot.
St(II) t c s dng do chng ch t hiu qu vng pH cao. Vi cc
loi nc thi c kim thp ngi ta s dng aluminat NaAlO2 hoc phn
nhm, mui st c b xung thm vi (PAC t lm gim pH hn so vi phn
nhm) nhm gi cho pH khng thp hn 5,5. a thm cht tr keo t s thc
y qu trnh lng.
Kt ta ti giai on x l bc ba.
Sau x l th cp, nc thi t tiu chun cp hai (BOD) c th c tip
tc tch photphat bng phng php kt ta - lng. Khi x l photphat tan
cng ng thi ci thin trong v mu ca nc sau x l. T l ha cht s
dng cng t 1-3 mol kim loi/mol photpho nu ch cn t ti nng thi l
0,5 mgP/l, c c mc thi cao hn lng s dng s cao hn ng k.
Ha trn cht kt ta cn c khuy trn mnh lc ban u, c th thc
hin theo nhiu phng thc: a vo v tr c tc dng chy mnh nht, s
dng b ha trn ng hoc tnh vi thi gian t 10 - 30 giy sau tc
trn cn phi gim m bo hiu qu lng.
~ 71 ~
Cu trc t
bo
c im
Kch thc
i din
(ng knh
m)
Thc vt loi
c ht, dng
x, ru, loi
c t
n
bo, n bo, cng 10 - 100
cng bo ty bo, ty th, t hoc
th
khng phn bit
r gia t bo v
m
To,
nm,
ng
vt
nguyn sinh
Vi khun c Nhn
Ha hc t bo 0,2 - 2,0
nhn in nguyn thy ging nhm c
(Prokaryotie) nhn in hnh
hnh
c
(Eubacteria) khng
mng nhn
Phn ln cc
loi vi khun
Vi sinh vt
Nhn
c (Archaea) nguyn thy,
khng cha
mng nhn
Methanogens,
Halophiles,
Thermaacido
philes
Ha hc t bo
ring bit
~ 72 ~
0,2 - 2,0
C cht
Nng lng
i din
D dng
Ha nng hu c
Carbon hu c
Oxy ha cht hu
~ 73 ~
Vi khun, nm,
nguyn sinh, ng vt
nh sng
Vi khun quang hp
T dng
Ha nng v c
nh sng
Vi khun
Thc vt, to, vi
khun quang hp
5. 2.
Qu trnh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc thc cht l tch cc cht
nhim ra khi mi trng nc hoc chuyn ho chng thnh cc cht
khng c hay t c hn. Cc cht gy nhim trng thi khng tan, dng
phn tn, dng nh cng c th x l bng phng php sinh hc nhng hiu
qu x l thng thp hn so vi cc phng php x l ho hc, ho l v c
hc. Cc cht tan trong nc l i tng chnh trong x l sinh hc. Trong
qu trnh x l sinh hc, mt phn cht tan gy nhim c chuyn ho
thnh sinh khi, c tch ra di dng cht rn thng qua cc k thut thch
hp nh lng, lc; mt phn c chuyn ho thnh cc cht khng c thng
qua cc phn ng sinh ho xy ra trong t bo ca vi sinh vt.
Qu trnh sinh ho cung cp nguyn liu v nng lng xy dng t bo
v duy tr hot ng ca vi sinh vt, tc l chng pht trin v tn ti.
~ 74 ~
5. 2. 1.
Trao i cht.
~ 75 ~
E + S (ES) P + E
(5-1)
~ 76 ~
Khong
i din Nguyn t
Khong
i din
45 - 55
50
Na
0,5 - 2,0
16 - 22
20
Ca
0,4 - 0,7
0,5
12 - 16
14
Mg
0,4 - 0,7
0,5
7 - 10
Cl
0,4 - 0,7
0,5
2-5
Fe
0,1 - 0,4
0,2
0,8 - 1,5
Khc
0,2 - 0,5
0,3
0,8 - 1,5
Trong t bo, nc chim khong 80%, 20% khi lng l cht kh, trong
cht kh thnh phn hu c chim khong 90%, cn 10% l cc cht v c.
T thnh phn ho hc bng 5. 3 ngi ta thnh lp cng thc ho hc
gn ng cho t bo, cng thc c dng (ch tnh cho thnh phn hu c)
C5H7O2N. Cng thc trn ch ra rng, hm lng carbon chim 53%, hm
lng nit chim 12% trong t bo. Nu tnh c photpho th cng thc gn
ng s c dng C60H87O23N12P.
tng hp t bo, ngoi c cht l carbon cn cn ti dinh dng (N, P)
v cc nguyn t khc. Khi thiu dinh dng theo t l trong t bo, qu trnh
x l nc thi cn c b xung thm, khi tha cn c cc bin php x l
dinh dng ngoi vic loi b cht hu c (carbon).
5. 2. 2.
~ 77 ~
(5-2)
(5-3)
(5-4)
~ 78 ~
0,5O2 + 2e O2
-
(5-5)
(5-6)
(5-7)
0,25O2+H++e-0,25H2O
Go = -78,14
(5-8)
0,25CH2O+0,25O20,25CO2+0,25H2O Go = -36,30
(5-9)
CH2O+O2CO2 + H2O
Tng nng lng t do Gibbs c gi tr -36,30 kJ/mol, vy phn ng chy
t tri sang phi v gi tr (tuyt i) kh ln nn cn bng dch chuyn mnh
v pha bn phi. Mc trit ca phn ng oxy ho kh ph thuc vo th
oxy ho kh ca phn ng tng, tc l kh nng sn sng cho v nhn in t
ca cc thnh phn tham gia phn ng.
Trong x l nc thi, vi sinh vt c th s dng nhiu cht oxy ho (cho
in t) vo mc ch chuyn ho cc phn ng sinh ho. Cc phn ng kh
cc cht oxy ho thng dng gm:
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O
(5-10)
(5-11)
(5-12)
* Oxy:
~ 79 ~
(5-13)
Hoc:
1
2x z
x
CxHyOz+
H2O
CO2+H++e-(5-14)
4x y 2z
4x y 2z
4x y 2z
S dng oxy lm cht oxy ho (hiu kh) th phi hp gia biu thc (5-10)
v (5-14):
CxHyOz + 0,25(4x+y2z)O2 xCO2 + 0,5yH2O
(5-15)
Cng thc ho hc
Nng lng
KJ/mol KJ/g COD KJ/g TOC
Axit oxalic
C2H2O4
342
22,9
14,4
Axit formic
CH2O2
284
17,9
23,8
Axit citric
C6H8O7
3828
15,0
29,9
Glucose
C6H12O6
2810
14,9
39,8
Axit lactic
C3H6O3
1362
14,2
37,8
~ 80 ~
Axit acetic
C2H4O4
865
13,5
36,0
Glycerin
C2H2O2
1617
14,4
39,3
Phenol
C6H6O
3022
13,5
42,2
Etylen glycol
C2H6O2
1174
14,7
48,9
Benzen
C6H6
3180
13,3
44,1
Aceton
C3H6O
1714
13,4
50,9
Axit palmitic
C16H32O2
9731
13,3
50,9
Cyclohexan
C6H12
3766
13,0
52,1
Ethylen
C2H4
1312
13,7
54,4
Ethanol
C2H6O
1304
13,6
54,2
Methanol
CH4O
689
14,8
57,5
Etan
C2H6
1437
12,8
59,9
Metan
CH4
798
12,5
63,4
(5-15)
~ 81 ~
STT
Nng lng
t do,
KJ/mol
1
1
1
1
9
CO2+
HCO3-+
NH4++H++e-
C5H7O2N+ H2O
5
5
20
20
20
2
1
5
29 + 1
11
NO3-+
CO2+
H +e
C5H7O2N+
H2O
28
28
28
28
28
Phn ng nhn in t (kh) ca cc cht oxy ho (Ra)
Oxy
1
1
O2 + H+ + e- =
H2O
4
2
4
-78,14
Nitrat
1
6
1
5
NO3- + H+ + e- =
N2 + H2O
5
5
10
3
5
Sunfat
1
19
1
1
1
SO42-+ H++e-= H2S+ HS-+ H2O
8
16
16
16
2
6
21,27
1
1
1
CO2 + H+ + e- = CH4 + H2O
8
8
4
Phn ng cho in t (oxy ho) ca cc cht kh (Rd)
-71,67
~ 82 ~
24,11
31,80
9
1
1
1
9
CO2+
NH4++
HCO3-+H++e-
C10H19O3N+
H2O
25
50
50
50
50
Protein (axit amin, protein, hu c cha nit)
32,22
8
2
31 + - 1
27
CO2+
NH4++
H +e
C16H24O5N+
H2O
66
66
33
33
33
Carbonhydrat (cellulose, tinh bt, ng)
1
1
1
CO2 + H+ + e- =
CH2O + H2O
4
4
4
41,84
10
Du, m
4
1
15
CO2 + H+ + e- =
C8H16O +
H2O
46
46
23
11
27,61
Metanol
1
1
1
CO2 + H+ + e- =
CH3OH + H2O
6
6
6
37,51
Fe3+ + e- = Fe2+
-74,40
13
1
1
1
NO3- + H+ + e- =
NO2- + H2O
2
2
2
-40,15
14
1
5
1
3
NO3- + H+ + e- =
NH4+ + H2O
8
4
4
8
-34,50
15
1
4
1
1
NO2- + H+ + e- =
NH4+ + H2O
6
3
6
3
-32,62
16
1
4
1
3
SO42- + H+ + e- =
S + H 2O
6
3
6
2
19,48
17
1
19
1
1
1
SO42-+ H+ +e-= H2S+ HS-+ H2O
8
16
16
16
2
21,28
18
1
5
1
5
SO42- + H+ + e- = S2O32- + H2O
4
4
8
8
21,30
19
H+ + e- =
20
1
SO42- + H+ + e- = SO32- + H2O
2
1
H2
2
40,46
44,33
~ 83 ~
(5-16)
= 0,15H2O
(5-17)
Biu thc (5-17) chnh l qu trnh sinh ho khi oxy ho CH2O vi oxy
hnh thnh sn phm t bo vi sinh (C5H7O2N) v cc sn phm bn l CO2 v
H2O. Trong qu trnh phn ng, khi lng ca carbohydrat, CH2O, tiu
th l 7,5 g (0,25 mol x 30 g/mol), lng t bo hnh thnh l 3,96 g (0,035
mol x 113 g/mol). Vy hiu sut hnh thnh t bo l 53% (3,96/7,5).
Nng lng t do Gibbs ca phn ng nhn in t (3) l -78,14, ca phn
ng cho in t (9) l 41,84, vy nng lng tng ca phn ng oxy ho kh
l -36,3 KJ/mol. Cn bng ho hc (hon ton c th tnh c hng s cn
bng) ca phn ng (5-17) lch v pha phi.
Phn ng d ho do ln men.
Nng lng cng c th thu c qua qu trnh ln men cht hu c, xy ra
khng cn ti cht oxy ho. Khc vi phn ng oxy ho, trong qu trnh ln
men khng c s dch chuyn in t gia cc cu t tham gia phn ng. Phn
hu ym kh nc thi, bn thi l qu trnh ln men c ch c bit trong
cng ngh x l nc thi. Sn phm ca qu trnh l kh metan, hp cht m
carbon trong c ho tr thp nht trong hp cht hu c, metan l sn phm
cui cng ca mt qu trnh ni tip nhau. Cng vi metan, sn phm khc l
CO2 cng hnh thnh, carbon trong CO2 c ho tr cao nht (+ 4). Qu trnh ln
men mt cht hu c CxHyOz c th vit:
~ 84 ~
(5-19)
(5-20)
(5-21)
T hp (5-20) v (5-21) ta c:
E + 798 KJ/mol = 865 KJ/mol, E = 67 KJ/mol.
So vi phn ng oxy ho, nng lng thu c t ln men ch bng khong
8% ca cng cht hu c, iu ny gii thch v sao qu trnh x l ym kh
chm, hiu sut hnh thnh sinh khi thp hn nhiu so vi x l hiu kh v v
vy vi sinh vt ym kh hot ng c hiu qu trong vng nhit cao. Nng
lng ta ra thp, phn cn li 92% nm di dng ho nng trong phn t
metan v v vy n l ngun nhin liu.
Nhn chung trong qu trnh x l ym kh cc cht hu c, nng lng sinh
ra ch bng khong 10% so vi x l hiu kh, 90% cn li nm trong kh
metan di dng ho nng.
~ 85 ~
5. 2. 3.
T bo mi
ng
ha pY
Vt liu: c cht,
dinh dng, yu
t khc
D ha
1-pY
Sn phm+nng lng
Phn hy ni sinh
Hnh 1. S trao i cht ca vi sinh vt
Gia lng sinh khi (t bo) to thnh v lng c cht tiu hao (v d
COD) c tn ti mi quan h t l thun: c cht c s dng nhiu th lng
sinh khi to thnh ln. Nu gi Xv l mt sinh khi o theo lng cht hu
c bay hi (volatile solid VSS, cht hu c trong sinh khi t chy nhit
500 - 550oC) v S l nng ca c cht, ta s c mi quan h:
~ 86 ~
Y = - dXv/dS
(5-22)
~ 87 ~
sinh hu tr thnh nguyn liu cho qu trnh trao i cht tip theo. Trao i
cht do oxy ho t bo c gi l h hp ni sinh nhm phn bit vi oxy ho
cht hu c t ngoi (nc thi) gi l oxy ho ngoi sinh. Mt phn vt cht
ca t bo cht chuyn ho thnh dng vt cht tr khng c kh nng sinh
hu hoc rt kh sinh hu; cht ny s tch lu trong h thng x l nc thi
di dng bn d.
Tc phn hu vi sinh trong iu kin hiu kh v thiu kh ln hn nhiu
so vi mi trng ym kh. Th nghim nh gi tc phn hu vi sinh vt
hiu kh cho thy, qu trnh phn hu tun theo phn ng bc mt:
dX
= - kX
dt
(5-23)
(5-24)
~ 88 ~
6
6. 1.
Cc qu trnh ng hc c s.
6. 1. 1.
~ 89 ~
~ 90 ~
dX
.X
dt
(6-1)
S
KS S
(6-2)
6. 1.
~ 91 ~
T hnh 6.1 cho thy khi nng ca S tha mn, tc pht trin ca vi
sinh vt t mc ti a, gim khi S gim.
0,5
Ks
m . X .S
(6-3)
Ks S
~ 92 ~
S N DO
= m.
.
S N K N DO K DO
(6-4)
6. 1. 2.
(6-5)
Y l hiu sut sinh khi to thnh, mang ngha l khi tiu hao mt lng
c cht s sinh ra c mt lng sinh khi no (g/g). Du (-) ch hai qu
trnh ngc nhau: sinh khi to thnh v c cht suy gim. Hiu sut sinh khi
Y ph thuc vo chng loi vi sinh hin hu v bn cht ca c cht (xem 5.
2. 3)
Mc tiu x l nc thi l lm gim nng cht gy nhim, tc l gim
nng c cht, v vy tc gim c cht l i tng quan tm u tin.
Kt hp cc phng trnh (6-3), (6-5) ta c:
vsu =
m . X .S
(6-6)
Y (K s S )
~ 93 ~
hiu sut sinh khi Y. Do lin quan n hot tnh ca vi sinh vt, hai i lng
m v Y c kt hp vi nhau theo nh ngha:
k = m/Y
(6-7)
6. 1. 3.
k . X .S
Ks S
(6-8)
(6-9)
m . X .S
Ks S
- kp.X
(6-10)
hay
vg = - Y.vsu - kp.X
(6-11)
S
- kp
Ks S
(6-12)
~ 94 ~
Y =
,
g
(6-13)
v su
dS
k . X .S
dt
KS S
(6-14)
(6-15)
(6-16)
(6-17)
vsu = - k.S
(6-18)
vsu = - k.X.S
(6-19)
vsu = - k.X.S/So
(6-20)
~ 95 ~
6. 1. 4.
nh hng ca nhit .
(6-21)
(6-22)
~ 96 ~
(6-23)
kT = k20. (1,09)(T-20)
(6-24)
6. 2.
V
Q
(6-25)
~ 97 ~
V .X
Qw . X r Qe . X e
(6-26)
dX
Q. X o [Qw . X r Qe . X e ] V .v g,
dt
(6-27)
~ 98 ~
Qw . X r Qe . X e
v
Y . su k p
V .X
X
(6-28)
Y .
vsu
kp
X
(6-29)
vsu
S S
Q
(So S ) o
V
(6-30)
vsu
S S
k . X .S
o
Ks S
(6-31)
S S
k .S
o
Ks S
.X
(6-32)
.X
So S
Ks 1
k .S k
(6-33)
Y.
So S
kp
X .
(6-34)
~ 99 ~
6. 3.
Mt vi so snh v tc x l vi sinh.
~ 100 ~
Thng s
ng hc
Nc thi
sinh hot
Y
kp
Axit bo
n v
Khong gi
tr
Gi tr
c trng
gSK/gBOD
0,040-0,100
0,060
-1
0,020-0,040
0,030
gSK/gBOD
0,040-0,070
0,050
-1
0,030-0,050
0,040
gSK/gBOD
0,020-0,040
0,024
d
*
kp
Hydrat
d
*
~ 101 ~
carbon
Protein
d-1
0,025-0,035
0,030
gSK/gBOD
0,050-0,090
0,075
-1
0,010-0,020
0,014
kp
Y
kp
gSK/gBOD: Khi lng sinh khi hu hiu (thnh phn cht hu c trong
sinh khi) hnh thnh trn khi lng BOD tiu th.
Bng 6. 2, 6. 3, 6. 4 ghi mt s cc thng s ng hc cho cc qu trnh x
l cht hu c hiu kh (vi sinh d dng), qu trnh nitrit v nitrat ha (vi sinh
t dng hiu kh) v qu trnh kh nitrat (vi sinh d dng ty nghi). Cc
hng s bn bo ha [xem biu thc (6-2)] p dng cho nhiu loi c cht nh
N, P, O, COD tng ng vi tng qu trnh x l v cng c ngha th hin
trong phng trnh Monod.
C th nhn bit (nh tnh) mt s c trng ng hc ca cc qu trnh x
l vi sinh hiu kh, thiu kh, ym kh v x l photpho thng qua cc gi tr
hng s ng hc trong cc bng 6-1 n 6-5.
V d cc qu trnh xy ra vi tc ln th cc thng s m, Y, k c gi tr
cao. Hng s bn bo ha cho bit mc cn thit vi sinh vt pht trin
t mc bng mt na ca mc cc i, tr trng hp x l nitrat (thiu kh)
trong bng 6. 4 th Ks,O l gi tr km hm (t hn th thun li). Gi tr Y cao
s ng ngha vi thi gian khi ng h thng ngn v lng bn d cn thi
cao, lng oxy s dng ln. Gi tr kp thp th hin kh nng duy tr hot tnh
cao ca vi sinh vt.
Bng 6. 2. Hng s tc ca qu trnh x l hiu kh nc thi sinh hot
(20oC) [1, 9].
Hng s
K
hiu
n v
=m
d-1
0,8-8
4,8
kp
d-1
0,03-0,07
0,06
gSK/gBOD
0,4-0,8
0,6
5-30
Hng s bn bo ha COD
Khong Gi tr
gi tr c trng
KS,COD gCOD/m
Hng s bn bo ha oxy
KS,O
gO2/m3
0,5-1,0
Hng s bn bo ha NH4+
KS,N
gN/m3
0,1-0,5
KS,P
0,1-0,2
Hng s bn bo ha photpho
gP/m
~ 102 ~
* d-1= [ngy]-1
Bng 6. 3. Hng s tc c trng qu trnh nitrit ha A (do Nitrosomonas),
nitrat ha B(do Nitrobacter) v t hp hai giai on C. Nhit 20oC [9].
Thng s
K
hiu
n v
Gi tr ca qu trnh
A
d-1
kp
d-1
0,6-0,8
0,6-1,0
0,6-0,8
Hng s bn bo ha NH4
K S ,NH4 gN/m
0,3-0,7
0,8-1,2
0,3-0,7
Hng s bn bo ha oxy
KS,O gO2/m3
0,5-1,0
0,5-1,5
0,5-1,0
d-1
6-6,6
12-14,5
4,0
* Lng sinh khi hu hiu tnh theo lng nitrat hnh thnh (NO3--N)
Bng 6. 4. Hng s tc c trng qu trnh kh nitrat (metanol l cht cho
in t), nhit 20oC [9].
Thng s
K hiu
n v
Gi tr
d-1
3-6
m,M
d-1
5-10
K S ,NO3
g N/m3
0,2-0,5
KS,O
gO2/m3
0,2-0,5
KS,M
gCOD/m3
5-10
KS,COD
gCOD/m3
10-20
YM
gCOD/gCOD
0,5-0,65
YCOD
gCOD/gCOD
0,4-0,6
YNO3
gCOD/gNO3-N
1,6-1,8
kp
d-1
0,05-0,10
Hng s bn bo ha
Hiu sut sinh khi, metanol
~ 103 ~
K hiu
n v
Gi tr
d-1
2-4
gSK/gCOD(AA)
0,6-0,8
YP
gP/gCOD(AA)
0,07-0,10
KS,AA
gAA/m3
2-6
KS,P
gP/m3
0,1-0,5
Hng s bn bo ha, AA
Hng s bn bo ha, photpho
~ 104 ~
K thut phn ng
7. 1.
~ 105 ~
7. 1. 1.
dC da
k. f (C )
dt
dt
(7-1)
C = Co - kt
(7-2)
~ 106 ~
- f(C) = C:
C = Co.e
(7-3)
- f(C) = C2:
1 1
kt
C Co
(7-4)
- f(C) = Cn:
1
1
n1 + (n-1) kt
n 1
C
Co
(7-5)
Hiu sut thc hin phn ng E c th biu din theo mc suy gim nng
ti thi im t so vi nng Co ban u:
E=
Co C
=1- C/Co
Co
(7-6)
(7-7)
7. 1. 2.
dC
.V Q.Co Q.C vi .V
dt
(7-8)
~ 107 ~
dC
Q
.C .Co
dt
V
(7-9)
Vi k + Q/V
Phng trnh vi phn bc 1 (7-9) c th gii theo phng php tng qut v
li gii c dng [3]:
Co .Q
(1 e .t ) Co .e .t
V .
(7-10)
1
1
Co . 1
1 e ( k ).t Co .e ( k ).t
1
k
(7-11)
1
1
1
C
1
1 e ( k ).t e ( k ).t
1
Co
k
(7-12)
Q.Co
Co
Co
V . 1 k (V / Q) 1 k . 1
(7-13)
~ 108 ~
E = 1 - 1/k.
(7-14)
7. 1. 3.
C
2C
D. 2
t
x
(7-15)
Trong D l h s khuych tn ca cu t A.
Lng cht c vn chuyn trong trng hp trn l do hai yu t: do
dng chy vi tc thng tuyn tnh v (t s gia lu lng v tit din chy)
v. C / x v do khuych tn phn t D. 2 C / x 2 . Nu trong ct khng xy ra
qu trnh phn ng m s thay i nng ch do hai qu trnh chuyn khi
trn th phng trnh vi phn m t s l:
C
C
2C
v.
D. 2
t
x
x
(7-16)
C
C
2C
v.
D. 2 + k.f(C)
t
x
x
~ 109 ~
(7-17)
C
C
v.
k.f(C)
t
x
(7-18)
v.
dC
k.C = 0
dx
(7-19)
dC
k
dx
v
(7-20)
(7-21)
7. 1. 4.
Trong nhiu trng hp hiu sut phn ng c tng cng khi s dng
k thut phn ng ni tip nhiu bnh phn ng vi nhau, trong tng bnh u
c khuy trn. Khi u ra ca bnh phn ng trc tr thnh u vo ca
~ 110 ~
V dC2
.
Q.C1 Q.C2
n dt
(7-22)
dC2 n.Q
n.Q
.C2
.C1
dt
V
V
(7-23)
n.Q.t
V
Co .e
n.t
Co .e n.H
(7-24)
dC2 n.Q
n.Q
.C2
Co .e n.H
dt
V
V
(7-25)
(7-26)
Co
(n.H ) i 1 .e n.H
(i 1)!
(7-27)
7. 2.
~ 112 ~
Mc tiu x l
* Hiu kh
- Huyn ph
+ Bn hot tnh
Thng dng (dng l tng)
Khuy trn u.
Sc kh theo bc
Oxy nguyn cht
Loi b tp cht
hu c (carbon)
d phn hy,
BOD
M k tip giai on
n nh tip xc
Sc kh tng cng
Knh oxy ha
+ Nitrat, nitrit ha.
Oxy ha NH3
+ Ao thong kh
~ 113 ~
- Mng vi sinh
+ Lc nh git
Loi b BOD,
oxy ha NH3
Lc chm
Lc nhanh
+ Lc s b
Loi b BOD
+ a quay sinh hc
Loi b BOD,
(oxy ha NH3)
+ Tng tnh
Loi b BOD,
(oxy ha NH3)
Loi b BOD,
(oxy ha NH3)
* Ym kh
- Huyn ph
+ Phn hy bn ym kh
n nh bn,
Phng php tiu chun mt loi b BOD
giai on
Tc cao, mt giai on
Hai giai on
+ Tip xc ym kh
Lc ngc qua lp bn ym Loi b BOD
kh (UASB)
Lc ngc qua nhiu ngn Loi b BOD
ym kh (baffle)
- Mng vi sinh
+ Lc ym kh
Loi BOD, n
~ 114 ~
nh bn (kh
nitrat)
Loi BOD, n
nh bn
+ Tng dn n
* T hp hiu
kh-Thiu khYm kh
- Huyn ph
- Mng sinh hc
* Qu trnh t + Ao thong kh
nhin (ao h)
+ H nh bng nc
+ Ao ty nghi
+ Ao ym kh
7. 2. 1.
H x l bn hot tnh.
~ 115 ~
CO2+NH3+C5H7NO2+s/phm khc(7-28)
C5H7NO2+5O2
Vi sinh vt tng hp sinh khi (sinh sn, sinh trng) trn c s cht hu
c t nc thi (ngun carbon, vi sinh d dng) cng vi cc yu t khc nh
dinh dng (N, P, K), vi lng. sinh sn v pht trin chng cn c nng
lng, nng lng c sinh ra t phn ng oxy ha cht hu c vi oxy. Sn
phm cui cng ca qu trnh oxy ha l H2O v CO2. CO2 sinh ra phn ln
thm nhp vo kh quyn.
Phn hy ni sinh xy ra vi vi sinh cht hoc trong trng hp thiu
ngun dinh dng cho chng. Phn hy ni sinh l qu trnh oxy ha t bo
ca vi sinh vt sn xut nng lng nhm duy tr s sng cho cc vi sinh
cha cht.
Trong biu thc (7-28) cht hu c c qui cho c cng thc ha hc
COHNS, trong mt vi ti liu khc, thnh phn hu c trong nc thi c
qui cho cng thc ha hc l C18H19O9N [6]. Ty thuc vo tnh sinh hy ca
cc tp cht hu c, mt phn cht hu c tr m sinh vt khng th hoc
khng kp hp th s thot ra ngoi h x l. Mt s cht hu c c tc dng
gy c, km hm hoc git cht vi sinh vt vi mt liu lng no nh
phenol, hp cht hu c cha clo [10, 11].
C5H7NO2 l cng thc ha hc (gn ng) ca t bo ch khng phi ch c
th t bo thun li cho tnh ton v mt t lng (xem 5. 2. 1).
Nhu cu, liu lng oxy.
Trong c hai qu trnh trn (7-28), (7-29) oxy lun c mt v b tiu hao. V
phng din l thuyt c th xc nh lng oxy tiu hao nh sau. Nu xut
pht t cng thc ha hc ca cht hu c l C18H19O9N th phn ng oxy ha
hc x xy ra hai trng hp: c v khng xy ra qu trnh nitrat ha:
C18H19O9N + 17,5O2 + H+ 18CO2 + 8H2O + NH4+
(7-30)
(7-31)
~ 116 ~
(7-32)
~ 117 ~
Q
So, Xo
X, S
S, X
~ 118 ~
dX
.V Q. X o Q. X V .v g,
dt
(7-33)
Q: lu lng x l (m3.d-1)
Xo , X l nng vi sinh ti u vo v trong khi phn ng. X c nhiu
cch xc nh nh tng bn, bn hu hiu hoc hm lng protein, ADN,
ATP.
V: th tch b phn ng.
vg: tc pht trin thc ca vi sinh xem biu thc (6-10). Thay th vg t
phng trnh (6-10):
. X .S
dX
.V Q. X o Q. X V m
k p . X
dt
Ks S
(7-34)
.S
Q 1
m kp
V Ks S
(7-35)
~ 119 ~
V .X V
Q. X Q
(7-36)
Ks S
m .S k p ( K s S )
(7-37)
(7-38)
k . X .S
Ks S
(7-39)
k . X .S
Ks S
(7-40)
m .( S o S ) Y .( S o S )
k (1 k p . )
1 k p .
(7-41)
K s .(1 .k p )
(7-42)
.(Y .k k p ) 1
~ 120 ~
Y
1 k p .
(7-43)
V, S, X
Qe, Xe, S
Qw, Xr, S
Qr, Xr, S
~ 121 ~
V .X
V .X
Qw . X r Qe . X e Qw . X r
(7-44)
dX
.V Q. X o Qw . X Qe . X e V .v g,
dt
(7-45)
Qw . X r Qe . X e
Y .v
su k p
V .X
X
(7-46)
Y .vsu
kp
X
(7-47)
S S
Q
(So S ) o
V
(7-48)
c .Y .( S o S )
.(1 k p . c )
(7-49)
~ 122 ~
K s .(1 c .k p )
(7-50)
c .(Y .k k p ) 1
Y,
Y
1 k p . c
(7-51)
vsu S S o Q S o S
.
X
.X
V
X
Y .U k p
(7-52)
(7-53)
~ 123 ~
Qw
V .X
c .X r
(7-54)
So
Q.S o
.X V .X
(7-55)
( F / M ).E
100
(7-56)
So S
.100
S
(7-57)
Phng trnh (7-53) ch r mi tng quan gia hot tnh vi sinh (1/c) v
tc suy gim c cht ca mt h x l. U cng c th tch theo cc hng s
ng hc trn c s kt hp phng trnh (7-52) v (7-39):
U=
k .S
Ks S
(7-58)
S=
U .K s
k U
(7-59)
~ 124 ~
K s .(1 c k p )
(7-60)
c .(Y .k k p ) 1
(7-49)].
Nng c cht
c,t
Hiu qu x l
hiu qu E
c ,t
Y .k .S o
kp
K s So
(7-61)
~ 125 ~
c ,t
Y .k k p
(7-62)
(7-63)
~ 126 ~
c ,t
Y .k .S o
0,6 g / g.7,7d 1.450mg.l 1
kp
0,07 3,76
K s So
93mg.l 1 450mg.l 1
c,t = 0,26d.
- S dng h s an ton qu trnh A = 10 (biu thc 7-62) tnh thi gian lu
t bo c:
V=
X .(1 k p . c )
3000mg.l 1 (1 0,07.2,6)
Y'
Y
0,6
0,51
1 k p . c 1 0,07.2,6
Qw
V .X
88m 3 .3000 g.m 3
12,7m 3 .d 1
3
c . X r 2,6d .8000 g.m
V
88m 3
0,176d 4,22h.
Q 500m 3 .d 1
So S
(450 50)mg.l 1
0,758(mg / mg ) / d
U=
.X
0,176d .3000mg.l 1
(1 g sinh khi tiu th 0,758 g BOD trong mt ngy).
- T l thc n/vi sinh:
~ 127 ~
F/M =
So
450mg.l
0,852(mgBOD / mgSK ) / d .
. X 0,176d .3000mg.l 1
2557 g.m 3 .d 1
3
V
88m
- Tnh ton lng oxy: s dng hai cch tnh khc nhau bng cch p dng
phng trnh (7-32) v tnh theo kinh nghim l
mO2 / d
151kg.d 1
6553m 3 .d 1
0,24.0,08.1,28kg.m 3
~ 128 ~
Dng k thut phn ng theo kiu dng l tng thng c s dng cho
h x l cng sut ln vi c trng cu hnh b phn ng c di ln, chiu
rng hp. S h phn ng y l tng c hi lu bn c trnh by trong
hnh 7. 4.
Q, So
V, X
S, X
Qe, Xe, S
Qw, Xr
Qr, Xr, S
~ 129 ~
v su
dS
k .S . X
dt K s S
(7-64)
Ly tch phn phng trnh (7-64) theo thi gian lu thy lc, thc hin
mt lot cc thao tc n gin ha v mt ton hc s nhn c mi tng
quan:
1
Y .k .( S o S )
kp
( S o S ) (1 ).K s . ln( S i / S )
(7-65)
~ 130 ~
Phn ng
Lng
Vf
Vd
Vo
~ 131 ~
Ch
Nc thi
Bn thi
Hnh 7. 6. S hot ng ca k thut m k tip giai on trong mt chu k.
Cc pha c thc hin k tip nhau v c thc hin trong mt thi gian
nht nh. Bc thi bn c th thc hin sau pha lng hoc vo cui giai on
phn ng hoc trong khi lng. Thi bn c th thc hin theo chu k tun,
ngy hoc sau mi m. Pha ch c th b qua nu nh h c thit k b
iu ha hay b tch tr nc d cha x l kp.
Pha np liu v pha phn ng c th c phi hp da trn vic s dng
nng lng thng qua sc kh hay khuy trn c hc. l cc k thut: np
liu tnh, np liu khuy trn, np liu sc kh, phn ng khuy trn, phn ng
sc kh.
Np liu tnh khng cn s dng nng lng, li dng p lc thy tnh ca
dng chy a nc vo b phn ng, tch ly c cht trong b.
Np liu khuy trn bng c hc hoc do i lu to ra mi trng thiu
kh hoc ym kh trong b (thc hin kh nitrat hoc x l photpho).
Np liu sc kh l s dng dng kh khuy trn trong khi np liu to ra
mi trng hiu kh. Trong iu kin c th xy ra c cc qu trnh thiu
kh (do hm lng oxy cha qu ln). Phn ng c khuy trn hn ch cc
qu trnh hiu kh xy ra, qu trnh thiu kh v mt phn qu trnh ym kh
c thc y. Phn ng c sc kh to iu kin cho cc qu trnh hiu kh
c thc hin.
Mt m c thc hin k t giai on np liu v kt thc giai on ch
hoc sau khi x.
Th tch nc thi np vo bnh phn ng ca mt m (chu k) l Vf cng
vi th tch nc v sinh khi d li ca chu k trc l Vo. Tng th tch sau
khi np liu V = Vo + Vf. Khi phn ng kt thc, sinh khi lng, thi bn d
v th tch nc trong Vf, h li c th tip tc mt chu k mi.
Cc thng s c bn ca k thut m k tip giai on gm:
- ti: thi gian phn ng vi pha i.
- tc: thi gian cho mt chu k, tc = ti.
~ 132 ~
~ 133 ~
~ 134 ~
n.V . X .t r
t c .P( x)
(7-66)
0,65
X .SVI
(7-67)
~ 135 ~
~ 136 ~
Hiu sut sinh khi Y [biu thc (6-13), (7-43), (7-51)] t c s dng do
cc thnh phn hu c sinh hy khng tan trong nc thi, cn hp cht v c
trong dng vo khng c bao qut.
Ti lng hu c tnh theo th tch th hin mc chu ti ca mt n v
th tch ca khi phn ng i vi cht hu c trong mt ngy, tnh theo khi
lng BOD hoc COD hoc mt loi c cht no trn mt m3 trong mt
ngy.
T kinh nghim hot ng thc t, cc gi tr c trng nu trn c th s
dng thit k mt h thng x l.
Khi la chn c cc thng s trn vic tnh ton cc thng s thit k
gm: la chn cu hnh v th tch b phn ng, tnh ton tc quay vng
bn, tnh lng bn d, nhu cu cp oxy, tnh ton b lng s cp, x l bn
thi.
La chn k thut phn ng v tnh th tch b phn ng.
Ba loi k thut phn ng chnh s dng trong x l nc thi l: dng y
l tng, dng lin tc khuy trn u v m k tip giai on. Tiu ch la
chn ph thuc vo qui m x l (qui m ln thng s dng dng dng l
tng), mc dao ng nhim ca dng vo (dao ng mnh thng s
dng k thut m k tip giai on hoc khuy trn u), iu kin mt bng.
Th tich b phn ng c th tnh theo mt trong ba c trng.
- Tnh theo t l F/M:
Q.S o
X .( F / M )
(7-68)
c .Q.S o .Y
(7-69)
Q.S o
L
(7-70)
~ 137 ~
c (d)
Qu trnh
F/M
L gBOD/
gBOD/
X (g/m3)
(m .d)
Qr/Q
(h)
(gSK/d)
-Dng l tng
thng dng
-Trn u
3-15
0,2-0,6
320-640 1000-3000
4-8 0,25-0,75
3-5
0,25-1,0
-Dng l tng
chia dng u
vo
3-15
0,2-0,5
640-960 1500-3500
-Nitrat ha mt
giai on
8-20
0,05-0,2
80,320
1500-3500 6-15
0,5-1,5
50-140
1500-3500
0,5-2,0
-Sc kh
cng
80-240
80-240
2000-8000 8-36
0,5-1,5
2000-8000 15-20
3-5 0,25-0,75
3-6
~ 138 ~
1333m 3
L
0,6kgBOD.m 3 .d 1
Q.S o
2000m 3 .d 1.0,4kgBOD.m 3
1666m 3
3
1
1
X ( F / M ) 5kg.m .0,15kgBOD.kg SKHH .d
K
hiu
n v
T l F/M
(kgBOD/kgSK)
0,05-0,1 0,2-0,3 0,5-0,6
Nng bn tng
Nng bn hu
X
Xh
kgSK/m
kgSHHH/m
hiu
~ 139 ~
Nng bn tnh
XCOD
theo COD
T l Xh/X
Ti lng hu c
65-70
3
kgBOD/(m .d)
70-75
70-75
F/M
YBOD
kgSK/kgBOD
YCOD
kgSK/kgCOD
90-95
85-90
80-90
75-85
70-80
65-80
15-20
3-6
1-3
BOD
Hiu qu x l theo E(COD)
COD
Thi gian lu t
bo
* Ghi ch: s liu trong bng l ca nc thi sinh hot. Nng ca dng
vo: BOD = 200 - 400 mg/l, COD = 400 - 800 mg/l, T= 10oC, SK = khi
lng sinh khi, SKHH: sinh khi hu hiu (thnh phn hu c trong sinh
khi cn c tn l cht rn l lng bay hi do t).
Tnh ton nhu cu oxy v cp kh.
Nhu cu oxy cho mt qu trnh x l vi sinh da trn hai qu trnh c bn:
oxy ha v phn hy ni sinh. Tnh ton nhu cu oxy c th da trn phn tch
v t lng ca phn ng hoc t kinh nghim (xem 7. 2. 1).
Lng oxy cn cp cho h bn hot tnh trong thc t khng phi l gi tr
tnh t l thuyt v oxy c tan trong nc rt thp, tc hp th oxy vo
nc ph thuc vo cc iu kin: mui ( dn in), nhit , chiu su
ca lp nc, tit din b mt lp phn cch pha kh-lng, tc khuy trn,
cu hnh ca b phn ng, trng thi bo ha kh ca nc. l mt h kh
phc tp. Ha trn kh vo nc c hai phng php: sc kh c hc v sc
kh phn tn.
Sc kh c hc l s dng cc thit b quay to ra cc git nc nh tip
xc vi khng kh oxy thm vo (tng t nh my khuy cnh qut s
dng trong cc ao nui tm thm canh).
Sc kh phn tn l s dng dng kh c p sut phn tn vo nc thng
qua h phn phi kh. Dng kh p sut c nng lng khuy trn cho c
khi phn ng.
~ 140 ~
(7-71)
Bn c kh nng lng tt c tr s SVI thp (SVI < 100), khi gi tr SVI >
150 l hin tng mt vi sinh dng si filaments kh cao, bn rt kh
lng.
Qu trnh lng trong b lng th cp tun theo c ch lng vng. Tc
lng c th xc nh t thc nghim [3, 16]. Tc lng c s dng tnh
ti trng b mt lng:
vs
vi
A
(7-72)
~ 141 ~
(7-73)
~ 142 ~
Qr
X .Q X r .Qw
Xr X
(7-74)
(7-75)
Qr Q.
(7-76)
X
Xr X
(7-77)
~ 143 ~
V .X
Qw . X r Qe . X e
(7-78)
Gi thit Xe = 0 ta c:
Qw
V .X
c .X r
(7-79)
Qw
(7-80)
~ 144 ~
lng tt khi khi lng ring biu kin ca cm vi sinh (cm keo t) ln tc l
khong cch gia cc vi sinh vt ngn, mt cao, ni cch khc l chng c
cu trc c, t xp.
Bn kh lng l do cu trc ca cm keo t xp, nh m nguyn nhn c
xc nh l do s c mt ca mt s loi vi sinh dng si di c tn l filament.
ngn chn s pht trin mnh ca vi sinh dng si i hi phi thit k v
vn hnh h thng x l nc thi hp l.
S pht trin ca vi sinh dng si b nh hng bi cc yu t:
- Thnh phn tp cht trong nc thi. Cht nhim d sinh hy h ng
(glucose, maltose, lactose) trong nc thi ma ng, ch bin rau qu, tinh
bt thc y s pht trin ca vi sinh dng si. Tp cht kh sinh hy trong
nc thi ca cng nghip ha cht, ha du, dt nhum, nc thi hn hp
t thc y s pht trin ca chng.
- Nng oxy ha tan: Vi sinh vt nm trong tp hp keo t cng cn c
cung cp oxy, vi sinh vt nm pha bn trong ht keo t t c c hi nhn
c oxy so vi vi sinh vt nm pha ngoi do oxy phi khuych tn qua
mt qung ng di hn t ngoi mi trng nc vo v b tiu hao bi vi
sinh pha ngoi ht keo t. Mc cn kit, thiu oxy cho vi sinh vt
pha trong tng ln khi mt vi sinh cao, nhim thp, tc l ti lng
hu c (F/M) nh. Do di ca vi sinh vt dng si (1 - 4 m), t l din
tch so vi th tch ca chng ln hn cc dng khc nn kh nng hp thu
oxy v c cht tt hn loi c dng khc nh hnh cu, chng vn c kh
nng thu nhn oxy ngay c khi nng oxy mc thp hn 0,1 mg/l trong
khi cc chng loi vi sinh khc khng c kh nng .
Vi sinh vt dng si l loi c sc sng dai trong hon cnh mi trng
khc nghit, thiu thn, v vy nn hin tng bn kh lng xy ra thng
thng trong iu kin thiu c cht hoc thiu oxy. iu chnh l nguyn
nhn xut hin bn kh lng trong cc h x l khuy trn u, t xut hin
trong k thut x l gin on hoc dng y l tng. Trong k thut gin
on giai on u nng c cht cao v gim theo thi gian. Trong k thut
dng l tng, nng c cht cao ti pha u vo v gim v pha cui, cn
trong k thut khuy trn u th nng c cht b pha long ngay t khi
dng thi vo h thng v ngang vi nng ra khi h thng, tc l lun lun
thp.
~ 145 ~
~ 146 ~
~ 147 ~
7. 2. 2.
H lc sinh hc.
7. 2. 2. 1. Cc qu trnh c bn.
H lc sinh hc c c trng quan trng nht l vi sinh vt bm vo b mt
ca cht rn, gi l cht mang, to thnh mng vi sinh. Mng sinh hc l lp
kh c bm vo cht rn kh cht khng b bong ti. Thi gian lu thy
lc (tip xc) vi nc ngn nn vi sinh vt t do trong nc t c c hi bm
dnh vo mng, thng b ra tri theo dng chy.
Yu im ca k thut lc sinh hc so vi k thut huyn ph l hiu qu
x l thp hn v trc khi c cht c vi sinh vt s dng xy ra mt lot
cc qu trnh chuyn khi: t nc ti b mt mng, khuych tn qua mng,
chuyn khi trong lp lc. Qu trnh chuyn khi khng ch lin quan n c
cht m cn ca cc hp cht ha hc vi t cch l nguyn liu (oxy, cc cht
dinh dng...) v cc sn phm chuyn ha. Tc ca hu ht cc qu
trnh chuyn khi rt chm, c bit l qu trnh khuych tn qua mng nn
thng l yu t khng ch ton b tin trnh ng hc x l nc thi. Cc
qu trnh chnh cn c quan tm l: chuyn khi qua mng vi sinh, chuyn
~ 148 ~
khi qua mng thy lc l hai qu trnh lin quan cht ch vi hin tng
khuych tn phn t.
Khuych tn phn t.
Khuych tn l hin tng vn chuyn vt cht mc phn t do s
chuyn ng nhit (ng nng) gy nn. Vt cht c chuyn t ni c nng
cao ti ni c nng thp (trong cng pha), ng lc ca qu trnh
khuych tn l s chnh lch nng theo v tr khng gian. Qu trnh
khuych tn c xem l kt thc nu nng ca cht khuych tn ti mi v
tr c gi tr nh nhau di gc v m (quan st v o c) nhng v thc
cht qu trnh khuych tn vn din bin tip tc trong trng thi n nh.
V d, ta hy quan st mt mi thm no trong mt phng rng kn gi:
mi thm m nht l st v tr t n, cng xa mi thm cng gim. T v
tr t n, cc phn t thm ta ra v mi hng, v cc cc phn t ti cc v
tr xa cng ta v pha ngun cht thm. Tuy vy xc sut cc phn t ta v
cc hng l khc nhau. cc v tr gn ngun mt phn t cc cht thm
cao nn s phn t ta ra cc hng ln hn t cc hng ta li ngun do mt
ca chng cng xa cng thp.
Hin tng khuych tn c Fick m t qua hai nh lut khuych tn:
nh lut I v nh lut II [4, 5].
nh lut I m t lng cht c vn chuyn qua khuych tn n (mol) theo
thi gian (t) t l thun vi s chnh lch nng (C) dc theo chiu khuych
tn dC/dx v tit din khuych tn A. Phng trnh m t nh lut I c dng:
dn
dC
D. A.
dt
dt
(7-81)
~ 149 ~
C
2C
D. 2 D.C
t
x
(7-82)
Phng trnh vi phn ring (7-82) m t s bin ng nng theo hai bin
(ring) l thi gian v ta khng gian. C l ton t Laplace.
Ph thuc vo iu kin ban u v iu kin bin ca bi ton, li gii ca
(7-82) rt a dng v c s dng rng ri trong rt nhiu lnh vc [18, 19].
c im ng ch t li gii ca (7-82) l s suy gim nng do qu
trnh khuych tn b tc ng ng thi bi hai yu t (bin s) l thi gian v
v tr: v tr cng xa ngun th nng cng thp, thi gian cng di th ti mt
v tr nng cng cng gim. Tnh cht trn c th hin:
x12 : x22 : ... : xn2 t1 : t 2 : ... : t n , tc l x2/t = hng s, ngha ca mi quan h
~ 150 ~
(7-83)
C
C
2C
v.
D. 2 k . f (C )
t
x
x
(7-84)
~ 151 ~
B mt cht mang
Nng c cht S
Mng vi sinh
So
S1
~ 152 ~
L1
L2
n s D.
dC
.( S o S1 )
dL
(7-85)
dC
c thay bng (So - S1)/L2 l do gi thit qu trnh din ra trong trng
dL
thi n nh, dC/dx = C/x.
D: h s khuych tn ca c cht trong nc [m2.s-1].
Tc chuyn khi n s t l thun vi s chnh lch nng (So-S), vi
h s khuych tn D v t l nghch vi dy (L2) ca lp mng thy lc.
Lng cht vn chuyn do khuych tn qua mng ph thuc tuyn tnh vo
tit din khuych tn A. Vi cng mt khi lng cht mang, kch thc ca
cht mang cng nh th tng din tch A trong ct lc cng ln, A tng ng
vi din tch mt ngoi ca cht mang.
~ 153 ~
3
R.
(7-86)
~ 154 ~
d 2S
De. 2 k . f ( S ) vi
dx
(7-87)
vi l tc phn ng ha hc.
k.f(S) l tc phn ng. i vi phn ng bc 0, 1, 2 th tc phn ng
c cc dng tng ng k, kS v kS2. (xem 7. 1. 1), k l hng s tc . T (787) ta c:
d 2S
k
. f (S )
2
dx
De
(7-88)
L k.S n 1 / De
(7-89)
d 2S
dx
2
2
.S b 2 .S
(7-90)
vi b = /L.
Li gii ca phng trnh tiu chun (7-88) c dng:
S = C1.eb.x + C2.e-b.x
(7-91)
~ 155 ~
S
cosh(b.x / L1 ) tanh b.sinh(b.x / L1 )
S1
(7-92)
S cosh[b.(1 x / L1 )]
S1
cosh b
(7-93)
(0) L1 k /( S.De )
(7-94)
(1) L1 k / De
(7-95)
(7-96)
dS
dS
A.De .
dt
dx x L1
(7-97)
vi
D
tanh
(b. tanh b).S1 k .L1 .
.S1
L1
~ 156 ~
(7-98)
(7-99)
(7-100)
1,0
0,1
10
~ 157 ~
(1)
(7-101)
(1)
De / k
(7-102)
L1
De .k
(7-103)
(7-104)
(7-105)
k0,5, k0,5s l hng s tc phn ng tnh theo th tch hoc din tch mng
[20].
~ 158 ~
Trong hai qu trnh khuych tn: trong mng thy lc v mng vi sinh, tc
ca giai on no chm s quyt nh tc chung ca qu trnh x l
nhng nhn chung giai on c tc chm hn thng l giai on khuych
tn trong mng vi sinh do h s khuych tn nh hn (De 0,8D), lp mng
dy hn.
Qu trnh x l tp cht trong mng vi sinh vt c din bin ging nh
trong k thut phn ng dng huyn ph.
Tc pht trin vi sinh vt:
vg, F =
m . X F .S
(7-106)
Ks S
v su (1) k1 .S
Y'
(7-107)
.X F
m S
. .X F
Y ' Ks
(7-108)
S: nng c cht.
ko, k1: hng s tc phn ng bc khng v mt.
XF: nng sinh khi trong mng.
vsu(0), vsu(1) l tc phn ng bc khng v bc mt.
Cc thng s khc ging nh trong cc phng trnh (6-3), (6-6), (6-8) v
(6-13). Cc thng s ng hc i vi qu trnh lc qua mng sinh hc c th
s dng trc tip t cc gi tr thu c qua phng php huyn ph.
So vi k thut dng huyn ph, nng vi sinh vt trong mng cao hn
nhiu: trong h x l bn hot tnh nng vi sinh thng nm trong khong
2000-6000 mg/l, trong k thut lc gi tr trn l t 10.000 - 60.000 mg/l.
im khc bit ln nht trong k thut lc sinh hc so vi k thut huyn ph
l s tham gia ca qu trnh khuych tn, n ng vai tr quan trng hn trong
k thut lc sinh hc. H s khuych tn ca mt cu t trong mng vi sinh rt
kh xc nh, trong tnh ton ngi ta c th chp nhn gi tr bng 80% h s
khuych tn ca n trong mi trng nc.
~ 159 ~
v su (0) k o
m
Y'
.X F
6d 1
.56 500kgCOD /( m 3 mng.d).
0,67
~ 160 ~
.
S (Re) D(OX ) k (Re) D(OX )
(7-109)
~ 161 ~
1,7.10-4m2.d-1. c gi tr 1,7
S (O2 )
D(COD) 1
0,4.10 4
.
0,14 gO2 / gCOD
S (COD)
D(O2 ) 1,7.10 4.1,7
Phn ng trn xy ra hi ha khi t l trn l 0,14, nu nh hn t l trn l
thiu oxy cho phn ng. Trong nc u vo, tha mn cho phn ng,
nng oxy trong phi t (ti thiu) l: 150. 0,14 = 21g/m3. Trong iu
kin tt nht, nng oxy bo ha trong nc ch t ti 10 g/m3 (ti 15oC)
nn lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh trn thiu trn 50%.
Gi thit l nng oxy khi ra khi b lc sinh hc l 2 g/m3 th chng t
l COD ang thiu cho phn ng ha hc ti 14 g/m3 do S(O2)/0,14 =
2,0/0,14 = 14 gCOD/m3.
Qua v d trn cho thy vai tr ca qu trnh chuyn khi trong k thut
phn ng khi dng phng php ct lc sinh hc.
7. 2. 2. 4. Qu trnh ng hc trong ct lc sinh hc.
Trong mt ct lc sinh hc tn ti ng thi nhiu qu trnh ng hc v
ng lc: c cht c a t ngoi vo ct do dng chy (i lu), khuych
tn ca c cht qua mng thy lc, khuych tn v phn ng ha hc trong
mng vi sinh vt. Tt c cc qu trnh trn xy ra ni tip nhau v u c nh
hng n tc x l, tuy nhin giai on c tc chm nht s khng ch
ton b qu trnh lc sinh hc: qu trnh chm nht thng c cho l qu
trnh khuych tn v ha hc xy ra trong mng vi sinh v v mt hnh thc
c c trng bi hng s tc c cha c qu trnh khuych tn [phng
trnh (7-105)].
Khi phn tch mt qu trnh lc sinh hc cn phi tin hnh hai bc sau:
- Xc nh yu t oxy hoc c cht c vai tr kim sot qu trnh phn ng.
- Xc nh mc s dng ca mng vi sinh vt hoc phn mng (tnh theo
su) c s dng. Yu t ny rt quan trng, nh hng ti bc ca phn
ng ha hc.
T hai bc phn tch trn s dn ti nhng kt lun mang tnh cht nh
hng:
~ 162 ~
- Trong c hai trng hp hoc oxy hay c cht c vai tr kim sot qu trnh
m mng vi sinh c s dng hon ton cho phn ng (khng b hn ch
bi khuych tn) th phn ng ha hc xy ra trong mng theo bc khng.
- Trong trng hp mng ch s dng c mt phn (do khuych tn hoc
thiu mt trong hai cu t tham gia phn ng) th phn ng xy ra theo bc
0,5 i vi oxy (khi thiu oxy) hay i vi c cht (khi thiu c cht).
Trong trng hp s dng mt ct lc sinh hc c c trng khuy trn l
tng (v d phn ng dng lu th, cht mang c o trn u trong nc),
phn ng d th trong ct lc (s hnh 7.10) xy ra nh sau:
Q, S1
V, A*
Q, S2
(7-110)
k o , s . A*
(7-111)
- Phn ng bc 0,5:
vs(0,5) = k0,5, s.S20,5
(7-112)
k 0 , 5, s . A*
k . A*
S1 0 , 5 , s
S2 =
2Q
Q
(7-113)
- Phn ng bc 1:
vs(1) = k1, s.S2
S2 =
(7-114)
Q.S1
Q k1, s . A*
(7-115)
~ 163 ~
S
A
v i .
x
Q
(7-116)
v
s
i .
X
S1
(7-117)
k
s
o .
X
S1
s=1-
(7-118)
ko
. . X
S1
(7-119)
~ 164 ~
E=
k
S1 S
1 s o . . X
S1
S1
(7-120)
k 0,5
s
0,5 0,5 .s 0,5
X S1
1 k 0,5
. . X
s = 1
0,5
2S
(7-121)
2
1 k 0,5
. . X
E = 1 - 1
0,5
2S
(7-122)
2
(7-123)
- Phn ng bc mt:
s
k1 .s
X
(7-124)
s e k1 . . X
(7-125)
~ 165 ~
7. 2. 2. 5.
K thut lc nh git.
~ 166 ~
~ 167 ~
vi sinh ty nghi chim t trng cao, cng vi loi ym kh v hiu kh, chng
tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh phn hy cht hu c.
Vai tr x l ca nm ch ng k trong iu kin pH thp hoc i vi mt
vi loi nc thi c bit no .
To cng c th pht trin trn b mt ca b lc, ni tip xc vi nhiu
nh sng.
Ph thuc vo ti lng thy lc v ti lng cht hu c, k thut lc nh
git c phn chia thnh cc dng: tc tiu chun (thp), tc trung
bnh, tc cao, siu cao v k thut bong mng vi sinh. K thut ghp ni
trc tip hai b lc nh git hin nay hay c s dng. c trng thit k v
vn hnh ca cc dng khc nhau c trnh by trong bng 7. 4.
Bng 7. 4. c trng c bn ca cc dng b lc nh git [3].
Ghi ch (*) theo tiu chun thit k ca c [6].
Thng s
Lc
chm
Trung
bnh
Cht mang
, x
, x
nha
Bong
mng
Ni
ghp
nha,
g
,
nha
cao 1,82,5
T l hi lu
Bong mng
1-2
1-2
1-4
0,5-2,0
Hiu qu x 80-90
l (%)
50-70
65-85
65-80
40-65
85-95
Mc nitrat
ha
mt
phn
km
km
khng
tt
tt
~ 168 ~
~ 169 ~
E1
100
1 0,0561 W /(V .F )
(7-126)
1 R
(1 R / 10) 2
(7-127)
Trong :
E: Hiu qu x l BOD ti 20oC (%).
W: Ti lng hu c ca b lc (lb.d-1).
V: Th tch tng lc (103.ft3).
F: H s hi lu.
R: T l hi lu, QR/Q vi QR l tc dng hi lu v Q l tc dng
thi u vo.
H s hi lu F mang ngha l s ln trung bnh cht hu c trong nc
c tip xc vi tng lc. Gi tr R/10 c rt ra t thc nghim do kh
nng x l cht hu c gim ng k khi s ln lc quay vng tng ln.
Trong phng trnh kinh nghim (7-126), cn gi l phng trnh NRC,
khng th hin tnh hp chun v n v nn xut hin cc h s, cc h s (v
d 0,561) tng ng vi n v tnh. Khi tnh ton theo h n v ca M (lb,
ft) th s dng trc tip cng thc trn, khi tnh theo n v ca h SI cn phi
chuyn i n v: 1lb (pound) = 0,4536g, 1ft (foot) = 0,3048m, 1ft3 =
28,3168 lt.
~ 170 ~
Hiu qu x l ca giai on 2:
E2 =
100
0,561 W '
1
1 E1 V .F
(7-128)
ET E20 .(1,035)T 20
(7-129)
200 25
0,875 87,5%
200
1 R
1 2
2,08
2
(1 R / 10)
1,2 2
- Ti lng hu c ca giai on 1:
W = Q. Co = 0,2 kg. 7570 m3.d-1 = 1510 kg.d-1 = 3337 lb.d-1
- Th tch ca b lc u:
~ 171 ~
100
E1
1 0,561
W
V .F
100
0,646
1 0,561
3337
V .208
4.V
4.476m 3
18,2m(59,8 ft )
.h
3,14.1,83m
trong :
V l th tch ca b lc u.
h: chiu cao ca b lc u.
- Tnh ti lng hu c ca b th hai:
W = (1 - E1).W = 0,354. 1510 = 535 kg.d-1 = 1181 lb.d-1.
- Tnh th tch b lc th hai:
E2
100
0,561 W '
1
.
1 E1 V .F
64,6
100
0,561
1181
1
1 0,646 V .208
1213l.m 2 .h 1
B 1:
2
24.260m
din tch x b 1
B 2: =
7570.103 l.d 1
429l.m 2 .h 1
2
24.734m
~ 172 ~
(7-131)
C.H
Tn
(7-132)
(7-133)
t C '.A m
H
Tn
(7-134)
~ 173 ~
0,5
(7-135)
S
exp(k . A.H / T n .S o )
So
(7-136)
~ 174 ~
So '
S o R.S
1 R
(7-137)
So, So, S l nng COD sau khi pha long, ca ngun nc cha x l v
sau x l. R l t l gia lu lng hi lu v dng cn x l.
Khi tin hnh hi lu, kt hp hai phng trnh (7-136) v
nhn c:
exp( k . A.H / T n .S o )
S
S o (1 R) R. exp( k . A.H / T n .S o )
(7-137) s
(7-138)
(7-139)
Se
exp k 20 .H .Qvn
So
(7-140)
~ 175 ~
Se
exp[ k 20 .H .Qvn ]
So
Thay th Qv = Q/A, tnh A:
1/ n
ln( S e / S o )
A Q
k 20 .H
0,5
6,096
0,165.
9,144
0,5
0,135l. min 1
dC
K c .(C s Cl )
dH
(7-141)
(C s Cl )1
exp K c ( H 2 H 1 )
C s Cl 2
(7-142)
~ 176 ~
Lng oxy vn chuyn tnh theo khi lng trn mt n v thi gian v
theo th tch tng lc N c tnh:
N = 0,06Ko.(Cs - Cl). T
(7-143)
2 De .Cl
v su .
(7-144)
~ 177 ~
600
900 R.300
1 R
R = 1,0.
- Tnh ti lng thy lc [biu thc (7-136)]:
300
exp (1,98 6,1) /(T 0,5 .600)
600
~ 178 ~
Trong mt ngy lng oxy cung cp cho b lc l: 390 m3. 0,27 kgO2.m-3.h1
. 24h.d-1 = 2527 kg O2/ngy. So vi lng oxy nhu cu l 1816 kg/ngy th d
khong 39%. Tuy vy nu ly h s an ton l 85% th lng oxy cung cp ch
c 2148 kg/ngy, d khong 18%.
7. 2. 2. 6. K thut lc ngp nc.
c trng ca k thut lc ngp nc l vt liu lc nm pha di lp
mt nc, vt liu lc c c nh thnh tng lc hoc c kh nng dch
chuyn.
i vi tng lc c nh, chiu ca dng kh c b tr chy ngc t
di ln, chiu ca dng nc c th cng hoc ngc chiu vi dng kh,
nc sau khi qua ct c th c hoc khng c hi lu tr li ct.
Ch tiu quan trng khi thit k l kim sot c dy ca mng vi sinh
v cp oxy cho ct lc.
dy ca mng vi sinh lin quan n hin tng tc ct lc v gii php
phng trnh s l: to khng gian rng gia vt liu lc ln hoc p dng
ch thy lc mng vi sinh pht trin khng qu dy. Mt h lc nh
vy s c din tch tip xc thp hoc qui m thit b ln. Gii php khc c
th p dng l sc ra ngc bng cch s dng tc dng nc sc ln.
Nu vt liu lc c kch thc nh, khi sc ra ngc vt liu lc (ct) s c
st ln nhau lm bong lp mng vi sinh.
Hiu qu hp th oxy ca nc c tng cng thm khi dng kh va p
vi vt liu lc do c phn tn mn hn.
Lc qua tng c nh c p dng x l BOD, thc hin qu trnh nitrat
ha v kh nitrat. C th thc hin ng thi c ba mc tiu bn trong mt ct
duy nht bng cch b tr: nc t trn xung, kh t di ln nhng im
phn b kh khong gia tng lc. Pha trn im phn b kh xy ra qu
trnh oxy ha, pha di xy ra qu trnh thiu kh.
Tng lc khng c nh c chia thnh hai dng: dn n v lu th.
Tng gin n s dng vt liu c kch thc khng ln, chiu ca dng
nc v kh u hng ln. Trong trng thi khng hot ng tng lc c tnh
nng ca mt tng tnh. Khi hot ng di p lc ca dng kh, dng nc
hng ngc lm dn n th tch ca tng lc, tng hn so vi trng thi tnh
30 - 40%. Vt liu lc (ct) b mt tip xc vi nhau, cc ht lc c th dch
~ 179 ~
Bn
ra
vo
Hnh 7. 11. Phn ng dng lu th v bin php kim sot mng vi sinh vt.
gi cho trng thi chuyn ng ca vt liu lc, ngoi bin php s
dng dng chy mnh cn c th p dng bin php khuy c hc hoc sc
kh ging nh i vi h bn hot tnh, im khc nhau ch l trong khi phn
ng c mt ca cht mang vi nhim v c nh vi sinh vt. Vi s c mt ca
cht mang, qu trnh tch hn hp bn nc c thc hin d dng hn do
khi lng ring ca vt liu mang cha mng vi sinh ln hn.
~ 180 ~
~ 181 ~
Lng th cp
a quay
Lng
s cp
Thi
Bn
Hnh 7. 12. H thng x l nc thi theo k thut a quay sinh hc.
Tng t hai ln bn khoang ring bit ci thin c hiu qu x l, tip tc
tng t mang li hiu qu thm. Hin tng trn lin quan n tnh cht ca
dng y l tng: tc phn ng tng th ca c h tng khi thc hin
nhiu giai on ni tip, trong thnh phn nc thi gm nhiu hp cht khc
nhau v vi sinh vt cc loi cng a cc cht khc nhau v vy mi khoang s
pht trin mt chng loi vi sinh c hiu no . Qu trnh nitrat ha thun
li cc giai on cui khi cht hu c (BOD) ch cn nng thp. Vi
nc thi c nhim cao hoc cha cc cht hu c kh sinh hy, h x l
c th lp t s thit b ln hn bn.
~ 182 ~
~ 183 ~
(BOD tan, tng) hoc thi gian lu thy lc nh hng thit k (bng 7.
5).
kh nitrat (thiu kh) thit b quay c lp t ngp trong nc.
Thit b a lc sinh hc c cc nh sn xut ch to vi cc qui m khc
nhau to iu kin la chn thun li cho ngi s dng.
Th tch khoang lng c la chn ti u l 0,0049 m3.m-2 (t l th tch v
tit din tng ca a quay) tng ng vi 45,42 m3 cho mt thit b quay c
din tch 9290 m2. Trn c s s liu , thi gian lu thy lc l 1,44 gi cho
ti trng thy lc 0,08 m3.m-2.d-1.. Chiu su ca khoang lng thng l 1,52
m vi mc chm trong nc l 40%.
Bng 7. 5. Thng tin thit k ph hp vi mc tiu x l. [3].
Thng s
Mc tiu x l
Ti thy lc (m3.m-2.d-1)
Bc hai
Kt hp
vi nitrat
ha
Nitrat ha
0,08-0,16
0,03-0,08
0,04-0,10
Ti lng hu c (kg.m-2.d-1)
- BOD tan
- BOD tng
0,02-0,03
0,02-0,03
0,04-0,06
0,04-0,06
0,006-0,012
0,008-0,016
0,7-1,5
1,5-4
1,2-2,9
BOD u ra (mg/l)
15-30
7-15
7-15
<2
1-2
-2
-1
Ti thy lc
NH3 u ra (mg/l
V d.
Mt ngun nc thi sinh hot c nng BOD tan l 150 mg/l, BOD tng
(tan + rn) l 250 mg/l cn c x l theo k thut a quay sinh hc. Tiu
chun thi theo BOD l 25 mg/l. Lu lng cn x l 2838 m3.d-1. Nhit x
~ 184 ~
Q
.S o S k .S
A
(7-145)
Q: Lu lng thi.
A: Din tch.
So, S: Nng c cht ti u vo v ra.
k: hng s tc phn ng.
Vi loi nc thi c mc nhim dao ng ln th phng trnh c
s dng l [6, 22]:
Q
S
.S o S k .
A
So
(7-146)
o-S)
mg.m-2.d-1
~ 185 ~
20,35
k = 0,2856 m3.m-2.d-1
S (mg/l)
Hnh 7. 13. S ph thuc ca hiu qu x l vo nng c cht ban u
trong nc thi.
Hiu qu x l tng th qua nhiu khoang c nh ngha:
S
1
S o 1 k . A / Q
(7-147)
(7-146) vi
Q / A.(S o S r )max
Q
A S o Q / A.( S o S r )max / k
(7-148)
~ 186 ~
Se
1
S o 1 k . A / Q
(7-149)
Q
k
A S o / S e 1 / n 1
(7-150)
Q
40,75
0,26m 3 .m 2 .d 1
A 300 40,75 / 0,2856
Tnh din tch thit b cho tng khoang t (7-150) c lp thnh bng sau:
S th t
khoang
m .m .d
m .m .d .(giai on)
A cho giai on n
m2
2,037. 10-2
2,037. 10-2
930.000
9,943. 10-2
4,972. 10-2
385.000
19,68. 10-2
6,56. 10-2
288.000
29,71. 10-2
7,427. 10-2
255.000
40,75. 10-2
8,15. 10-2
232.000
Q/A
3
-2
Q/(A.n)
-1
-2
-1
-1
~ 187 ~
Ti lng
Thi gian
F/M
Mt vi
thy lc lc lu t bo d gBOD/gSK sinh mg/l
nh git
Lc vi sinh hot
tnh
thp
khng xc
nh
khng xc
nh
1500-4000
Nh git/tip xc
thp
0,5-2,0
khng xc
nh
1000-3000
Bong mng/bn
hot tnh
cao
2-5
0,5-1,2
1500-3000
Lc hot tnh
/bn hot tnh
cao
2-5
0,5-1,2
1500-4000
Lc nh git/bn
hot tnh
cao
4-8
0,2-0,5
1500-4000
~ 188 ~
(7-151)
~ 189 ~
7. 3.
X l ym kh.
7. 3. 1.
~ 190 ~
39
40
5
34
Axit amin, ng
Axit bo
66
34
20
11
20
35
12
23
11
Hydro
Axetat
70
30
Metan
~ 191 ~
1
1
1
(4x-y-2z)H2O (4x+y-2z)CH3COOH+ (2z-y)CO2 (7-152)
4
8
4
Khi y < 2z
CxHyOz+ (x-z)H2O
x
1
CH3COOH+ (y-2z)H2
2
2
(7-153)
~ 192 ~
(7-154)
(7-155)
7. 3. 2.
nh hng ca yu t mi trng.
~ 193 ~
(7-156)
~ 194 ~
7. 3. 3.
~ 195 ~
KS
(d-1)
(gSK/gCOD)
(gCOD/gSK.d)
(mgCOD-1)
Vi sinh axit ha
2,0
0,15
13
200
Vi sinh me tan ha
0,4
0,03
13
50
T hp hai loi
0,4
0,18
Loi vi sinh
~ 196 ~
.S
v g, m min k p . X
K S S min
(7-157)
(7-158)
Smin cng ng thi l nng c cht thp nht trong nc thi khi ra khi
h x l. Do nhiu qu trnh tham gia bi cc chng loi vi sinh vt khc nhau
trong x l ym kh nn nng c cht ti thiu trong nc khi ra khi h l
tng ca Smin t tt c cc qu trnh lin quan n x l ym kh (axit ha,
metan ha).
Nng c cht trong nc thi c x l tt nhin l cn cao hn nng
ti thiu, nh vi sinh vt mi c iu kin pht trin, tuy vy khng th
pht trin khng gii hn trong h x l ym kh. Kim sot mt sinh khi
c thc hin bng cch thi lng bn d, chnh l lng vi sinh vt pht
trin thc trong trng thi n nh. Lng bn d cn thi lin quan n hot
tnh ca vi sinh vt, tc l ph thuc vo thi gian lu t bo hay tui bn
[xem 6. 1. 5, 7. 2. 1. 1, 7. 2. 1. 2].
Mi quan h gia nng c cht trong nc thi sau x l vi cc thng
s ng hc qu trnh c th tnh t phng trnh (7-37):
S=
m
1
c
(7-159)
k p ) KS
~ 197 ~
(7-160)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30 40 50 60 70
Nhit
~ 198 ~
c = 1/0,05 d1 = 20 d (ngy).
T hnh 7. 15 c tnh c thi gia lu t bo l 20 28 ngy. Vy gi tr
tnh c nm vng thp ca th.
Do tnh c th ca qu trnh x l ym kh nn vic tnh ton cc thng s
thit k trn c s m hnh ng hc gp nhiu kh khn, nu c cng phn
ln l s dng cc mi quan h theo kinh nghim.
7. 3. 4.
Thit k h x l ym kh.
~ 199 ~
~ 200 ~
~ 201 ~
th tch bn theo thi gian. Phng php tnh ton cc iu kin vn hnh
c trnh by trong cc ti liu chuyn mn, v d [3, 6, 25, 41, 42].
7. 3. 4. 3. H ym kh.
H ym kh l h x l m nc thi chy qua v bn lng xung y h.
H thng c din tch rng, khng c np y. Khuy o ca lp nc (2
5 m) c thc hin nh cc bt kh sinh ra t y cng nh cc yu t chuyn
khi cng bc khc nh gi, nh nng mt tri, chnh lch nhit . H ym
kh c s dng vi t cch l bc x l s b (s cp) ca c mt qu trnh
x l theo nhiu bc. Thi gian lu thu lc ca nc thi trong h cao hn
nhiu so vi x l s cp (lng s cp), thng l t 2 n 5 ngy. Hiu qu
x l BOD ca h ym kh ph thuc vo thi gian lu thu lc, nhit v
mc chu ti hu c.
Nghin cu i vi nhiu loi nc thi trong cc iu kin khc nhau v
nhit (19 32oC), thi gian lu thu lc (0,4 5,5 ngy), ti lng hu c
(0,023 0,8 kg. m-3. d-1), mi quan h gia hiu qu x l BOD v thi gian
lu thu lc c th hin:
E(%) = 1 2,4. 0,5
(7-161)
~ 202 ~
(7-162)
E = 1 Se/Si = 1 B. ()-A
(7-163)
~ 203 ~
E = 1 0,87
(7-164)
(7-165)
~ 204 ~
(7-166)
(7-167)
i vi E = 80% (h)
0,68
0,68
5,5
Lu th, dn n
0,60
0,56
5,5
Lc sinh hc
0,50
0,87
20,0
RALF
0,64
1,53
24,0
H ym kh
0,50
2,40
144,0
So snh cc dng k thut x l khc nhau trn nhiu phng din cho thy
k thut UASB l phng n tt hay c la chn.
Kinh nghim thit k h UASB cha nhiu, ch yu s dng c trng lu
thu lc xc nh th tch ca b phn ng ri t kim tra li ti lng
hu c ca qu trnh x l. i vi loi nc thi c nhim cao th ti
lng hu c c quan tm hn khi thit k h x l UASB.
Mc d c th tnh ton thi gian lu thu lc t cc mi quan h (7-166),
(7-167):
= [(1-E)/B]A
(7-168)
~ 205 ~
Q V
H
A .A
(7-169)
~ 206 ~
~ 207 ~
~ 208 ~
~ 209 ~
~ 210 ~
Vi sinh t
dng (%)
T l
BOD/TKN
Vi sinh t
dng (%)
0,5
35,0
5,4
21,0
4,3
12,0
3,7
8,3
3,3
6,4
2,9
8. 1.
~ 211 ~
(8-1)
(8-2)
(8-3)
~ 212 ~
1,02NH4
1,89O2
2,02HCO3-
0,021C5H7O2N
(8-4)
T l tiu hao oxy v kim trong phn ng (8-4) khng khc nhiu lm
so vi phn ng (8-3) do hiu sut sinh khi ca vi sinh t dng thp.
Oxy ha amoni gm hai phn ng k tip nhau nn tc oxy ha ca c
qu trnh b khng ch bi giai on c tc chm hn. T cc kt qu
nghin cu cho thy tc pht trin ca Nitrosomonas chm hn so vi loi
Nitrobacter v v vy nng nitrit thng rt thp trong giai on n nh,
chng t rng giai on oxy ha t amoni thnh nitrit l bc quyt nh tc
phn ng oxy ha i vi mt h x l hot ng bnh thng. V l do ,
trong khi tnh ton theo m hnh ng hc ngi ta ch s dng cc thng s
lin quan n loi vi sinh Nitrosomonas c trng cho qu trnh oxy ha
amoni (hai loi vi sinh t dng trn c tn chung l Nitrifier).
Tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt t dng tun theo qui lut ng hc
Monod (xem phn 6. 1) i vi tng yu t nh hng hay i vi tng loi
c cht cn thit cho vi sinh vt.
Hai yu t (c cht) c nh hng quan trng n tc sinh trng ca vi
sinh t dng l nng amoni v oxy ha tan, chng tc ng ln tc sinh
trng ca vi sinh theo dng qui lut hm Monod:
S N DO
.
S N K N DO K DO
m .
(8-5)
(8-6)
~ 213 ~
~ 214 ~
(8-7)
T: nhit (oC).
nh hng ca pH
S ph thuc ca tc sinh trng vo pH ca mi trng c
nghin cu rt k: pH ti u cho qu trnh nm trong mt khong kh rng
xung quanh pH = 8 (7,6-8,6), pH < 6,2 hoc pH > 10 c ch hu nh hon
ton qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
Trong vng pH m vi sinh t dng hot ng, nh hng ca pH ln hng
s pht trin ring cc i theo t l ti im ti u so vi cc im khc (t l
R, gi tr cao nht l 1) c tnh:
R = 1 - 0,83(7,2 - pH)
(8-8)
~ 215 ~
~ 216 ~
l hai giai on vi pH ti mi giai on l khc nhau nhm tch ring hai loi
thc hin qu trnh oxy ha amoni.
Ngc li vi amoniac l loi baz yu, axit HNO2 l loi axit yu, tn ti
dng trung ha khi pH thp v ch th hin c tnh ti vng pH thp.
Oxy ha amoni thnh nitrit ti pH thp b c ch mnh hn so vi oxy ha
nitrit thnh nitrat do s c mt ca axit nitr dng trung ha. Vi nng oxy
tan cao, mc tch ly ca nitrit gim.
nh hng ca amoniac, nitrit v pH ln hiu qu hot ng ca
Nitrobacter c ghi nhn khc nhau i vi cc h quan st v c trnh by
trong bng 8. 2.
NH4-N (mg/l)
NO2-N (mg/l)
6,0
210 - 2100
30 - 330
6,5
70 - 700
88 - 1050
7,0
20 - 210
260 - 3320
7,5
7 - 70
8,0
2 - 20
~ 217 ~
S N DO
0, 098(T 15)
[1 0,833(7,2 pH )]
.
.0,47.e
S N K N DO K DO
m .
(8-9)
tc l m khng cha yu t nh hng ca nhit v pH nn c th a ra
s liu: khi tnh ton chn bc oxy ha t amoni thnh nitrat (bc chm
nht) vi m = 0,45 d-1 ti 15oC [4]. Trong trng hp s dng phng trnh
(8-5) th m cha yu t nh hng ca nhit v pH.
Cng tng t nh vi sinh vt d dng, hot tnh ca vi sinh vt t dng
c th hin qua thi gian lu t bo, thi gian lu t bo cn t mt gi tr
ti thiu no (thng ln hn so vi loi d dng) th h x l mi c tc
dng. C th s dng biu thc (7-62) tnh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu cho
vi sinh vt t dng:
c ,t
Y .k k p k p
(8-10)
~ 218 ~
8. 2.
Qu trnh kh nitrat.
~ 219 ~
(8-11)
(8-12)
(8-13)
1
1
1
1
17
1
1
C18H19O9N + NO3- + H+
N2 +
CO2 +
HCO3-+
70
5
5
10
70
70
70
1
NH4++ H2O
5
(8-14)
(8-15)
(8-16)
~ 220 ~
(8-17)
vi = k.X
(8-18)
(8-19)
vi = 0,12.c-0,706
(8-20)
~ 221 ~
K DO ( NO )
(8-21)
K DO ( NO ) DO
3
trnh kh nitrat thng l gi tr ca chnh n i vi qu trnh hiu kh (0,1 0,5 mg O2/l) [5].
nh hng ca tc nhn oxy ln tc phn ng kh nitrat c th hin:
ly tc phn ng vi nhn vi phng trnh (8-21).
nh hng ca pH.
Cng ging cc qu trnh x l sinh hc khc, khong pH ti u cho qu
trnh kh nitrat nm trong mt khong kh rng: t 7 - 9, ngoi vng ti u tc
kh nitrat gim nhanh.
Ti pH 10 v pH 6 tc kh nitrat ch cn li vi phn trm so vi
vng ti u. Vi sinh Denitrifier c kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng pH vi
nhp chm.
Trong vng pH thp c kh nng xut hin cc kh c c tnh cao i vi
vi sinh vt t qu trnh kh nitrat nh N2O, NO. Chng c kh nng u c vi
sinh vt vi nng thp.
~ 222 ~
nh hng ca nhit .
nh hng ca nhit ln qu trnh kh nitrat tng t nh i vi qu
trnh x l hiu kh ca vi sinh vt t dng: tc tng gp i khi tng thm
10oC trong khong nhit 5 - 25oC. Qu trnh kh nitrat cng c th xy ra
trong vng nhit 50 - 60oC, mc d t c s dng trong thc t. Trong
iu kin nhit cao, tc kh nitrat cao hn khong 50% so vi ti 35oC
[5].
nh hng ca cht hu c.
Bn cht ca cht hu c cng nh hng n tc kh nitrat: cc cht
hu c tan, d sinh hy to iu kin tt thc y tc kh nitrat. Nhiu kt
qu nghin cu cho thy tc kh nitrat tng dn khi s dng cht hu c t
phn hy ni sinh, t ngun nc thi v ch ng a vo h nh metanol,
axit axetic [5]. Tuy nhin cng c rt nhiu nghin cu cho thy ngun hu c
t nhiu loi nc thi (ln men, bia, ru) thc y tc kh nitrat mnh
hn so vi metanol [2].
Yu t km hm qu trnh kh nitrat.
Tuy loi vi sinh Denitrifier t b c ch bi cc loi c t nhng vn l vn
cn quan tm. Oxy c tc dng c ch enzym kh nitrit (nitrit redutase) v
v vy lm gim tc kh nitrit. Oxy cng l tc nhn c ch enzym kh
nitrat vi mc mnh hn so vi enzym kh nitrit. Bng chng t th
nghim cho thy: vi h kh nitrat tnh ang hot ng nu a thm oxy vo
h s xut hin hin tng tch ly nitrit v nu ngng cp oxy v sc kh
argon vo h th hin tng tch ly nitrit cng dng li. Nng oxy ha tan
pht huy tc dng km hm khi n t trn 13% so vi mc oxy bo ha trong
nc.
Nitrit cng l yu t km hm tc kh nitrat: ti pH = 7, nng NO 2-N
> 14 mg/l bt u c ch qu trnh vn chuyn cht ca vi sinh vt v lm
dng qu trnh khi nng t 350 mg/l [2].
8. 3.
~ 223 ~
NO3-
Tng nit
Lng s cp
10-20
5-10
X l bc hai
10-50
<10
10-30
40-70
3-70
NO3
5-20
Tng hp t bo
Nitrat ha
~ 224 ~
Kh nitrat
to t bo to t bo
50-80
H oxy ha
20-90
80-90
70-95
~ 225 ~
~ 226 ~
u th
Hn ch
Mt giai on
- Huyn ph
- Mng vi sinh
Hai giai on
- Huyn ph
- Mng vi sinh
~ 227 ~
Qu trnh kh nitrat.
X l hp cht nit thng c p dng s cng ngh kt hp gia oxy
ha amoni v kh nitrat v cc l do: hiu qu tch loi cao, tnh n nh v
mc tin cy, tng i d kim sot qu trnh, gi thnh tng thm do kh
nitrat khng qu cao, p ng tiu chun thi ngt ngho.
S cng ngh x l hp cht nit l cng ngh hai giai on hiu kh v
thiu kh phi hp vi nhau: H x l cng h bn hoc tng qu trnh oxy
ha v kh tin hnh ring vi h bn c lp.
t hp gia oxy ha amoni v kh nitrat cn phn tch cc c trng
ring ca tng qu trnh ring l:
- Trong qu trnh oxy ha amoni, phn ng cn c cung cp oxy, kim, pH
nm trong khong 7,2 - 8,6, cht hu c tan hu nh c chuyn ha ht
thnh CO2 v H2O.
- Trong qu trnh kh nitrat, phn ng i hi khng c mt oxy, cn cht hu
c, sinh ra mt lng kim ( 40% lng tiu th ca phn ng oxy ha),
pH thp hn so vi qu trnh oxy ha, tc kh nitrat nhanh hn tc
oxy ha amoni.
Do cc c trng ring ca tng qu trnh, x l hp cht nit c th thc
hin theo hai phng n: kh nitrat ring bit hoc t hp hai qu trnh trn
trong cng h sinh khi.
Kh nitrat ring bit l tin hnh x l ngun nc c oxy ha trc
, ngun nc cha nitrat. Do x l ring bit nn cn b sung cht hu c
nh metanol, etanol hoc axit axetic.
T hp x l oxy ha - kh (nitrat ha v kh nitrat) cng h sinh khi
(single - sludge nitrification - denitrification) hay cn gi l h x l kh nitrat
trc, trong giai on kh nitrat c thc hin trc (v v tr), qu trnh
oxy ha c t sau v chi s dng mt b lng th cp. Mt lng nc
ng k (3 - 4 ln lu lng x l) t b oxy ha v mt lng sinh khi t b
lng c quay vng v b kh nitrat cng vi ngun nc th. B kh nitrat
c khuy trn c hc, b oxy ha c sc kh.
Kh nitrat ring bit c u im: t tiu chun thi cao v tng hm lng
hp cht nit ti u ra do ch ng (ti u) c qu trnh thit k v vn
~ 228 ~
vo
Kh nitrat
thiu kh
Oxy ha
BOD, NH3
Kh nitrat
thiu kh
Hiu
kh
Lng
th
cp
~ 229 ~
vo
Hiu kh
Thiu kh
Sc kh
Lng th cp
~ 230 ~
~ 231 ~
sc kh
~ 232 ~
bn quay vng
bn thi
Vo
Hu
c
Tng lc
Thi
Thi
Tng linh ng
Quay vng hi lu
Hnh 8. 3. S kh nitrat ring r thng dng
8. 4.
~ 233 ~
(8-22)
(8-23)
T (8-23) cho thy chng loi vi sinh tch ly photpho cng c kh nng
kh nitrat [27, 28].
Trong iu kin ym kh, vi sinh vt trn hp th cht hu c, phn hy
photphat trng ngng trong t bo v thi ra mi trng di dng photphat
n:
2 C2H4O2 + (HPO3) + H2O (C2H4O2)2 + PO43-+ 3H+ (8-24)
~ 234 ~
m, p
Ym, p
SP
. X ( PAO )
SP KP
(8-25)
vi , Ax k Ax .
S Ax
. X ( PAO )
S Ax K Ax
~ 235 ~
(8-26)
K hiu
n v
Gi tr
m,P
1-2
Ym,P
gCOD/gCOD(Ax)
0,5 0,6
Ym,P
gSK/gCOD(Ax)
0,6 0,8
Ym,P
gP/gCOD(Ax)
0,070,10
KAx
g Ax/m3
2-6
KP
g P/m3
0,1 0,5
kAx
gCOD(Ax)/gCOD(X).d
0,5 - 2
-1
~ 236 ~
Hiu kh
Bn thi
Hnh 8. 4. Qu trnh x l photpho A/O
Bn t b lng th cp c bm tr li trn vi dng thi ti u vo.
Trong qu trnh x l ym kh, photphat c tch ra khi vi sinh vt t dng
bn hi lu di dng photphat n. Mt phn cht hu c cng c x l
ti y bi cc qu trnh ln men ym kh, kh nitrat v do vi sinh bio P hp
thu. Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, photphat n c vi sinh s dng tng
hp t bo v c tch ly bi loi vi sinh bio P. Sinh khi lng trong b
th cp cha hm lng photpho cao c tch loi photpho trong qu trnh
A/O ph thuc vo t l BOD:P, nu t l trn ln hn 10, hiu qu tch loi
tt, nu t l trn thp c th b xung thm mui st, nhm gim nng
photpho ti u ra (xem 4. 2). Qu trnh A/O l qu trnh tch loi photpho
trc tip, khng ghp thm cng on tch ph vo h x l nc thi thng
dng. Trong trng hp nc thi cha hp cht nit, h trn cng c tc dng
x l, tuy nhin cn phi tnh ton thi gian lu cho giai on hiu kh
oxy ha amoni.
Qu trnh Phostrip.
~ 237 ~
Lng
Bn thi
Ym kh
Nc sau x l ym kh
Nc sau
kt ta
Ha cht
Kt ta ha hc
Bn thi
Hnh 8. 5. S phostrip tch loi photpho
Trong s cng ngh Phostrip, mt phn bn thi t b lng th cp c
a vo x l ym kh vi thi gian lu thy lc t 8 - 12 gi. Photphat n
tch ra t x l ym kh tan trong nc, phn nc ny c tch ra kt ta
vi ha cht. Sinh khi sau khi tch photpho c a v cng vi sinh khi
t b lng th cp ha trn vi dng vo x l hiu kh.
K thut m k tip giai on.
S dng k thut m k tip giai on (xem 7. 2. 1. 4) cng c th tch loi
ng thi BOD, hp cht nit, photpho bng cch thay i thi gian vn hnh
i vi tng chu k. Trong giai on sc kh xy ra cc qu trnh oxy ha
BOD, amoni v tch ly photpho. Trong giai on khuy trn xy ra qu trnh
kh nitrat v tch photpho ra khi sinh khi. Tch photpho ra khi nc thi
c th thc hin vi ha cht hay trc tip (ngay sau x l hiu kh). kh
nitrat v tch photpho ra khi sinh khi cn b xung thm BOD hoc s dng
cht hu c t phn hy ni sinh [29, 30, 31].
Qu trnh A2/O
~ 238 ~
Thiu kh
Hiu kh
~ 239 ~
Bn
thi
Ym
kh
Thiu
kh
Hiu
kh
Thiu
kh
Hiu
kh
Ym
kh
Thiu
kh
Thiu
kh
Hiu
kh
Ym kh
Thiu kh
Hiu kh
d
Hnh 8. 6. S x l nit, photpho: a) A2/O; b) Bardenpho nm giai on; c)
Qu trnh UCT; d) qu trnh VIP.
Qu trnh VIP.
VIP l tn vit tt ca Virginia Initiative Plant in Norfork, Virginia) tng
t nh A2/O v UCT, im khc bit l chu trnh quay vng bn v hn hp
bn nc (hnh 8. 6. d). Bn t b lng cng vi hn hp bn nc t b
hiu kh c a v b xl thiu kh, cn hn hp bn nc t b thiu
~ 240 ~
~ 241 ~
carbon, x l hp cht nit (ch oxy ha amoni hoc tin hnh c giai on
kh nitrat) v tch loi photpho hoc x l phi hp cho cc t hp yu t
trn.
Tin hnh x l ring r hoc phi hp trc ht ph thuc vo c trng
ca nc thi cn x l, tiu chun thi cn t cng nh gi thnh (xy dng
v vn hnh) ca h x l.
C nhng ngun thi cha rt t hp cht nit, photpho nh nc thi t
ch bin tinh bt, rau qu, ma ng, ru, bia nn cc h thng x l i vi
cc i tng trn ch tp trung gii quyt x l cht hu c. Nhng ngun
nc thi giu cht hu c v hp cht nit nh nc rc, nc nui ging
thy sn, mt s loi nc thi cng nghip th mc tiu x l t ra ch tp
trung gii quyt cht hu c v hp cht nit. Nhiu loi nc thi cha ng
thi c ba thnh phn k trn nh nc thi sinh hot, git m gia sc, ch
bin thy sn th h x l s l mt t hp nhm tch loi c ba thnh phn
trn.
Tiu chun thi l yu t quan trng quyt nh cng ngh x l. Vi mt
ngun nc nhn ch yu cu cht thi khng lm cn kit ngun oxy ha tan
trong v khng gy c i vi thy ng vt do amoniac th mc tiu x
l l loi b cht hu c v oxy ha amoni n nitrat. Vi mt ngun nc
nhn cn phi ngn chn hin tng ph dng th yu t cn x l trc ht
l thnh phn photpho v hp cht nit trong nc thi [1, 2, 3].
Tch loi cc thnh phn nhim nh hng n gi thnh th hin cc
phng din: s lng, mc nhim v qui m ca h x l. S lng tp
cht cn x l nhiu, mc lm sch su ko theo gi thnh xy dng v vn
hnh ln. Qui m x l ln c gi thnh thp hn (tnh theo n v cng sut)
so vi qui m x l nh (cng loi nc thi), v vy i vi qui m x l nh
tiu chun thi cho php thng l t kht khe hn bi mt trong cc l do trn
[4].
Thit k, xy dng mt h thng x l nc thi, v vy cn phi kho st
c trng ca ngun thi, xc nh tiu chun thi, nh gi iu kin kinh t
x hi ca a phng. Mt khc, do tnh n nh ca ngun thi v cng ngh
x l vi sinh khng cao (v d do thng ging lu lng, nhit ), cc m
hnh tnh ton (v d m hnh ng hc) khng bao qut c tt c cc thng
s nn trong nhng iu kin cho php tin hnh nghin cu qui m philot l
cn thit.
~ 242 ~
9. 1.
Vi sinh
d dng
Vi sinh
t dng
1,42
4,57
7,14
6-9
7,6-8,6
0,6-0,7
0,1-0,15
H s bn bo ha oxy (mgO2/l)
0,5-1,0
0,15-2,0
0,06
0,05
Thi gian lu t bo
ngn
di
~ 243 ~
Tiu ch thc hin oxy ha ng thi (mt giai on) hoc tch ring
(hai giai on) BOD v amoni l t l BOD/TKN (tng nit Kjehdahl, TKN,
lng hp cht nit tn ti dng amoni/amoniac v trong hp cht hu c
nh axit amin, protein, urin...).
Trong thnh phn sinh khi ca tt c cc qu trnh hiu kh u c mt ca
loi vi sinh vt Nitrifier vi t l cao thp khc nhau ph thuc vo t l
BOD/TKN ca nc thi.
V d vi nc thi c t l BOD/TKN = 1:1 th vi sinh Nitrifier chim 21%
cn vi t l BOD/TKN = 9 th t l trn ch cn 2,9% (bng 8. 1). Trong cc
h thng x l nc thi theo phng php bn hot tnh, t l vi sinh Nitrifier
trong sinh khi chim khng qu 10%. T l vi sinh Nitrifier trong sinh khi
tng c th s b tnh theo:
(loi b)
0,16.NH 3
R
0,60.BOD (loi b) 0,16NH 3 (loi b)
R l t l ca Nitrifier trong sinh khi [7].
Kinh nghim thc t ch ra rng, khi t l BOD/TKN > 5 th c th oxy ha
ng thi c BOD v amoni, thc hin theo cng ngh mt giai on v khi
BOD/TKN < 3 th cn tin hnh oxy ha ring r hai thnh phn trn. Nu
thc hin qu trnh x l theo k thut bn hot tnh th s oxy ha mt
hoc hai giai on c trnh by trong hnh 9. 1.
~ 244 ~
l BOD,
nc thi
hp th
chtcp
N v P L Vn Ct
Lng s cp Hiu kh oxyX
ha
NH3giuLng
Thi
(a)
Lng
s cp
Oxy ha
BOD
Lng
th cp
Oxy ha
NH4+
Lng
th cp
(b)
Hnh 9. 1. S oxy ha BOD v amoni theo phng php bn hot tnh mt
giai on (a), hai giai on (b).
9. 1. 1.
~ 245 ~
~ 246 ~
n v
Gi tr
Khong
i din
Nitrosomonas
m
d-1
0,3 2,0
0,7
KS
NH4-N, mg/l
0,2 2,0
0,6
d-1
0,4 3,0
1,0
KS
NH4-N, mg/l
0,2 5,0
1,4
d-1
0,3 3,0
1,0
KS
NH4-N, mg/l
0,2 0,5
1,4
NH4-N, mgSK/mg
0,1 0,3
0,2
0,03 0,06
0,05
Nitrobacter
T hp
-1
kp
V d sau c chn minh ha cho qu trnh tnh ton thit k theo cng
ngh x l mt giai on.
Bi ton: Tnh ton thit k h x l oxy ha cht hu c v hp cht nit
mt giai on vi cc thng s.
Nhit : 23oC.
Li gii:
Xc nh h s tc pht trin cc i m [biu thc (8-9)]
~ 247 ~
SN
DO
.[1 0,833(7,2 pH )].
DO K DO
SN KN
2,5
1 0,833(7,2 7,5). 40 0,90d 1
2,5 1
40 0,85
Y .k k p 0,15.6 0,03
c ,t
c,t 1,15d .
Chn h s an ton l 3: c 4,45d .
53)]:
(7-
k .S N
6.S N
SN = 0,33 mg/l.
Y .U k p
So S
S S
o
.X
U .X
Oxi ha BOD:
~ 248 ~
200 20
0,16d 3,8h.
0,47.2500
Oxi ha amoni.
40 0,33
0,17d 4,1h.
1,70.(2500.0,054)
8. 1).
Xc nh th tch b sc kh:
V = Q. = 100 m3.d-1. 0,17 d-1 = 170 m3.
~ 249 ~
~ 250 ~
~ 251 ~
php cng chiu vi dng lc (t di ln) bng cch tng cng dng kh v
nc.
Mt bin hnh cng ngh khc ca k thut lc ngc l dng Biostyr s
dng vt liu ni: ht xp polystyren. Pha trn ca b lc c lp li ngn
gi cho ht lc khng b tri ra ngoi. Nc v kh u c chiu t di
ln. V tr cp kh c th b tr ti y b lc hoc ti mt v tr nht nh no
bn trn y nhm to ra mt khong thiu kh pha di v tr kh
nitrat. Kh v nc cng chiu gy ra kh nng nn p ht lc v pha trn, cho
php lc vi tc ln m vn gi li c sinh khi.
Do sinh khi hnh thnh v tch ly cht khng tan t ngun nc thi nn
tng lc cn c ra theo chu k bng cch s dng trc tip nc x l
c tch tr pha trn x xung nh p lc ca ct nc: khi x ra cn
ng thi sc kh tng cng hiu qu vi tng ca hai lu lng dng
khong 500 m3. m-2. h-1.
Lc ngp nc c sc kh c th thit k x l BOD, oxy ha amoni hay
kh nitrat v thm ch c th x l c ba thnh phn nu trn.
Thit k lc sinh hc ngp nc phn ln da trn ti lng c cht vi ti
lng ln hn khong mi ln so vi thp lc nh git (lc nh git, s dng
vt liu nha c din tch ln, tng lc cao, xem 7. 2. 2. 5).
Ti lng khi thit k phi da trn tiu chun thi hay hiu qu loi b cn
t c v t xc nh th tch tng lc. Thng s thit k khc l ti
lng thy lc v kh nng tch ly cht rn trong tng lc, hai thng s trn
xc nh chu trnh ra tng lc. Din tch v cao ca tng lc c xc nh
theo cc thng s trn.
i vi x l BOD, tt c cc k thut lc ngp nc u tng t nhau v
c cng phng php tnh ton thit k. X l nc thi sinh hot vi c
trng COD: BOD = 2 - 2,5, COD trt qua lc 50%, p dng k thut lc xui
v ngc vi ti lng hu c khng vt qu 10 kg COD. m-3. d-1 thi BOD
u ra s t di 30 mg/l. S dng vt liu lc ni do hiu qu nn p tng
lc nn c th s dng tc lc cao gp i so vi lc xui.
Thit k h x l nitrat ha da trn bn yu t: ti lng hu c, ti lng
amoni (TKN), cht lng nc sau x l v nhit .
Oxy ha amoni b gim khi ti lng hu c cao hn 2 kg COD. m -3. d-1
mc d qui trnh nitrat ha xy ra ng thi vi oxy ha cht hu c. Vt liu
nha thch hp hn , si cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni c xc nhn qui
~ 252 ~
9. 1. 2.
~ 253 ~
-2
-1
c .Q.S o .Y
(9-1)
~ 254 ~
20
15
USEPA
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
c (ATV)
Nhit
, oC
30
35
40
v c) Downing.
oxy ha giai on 1,
~ 255 ~
oxy ha giai on 2
B. B lng th cp
~ 256 ~
~ 257 ~
9. 2.
9. 2. 1.
~ 258 ~
(9-2)
o
n v
d-1
KS
NO3-N, mg/l
NO3-N, mgSK/mg
Gi tr
Khong
c trng
0,3 0,9
0,3
0,06 0,20
0,1
0,4 0,9
0,8
~ 259 ~
kp
0,04 0,08
0,04
n v
Gi tr
20oC 10oC
gSKHH/g COD
-1
g COD/m3
0,18
0,17
0,04
0,05
10,3
3,1
9,1
12,6
Tnh ton thit k qu trnh kh nitrat dng huyn ph theo k thut khuy
trn u theo m hnh ng hc vi i tng l cht hu c c thc hin
nh sau [5]:
1) T gi tr tc tiu th c cht ring cc i Um (bng 9. 4) tm c
gi tr U theo mi quan h:
U Um.
S
S KS
(9-3)
~ 260 ~
(9-4)
l h s c gi tr t 1,08 n 1,16.
2) Thi gian lu t bo ti thiu c, t c tnh theo phng trnh (8-10):
c ,t
Y .U k p
(9-5)
3) Hiu sut sinh khi thc Y [xem biu thc (7-51)] c tnh:
Y '
Y
1 k p . c
(9-6)
(c tnh t c, t vi mt h s an ton no ).
Lng bn thi c xc nh t Y.
4) Nng COD tnh t metanol trong khi phn ng thiu kh cn phi
duy tr mc m bo khng nh hng n tc kh nitrat nhng cng
phi d dng loi b (oxy ha) giai on sc kh b xung tip theo giai on
thiu kh. Nng metanol c xem l thch hp trong khong 3 5 mg
COD/l. Tc kh nitrat c tng cng vi nng metanol cao hn trong
cc b phn ng nh. Tuy vy vic la chn ch vn hnh vi nng
metanol cao cn c cn nhc gia gim th tch b (do tc tng) vi chi
ph ha cht.
5) Thi gian lu thy lc ca h (th tch b phn ng) c tnh [biu
thc (7-49)]:
.X
c .Y .( S o S )
1 k p . c
(9-7)
UN
No N
X .
(9-8)
~ 261 ~
(9-9)
Nng nitrat, nitrit tnh theo nit trong thnh phn ca chng. Lng cht
hu c tiu th cho c tng hp t bo c th qui v cho qu trnh kh nitrat
vi mt t l tng nht nh no :
ms, t = 2,86. C. NO3-N
(9-10)
~ 262 ~
n n
NO3 N
m
m
n NO2 N n O2
2,86
4,67
8
1
m( NO3 N ) 0,6.m( NO2 N ) 0,35m(O2 )
2,86
~ 263 ~
2,8 gNO3 N / dl
0,35 gNO3 N / gO2
8 gO2 / dl
(9-11)
~ 264 ~
U 10,3
5
3,65 gCOD / gSKHH
9,1 5
c, t = 1,62 ngy.
Nu ly h s an ton bng 2 th c thit k l 3,24 ngy.
5) Tnh nhu cu cht hu c theo COD.
Nhu cu COD = 2,817 + 21 = 49,6 g COD/m3.
Nu tnh theo lng metanol th c gi tr l 49,6: 1,5 = 33,1 g/m3 v 1
g metanol tng ng vi 1,5 g COD.
6) Tnh thi gian lu thy lc [phng trnh (9-7)]
~ 265 ~
V
3,24.0,18.(49,6 5,0)
Y '
0,18
0,159 gSKHH / gCOD.
1 0,04.3,24
9. 2. 2.
Kh nitrat ring r cng c th thc hin theo k thut mng vi sinh, trn
i tng nc thi v nc sinh hot.
X l nitrat trong ngun nc sinh hot c t ra cho cc nc Chu u
l do qui nh mi v tiu chun nc n ung, t 90 mg/l xung 50 mg/l v
do cc ngun nc mt cng nh nc ngm cho sinh hot b nhim kh
nng bi tp cht trn [24]. Nhiu ngun nc ngm Vit Nam, c bit
vng ng bng sng Hng b nhim amoni, sau qu trnh oxy ha amoni
(hon ton), hm lng nitrat vn cao hn tiu chun cho php i vi nc
n ung cng cn c x l cho t tiu chun qui nh [25]. K thut kh
nitrat trong nc thi v nc sinh hot nhn chung l ging nhau tr mt s
chi tit hay gp nh s dng cht hu c lm ngun kh.
Cc cng ngh c nh hnh kh nitrat pht trin rt nhanh trong
khong hai chc nm tr li y, v d cng ngh mang cc tn: Neusser,
Denipor, Permapor, Nitrazur, Deni - tec, Nebio, Deniplant. Cc cng ngh trn
c s dng vi qui m sn xut 25 - 450 m3/gi, u s dng cng ngh lc
ngp nc [24].
Kh nitrat i vi nc thi theo phng php mng vi sinh c th thc
hin theo cc dng k thut: lc qua tng tnh, dng linh ng hoc a quay
sinh hc. Trong k thut dng linh ng nc thi c a t di ln vi
mt vn tc ln sao cho vt liu mang (ct mn) c duy tr trng thi l
lng. Vt liu mang kch thc nh c din tch b mt ln, to iu kin duy
tr mt sinh khi cao trong vng th tch phn ng nh. Thit k h x l
theo k thut tng linh ng thng da trn c s s liu thc nghim.
~ 266 ~
~ 267 ~
lng nitrat thit k nm trong mt khong rt rng, t 240 g n 3200 g NO3- N. m-3. d-1 ty thuc vo vt liu mang v nhit [5].
Phng php tip xc da trn nguyn tc l hiu qu kh nitrat tng khi
thi gian tip xc di, hiu qu x l tng n mt mc nht nh, tim cn
mt gi tr no khi tip tc tng thi gian tip xc. Cc thng s thit k
thng c rt ra t cc nghin cu pilot tng hp vi iu kin x l.
Tnh ton ct lc sinh hc cho qu trnh kh nitrat theo m hnh ng hc t
c s dng, tuy vy n cng l mt phng php dng thit k khi c
s liu [6].
9. 3.
~ 268 ~
Thiu kh
Hiu kh
a)
Hiu kh
Thiu kh
b)
Thiu
kh
Hiu
kh
Thiu
kh
Hiu
kh
c)
Hnh 9. 4. S phi hp h x l hp cht nit.
a) thiu kh t trc;
b) hiu kh t trc.
~ 269 ~
9. 3. 1.
H x l kh nitrat t trc.
Kh nitrat
trc
Kh nitrat
sau
T hp cp
kh/oxy ha
6-30
6-30
8-40
+ Thiu kh 1
2-5
2-5
+ Hiu kh 1
4-12
4-12
4-12
+ Thiu kh 2
2-5
2-5
+ Hiu kh 2
0,5-1,0
1500-4000
1500-4000
2000-5000
Hi lu nc bn (%)
200-400
400-600
Hi lu bn (%)
n 100
n 100
n 100
c c h (ngy)
c h (gi)
~ 270 ~
+ Hiu kh
1-2
1-2
1-2
+ Thiu kh
4-10
4-10
3-13
+ Hiu kh
20-40
20-40
20-40
+ Tng ng vi cp
kh (l.m-3.min-1)
10-30
10-30
10-40
~ 271 ~
DO
.1 0,0833(7,2 pH ) (9-12)
DO K DO
c ,t
m .N o
K N No
kp
(9-13)
(9-14)
(9-15)
1
1 Z
(9-16)
K S 1 k p , S . s
s
(9-17)
(YS .k S k p , S ) 1
~ 272 ~
K N (1 k p , N . c )
c
(9-18)
(YN .k N k p , N ) 1
Biu thc (9-18) tng t (9-17) c trng cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni bi
cc loi vi sinh t dng, k hiu tng ng vi ch s N. Do qu trnh oxy
ha amoni ch xy ra trong b hiu kh nn gi tr thi gian lu t bo l c.
8) Xc nh lng hp cht nit cn c oxy ha NO:
NO = TKN N Nsk
(9-19)
N SK
YS ( S o S ).FN
X e .FN
1 k p , s . s
(9-20)
VH
Q. c Ys ( S o S )
.
XL
X 1 k p , s . c
(9-21)
~ 273 ~
NO3-- N =
NO.Q
(Q Q1 Q2 )
(9-22)
(9-23)
(9-24)
- Tnh khi lng nitrat cn tch loi ti b thiu kh: lng nitrat quay vng
t hai dng hi lu v lng oxy tng ng nitrat t dng hn hp bn
nc.
TM (NO3-- N) = M (NO3-- N) + (NO3-- N)t
(9-25)
(9-26)
P(x) = s o
X L .Q
1 k p , s . s
(9-27)
X VH VT
P(x)
(9-28)
~ 274 ~
(9-29)
(9-30)
(9-31)
(9-32)
(9-33)
ks = 5 d-1
KS = 60 mg/l BOD
kN = 3,0 d-1
~ 275 ~
ks = 3,2 d
-1
KS = 39 mg/l BOD
kN = 1,95 d-1
Hn hp bn nc
Q = 2000 m3.d-1
DO = 2 mg/l
pH = 7,5
T = 25oC
Mt bn hu hiu (SKHH)
KDO = 1 mg O2/l
Cht rn tr = 60 mg/l
Nng amoni = 50 mg/l
Li gii.
Hng s ng hc vi sinh d dng ti 20oC (Bng 9. 6).
Ys = 0,6 g SKHH/g BOD
ks = 5 d-1; ks(T) = ks(20oC). 1,09T-20
kp,s = 0,06 d-1; kp,s = kp,s(20oC). 1,04T-20
Ks = 60 mg/l; Ks(T) = Ks(20oC). 1,09T-20
Hng s ng hc vi sinh t dng ti 20oC (Bng 9. 6).
YN = 0,15 g SKHH/g NH4+-N.
kN = 3 d-1
kp,N = 0,05 d-1
KN = 0,74 mg/l; KN(T) = 100,051.T 1,148
- Tnh tc pht trin cc i ca vi sinh Nitrosomonas:
~ 276 ~
DO
1 0,833.(7,2 pH )
DO K DO
2
.1 0,833.(7,2 7,5) 1,04d 1
2 1
Vi sinh t dng
kp,N(25oC) = kp,N(20oC). 1,045 = 0,05. 1,217 = 0,06 d-1
KN(25oC) = 100,051.25 1,148 =1,34 mg/l
kN(25oC) = kN(20oC). 1,095 = 3. 1,54 = 4,62 d-1
Vi sinh d dng
kp,s(25oC) = kp,s(20oC). 1,045 = 0,06. 1,22 = 0,07 d-1
Ks(25oC) = Ks(20oC). 1,095 = 60. 1,54 = 92,4 mg/l
ks(25oC) = ks(20oC). 1,095 = 5. 1,54 = 7,7 d-1
c ,t
m .N o
K N No
k p, N
1,04.50
0,06 0,95d 1
50 1,34
c,t = 1,05 d.
- Xc nh thi gian lu t bo thit k vi h s an ton l 2 v h s dao
ng l 1,5:
1
1,12
1 0,15
K s 1 k p , s . s
s (Ys .k s k p ,s ) 1
92,41 0,07.3,53
7,6 mg/l
3,530,6.7,7 0,07 1
K N 1 k p , N . c
c YN .k N k p , N 1
1,341 0,06.3,15
1,6 mg/l
3,150,15.4,62 0,06 1
~ 277 ~
N sk
Ys ( S o S ).FN
0,6.300 7,6.0,12
X e .FN
0,75.0,12.50
1 k p ,s . s
1 0,07.3,53
= 21,3 mg/l.
Xe l mt vi sinh sau khi lng (50 mg/l). Nng vi sinh hu hiu chim
75% ca tng.
- Xc nh nng amoni cn oxy ha thnh nitrat:
NO = 50 21,3 1,6 = 27,1 mg/l.
- Tnh ton th tch b x l hiu kh p ng oxy ho amoni:
VH
Q. c
X
Ys ( S o S )
1000.3,15 0,8(300 7,6)
XL
60 = 395 m3
2000 1 0,07.3,15
1 k p , s . c
NO3 N
NO.Q 27,1
5,4 mg/l.
5Q
5
~ 278 ~
Y S S
0,8300 7,6
P x s o
X L .Q
60.1000
1 0,07.3,53
1 k p , s . s
s ,t
X VH VT 2000(395 150)
4,4d
P( x)
247500
~ 279 ~
9. 3. 2.
H x l nitrat t sau.
(9-34)
~ 280 ~
(9-35)
(9-36)
(9-37)
TM ( NO3 N )
VT
X .v k
(9-38)
P( x)
X L .Q
1 k p , s . S
(9-39)
s ,t
X VH VT
P( x)
(9-40)
Nhu cu oxy.
Lng oxy cn cho x l hiu kh c tnh ging nh cho trng hp
trong mc 9. 4. 1 [phng trnh (9-29), (9-30), (9-31)] tuy nhin khng xut
hin i lng DOC do thnh phn cht hu c ca u vo b oxy ha hon
ton do oxy ch khng phi do nitrat.
Nhu cu kim.
kim cn thit cho h c tnh t biu thc (9-31), tuy vy kim
sinh ra do qu trnh kh nitrat khng c s dng, nng kim d chnh l
nng kim sau x l thiu kh. Nu giai on x l hiu kh m bo
c kim cho phn ng xy ra th khng cn b xung thm, v vy cn
kim tra kim sau b hiu kh.
V d: tnh ton thit k h x l hp cht nit theo s cng ngh kh
nitrat t sau.
~ 281 ~
1
1,25
1 0,2
- Thi gian lu t bo ca c h:
K s .1 k p ,s . s
s .Ys .k s k p ,s 1
92,4.1 0,07.3,94
7,0 mg/l
3,94.0,6.7,7 0,07 1
N sk
Ys .S o S .FN
X e .FN
1 k p , s . s
Q. c
X
Ys .S o S
1000.3,15 0,8.300 7,0
XL
.
60 = 397 m3
2000 1 0,07.3,15
1 k p , s . c
~ 282 ~
Q.NO 1000.27,4
13,7 mg/l.
Q Q1 1000 100
VT
TM (NO3- N )
15100
151 m3.
X .vk
2000.0,05
0,8.300 7,0
P(x) = s o
X L .Q
60.1000
1 0,07.3,94
1 k p , s . s
= 243727 g. d-1.
- Tnh thi gian lu t bo t lng bn thi s, t:
s ,t
4,5 d.
P x
243727
~ 283 ~
O2 = 227774 g. d .
- Kim tra kim d.
Kd = Ko 7,14. NO + 3,57 [NO - (NO3--N)e]
= 250 7,14. 27,4 + 3,57. [27,413,7] = 250 196 + 50 = 104 mg/l.
Theo cch tnh ton trn th kim trong b hiu kh c gi tr 250 196
= 54 mg/l. Tht ra n cn c b xung thm t dng quay vng bn, v d
dng quay vng l 100 % th nng kim tht s trong b hiu kh s l:
0,5. 54 + 0,5. 104 = 79 mg CaCO3/l.
9. 3. 3.
H t hp Bardenpho.
(9-41)
~ 284 ~
1
1 Z1 . 1 Z 2 . 1 Z 3
(9-42)
K s 1 k p , s . s
s .Ys .k k p , s 1
(9-43)
K N .1 k p , N . c
c .YN .k N k p , N 1
(9-44)
(9-45)
Lng nit do sinh khi hp thu ch c tnh cho loi vi sinh d dng:
N sk
Ys .S o S .FN
X e .FN
1 k p , s . s
(9-46)
Q. c
X
Ys .S o S
XL
1 k p , s . c
(9-47)
X l thiu kh.
1) Tnh nng nitrat trong dng hi lu hn hp bn - nc v b thiu
kh u tin:
NO3--N =
Q.NO
Q Q1 Q2
(9-48)
Q1, Q2 l tc hi lu bn v hn hp bn - nc.
~ 285 ~
(9-49)
(9-50)
(9-51)
TM 1 . NO3 N
VT ,1 . X
(9-52)
(9-53)
F/M
Q.S o
X .VT ,1
(9-54)
VT ,1
(9-55)
(9-56)
(9-57)
~ 286 ~
(9-58)
(9-59)
TM 2 . NO3 N
X .v k , 2
(9-60)
X l hiu kh giai on 2
Th tch b hiu kh th hai ph thuc vo thi gian lu thy lc. B
thng c thit k vi thi gian lu thy lc t 30 n 60 pht.
VH, 2 = . Q
(9-61)
(9-59)
P(x) = s o
X L .Q
1 k p , s . s
s,t =
(9-60)
X .V
P( x)
(9-61)
So snh gi tr s v s, t!
Tnh nhu cu oxy v kim theo cch trnh by cc phn trc!
V d: Tnh ton cc thng s thit k cho h x l nc thi vi cc thng
s u vo c trnh by trong 9. 3. 1, cc thng s ng hc trong bng
9. 6 theo s t hp cp thiu kh hiu kh ni tip nhau.
Li gii.
~ 287 ~
1
1,55
1 0,15. 1 0,20. 1 0,05
K s .1 k p , s . s
s .Ys .k s k p , N 1
1,34.1 0,06.3,15
1,6 mg/l
3,15.0,15.4,62 0,06 1
N sk
Ys .S o S .FN
0,6.300 5,8.0,12
X e .FN
50.0,75.0,12
1 k p , s . s
1 0,07.4,88
=20,3 mg/l.
- Nng amoni cn c oxy ha:
NO = No N Nsk = 50 20,3 1,6 = 28,1 mg/l.
- Tnh th tch b hiu kh u tin p ng qu trnh oxy ha amoni:
VH ,1
.
XL
.
60
X 1 k p , s . c
2000 1 0,07.3,15
=398 m3.
- Tnh nng nitrat quay v b thiu kh u tin t dng hi lu hn hp
bn nc v bn vi gi thit Q1= Q, Q2 = 4Q [phng trnh 9 48)]:
NO3--N =
NO.Q 28,1
4,7mg / l .
6Q
6
~ 288 ~
23600 0,03.1000.300.1,06 5
149m 3 .
5
0,029.2000.1,06
TM 2 ( NO3 N )
6700
84 m3.
X .vk , 2
2000.0,04
1000.45
31m3.
60.24
~ 289 ~
Y .( S S )
0,8.300 5,8
P(x) = s o
X L .Q
60.1000
1 0,07.4,88
1 k p , s . s
= 23432 g. d-1
- Tnh thi gian lu t bo t lng bn thi:
s,t =
V . X 662.2000
5,6d .
P( x)
23432
9. 4.
Thit k h x l photpho.
~ 290 ~
9. 4. 1.
c th ca qu trnh x l photpho.
~ 291 ~
~ 292 ~
~ 293 ~
R (P/COD), g/g
R (COD/P), g/g
Axit formic
Axit axetic
0,37
16,8
Axit propionic
0,10
24,4
Axit butyric
0,12
27,5
Axit isobutyric
0,14
29,1
Axit valeric
0,15
66,1
Axit isovaleric
0,24
18,8
0,05
102
~ 294 ~
hp, trong axit axetic c hiu qu cao nht v rt may mn li l thnh phn
ch yu ca qu trnh ln men ym kh cht hu c. Tht ra cc thnh phn
cht hu c trong bng 9. 7 u l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men, t l ca
tng hp cht ph thuc vo ngun hu c nguyn liu. T s liu ca bng 9.
7 cho thy ch c axit valeric trong s cc VFA l c t l s dng cao, tc l
hiu sut gii phng photpho thp: 68 g axit valeric tnh theo COD gii
phng 1 g photpho, cng l s liu thng thy i vi cc h x l nc
thi (50 : 1) sinh hot.
S hnh thnh cc axit bo d bay hi xy ra khng nhng ti cc b x l
ym kh m cn xy ra ti cc cng rnh thu gom nc thi, c bit l nc
thi th vi thi gian lu tng i di min l khng (t) c mt ca oxy
ha tan v nitrat. l iu kin thun li tit kim chi ph xy dng (th
tch) b x l ym kh. Qu trnh ln men ym kh v hm lng VFA hnh
thnh ph thuc vo t l BOD/COD, trong thnh phn COD bao gm c COD
khng tan c ngun gc t cn hu c khng tan trong nc thi.
S liu thng c chp nhn l lng cht hu c trong b x l ym kh
phi ln hn 25 mg/l tnh theo VFA mi c kh nng duy tr qu trnh hot
ng ca vi sinh PAO. Khi ngun hu c cao hn gi tr trn s tng cng
hiu qu gii phng photpho v tch ly cht hu c trong mi trng ym kh
v tch tr photpho trong mi trng hiu kh sau , hiu qu tip tc tng
n mt gi tr nht nh i vi mt t l VFA/P, gi tr VFA/P ti u ph
thuc vo thnh phn ca VFA. Trn mc VFA/P ti u, kh nng tch ly
photpho ca vi sinh khng tng tip tc v BOD ca dng ra khi b ym kh
tng theo. BOD vo b hiu kh cao s thc y s pht trin ca loi vi sinh d
dng khng c kh nng tch ly photpho, lm gim mt (t l) ca vi
sinh PAO trong sinh khi, ko theo hm lng photphat trong b hiu kh
gim. Tuy vy c nhng trng hp cho thy: khi nng axit axetic cao hn
400 mg/l th hiu qu x l photpho ca h gim.
Lng photpho d.
Thiu photpho cng c nh hng tiu cc nh thiu cht hu c. Thc t
vn hnh cho thy lun thiu mt trong hai yu t trn. Tt nhin h ch hot
ng khi hm lng photpho d so vi nhu cu tng hp t bo, v trong
trng hp thiu hay va photpho th h x l photpho l khng cn thit.
Magie v kali.
~ 295 ~
9. 4. 2.
nh hng ca cc yu t ln hiu qu x l.
~ 296 ~
~ 297 ~
~ 298 ~
~ 299 ~
khng hot ng khi thi gian lu t bo l 5 ngy, nhit 10oC, thiu COD
v iu ny khng xy ra khi h thiu photpho.
9. 4. 3.
9. 4. 4.
Qu trnh ln men s b.
~ 300 ~
~ 301 ~
~ 302 ~
9. 4. 5.
~ 303 ~
~ 304 ~
~ 305 ~
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
T l TCOD: TP dng vo
7
B
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T l TCOD: TP dng vo
70
~ 306 ~
Lng photpho x l
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Thi gian lu thy lc ym kh, gi
14
Lng photpho x l
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
~ 307 ~
0.9
0.7
mgP/gSKHH.pht
Hng s tc hp th
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6
pH
Hnh 9. 5. nh hng ca pH n hng s tc hp th photphat [5].
7) Xc nh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu cho giai on x l hiu kh t
th Mamais - Jenkin (hnh 9. 6) th hin s ph thuc ca c, t vo nhit . p
dng h s an ton t 2,5 - 3,0 i vi thi gian lu t bo trong thit k, t
tnh th tch b x l hiu kh trn c s n nh mt sinh khi.
8) i vi h x l photpho hai giai on, h c thit k theo kiu dng
y l tng v vng ym kh c chia nh ra thnh t nht ba ngn. Trong
ngn ym kh cui cng c thit b khuy v sc kh u c lp t n c
th hot ng theo ch ym kh hoc hiu kh. i vi h x l dinh dng
ba giai on, th ba ngn ym kh ch cn trang b thit b khuy trn, vi ngn
th ba dnh cho x l thiu kh. Kiu b tr nh vy to iu kin thun li
cho vn hnh.
V d tnh ton cho mt h x l c trnh by chi tit trong ti liu [5].
25,5
0,0
21
17
13
-0,2
19
1,0
1,2
-0,4
1,5
-0,6
1,8
-0,8
~ 308 ~
2,2
2,7
Nhit , oC
Nh my pilot, Mc Clintock
33,50
34,00
34,50
35,00
35,50
9. 4. 6.
~ 309 ~
vo
o
ngn ym kh
quay vng bn
: thiu kh;
: hiu kh.
~ 310 ~
~ 311 ~
~ 312 ~
10
10. 1.
~ 313 ~
10. 2.
~ 314 ~
~ 315 ~
Cn bng vt cht
Yu t i
J Qu trnh
i =1
i =2
i =3
XB
Ss
So
1. Pht trin
2. Phn hy
ni sinh
-1
Tc quan
st c
1
Y
1 Y
Y
-1
ri rij ij vi
j
Tc ca qu
trnh vi [Ml-3. T-1]
m.
Ss
.X B
K s Ss
kp. XB
Thng s ng
hc: Tc
pht trin cc
[M.l-3. T-1]
Thng s t Sinh khi C cht
[M(COD).l-3] [M(COD).l-3]
lng
Oxy
[M(COD).l-3]
Hiu
sut
sinh
khi
thc Y.
i m
Hng s bn
bo ha: Ks
Hng s phn
hy: kp
~ 316 ~
(10-1)
~ 317 ~
ri ij v j
(10-2)
rX B
m .S s
Ks Ss
.X B k p .X B
(10-3)
Ss
1
m.
.X B
Y
K s Ss
(10-4)
- Tc tiu th oxy:
rSo
Ss
1 Y
m .
X B k p .X B
Y
K s Ss
(10-5)
~ 318 ~
~ 319 ~
So
K o So
(10-6)
Ko
So K o
(10-7)
~ 320 ~
~ 321 ~
~ 322 ~
Hp cht cha nit trong nc thi cng c phn loi theo hai c trng:
sinh hy v khng sinh hy. Mi loi li c phn chia theo cc tnh cht
ring.
Thnh phn khng sinh hy lin quan mt thit n thnh phn hu c
(COD) dng khng tan, thnh phn tan khng sinh hy c nng nh nn
khng c xem xt n trong m hnh. Thnh phn hp cht nit c kh nng
sinh hy c phn loi thnh amoniac (c hai dng NH4+ v NH3) vi k hiu
l SNH, cht hu c cha nit tan, SND v cht hu c cha nit khng tan,
XND.
Cht hu c cha nit dng khng tan b thy phn thnh dng tan xy ra
ng thi vi qu trnh thy phn cht hu c chm sinh hy.
Cht hu c cha nit dng tan c chuyn ha thnh amoniac bi vi sinh
vt d dng. Ammoniac hnh thnh ng vai tr cung cp nit (dinh dng)
cho vi sinh vt (t dng, d dng, ch yu l loi d dng v mt ca
chng ln hn) trong qu trnh tng hp t bo v cho qu trnh sn xut nng
lng ca vi sinh vt t dng (xem 8. 1). Trong qu trnh oxy ha amoniac
sn xut nng lng, phn ng xy ra theo hai bc k tip nhau: to thnh
nitrit v nitrat, tuy vy trong m hnh ch c xem l mt giai on: trc tip
v nitrat khi oxy ha vi oxy. Nitrat hnh thnh l cht nhn in t cui cng
i vi vi sinh d dng trong mi trng thiu kh to thnh kh nit. S
phn hy t bo ca c vi sinh t dng v d dng trong qu trnh kh nitrat
v oxy ha amoniac to ra cc hp cht cha nit dng khng tan li tham gia
cc chu trnh nu trn.
T l vi sinh t dng v d dng trong tng sinh khi rt kh nh gi, v
vy khng c cp n khi xy dng m hnh m ch i hi s c mt
ca chng iu kin cn c thit lp phng trnh cn bng cht.
10. 2. 2. 3. Cc phn t trong m hnh ton.
Cc phn t tham gia m hnh ton m t qu trnh x l nc thi ASM 1
c lit k trong dng u (s th t, k hiu) v dng cui ca bng 10. 2.
Cht hu c tan tr Si v cht hu c tr dng khng tan khng c mt
trong m hnh, tc l chng khng tham gia vo bt c qu trnh no xy ra
trong h thng x l nc thi v v vy cc ct tng ng dnh cho chng
khng cha bt k mt h s t lng no (khng cha cc phn t ca ma
~ 323 ~
~ 324 ~
j Qu trnh
1 Hiu kh, d dng
2 Thiu
dng
kh,
Hiu kh,
dng
1 2 3 4
Si Ss Xi Xs XBH XBA Xp
So
SNO
1
YH
1
YH
1-fP
5 Phn
dng
1-fP
6 amoni ha cht hu
c tan cha nit
7 Thy phn cht
hu c khng tan
1 YH
YH
4,57 YA
YA
-1
-1
10
12
1 YH
2,86.YH
1
YA
i XB
13
Salk
i XB
14
1 YH
i
XB
14.2,86YH 14
-iXB
1
YA
Tc ca qu trnh
vi [M.L-3. T-1]
mH .
mH .
Ss
So
.
. X BH
K s S s K o So
Ss
K
S NO
. OH
. g .X BH
K s S s K OH S o K NO S NO
mA .
S NH
So
.
. X BA
K NH S NH K oA S o
fP
iXB-fp-iXp
kpH. XBH
fP
iXB-fp-iXp
kpA. XBA
1
1
11
-iXB
4 Phn hy d dng
hy
-1
-1
K x ( X s / X BH ) K oH S o
~ 337 ~
K OH
S NO
.
]. X BH
K OH S o . K NO S NO
Thnh phn
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Tng tc chuyn
ha [M. L-3. T-1]
~ 338 ~
-1
BH . X ND / X S
ri ij .v j
j
13
Thng s ng hc:
-Sinh trng v phn hy
vi sinh d dng:
Thng
lng:
~ 339 ~
~ 340 ~
~ 339 ~
~ 340 ~
~ 341 ~
~ 342 ~
~ 343 ~
~ 344 ~
~ 345 ~
~ 346 ~
~ 347 ~
~ 348 ~
(10-8)
~ 349 ~
YH
COD(sinh khi)
COD(tan)
(10-9)
(10-10)
~ 350 ~
50
bt u sc kh
dng sc kh
40
OUR
30
20
10
0
0
12
16
20
24
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 10. 1. Xc nh nng COD d sinh hy trong thit b khuy
trn u.
Trn c s mc suy gim tc tiu th oxy, OUR, c th xc
nh nng cht hu c d sinh hy:
Ss
OUR V
Q.(1 YH )
(10-11)
~ 351 ~
~ 352 ~
S ND1
S s1
X ND1 S ND1 X s1 S s1
(10-12)
~ 353 ~
~ 354 ~
~ 355 ~
~ 356 ~
Tn
YA
kpA
fp
iXB
iXp
KOH
KNO
~ 357 ~
KOA
~ 358 ~
tn
SNO1
SNH1
Si1
SNH
SND1
~ 359 ~
Cn bit trc
SNH1
YH
Ss1
YH
mA
kpA
KNH
Hng s bn bo ha ca amoniac i
vi vi sinh t dng
kpH
Xi1
Xs1
XH, Ss1, SH
XND1
Ss1, Xs1, SH
H s hiu chnh i vi H di iu
YH, fp
fp, kpH, Ss1, SH
kin thiu kh
mH
Ks
kH
KX
ka
Tc to thnh amoniac
Thng s mA c trng cho tc pht trin cao nht ca vi sinh
t dng c vai tr c bit quan trng trong vic tnh ton thi gian
lu t bo. Trong m hnh, qu trnh nitrat ha c xem l qu trnh
~ 360 ~
~ 361 ~
n v
Gi tr
20oC 10oC
Thng s t lng
YA
0,24
0,24
YH
0,67
0,67
fp
khng n v
0,08
0,08
iXB
0,086 0,086
iXp
0,06
0,06
mH
ngy-1 (d)-1
6,0
3,0
KS
g COD. m-3
20
20
Thng s ng hc
~ 362 ~
KOH
g O2. m-3
0,2
0,2
KNO
g NO3-N. m-3
0,5
0,5
kpH
d-1
0,62
0,20
khng n v
0,8
0,8
khng n v
0,4
0,4
kH
1,0
KX
0,03
0,01
mA
d-1
0,8
0,3
KNH
g NH3-N. m-3
1,0
1,0
KOA
g O2. m-3
0,4
0,4
ka
0,08
0,04
Bng 10. 6. Nng c trng ca nc thi sinh hot sau lng [1].
K hiu
n v
Ss
Si
Xs
Xi
SND
XND
SNH
SNi
SNO
g COD. m-3
g COD. m-3
g COD. m-3
g COD. m-3
g N. m-3
g N. m-3
g NH3-N. m-3
g NH3-N. m-3
g NO3-N. m-3
an Mch
Thy S
Hungary
125
40
250
100
8
10
30
2
0,5
70
25
100
25
5
10
10
2
1,0
100
30
150
70
10
15
30
3
1,0
~ 363 ~
10. 4.
Gi thit, hn ch ca m hnh.
~ 364 ~
~ 365 ~
~ 366 ~
10. 5.
ng dng.
V1. C1
KL. a1
Q2 = Q. A2
V2. C2
KL. a2
~ 367 ~
Qn = Q. An
Vn. Cn
KL. an
~ 368 ~
dC
C (t t ) C (t )
.t
dt
(10-13)
dt
(10-14)
C ki dt
Vki .C ki
Trong :
F v O l thng s chuyn khi u vo (F) v u ra (O).
P v K l cc thnh phn hnh thnh (P) v mt i (K).
V l th tch khoang phn ng.
~ 369 ~
(10-15)
H x l
1. H chia
dng
M t theo m hnh
Tham s ca h
Q
Q/3
O2
Q/3
O2
Q/3
O2
2. H kh
nitrat t
trc
3. H tip
xc
n
nh
O2
KL. a = 0
O2
~ 363 ~
O2
Gi tr KL. a1 = 2 mg O2/l
KL. a2 = 2 mg O2/l
Q = 100
Quay vng: 50
Hnh 10. 3. V d v h x l s dng m hnh ha.
~ 364 ~
(10-16)
Lu trnh tnh ton trn c s phng trnh (10-13) c m t trong hnh 10. 4.
dX FX O X R' X Cho tt c khoang phn ng v thnh
dS Fs Os R' s
dt
V
Kim sot
oxy
Khng
So = gi tr kim sot
S So
dS
.t 2
dt
X Xo
dX
.t1
dt
Hnh 10. 4. Lu trnh tnh tch phn (F: u vo, O: u ra, R: phn ng) [1].
Phng php tnh ton i vi trng thi n nh c trnh by trong cc ti liu chuyn
kho [1, 16, 17].
10. 6.
Cc m hnh khc.
M hnh x l nc thi c pht trin theo thi gian v nhng l do: m rng cc i tng
cn quan tm do i hi v cht lng mi trng, kt qu nghin cu mi v cc qu trnh xy
ra trong h (v d s tch ly cht hu c ca vi sinh PAO, qu trnh thy phn hoc kh nng
tch ly photpho ca vi sinh denitrifier). Cc m hnh c pht trin tip theo ASM1 c gii
thiu tm tt phn di y.
M hnh ASM 2.
M hnh ASM 2 c xy dng p dng cho h x l hp cht nit, photpho v COD vi
mc ch:
- Nghin cu (nh gi kt qu, tin hnh v ti u ha th nghim).
- Ti u ha qu trnh x l trong thc t, khc phc cc s c xut hin khi vn hnh.
- o to.
- Tr gip thit k h x l.
M hnh ASM 2 cha phi l dng hon ho v cn cha nhiu d kin n gin ha, tuy
nhin n l c s cho s pht trin tip theo, v d m hnh EAWAG Bio - P modul ca nhm
nghin cu ti Thy S tuy b qua qu trnh ln men cc cht hu c tan d sinh hy nhng c
bc hiu chnh cho ngun nc thi c th [18, 19, 20].
M hnh ASM 2 l m hnh m rng ca ASM 1 vi i tng b xung l tch loi photpho.
Do c thm qu trnh x l photpho nn h x l c thm giai on x l ym kh cung cp
cc cht hu c cho vi sinh PAO hp thu v giai on kt ta ha hc vi mui st, nhm.
Phng php m hnh ha c trnh by tng t nh khi thc hin m hnh ASM1.
M hnh ASM 2d.
So vi m hnh ASM 1 th ASM 2 c m rng ng k v phc tp hn do phi bao qut c
qu trnh x l photpho. S thay i ng k l vi sinh PAO c cu trc ni ti lin quan n s
tch ly cht hu c v photpho, ngoi t l ca chng vi sinh PAO trong tng sinh khi. l
yu t tin quyt trong m hnh x l photpho.
M hnh ASM 2d l s m rng ca ASM 2 vi mc thp, hai qu trnh c a thm
vo m t hin tng: vi sinh tch ly photpho (PAO) c th s dng cht hu c tch ly
kh nitrat. Trong khi m hnh ASM 2 gi thit l vi sinh vt PAO ch pht trin trong iu kin
~1~
hiu kh th trong m hnh ASM 2d, loi vi sinh trn tn ti c trong mi trng thiu kh (kh
nitrat).
M hnh ASM 3
Trn c s kinh nghim thu c trn 10 nm s dng m hnh ASM 1, m hnh ASM 1 t ra
c mt s thiu st:
- M hnh ASM 1 khng bao qut c hin tng v mt ng hc khi vi sinh vt d dng
khng c cung cp thnh phn nit v kim.
- M hnh ASM 1 c cha thnh phn hp cht hu c cha nit d sinh hy v dng khng tan.
Hai thnh phn rt kh xc nh v gy nhiu kh khn khi s dng m hnh ASM 1, v vy s
phn bit trn thng b b qua trong nhiu tnh ton khi s dng ASM 1.
- ng hc qu trnh hnh thnh amoniac t hp cht hu c (amoni ha) rt kh nh lng,
hn na qu trnh ny xy ra nhanh nn cng gy kh khn khi tin on s liu ca m hnh.
V vy trong nhiu trng hp qu trnh trn b loi b khi ng dng ASM 1.
- M hnh ASM 1 phn bit cht hu c khng tan dng tr ph thuc vo xut x: t dng vo
v t phn hy ni sinh t bo vi sinh vt. S phn bit trn trong thc t l khng kh thi.
- Trong cu trc ca m hnh ASM 1, qu trnh thy phn ng vai tr ng k khi tin on
mc tiu th oxy v kh nitrat ca vi sinh d dng. Thc ra qu trnh ny i din cho
nhiu qu trnh mang tnh t hp nh thy phn, phn hy ca vi sinh vt v c cht tch ly
trong h. V vy vic nh lng cc thng s ng hc cho qu trnh t hp trn l rt kh.
- Phn hy kt hp vi thy phn v tng trng vi sinh vt c s dng m t hiu ng c
gi ca phn hy ni sinh, v d cc cht tch ly, vi sinh vt cht, n tht ln nhau, ca sinh
khi s gy kh khn cho xc nh thng s ng hc.
- Khi nng c cht d sinh hy cao trong nc thi, trong iu kin hiu kh v thiu kh, vi
sinh vt cng c kh nng tch ly poly hydroxyl alkanoat v i khi c lipit hoc glycogen
ging nh vi sinh PAO trong iu kin ym kh. Hiu ng trn khng c bao qut trong
ASM 1.
- M hnh ASM 1 khng phn bit tc phn hy ca vi sinh t dng nitrifier trong iu kin
hiu v thiu kh. Vi h x l c thi gian lu t bo di v t l khi th tch phn ng thiu
kh ln th vic tin on tc nitrat ha gp kh khn.
- ASM 1 khng tin on s bin ng lin tc ca nng sinh khi.
- Trong cc th nghim v h hp, hiu sut sinh khi nhn c thng thp ngay k c khi s
dng c cht l cc thnh phn rt d sinh hy, v d axetat. S khc bit gia th nghim v
thc t c th xut hin.
~2~
khc phc nhng thiu st nu trn, nhm nghin cu m hnh (1999) xut m hnh
ASM 3 v hy vng n tr thnh nn tng cho vic xy dng tip cc m hnh trong tng lai.
ASM 3 lin kt c cc qu trnh ch yu c trnh by trong ASM 1: tc tiu th
oxy, tc to thnh sinh khi, nitrat ha, kh nitrat trong cc h x l nc thi sinh hot (ch
yu).
ASM 3 c xy dng vi t cch l ct li ca nhiu m hnh khc bao gm cc modul:
modul sinh hc ASM 2, ASM 2d. Cc modul: kt ta ha hc, s pht trin ca vi sinh dng si,
s bin ng ca pH khng nm trong ASM 3, tuy vy c th gn kt kh d dng vo ASM 3.
Hin nay, trong nghin cu khoa hc, ni dung rt c quan tm l m hnh bin ng qun
th, x l photpho bng bin php vi sinh v cu trc sinh khi (tch ly sn phm ca vi sinh).
M hnh ASM 3 c th s l cng c phc v mc tiu trn.
Hn ch ca ASM 3 th hin:
- ASM 3 c xy dng m phng qu trnh x l nc thi sinh hot di iu kin hiu kh
v thiu kh, khng thch hp i vi nc thi cng nghip.
- ASM 3 (v ASM 1) c xy dng trn c s kinh nghim trong vng nhit 8 - 23oC. Ngoi
vng nhit trn, m hnh c th s t ra km hiu qu, thm ch cu trc ca m hnh tr
thnh khng tha mn.
- ASM 3 ( v ASM 1) khng bao qut bt c mt qu trnh no m t hnh trng ca vi sinh vt
trong iu kin ym kh. M phng h cha ng k th tch ym kh s dn n nhiu sai st.
- ASM 3 c xy dng trn c s kinh nghim trong vng pH = 6,5 - 7,5. Nng ca
bicarbonat (kim) cn c b xung duy tr khong pH trn.
- ASM 3 khng bao qut nng nitrit cao.
- ASM 3 khng s dng cho h bn hot tnh vi ti lng cao hoc thi gian lu t bo thp ( <
1 ngy), trong hin tng hp ph cht hu c dng khng tan tr thnh yu t khng ch
qu trnh x l.
- ASM 3 ch cung cp cu trc ca m hnh ch khng a ra gi tr tuyt i ca cc thng s
m hnh. iu ny i hi ngi s dng phi t xc nh nhng thng s cn thit ng
dng v cc c trng ca nc thi.
M hnh x l nc thi h ASM c tip tc pht trin, hon chnh hoc chnh sa p
ng nhu cu ng dng thc tin: b xung thm cc modul vo ASM 3 [18, 19, 21, 22], m rng
m hnh ASM 2 [23, 24].
M hnh x l nc thi ang c ngy mt p dng nhiu hn tr gip thit k nhm
gim chi ph v tit kim v thi gian, v d H Lan c khong 100 cng trnh x l nc
thi c xy dng vi s tr gip ca m hnh h ASM [15].
~3~
11
~4~
t c cng xut x l cao, din tch mng dng ln, lm tng gi thnh ng k so vi
cc phng php truyn thng (lng), tuy vy vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh
mng, gi thnh mng lc gim rt nhanh theo thi gian.
Phng php kt hp vi sinh - lc mng c d bo s tr thnh cng ngh x l c trin
vng ph bin rng trong th k 21 [4, 6].
11. 1.
Mng c xem l mt vch ngn nhm tch cc thnh phn vt cht ca mt h thng qua
qu trnh chuyn khi. Mng c quan tm l dng mng rn, mc d trong nghin cu v trong
k thut mng lng cng c s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Trong mt h cn tch
cht bao gm dung mi l nc chim thnh phn chnh v cc tp cht cn tch. Mng c kch
thc l xp khc nhau: nu c dung mi ln tp cht u c th vn chuyn qua l xp ca
mng th c gi l mng thm (u), nu ch c dung mi (kch thc nh) vn chuyn c
qua mng, cc tp cht khc b chn li th c gi l mng bn thm.
ng lc ca qu trnh chuyn khi qua mng gm: chnh lch nng , chnh lch p sut,
chnh lch nhit v in th [7, 8, 9], tuy nhin phn trnh by tip sau ch quan tm n loi
mng lc lin quan n hai loi ng lc u tin.
Tp cht trong nc c kch thc (v d ng knh hiu dng) rt khc nhau, c th phn
chia s b: dng ht th (10-1 - 1 mm) dng ht mn (10-2 - 10-1 mm), ht dng micron (10-3 - 10-2
mm), dng ht keo, polyme (10-5 - 10-3 mm), dng ion, phn t (10-7 - 10-5 mm). Vi cc cht c
kch thc kh ln nh dng th, dng mn c th theo sa lng hay lc qua lp ht (lc nhanh,
lc chm). Cc cht dng keo c th tch bng bin php sa lng, lc sau khi keo t (to thnh
cc tp hp ln c tc sa lng nhanh). Vi sinh vt c kch thc ca ht keo, nm trong vng
c m (1mm = 1000 m) nn vi sinh vt cn c tn l Microbe. Bn thn tng c th vi sinh c
tc lng rt thp nn khng th lng nu khng c keo t thnh tp hp ln. Tp cht dng
keo c th tch vi mng vi lc siu lc hoc ly tm. Tp cht c kch thc nh hn ch c th
tch qua phng php thm thu ngc hoc vi mng nano (nano c ngha l phn t ca m, 109
m).
Kch thc l xp ca mng s quyt nh tnh thm qua ca cc cu t. Cc cu t c kch
thc ln hn l xp ca mng b chn li. Tuy vy, l xp ca mng c kch thc khng u
nhau, c mt di phn b ln nht nh nn vn c mt phn tp cht vn chuyn qua mng.
c trng, nh ngha phn t lng b chn c s dng (molecular weight cut - off): l
phn t lng ca mt loi cht m 90% s lng ca n b chn li, khng vn chuyn c
qua mng. V d gi tr phn t lng b chn ca mt mng lc no l 40.000 c ngha l
~5~
mt cht vi phn t lng 40.000 trong mt dung dch khi chy qua mng th 90% lng cht
trong dung dch b chn li, 10% vn chuyn qua mng. l khi nim tng i, ph thuc c
vo qu trnh hot ng ca mng.
Tc lc qua mng ph thuc vo cc yu t: bn cht mng (kch thc l xp, mt l
xp, vt liu, dy ca lp mng) bn cht ca tp cht cn tch (kch thc tp cht, nng d)
v cc thng s qu trnh hot ng (p sut ng lc, bin php ngn nga tc mng...).
Mng lc c ch to t cc loi vt liu khc nhau: s, kim loi, si v thng dng hn c
l t vt liu polymer. Mng lc cn c phn chia thnh dng ng th hoc d th. m
bo bn c hc, mng cn c mt dy nht nh (50 - 150 m), dy ca mng cng ln
th tr lc lc cng cao, c bit vi mng c l xp nh. Nhm gim tr lc, mng c cu to
hai lp: lp gi (150 m) v lp mng lc gn trn c dy rt nh (1 - 5 m). Mng hai
lp c gi l mng d th hoc bt i xng, gi m bo bn c hc, lp mng lc c
tc dng n tnh chn lc ca mng. Mng mt lp thng l loi c kch thc l ln gi l
mng ng th hoc mng i xng.
tng cng tc lc ca mng, p sut nn (ng lc) thng c s dng, mng c
kch thc l xp nh cn p sut ng lc cao v ngc li.
Mng thng c s dng lc nc, nc thi gm: mng vi lc, mng siu lc, mng
nano v mng thm thu ngc vi nhng c trng ch yu c lit k di y.
Mng vi lc.
- Loi mng: xp, ng th.
- dy ca mng: 10 - 150 m.
- Kch thc l xp: 0,05 - 10 m.
- p sut ng lc: 0,1 - 2,0 bar (1 bar = 0,9869 at).
- Tc lc: > 0,5 - 2,0 m3. m-2. ngy-1. bar-1.
- C ch hot ng: ry, lc.
- Vt liu ch to: polymer, si, gm s.
- ng dng trong kh trng nc sch, ung, nc thi.
Mng siu lc.
- Loi mng: xp, i xng.
- dy: 150 m.
- Kch thc l xp: 10 - 100 nm.
- p sut ng lc: 1 - 10 bar.
~6~
11. 2.
i vi qui m ng dng thc tin, din tch mng cn s dng cho mt qu trnh tch cht
cn t vi trm n nhiu ngn m2. To ra cc dng mng khc nhau da trn c s gi thnh v
hiu qu s dng din tch mng ti a. Cc cu hnh (hnh dng) khc nhau ca mng c gi
~7~
~8~
10
15
20
30
S cun
4-6
6 - 10
15 - 30
30 - 40
3-6
6 - 12
20 - 40
30 - 60
Thng thng 4 - 6 modul c lp ghp ni tip nhau trong mt bnh (ng) p sut. Thit k
in hnh l trong mt bnh c ng knh 20 cm cha 6 modul ghp ni tip nhau, c tng din
tch mng 100 - 200 m2.
Dng si rng.
Ph thuc vo cch thc thao tc modul, mng si rng c ch to theo hai kiu: nc vo
qua thnh si v qua u si rng (hnh 11. 2, 11. 3). Modul si rng c u vo qua thnh si l
mt chm si ng trong mt thit b tch p. p sut nn thc y nc chy qua thnh si, i
vo trong ng v chy ra ti mt pha ca u ng. Do phi chu mt p lc ng k ln thnh si
nn si c ng knh nh v dy thnh si ln: ng knh trong thng l 50 m, ng
knh ngoi 100 - 200 m.
~9~
11. 3.
~ 10 ~
R.T .nt
Ct .R.T
n.V
(11-1)
n, nt l s mol ca dung mi v cht tan. V l th tch mol ca dung mi; n.V l tng th tch
ca dung mi. i lng Ct = nt/n.V l nng mol ca cht tan trong dung dch. R l hng s
kh, T l nhit .
Phng trnh (11-1) c dng ging phng trnh kh l tng (p.V = n. R.T).
~ 11 ~
Nu biu din Ct theo nng khi lng Cm (khi lng cht tan trong mt n v th tch
ca dung mi, mg/l, g/m3...), i lng thng c s dng trong cng ngh x l nc, nc
thi, mi quan h gia chng l:
Ct
C
n
m
m
V M .V
V
(11-2)
Cm
.R.T
M
(11-3)
Phng trnh (11-3) cho thy mi tng quan gia p sut thm thu vi nng v phn t
lng ca cht tan.
Nng cht tan l tng ca mi dng cht tan tn ti trong nc, t dng trung ha n phn
li. Mt mui tn ti dng phn li (v d Na, Cl- t NaCl, Ca, Cl- t CaCl2) gy ra p sut thm
thu ca h l do c hai dng ion: m v dng.
Phn t lng ca mt cht tan cng nh th gy ra p sut thm thu cng ln. V d tnh
ton sau cho thy r mi quan h gia p sut thm thu v phn t lng ca cht tan: tnh p
sut thm thu ca ba dung dch khc nhau c cha cc thnh phn cht rn trong vi cng
nng khi lng 3% (30 g/l). Tp cht trong cc dung mi trn gm: mui NaCl, albumin
(phn t lng 65.000), cht huyn ph (khi lng 10-9 g). p sut tnh c cho ba trng hp
trn ln lt l: 25,4 bar, 0,01 bar v 10-12 bar. V d trn cho thy p sut thm thu i vi qu
trnh vi lc, siu lc (tch cc tp cht c kch thc ln) l rt nh c th b qua, trong khi cc
qu trnh mng nano v thm thu ngc (tch cc cht c phn t lng thp) l rt ln.
Nu s dng mt p sut p vo ngn c nng cht tan cao th s xy ra hin tng: dng
chy t ngn long sang ngn c s chm dn li khi tng dn p sut, dng chy ngng hn khi
p sut p t bng p sut thm thu, khi p sut ny ln hn th dng chy s i chiu: i t
ngn c sang ngn long. chnh l nguyn l hot ng ca phng php mng thm thu
ngc. Nng cht tan cao gy p sut thm thu ln, v v vy cn p sut ng lc cao khi
s dng k thut mng thm thu ngc. Trong k thut lm ngt nc t nc bin hay nc
l, p sut thm thu tng t l vi nng mui; gi tr tng khong 0,691. 10-3 at khi mui tng
thm 1 mg/l.
V d vi nc l c nng mui 4000 mg/l th p sut thm thu l 2,76 at, vi nc bin
c nng mui 35.000 mg/l th p sut thm thu l 24,18 at. Tuy nhin p sut thm thu thc
t trong hai trng hp trn s ln hn do cc thnh phn tan khc tn ti trong .
Trong thc t, mng bn thm khng ngn c tt c cc cht tan do c ch chuyn khi ca
cc cht tan trong mng l qu trnh ha tan (hp ph) ca cht tan vo mng v khuych tn ca
~ 12 ~
chng trong mng. Dng cht tan vn chuyn qua mng J t l vi s chnh lch nng gia
hai pha ca mng C1, C2:
J = B (C2 - C1)
(11-4)
B l h s thm ca mng th hin tnh nng hp ph v khuych tn ca cht tan trong mng,
tc l ph thuc vo vt liu ch to mng v cu trc xp ca n. Kh nng thm qua mng ca
cht tan t ph thuc vo p sut ng lc.
chn lc ca mng R i vi cht tan c nh ngha l phn b gi li trn mng so vi
lng cht tan ca dng vo:
C1 C 2
1 C 2 / C1
C1
(11-5)
chn lc ca mng ph thuc vo loi mng, nng cht tan v ha tr ca cht tan.
chn lc ca mng tng khi tng p sut ng lc.
K thut thm thu ngc cho php loi b cc cht hu c dng trung ha tan trong nc,
ch s phn t lng b chn ca mng cng thp th hiu qu tch loi cng cao. Phn ln cc
tp cht hu c trong nc, nc thi (cht hu c t nhin, axit hu c lignin, cht bo v thc
vt) u c phn t lng ln hn 100 nn c th tch chng bng phng php mng.
Nhng loi mng c ch s phn t lng b chn t 200 - 500 (mng nano) cng c th s
dng lm mm nc v tch loi cht hu c v kh nng chn gi ca mng vi cc i
tng trn kh cao.
Hin tng phn cc v nhim bn mng lc
Trong qu trnh lc, mng d b tc v h hi do hai nguyn nhn chnh l phn cc nng
v mng b nhim bn. C hai hin tng trn u th hin s suy gim tc lc ca mng
theo thi gian. Tc lc ca mng t l nghch vi tr khi, t l thun vi p sut ng lc. p
sut ng lc ca mt thit b mng c thit k d dng kim sot, suy gim tc lc ch
yu l do tr khi ca mng tng. Trong trng hp l tng v mt vn hnh, tr khi lc do
cu trc ca mng quyt nh, hin tng tng tr khi trong vn hnh l do cc nguyn nhn:
- Trong qu trnh lc, nng cht tan, cn tng ln trn b mt (hoc st b mt) lp mng, lp
hnh thnh c mt cht tan, cn cao lm tng tr khi lc, gim tc lc ca mng. Hin
tng gi l phn cc nng . Lp nng i khi to nn cc trc gel (tp hp ht c
lin kt kh bn) vi mt dy nht nh, c bit khi nc c cha thnh phn protein.
- Trong qu trnh lc, mt s cht chui vo mao qun gy tc, lm gim tc lc. Tc nhn gy
nhim bn, tc mng gm nhiu thnh phn: dng ht khng tan (bn), vi sinh vt, hp cht hu
c, du m, cht kt ta hnh thnh trong qu trnh lc qua mng.
~ 13 ~
V sinh mng khi phc li tc lc hoc p dng cc bin php tin x l trnh (mt
phn) l cc gii php thng c s dng.
Tin x l l bin php x l nc nhm loi b cc yu t c kh nng lm bn mng. Nc
bin cha canxi, magie, sunfat v bicarbonat kh cao, khi lc qua mng thm thu ngc, mui
sunfat, carbonat ca canxi va magie c tan thp hnh thnh, gy tc mng lc. S dng
phng php trao i ion tch loi cc thnh phn trn (chi ph khng qu cao) l bin php
tin x l trc khi s dng mng lc lm ngt nc.
Kh trng cho thit b mng cng lun cn thit trnh s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Tin
hnh kh trng nc u vo bng bin php clo ha l nhm mc ch trn. Vi mng cellulose
axetat, clo ha nc u vo kim sot vi sinh vt. Vi mng polyamid, mng t hp th
khng cn kh trng cho nc v n tr vi vi sinh vt. Bin php kh trng sc theo chu k vi
ha cht formaldehyd, peroxid hay axit peraxetic cng l bin php chng nhim bn do vi sinh
vt.
Khi mng b nhim bn cn tin hnh lm v sinh cho mng. Qui trnh c th lm v sinh
mng ph thuc vo c trng ha hc ca ngun nc cn lc, vo dng v bn cht ca mng
cng nh dng gy nhim bn. Nt c trng chung nht ca k thut lm v sinh mng l quay
vng dung dch ra vi tc ln, tip theo l ngm mng trong dung dch trong mt thi gian
nht nh, tip tc quay vng dung dch ri tip tc cc bc nh trn. Dung dch ra mng l
cc loi: axit, kim, cht ty ra, phc cht chelat, sn phm c pha ch, cht kh trng.
Dung dch axit HCl, H3PO4 hoc citric c tc dng ha tan tt cc thnh phn cn lng
(CaCO3, CaSO4, hydroxit kim loi). Vi mng cellulose axetat, dung dch axit khng c c
pH < 2 trnh qu trnh thy phn mng. Dung dch axit oxalic rt thch hp cho ha tan cn
cha st. Axit citric c hiu qu ha tan thp i vi mui sunfat canxi, magie v bari, phc cht
EDTA c hiu qu hn.
lm sch vi khun, cht bm dnh trn mt mng, dung dch kim kt hp vi cht ty ra
thng c s dng. Thm mt vi loi enzym vo dung dch c tc dng ty ra tt mt s
loi vi sinh v cht nhim bn dng hu c. Cc nh sn xut mng ln thng cung cp km
theo cht ty ra mng, cht ty ra c pha ch theo cng thc c nghin cu ph hp vi
nhiu loi ngun nc v c ch nh s dng cho tng loi mng. Hiu qu ty ra ca cc
dung dch c pha ch thng l cao so vi cc dung dch t pha ch.
11. 4.
Tnh cht quan trng nht ca mng l kh nng kim sot tc thm qua mng ca cc cu
t khc nhau. Cho ti nay hai m hnh chuyn khi c s dng m t qu trnh thm qua
~ 14 ~
mng l: dng chy trong mao qun v m hnh ha tan - khuych tn. Hai m hnh trn c
xy dng ph hp vi ln l xp ca mng, m hnh u p dng cho mng c l xp ln, m
hnh sau thch hp cho cc loi mng c l xp nh v mng c.
M hnh ha tan - khuych tn c xy dng trn c s: mt cht thm qua mng trc ht
c ha tan vo mng, sau n khuych tn qua mng theo hng c nng thp. Cc cht
thm qua mng c mc ha tan (hp ph) khc nhau v khuych tn khc nhau l c s
tch chng ra khi hn hp.
M hnh dng chy trong mao qun c xy dng trn c s gi thit c tn ti mt dng
chy ca cht lng trong mao qun ca mng. ng lc ca dng chy cht lng chnh l s
chnh lch p sut to ra s i lu cng bc (qu trnh chuyn khi c bn: khuych tn, i
lu c trnh by trong 7. 2. 1. 1) gia hai u mng.
Dng chy ca cht lng q do p sut c m t qua nh lut Darcy: dng chy trn mt
n v tit din t l thun vi s chnh lch p sut, dp/dx, trn mt n v di dc theo
hng ca dng chy:
q = - K. dp/dx
(11-6)
K l hng. du m (-) ch hng dng chy t vng p sut cao xung vng thp. nh lut
Darcy m t v cho php tnh ton lng chy qua mt mi trng no . nh lut Darcy ch
ng dng c cho dng chy phng, tc chm, khng s dng c cho vng chy xoy.
Trong dng chy phng, c ch chuyn ng ca cht lng l qu trnh trt ca lp nc n
trn lp nc kia, th hin l tc dng chy t l nghch vi nht ca cht lng. Ch ti
tnh cht , phng trnh (11-6) c vit thnh:
Ko
(11-7)
.dp / dx
.d 4 dp
.
128 dx
(11-8)
~ 15 ~
Ko
d 2 . 3
180(1 ) 2
(11-9)
d2
3
dp / dx
.
.
2
180 (1 )
(11-10)
M hnh dng chy trong mao qun c th ng dng i vi mng vi lc v siu lc. Vic tnh
ton tc dng chy thng vp phi mt s kh khn sau:
- Tc lc ph thuc rt mnh vo ng knh ca mao qun, ln mao qun ca mt mng
no khng phi l mt gi tr xc nh m phn b trong mt khong no .
- xp ca mng c th thay i dc theo chiu dy ca lp mng.
- Trong mt s loi mng (gm, s, kim loi) tnh cht mao qun khng th hin r, mt khng
gian rng c th b mt phn cht rn chn trc khi thng qua ti pha i din.
M hnh chuyn khi do c ch ha tan - khuych tn c p dng c hiu qu i vi cc
mng c (kch thc mao qun nh). Theo m hnh trn th cc cu t (tan) b hp ph trn vt
liu mng, sau khuych tn dc theo chiu dy ca mng v hng c nng thp. M hnh
trn c p dng cho cc mng thm thu ngc, mng tch kh, tch hi trn vt liu polyme.
Ha tan cc cht cn gi l qu trnh hp thu, kh nng hp thu ca mng i vi mt cht tan
c c trng bi kh nng tng tc ca mng v cht tan. Kh nng tng tc cng cao th
kh nng hp thu ca h cng ln; c c trng bi hng s hp thu Kh c gi tr ln. Khuych
tn ca cht tan trong mng l mt qu trnh khuych tn kch hot, ph thuc vo tng tc ca
h cng nh cu trc xp ca mng.
thm ca mng c P trong m hnh ha tan - khuych tn c nh ngha:
P = Kh D
(11-12)
~ 16 ~
JN = - A. (p-)
(11-13)
DN .K N
l.R.T .h
(11-14)
(11-15)
Co, C1 l nng mui ti hai pha ca mng. B l h s thm ca mui c trng cho hp thu
v khuych tn ca mui trong mng:
B
DM .K M
l
(11-16)
11. 5.
thi.
Lc mng bao gm mt khong rng v cc qu trnh tch cht t vi lc cho ti lc thm thu
ngc, vi kch thc ca mao qun t 10 m (10.000 nm) n 1 nm.
Qu trnh lc ph hp vi kch thc tng i ca i tng lc c trnh by trong hnh
11. 4 [11].
vi lc
lc thng
dng
siu lc
lc thm thu
lc nano
0,1 nm 1 nm
kch thc
10 nm
100 nm
1m
10 m
100 m
~ 17 ~
mao qun
C ch tch cht
Ion
1-20
Cht hu c tan
5-200
200-10.000
75.000
vi lc
siu lc
lc nano
lc thm thu
ngc
Huyn ph
rt tt
KTT**
KTT
KTT
Hu c tan
K*
rt tt
rt tt
rt tt
Hu c bay hi
(VOC)
km
mc
kh tt
V c tan
tt
rt tt (90-99%)
Khng
nh
kh cao
rt cao
1-3
3-7
5-10
15-70
p sut
thu
thm
p sut ng lc
(bar)
Gi
thnh 0,04 -0,40 0,04-0,49 0,04-0,40
(USD/(lit.ngy))
0,04-0,40
Gi
0,25-0,80
vn
~ 18 ~
(USD/m3
vo)
Ghi ch: KTT - khng thc t. K - khng ng dng.
Tiu chun thi cao theo qui nh mi ca cc quc gia pht trin v hm lng cn, COD,
BOD v c bit l loi vi sinh gy bnh thc y vic p dng k thut mng vo x l nc
thi vi t cch l mt n v cng ngh trong h thng, ng vai tr tch cc cht trong mt h
lng - rn - kh. Mc ch trc ht ca mng lc l tch cc cht huyn ph, dng keo, cc cht
c phn t lng ln, vi khun.
Mt khc, ti s dng nc thi cng l i hi cp bch i vi nhiu nc. K thut mng
lc cng l phng tin tt tim cn mc tiu trn. Nc thi c th quay vng c nhiu loi
tr loi c cha phn. K thut mng cho php tch loi nhiu tp cht c kch thc khc nhau
nn n khng ch s dng tch cc cht rn m ngay c cc tp cht tan trong nc v v vy
ha hn nhng trin vng x l cc i tng nc thi cha nhiu tp cht hu c tr [12, 13,
14].
Mng c ghp vo h x l vi sinh theo hai phng n: ngay trong khi phn ng v chm
trong (submerged) hoc trong h thng ph nm ngoi khi phn ng (side stream). Mng
chm hot ng vi p sut ng lc thp v do vy tc lc khng cao so vi s dng h
thng ph. Tuy vy, mng chm b nguy c nhim bn v t cn ti cc bin php v sinh
mnh.
H x l vi sinh bao gm cc dng: huyn ph, ct lc sinh hc, dng tng linh ng, dng
lin tc v ngt on trong mi trng hiu kh, thiu kh v ym kh [12, 16, 17, 18].
H t hp x l vi sinh - lc mng ngoi t hiu qu cao v kh nng tch loi cht rn cn
c mt s u im:
- Do khng phi s dng ti qu trnh lng th cp nn c th duy tr mt sinh khi rt cao,
ti 20 - 25 g/l. Mt sinh khi cao cho php gim ng k th tch ca b phn ng do th
tch phn ng t l nghch vi mt sinh khi.
- Mt sinh khi cao cho php tng thi gian lu t bo ca h, thc y loi vi sinh nitrifier
pht trin v cng to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh kh nitrat, tch ly photpho ca vi sinh
vt vi cc cht hu c c ngun gc phn hy ni sinh [13, 16, 17, 18].
- Kh nng tch loi cc cht hu c dng tr trong h t hp c ci thin so vi h x l vi
sinh thng dng do tng cng kh nng hp ph ca bn.
Tuy c rt nhiu u im, h t hp x l vi sinh - lc mng cng i mt vi nhng kh
khn v mt vn hnh v gi thnh.
~ 19 ~
- Giai on cp oxy cho h bn hot tnh thng chim ti 70% nng lng s dng ca h x l
[19] nn nh hng quan trng n gi thnh vn hnh. Mt vi sinh cao trong h x l lm
gim ng k hiu qu hp thu oxy (qu trnh chuyn khi), v d khi tng mt vi sinh t 7 ln
17 g/l th hiu qu hp thu oxy (tnh theo h s ) gim t 0,7 xung cn 0,4.
Do mt vi sinh cao nn qu trnh phn hy ni sinh din ra mnh hn, ko theo l mc
tiu th oxy tng (b li lng bn thi s thp).
C rt nhiu phng n c kho st lm tng hiu sut s dng oxy i vi h t hp vi
sinh - lc mng, thun li hn c l s dng thit b phn phi kh dng cc mn [19, 20, 21].
- Tc lc ca mng gim rt nhanh trong khi vn hnh, t c tc n nh sau mt chu
k. V d vi mng phng polysulphone, kch thc mao qun 0,4 m, tc thm ca mng lc
u l 28 l. m-2. h-1 gim xung cn 8 l. m-2. h-1 sau 76 ngy hot ng. p sut ng lc cng
tc ng n mc suy gim tc lc: tc lc ban u 466 l. m-2. h-1. bar-1 gim xung
n 133
l. m-2. h-1. bar-1 sau 160 chu trnh hot ng. H lc mng s dng p sut ng lc
thp t ra c hiu qu hn v phng din nng lng [12].
V sinh mng theo chu k l thao tc khng th thiu, chu k v sinh mng ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t thuc bn cht ca h x l cng nh vn hnh h thng [22, 23, 24].
Vi nhiu u im ca h t hp vi sinh - lc mng, k thut ny c p dng x l nc
thi sinh hot, nc rc [17, 18], nc thi giu nit, photpho [16, 25, 26, 27], cc loi nc thi
khc nh dt nhum [28] hoc nng cp h thng x l nc thi giy [29].
~ 20 ~
12
H x l t nhin.
~ 21 ~
12. 1.
H x l t nhin v c trng.
12. 2.
~ 22 ~
Lc nhanh
1. nh gi,
chn v tr
Chy trn
1. nh gi,
chn v tr
H nhn to
thc vt ni
1. nh gi,
chn v tr
2. Xc nh mc 2. Xc nh mc 2. Xc nh mc 2. Xc nh mc
tin x l
tin x l
tin x l
tin x l
3. Phng
php thu hoch
3. Chn cch
phn b
3. Chn cch
phn b
~ 23 ~
3. Chn thc
vt v qun l
4. Chn h
phn b
4. Xc nh mc
ti thy lc
4. Xc nh
thng s thit k
4. Xc nh
thng s thit k
5. Xc nh
mc chu ti
5. Xc nh chu
trnh hot ng
5. Xc nh
5. Bin php chng
nhu cu lu gi
truyn nhim
6. Xc nh din
tch t s dng
6. Xc nh din
tch t s dng
6. Xc nh din
tch t s dng
6. Thit k chi
tit h x l
7. Xc nh th
tch lu tr
7. Thit k din
tch lc
7. Xy dng
cc thnh phn
ca h
7. Nhu cu
quan trc
8. Nhu cu v
quan trc
8. Thit k h
gom nc
8. La chn
thc vt
9. Xc nh
nhu cu lu gi
9. Thit k chi
tit h x l
10. Nhu cu
quan trc
10. Nhu cu
quan trc
~ 24 ~
~ 25 ~
(11-1)
Lng nc bc hi tnh trung bnh theo thi gian thng ca mt loi cy trng no . Gi
tr ET c th tra cu t ti liu. Lng ma c th tham kho t ch thy vn ca a phng
c ch n ma ma v ma kh trong nm. Tc thm c la chn l vo khong 2 - 6%
tc thm ca lp t pha trn c chiu cao 2,5 m tnh theo ngy. Thi gian ngh ti nc
dnh cho vic thu hoch cy trng.
Trong trng hp nc sau lc thm nhp vo tng nc ngm s dng cho sinh hot th thit
k h x l s i hi cht lng v phng din hp cht nit trong nc thi phn nhiu c
tch loi thng qua qu trnh hp thu ca thc vt, qu trnh nitrat ha - kh nitrat ng gp
khng nhiu.
Trong trng hp s dng nc ti tiu th lu lng lc s bao gm cc thnh phn: cn
ti, lng nc bc hi ca cy trng c ti, tc thm ca vng t canh tc, ch
~ 26 ~
~ 27 ~
12. 3.
H ngp nc c nh ngha l din tch lun cha nc tn ti trong t nhin hoc nhn
to: ao, h, vng ngp nng. S dng h ngp nc x l nc thi l k thut x l c gi
thnh thp trong iu kin t nhin ph hp hoc ni t ai c gi thnh thp. H ngp nc s
dng x l nc thi c th cn ng vai tr sinh cnh cho ng vt hoang d v ngun tch
tr nc. Thc vt nui trng trong h ngp nc c tc dng x l nc thi v l ngun sinh
khi c kh nng tn dng cho mt s mc ch khc nhau, v d lm thc n cho vt nui,
nguyn liu si hoc phn bn hu c. H x l ngp nc c th tr thnh mt b phn ca mt
h t hp (integrated system) cho mt ngnh ngh sn xut: nui trng thy sn, vn - ao chung, canh tc [18, 19, 20] hoc l h x l tip ca cc qu trnh x l th cp trc nhm
tng cng cht lng ca ngun thi [21, 22]. H x l ngp nc c th phn thnh cc dng
chnh l: ngun nc c nui trng thc vt ni v thc vt chm trong nc, nui loi thc vt
na ni na chm (r bm trong t, thn v l nm trong nc v khng kh).
c trng c bn ca ngun nc l chy t do trn b mt, tc l ngun nc mt, khc vi
h lc l nc thm vo (qua) tng t, tc l tr thnh nc ngm.
Thc vt s dng trong ao h l loi ni trn mt nc nh bo ty, bo hoa du, bo tm; to
cc loi. Mt s loi rong, ru c r bm trong bn, thn v l nm trong nc. Trong mt s
vng nc nng hoc ven b, lau, sy, c c r bm trong bn, mt phn thn nm trong nc v
l trong khng kh. S, vt trong cc vng ngp mn cng c hnh thc tn ti tng t.
Ao, h x l nc thi c th l dng t nhin hoc do xy dng c ch nh. Mc nc trong
ao h x l nm trong khong 0,4 - 2 m, thng gp l khong 1 m.
Tc dng x l dinh dng ca cc vng ngp nc l: hp thu do thy thc vt, hot ng
ca vi sinh vt, mt s phn ng ha hc. Cc c ch x l dinh dng trn c tc ng tng
tc ln nhau v xy ra ng thi trong h nhng vi tc bin ng kh mnh theo chu k thi
gian.
Thy thc vt s dng cn c nhng tiu ch sau la chn:
- Hiu sut sinh khi (sn lng ln).
- Kh nng tch ly dinh dng cao.
- C kh nng vn chuyn oxy t khng kh vo mi trng t v nc.
- D thu hoch.
- Pht trin tt trong cc iu kin thi tit.
Ngoi kh nng hp thu dinh dng t nc thi, cc loi thy thc vt cn ng vai tr cht
mang ca vi sinh vt v nh tng tc gia thc vt vi vi sinh tng cng hiu qu x l cc
cht gy nhim.
~ 28 ~
Trong cc vng ngp nc, hm lng oxy ha tan tng i cao do mt vi sinh vt tiu
th oxy thp, oxy c to ra do qu trnh quang hp ca to v cc loi thy thc vt, do oxy
thm t kh quyn qua qu trnh khuych tn v chuyn khi cng bc (gi, sng). Trong lp
t bn, hm lng oxy thp hn do ngun cung cp b hn ch v do vi sinh vt hot ng
mnh. Trong lp t hnh thnh hai vng r rt theo chiu su: lp trn c nng oxy ln (lp
hiu kh) v lp pha di c t hoc khng c oxy (lp ym kh). Thc vt loi na chm na
ni c nh hng n hnh trng ca lp t ny. Thc vt hp th oxy qua l, vn chuyn n
tng b phn ca cy cho qu trnh h hp ca t bo. Mc vn chuyn oxy trong thn cy
c d dng hn trong cc loi cy c xp cao (cy thn bc). Lng oxy d tha cho h
hp ca t bo r c thi ra mi trng nc i vi thc vt ni v vo lp bn i vi thc
vt na chm na ni to ra vng t hiu kh xung quanh r. iu kin hiu kh trong vng thc
y qu trnh oxy ha cc hp cht ha hc: sunfua hydro, st (II), mangan (II), thc y hot
ng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh (oxy ha cht hu c v amoni).
Thc vt ni vn chuyn oxy qua r vo nc ch c ngha trong trng hp r ca chng
di, v d trong trng hp ca bo ty hoc cy ng tin nc (pennywort) v lp nc st
b mt thng giu oxy hn lp nc su.
Bo ty c kh nng cung cp 55 mg O2/g r trong ngy, ng tin nc cung cp oxy cn ln
hn, ti 112 mg/g r trong ngy. Loi cy na ni na chm c kh nng cp oxy t 4 - 37 mg/g
r trong ngy [23].
Kh nng tch loi dinh dng ca thy thc vt ph thuc vo tc to thnh sinh khi,
thnh phn ca nc thi, su ca lp nc, c trng ca lp t bn, kh nng nh oxy ca
b r, mt nui trng thc vt, chu k thu hoch v thi tit.
Mc tch ly dinh dng trong t bo thc vt c quyt nh bi tc tng trng sinh
khi v thnh phn dinh dng (N, P) trong t bo thc vt. Bng 12. 2 ghi sn lng ca mt s
cy trng, hm lng protein th trong sn phm v sn phm thu hoch tnh theo protein (tnh
theo khi lng kh trn mt n v ha, trong thi gian mt nm).
Bng 12. 2. Sn lng v thnh phn m ca mt s cy trng [6]
Loi cy
Sn lng
(t/ha/nm)
Protein th
(%)
Sn lng protein
(kg/ha/nm)
Bo tm
17,60
37
6510
u tng
1,59
41,7
660
Ht bng
0,76
24,9
190
Lc
3,12
23,6
380 - 740
~ 29 ~
C Alfalfa
4,37 - 15,69
15,9 - 17,0
690 - 2670
Bng 12. 2 cho thy bo tm l loi thc vt c sn lng cao v thnh phn m trong
cng rt cao, v vy n c th c dng lm thc n cho gia sc, gia cm v mt s loi c. c
trng trn ca bo tm chng t tim nng tch loi dinh dng t nc thi. So snh kh nng
hp thu N, P ca mt s loi thc vt nhiu a phng khc nhau c ghi trong bng 12. 3.
Bng 12. 3. Kh nng hp thu N, P ca mt s loi thy thc vt ni [6] (gi tr trong ngoc l
s liu v ma ng).
a phng
loi thc vt
Tc hp th (g. m-2/ngy)
N
Florida USA
bo ty
1,30 (0,25)
0,24 (0,05)
Florida USA
rau dip nc
0,99 (0,26)
0,22 (0,07)
Florida USA
ng tin nc
0,37 (0,37)
0,09 (0,08)
USA
1,67
0,22
Lemna sp
0,50 - 0,59
0,14 - 0,30
0,47
0,16
0,26
0,05
Louisiana USA Bo tm
Bangladesh
Thnh phn nc thi cng nh hng n nng sut cy trng v hm lng protein trong
sn phm (bng 12. 4).
Bng 12. 4. Sn lng bo tm (cc loi) sinh trng trong cc loi nc thi [6].
Loi
Mi trng nc
Sn lng
Protein
(tn kh/ha/nm) th (%)
17 - 32
L. minor
Nc sau x l ym kh
10,7
28,9
L. gibba
55
30
L. gibba
10,9 - 54,8
30 - 40
S. polyrrhiza
~ 30 ~
9,2 - 21,4
24 - 28
27
37
17,6 - 31,5
30
W. arrhiza
Lemna spp
Tc pht trin ca cy trng, ngoi iu kin dinh dng (N, P, K, vi lng) cn ph thuc
vo ngun carbon t kh carbonic, kh nng quang hp ca chng vo iu kin nhit . Nhiu
loi cy trng ch sinh trng v pht trin ma h, thm ch li tn v ma ng, s sng ch
tn ti trong b r ri pht trin tr li khi c iu kin p ng.
Thc vt na chm na ni mc kh ph bin ti cc do t ven b ao, h, c nhiu cy
thuc loi lu nin, tc tng trng sinh khi v tch ly dinh dng cao. Loi thc vt na
chm na ni thng s dng x l gm: c ui mo, cy sy, cy c nn [12, 23, 24]. Cc
loi thc vt trn phn b rng cc vng kh hu. V ma ng phn thn trn thng b cht,
phn thn gc v r tch ly nng lng tip tc pht trin khi vo xun.
Thc vt na chm na ni c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin trong nhiu loi t v nc
thi. c trng ca t v nc thi nh hng n thnh phn dinh dng trong t bo thc vt.
Chu k thu hoch sinh khi cng nh hng n hiu qu x l nc thi: thu hoch sm lm
gim hiu qu v thc vt c kch thc ln c kh nng hp thu dinh dng mnh, thu hoch
mun cy s gi, cht, phn hy s tr li dinh dng v cht hu c v mi trng nc v t.
Thc vt thu hi c c th s dng lm thc n cho ng vt, lm phn hu c hay sn xut
kh t.
Ngoi c ch hp thu dinh dng to ra sinh khi, tch loi cc cht nhim cn c
thc hin thng qua mt s c ch khc.
X l cht hu c.
Cht hu c c chuyn ha thng qua cc qu trnh: ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh.
Vai tr ca thy thc vt l vt mang cho cc loi vi sinh vt, chng phn hy cc cht hu c
theo cc c ch tng ng vi iu kin mi trng. Do c cung cp oxy t thc vt, vi sinh
vt hiu kh c iu kin pht trin tt hn so vi cc vng thiu oxy, khi mt vi sinh cc
loi l khng u nhau trong mi trng nc v t.
X l hp cht nit.
Ngoi kh nng hp thu hp cht nit ca thc vt, cc qu trnh c lin quan n tch loi
hp cht nit gm: nitrat ha, kh nitrat v bay hi amoniac vo kh quyn. Nitrat ha xy ra
trong ao h nui thc vt, ph thuc vo mt ca chng, cc iu kin khc (oxy, kim) l
~ 31 ~
yu t t b hn ch. Nhn chung, mt vi sinh t dng trong diu kin bnh thng khng cao.
Qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra ch trong iu kin thiu oxy, trong lp nc su hoc bn y v cn
phi c lng cht hu c cn thit. Cng trong iu kin thiu oxy, qu trnh ln men ym
kh l ngun cnh tranh cht hu c vi qu trnh kh nitrat.
Cht hu c cha nit b thy phn, to ra amoni vi mc kh nhanh, v vy thnh phn
hp cht nit trong nc tn ti ch yu dng amoni.
Qu trnh bc hi amoniac vo kh quyn ph thuc vo t nht l ba yu t: dng tn ti l
amoniac, nhit cao v ng lc ca qu trnh chuyn khi. Amoniac tn ti trong iu kin
pH cao, ch xy ra khi ao h cha nhiu to, thc vt chm trong nc, trong lc xy ra quang
hp mnh. Trong khi quang hp, thc vt hp th kh CO2 trong nc lm tng pH ca nc,
iu kin trn lm lch cn bng gia amoniac v amoni, to ra t l thnh phn trung ha ln c
kh nng bay hi.
Nhit tng lm gim kh nng ha tan ca amoniac, thc y qu trnh bc hi.
Sng to, gi mnh thc y qu trnh chuyn khi ca amoniac ln b mt nc v qua lp
mng gianh gii gia nc v kh quyn.
X l hp cht photpho.
Trong h x l ngp nc, hp cht photpho c thc vt hp th, vi sinh vt hp thu, hp
ph v lng trong bn, kt ta thnh dng khng tan. Nhn chung hp cht photpho chuyn ha
v tn ti trong h ngp nc theo chu trnh t nhin kn, ch tch ra khi h theo sinh khi c
thu hoch v vy nn c xu hng tch ly cao trong h. Hp cht photpho dng v c c tnh
linh hot cao hn dng hu c nn d xy ra qu trnh trao i gia nc v lp bn y, tc
qu trnh trao i ph thuc vo nng photpho trong lp nc trn v kh nng gi photpho
ca lp bn, tc l ph thuc vo kh nng hp ph, gii hp ca pha bn y v nc.
Nu lp bn y c tnh axit, th hp cht st v nhm trong bn l tc nhn lu gi photpho,
cn nu lp bn y c tnh kim th cc hp cht canxi, magie ng vai tr lu gi photpho.
Kh nng cung cp photpho cho thc vt trong t (bn) c pH hi thp n trung ha tt hn
l loi t c pH cao.
~ 32 ~
Mc d l thnh phn khng th thiu trong c th sng, nhng kim loi nng c nguy c gy
c cho c th vi sinh vt. c tnh sinh l v c ch gy c ca kim loi nng l do tnh tch
in, kh nng to phc cht v tnh a ha tr ca chng. Tc dng gy c ca kim loi nng l
che chn cc nhm chc ca cc phn t chc nng nh cc enzym hoc cc phn t c chc
nng vn chuyn oxy, dinh dng, cc ion cho t bo ca c th. Tc dng c hi khc l chng
cnh tranh v thay th cc kim loi l thnh phn ca cc phn t chc nng, qua lm bin
dng, mt hoc hn ch hot ng ca cc phn t .
Thc vt v sinh vt bc thp c kh nng tch ly mt s kim loi nng trong t bo, k c
cc loi cn thit cho c th chng v loi khng cn thit.
Do c tnh ca kim loi nng nn tiu chun thi ca chng c kim sot kh ngt ngho
v x l, cc bin php thng c s dng l hp ph, trao i ion, kt ta hoc cc qu
trnh mng thch hp.
Mt s loi vi khun, thc vt, to, nm c kh nng hp thu mt s kim loi t mi trng
theo c ch ha l (hp ph) hoc trao i cht [25]. Mt vi c ch ha l cng c tc ng gin
tip n trao i cht ca cc c th sng, v d cc phc cht ha hc c th to thnh gia cc
nhm chc cha N, S, O ca t bo vi kim loi nng khi t bo cn ang hot ng hoc
cht. Hin tng trn c th xem l s tch ly kim loi trong c th sinh vt.
Kh nng tch ly (x l) kim loi nng ca vi sinh vt ph thuc vo c trng ha l ca h:
pH ca nc, nhit ca mi trng, bn cht (trng thi ha tr) ca kim loi nng v ph
thuc vo mt lot cc c trng sinh ha ca sinh vt nh cc tc ng lm thay i thnh phn
mng t bo, kh nng ng ha hay tc pht trin sinh khi.
Tch ly kim loi nng trong c th sinh vt, ch yu c th phn loi theo hai c ch: hp
ph (trn thnh t bo, trn polysachrid ngoi bo hoc vi cc cht khc t lin quan n qu
trnh trao i cht xy ra trong t bo) v c ch trao i cht. C ch tch ly kim loi sau lin
quan n trao i v vn chuyn cht xy ra trong t bo. Hp ph xy ra thng l nhanh, trn
c th sng hoc cht. C ch trao i v chuyn vn cht ch xy ra trong c th sng v
thng l vi tc chm nhng vi mc tch ly cao mt s c th sinh vt. Vi c th
sinh vt sng, hai c ch tch ly kim loi nng trn c th xy ra ni tip nhau hoc ng thi.
Hp ph kim loi nng bn ngoi t bo tuy nhanh nhng cng sm b bo ha, ngc li vi
qu trnh tch ly do trao i cht v vn chuyn. Khi qu trnh hp ph t mc bo ha c th
xy ra qua trnh gii hp ph kim loi vo mi trng nc hoc bn. Qu trnh trao i cht xy
ra theo thi gian di, kh nng tch ly cao v chm nhit thp. Mt khc cc t bo sng
ch chu ng c nng kim loi nng vng nng thp.
~ 33 ~
Tch kim loi nng ra khi mi trng t hoc nc c th thc hin qua su c ch ch
yu: bay hi, lng ng ngoi bo, to phc cht ngoi bo, tch ly trong t bo v phn ng
oxy ha kh, hp ph trn b mt t bo [25].
Mt s c th vi sinh vt c kh nng to phc cht c - kim (hu c - kim loi) d bay hi
qua phn ng metyl ha kim loi, to ra hp cht metyl kim loi. V d kh quen thuc l s to
thnh selen metyl t selenat hoc selenid, sn phm to thnh d bay hi l dimetyl selenid,
dimetyl diselenid hay dimetyl selenon [26].
Sa lng ngoi bo c hiu l qu trnh lin quan n mt s vi sinh vt, trong qu trnh trao
i cht, thi ra mt s hp cht c kh nng c nh kim loi nng. V d vi sinh vt kh sunfat
to ra hp cht kh sunfua hydro (H2S, S2-), hp cht ny to thnh kim loi nng - sunfua c
tan rt nh hoc trong iu kin nht nh, vi sinh vt gii phng ra hp cht photphat, mui
photphat ca nhiu kim loi nng cng c tan thp.
To phc cht ngoi bo l qu trnh to ra phc cht gia kim loi nng trong mi trng vi
hp cht hu c do c th sinh vt tng hp nh siderophore, polyme ngoi bo. Hp cht tng
hp sinh ha c i lc cao vi nhiu ion kim loi nng, v d cc polyanion (polyme cha nhiu
nhm chc dng m) c kh nng kt hp tt vi cc ion kim loi tch in dng, polyme cha
cc nhm hydroxyl (OH), carboxyl (COO), nhm chc cha N, S, P u c kh nng to phc
cht kh bn vi kim loi nng.
Tch ly kim loi nng trong t bo l mt qu trnh ch ng, ph thuc vo qu trnh trao
i cht ca t bo c lin quan mt thit n mt qu trnh vn chuyn cht c th no hoc
do s bin ng v thm ca mng t bo c nguyn nhn t tc ng bt bnh thng t bn
ngoi.
Vn chuyn kim loi nng trong t bo thng lin quan n qu trnh in ha tn ti trong
t bo, ph thuc vo chnh lch pH, in th v th nng ca mng t bo. Khi c mt trong
t bo, cc ion kim loi nng s c nh v ti mt v tr no , to phc cht vi protein v
th hin c tnh.
Nhiu c th sinh vt c kh nng oxy ha hoc kh cc ion kim loi trong c th chng,
phn ng oxy ha kh lm gim hoc tng kh nng linh ng ca ion kim loi nng.
Hp ph ion kim loi nng trn b mt cng l mt c ch tch ly kim loi ca vi sinh vt.
Qu trnh hp ph xy ra khng ch vi cc kim loi cn thit m c i vi cc kim loi khng
cn thit cho c th sinh vt. Trn b mt t bo c th xy ra hin tng sa lng hoc to ra lin
kt ha hc gia cc nhm chc ca t bo vi ion kim loi nng (trn thnh hoc mng t bo).
Hp ph trn b mt ca t bo ch yu xy ra theo c ch to phc cht.
X l cht hu c lng vt.
~ 34 ~
12. 4.
Mt s h x l thng dng.
X l nc thi ni chung hay dinh dng ni ring trong cc h t nhin hoc nhn to l s
phi hp ng thi nhiu gii php k thut vi mc ch ng kim sot khng c cht ch
nh trong cc h thng x l cng ngh tiu chun. H x l t nhin c th phn loi theo nhiu
cch: nc x l chy ngm di mt t hoc chy trn trn b mt, lc nhanh hoc chm v
lun c s tham gia ca thc vt do ch ng hay khng ch ng nui trng. Nhiu h c
tiu chun ha, c xc lp x l nc thi (thng cho qui m nh) nhiu quc gia.
~ 35 ~
gp iu kin thun li. To cng c th lan truyn thng qua ng vt: cn trng, cc loi chim
nc, thy cm. To lc l loi n bo, kch thc nh, thng xut hin sm nht trong cc ao
h do gi v khng kh mang ti. Do t l gia din tch v th tch ln ca to lc nn kh nng
hp thu thc n v nh sng cao hn cc loi to c kch thc ln, ko theo l tc pht trin
ca chng rt nhanh. Sau giai on u nh c, t l cc loi to ph thuc vo s cnh tranh
ngun nui dng chng. Rt nhiu loi to c kh nng tn ti dai dng trong nhng iu kin
khng thun li cho s pht trin. Chnh chng l ngun to ging cho cc h nc sau mt thi
gian b phi kh.
Bng 12. 5. Thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s loi to tnh theo khi lng kh (spirulina
platensis VN sn xut ti Vit Nam) [27, 28].
Thnh phn
67
67
66
50 - 55 50-56
Gluxit (%)
25 - 35
Lipit (%)
10 - 15
11,5
13
12 - 19 12-14
Carbonhydrat
(%)
15,3
14,5
12,5
10 - 15 10-17
4,2
4,5
4,3
4-6
4-6
X (%)
0,1
0,9
10 - 12
3-7
Tro (%)
10 - 34
7,6
10,3
6-8
6 - 10
Sterol (%)
0,1 - 0,2
Sterin (%)
0,1 - 0,5
0,16
B-caroten (%)
Chlorophyll a (%)
2,2
Chlorophyll b (%)
0,58
Vi tamin
B1 (mg/g)
18
C (mg/g)
0,3 - 0,6
K (mg/g)
B6 (mg/g)
2,3
~ 36 ~
B12 (mg/g)
7-9
B2 (mg/g)
3,5
nh sng c vai tr quan trng cho to pht trin. Nng lng nh sng cn cho to pht trin
l loi nh sng nhn thy c bc sng nm trong vng 400 - 700 nm. Cng nh sng c
nh ngha l dng nng lng ca nh sng chiu trn 1 m2 din tch trong mt giy (Em-2. s-1).
V nh sng s tt dn khi xuyn qua lp nc cho nn cng di su cng nh sng
cng nh. Trong di nh sng nhn thy tn ti nhiu loi nh sng c mu khc nhau. nh sng
mu (bc sng ln, nng lng thp) b nc hp th mnh nn tt nhanh, nh sng mu
vng, lc, lam t b nc hp th nn c kh nng xuyn thu su hn trong nc. Sc t mu
hp th nh sng ca to ch yu l hp cht chlorophyll, cht ny hp th mnh nh sng mu
v mu lc. V vy nhng loi to su trong nc l loi c sc t quang hp ph hp vi
kh nng hp th nh sng c kh nng truyn qua, tc l loi nh sng t b nc hp th.
Cng nh sng cn thit to pht trin nm trong khong 5 - 20 E/(m2. s), ph thuc
vo loi to, tnh trng dinh dng, nhit v cc yu t khc. c mt s hnh dung th
thin v cng nh sng c th dn ra s liu sau: bui tra ngay ti v tr st mt nc cc
vng nhit i, cng nh sng t 200 n1600 E/(m2. s) ty thuc vo thi tit. So snh th
thin cc s liu trn cho thy: pht trin to ch cn khong 1% nh sng t nhin vo bui
tra cc vng nhit i. su ca lp nc m nh sng xuyn ti c 1% gi l im cn
bng, ti qu trnh quang hp (sinh ra cht hu c, quang hp tng th) ngang bng vi qu
trnh h hp (cht hu c b tiu hao do h hp). S pht trin tht s ca to l tc sinh ra
cht hu c, chnh l hiu s ca qu trnh quang hp tng th v s tiu hao do h hp, lp
nc trn im cn bng gi l lp thu quang, trong lp c s pht trin tht s ca to.
Khi ngun nc b c hay c mu, to pht trin chm v ch xy ra vi cm ca lp nc
trn b mt.
Do phi sng di nc nn b my quang hp ca to phi thch hp vi iu kin thiu
nh sng v cng v l do chng s b c ch khi nh sng qu mnh. V d chng b c ch
mt phn khi cng nh sng t 200 - 800 E/(m2. s) v hon ton ngng quang hp khi
cng nh sng vt 1400 E/(m2. s).
S c mt ca to trong ao h t chng cng iu ha v mc nh sng trong nc. V d
khi mt to cao s che chn bt nh sng v hm li s pht trin tip theo ca to, qu trnh
quang hp km i, t sinh ra oxy. Qu trnh c gi l to ra bng mt. Qu trnh to bng
mt cng nh hng n thnh phn loi to trong ao h. V d, di iu kin bng mt loi
to lam pht trin c di iu kin thiu nh sng v vy t trng ca chng tng ln. Mt s
loi to khi b thiu nh sng s tm cch ni ln trn mt nc bng cch lm gim khi lng
ring ca t bo thu c nhiu nh sng.
~ 37 ~
~ 38 ~
~ 39 ~
~ 40 ~
sinh vt pht trin vi t cch l cht mang v r bo ng thm vai tr cht lc lm trong nc.
Vi thn xp, r di, bo c kh nng vn chuyn oxy t l, qua thn n r v vo mi trng
nc rt hiu qu, to iu kin cho vi sinh vt hiu kh tng nc su hot ng.
Kh nng thm oxy t kh quyn trong cc ao bo c mt nui trng cao b hn ch do b
che chn bi l v thn bo.
Tc dng loi b dinh dng ca bo da trn hai c trng chnh l tc tng sinh khi v
hm lng protein cao trong sinh khi ca bo (15 - 22%). V l do , tc thu hoch bo s
nh hng trc tip n kh nng x l dinh dng ca h [37, 38, 39].
Bo ty l loi thy thc vt c s dng rng ri nht trong cc ao h x l nc thi. Ao
h cha bo dng x l c th chia ra lm ba loi da trn c trng tnh trng oxy ha tan
trong nc: hiu kh t nhin, hiu kh c b xung thm oxy v loi ty nghi.
H hiu kh t nhin c kh nng x l nc thi t mc cp hai hoc x l hp cht nit
ph thuc vo mc nhim hu c ca nc thi, l loi thng dng nht hin nay. u
im ca loi ao hiu kh t nhin l t sinh ra rui mui, cn trng, t gy mi hi.
Vi cc ao h c v tr khng qu nhy cm vi mi, h nui bo c th sc kh b xung x
l cc dng thi c mc nhim hu c cao v tit kim din tch.
Loi h nui bo ty nghi c hiu qu x l cao, chu c loi nc thi c nhim ln.
Nhc im chnh ca n l gy mi v hp dn mui, cn trng.
Bo c tc dng hn ch hay ngn chn to pht trin do che chn nh sng t trn b mt
hoc kt hp vi h sinh hc cao ti tch loi to nhm tn dng kh nng x l dinh dng
ca to [32, 39].
Thng s k thut dng thit k ao h nui bo gm: thi gian lu thy lc, su ca lp
nc, cu hnh ca ao h, ti lng hu c v ti lng thy lc.
Thi gian lu thy lc ph thuc vo ti lng hu c, ti lng thy lc v chiu su ca lp
nc. Ti lng hu c l yu t quan trng nht.
su ca lp nc l yu t kim sot mc trn nc theo chiu dc, lp nc cng su
kh nng trn cng km. su ca lp nc cn m bo sao cho nc thi c c iu kin
tip xc vi r ca bo, ni m vi sinh vt bm trn . Chiu su ca lp nc c thit k
theo mc ch cht lng thi hay i tng cn x l, gi tr c trng c ghi trong bng 12.
6.
H x l bao gm nhiu ngn ni tip nhau, su ca cc ngn cui thng c thit k
ln hn do r bo c xu hng pht trin hn v chiu di khi kh nng cp dinh dng gim.
thch nghi vi iu kin bin ng ca thy vn a phng, h nui bo cn c thit k
u x c kh nng iu chnh c mc nc trong h.
~ 41 ~
Bng 12. 6. Thng s k thut c trng thit k h nui bo ty, bo tm v hiu qu k vng
[11].
Thng s
Dng ao h nui bo
Hiu kh
t nhin
Hiu kh b Ty nghi
xung oxy x l N, P
Bo tm
Nc u vo
Tch rc
hay cn
Tch rc
hay cn
Sau x l
bc 2
Sau h sinh
hc ty nghi
130-180
130-180
30
40
Ti lng BOD,
kg. ha-1. d-1
45-90
170-340
12-45
22-35
Chiu su lp 0,5-1,0
nc, m
1,0-1,3
0,6-0,9
1,3-2,0
4-8
6-18
20-25
0,04-0,16
0,06-0,09
> 10
>7
Thi gian lu
thy lc, d
10-36
>10
> 10
BOD, mg/l
< 20
< 15
< 10
< 30
Cn, mg/l
< 20
< 15
< 10
< 30
TN, mg/l
< 15
< 15
<5
< 15
TP, mg/l
<6
<1-2
<2-4
<6
Cu hnh ca ao nui bo ty thng s dng l hnh ch nht ni tip nhau. Quay vng nc
v phn phi nc vo theo kiu chia dng vo cc ao c s dng nhm gim nng tp
cht hu c ti vng xung quanh r bo, tng cng qu trnh chuyn khi n r bo, gim mc
gy mi.
Ti lng hu c p dng cho ao nui bo ty nm trong khong rng, t 10 - 300 kg. ha-1
trong ngy. Nu ao khng c sc kh b xung, mi s xut hin vi ti lng 160 kg. ha 1
/ngy. Mi hi cng xut hin ngay c vi ti lng thp hn nu trong nc thi c cha
~ 42 ~
~ 43 ~
trong t bo ca bo thp. Kim loi nng c th c tit ra t cn sa lng khi mi trng thay
i th oxy ha kh.
Khi lng kh %
Bo ty
Bo tm
Protein th
18,1
38,7
Hm lng N
2,9
5,9
Photpho (P)
0,6
0,6
~ 44 ~
~ 45 ~
~ 46 ~
~ 47 ~
hot ng cng nghip v i sng. Nc s dng trong sn xut nng nghip dng cho mc
ch ti tiu. Ti s dng nc thi s b p c mt phn nhu cu s dng trong sn xut
nng nghip.
Ao bo tm c tc dng n nh nc thi cho mc ch ti tiu v n c kh nng loi b
c nhiu yu t gy nh hng bt li cho cc cy trng khc nh gim mui, cc khong
cht tan, gim bt s pht trin ca to.
Mc d bo tm c kh nng hp thu dinh dng, cnh tranh vi cc cy trng khc, tuy vy
nhu cu dinh dng ca cc cy trng ph thuc vo thi k pht trin nn vic b xung thm
dinh dng vo nc thi sau khi x l vi bo tm cng khng kh khn. Nc thi sau x l
vi bo tm cha nng dinh dng thp (N, P) l yu t c li i vi thy ng vt v gim
thiu nhim cho nc ngm.
~ 48 ~
Hnh 12.1. Cy sy
Hnh 12. 2. Cy c nn
~ 49 ~
Vi khun
Actinomycet
Nm
Si khng trng cy a)
0.6. 106
3,1. 104
1,0. 103
Si trng c nn a)
1,6. 106
1,4. 105
4,0. 103
R c nn b)
3,5. 106
2,5. 106
2,8. 104
Si trng cy sy a)
1,2. 107
2,8. 105
1,1. 105
R cy sy b)
6,6. 109
1,3. 106
1,6. 106
~ 50 ~
phn
tp C ch x l
Cn khng tan
Lng, lc, hp ph
BOD
Hp cht nit
Ch yu do nitrat ha - kh nitrat.
Oxy ha amoniac bi vi sinh trong vng hiu
kh. Kh nitrat, nitrit trong vng thiu kh.
Mt phn nh c thc vt hp th.
Hp cht photpho
Vi khun gy bnh
~ 51 ~
nc vo
si, vng
phn b
nc
ra ao
Tng lc
ng thu nc iu
chnh c cao
Hng ca dng nc
~ 52 ~
Q(ln Co ln Ce )
k
(12-1)
A: din tch ca thm lc (m2), Q: lu lng lc hng ngy (m3/ngy), Co: BOD trung bnh
ca dng vo, Ce: nng BOD sau x l (mg/l), k: hng s tc (m/ngy).
Gi tr ca k ph thuc vo tnh sinh hy ca tp cht hu c trong nc thi v tnh nng ca
vt liu lc. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu x l nc thi sinh hot xut gi tr k, theo din
tch lc cn thit cho mt ngi tng ng (person equivalent - 200 lit nc sinh hot/u
ngi) l t 3 - 5 m2/ngi [43, 44, 45, 46].
Tit din lc (chiu rng chiu su) ca tng lc c tnh trn c s nh lut thm ca
Darcy:
AL
Q
k L .dH / dS
(12-2)
A: Tit din lc (m2); Q: Lu lng lc (m3. s-1), kL: Tc thm ca tng lc (m3. m-2. s-1 =
m. s-1); dH/dS: chnh lch thy lc (5%). Anh, gi tr k L c s dng l 10-3m. s-1. Theo
Kickuth th gi tr kL < 10-4m. s-1 nhm trnh s cun tri ca tng lc v duy tr c cc iu
kin hiu kh, thiu kh v ym kh trong tng lc. Mt cy trng dy s tng c hiu qu
x l.
Ph thuc vo iu kin c th, cc tiu chun thit k h lc ngang ca tng vng c thit
lp v p dng, v d tiu chun thit k h x l dng lau sy ca c (Abwassertechnische
Vereinigung eV. (ATV) nm 1998) hng dn thit k nhm mc ch x l BOD, i vi qui
m ti 1000 ngi tng ng c trnh by trong bng 12. 10.
Thng s thit k h x l ch c gi tr trong tng trng hp c th, chng thay i trong
khong rng khi mc tiu x l t ra khc nhau (v d x l nit, photpho, x l bn), iu kin
thc hin khc nhau (nng m, thi k kh hay ma, t hp vi cc phng php x l khc [48,
49, 50]. Vi cc thng s thit k ghi trong bng 12. 10, nc thi sau x l t: BOD 40 mg/l,
COD 150 mg/l.
Hiu qu x l ca h cao i vi BOD, P, tuy nhin kh nng x l hp cht nit b hn ch,
c bit v ma lnh [43, 45].
Tng t trng trt v c trng ca n cng nh hng n hiu qu x l ca h. Vt liu
c th s dng l si nh, ct hoc hn hp ca c hai, i khi mt lng nh t st (5%) c
b xung thm tng kh nng hp ph photpho. Lc ngang cn chiu su ( 80 cm) v vy din
tch lc trong trng hp cn thp hn (2,5 m2 so vi 5 m2). Tng lc xui ch cha khng
qu 2% st nhm m bo thm ca lp lc.
~ 53 ~
Bng 12. 10. Tiu chun thit k h x l trng lau sy theo ATV, A 262, 1998 i vi nc
thi sinh hot [45].
Thng s
H lc lau sy
Chiu lc
Lc ngang
Lc xui
X l s b (lng s cp)
Vt liu lc
Ct, si nh
Ct, si nh
10-3-10-4
10-3-10-4
50
80
2,5
60
Thc vt
Cy sy
Cy sy
trnh gy tc tng lc, nc thi trc khi x l cn c tch khi thnh phn cht rn v
cn c kim tra trong khi vn hnh. Nhm tng cng hiu qu x l i vi c cc thnh
phn tp cht khc, cc bin php vn hnh c th p dng l: ngt on, thay i lu lng, b
xung thm kh, hn ch ngun nc ma vo h hoc phi hp thm vi cc k thut x l khc
[44, 49].
12. 4. 4. 2. Thm lau sy lc xui.
H x l lc xui c b tr tng t nh mt b lc trng lc thng dng, iu khc bit
duy nht l thc vt c trng trn lp lc, r cy nm trong lp lc. Vt liu lc s dng cng
tng t nh trong trng hp lc ngang (xem bng 12. 10).
Ngun oxy cp cho h lc t khng kh khuych tn vo tng lc qua cc ng dn c l cm
su trong tng lc, qua vn chuyn t l cy qua thn n r. Ty thuc vo mc nhim ca
nc thi, h lc xui c th b tr theo kiu lc mt, hai hay ba giai on, mi giai on bao
gm nhiu tng lc ging nhau, c th su tng lc giai on mt, bn giai on hai v ba
giai on th ba [42]. H lc xui thng hot ng ngt qung, c chen gia thi gian ngng.
Trong thi gian hot ng, mt lp lc dn b tc bi cc cht rn trong nc thi, dn n tc
qu trnh lc. Trong thi gian dng hot ng khong mt tun, cht rn hu c tch t trn lp
lc b phn hy v tr li tnh lc cho tng lc. So vi lc ngang, kh nng cp oxy ca tng lc
xui tt hn. Cho ti nay, thng s s dng thit k ch yu l yu t ti thy lc, vic thit
~ 54 ~
~ 55 ~
K thut x l lc qua thm lau sy c xem l gii php x l r tin, thch hp vi qui m
nh, c bit c hiu qu trong vng c kh hu nng m. K thut thm lau sy c s dng
x l nhiu loi hnh nc thi dng c lp hoc phi hp vi cc k thut khc nhm t
c cc mc tiu t ra: nc thi sinh hot, nc thi b pht, nc thi chung tri, nc rc,
nc khai thc m, nc thuc da, ch bin sa... [42, 54, 55, 56].
K thut x l nc thi vi thm lau sy cng bt u c cc nc pht trin nghin cu
v p dng nhm lm gim gi thnh x l [42, 52].
~ 56 ~
13
X l nc rc.
13. 1.
c im ca cc bi chn lp rc.
~ 57 ~
thnh ph nh hn: Vit Tr, Thi Nguyn, Hu, Hi Phng lng thi t hn: 0,5 - 0,7
kg/ngi/ngy [1].
Tp qun sinh hot cng nh hng nhiu n lng rc thi. iu ny c th nhn bit r
thng qua tp qun n ung ca ngi dn: Lng rc thi ln khi thc n c ch bin ch yu
t ngun th: rau, c, qu ti, t git m gia cm (g, vt), thu sn (tm, c, s, trai, hn, cua),
lng rc thi thp khi s dng thc n qua ch bin (hoc ch bin tng phn) nh hp,
thc n s ch t cc c s sn xut nh thc n lm sn: g, vt, c, cua git m cha qua
nu nng.
cc ni i sng kinh t cha cao, lng rc thi t bao b, giy vn, chai l, hp cng t
hn do lng t v c thu hi kh trit , s dng cho cc mc ch khc.
Lng rc v thnh phn rc cng thay i theo ma, vo ma cy c pht trin mnh lng
l cy, c, hoa qu thi ra (thu nht t cc khu vc cng cng) thng thp hn so vi ma l
rng, kh hn.
Mt nguyn nhn ng k khc nh hng n lng rc chn lp l kh nng thu gom rc
thi ca cc n v thc hin dch v trn - Cng ty mi trng th (URENCO) v lng rc
thi thu hi c ch chim 70 -80% lng thi hng ngy.
Ti H Ni, lng rc thi thu gom tng dn theo tng nm: 1200 - 1400 tn/ngy trong giai
on 2000 - 2002, v hin nay khong 1500 tn/ngy. Lng rc thu gom ch yu c em
chn lp ti khu lin hip x l cht thi ti Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni cch trung tm khong
50 km.
Nhm tn dng cc thnh phn c ch trong rc thi v gim thiu ti a khi lng rc phi
chn lp, gii php phn loi rc ngay ti ni ngun thi c thc hin nghim tc cc nc
pht trin v ang c hng dn thc hin cc nc ang pht trin.
Thnh phn thi d thu hi c gi tr s dng li nh v chai, v hp, st thp vn, giy bo
c nhn chung c thu hi kh trit theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau. cc nc pht trin
cng nh H Ni, chai l (chai nha, thu tinh) c th tr li cho ni bn hng, giy bo c,
giy vn c mua li di dng ng nt ti ch. Mnh vn nylong, nha, mt s loi bao b
c thu nht ti bi chn lp rc.
Lng rc thi em chn ct v vy ch yu l cc cht hu c, cc vt liu v c c kch
thc khng ln lm v mt phn cc loi ph liu khng c gi tr s dng: xm lp c, mnh
vn nha, giy. Th tch chim ch trong bi chn lp ca thnh phn rc hu c chim trn
90%.
Ti cc nc tin tin, rc thi ti gia nh c phn loi cn thn thnh 4 - 5 loi: giy bo
c, v chai l, v c vn, ph thi (snh, s, thy tinh v), rc thi hu c. Khi tr tin cho
dch v thu gom rc, ch nh ch phi tr cho mt s i tng c th: ti mt s vng c,
~ 58 ~
~ 59 ~
cao s tip tc c phn hu (c bit l xc vi sinh vt) trong mi trng nc nhn hoc gy
c, gy mu hn ch s pht trin ca cc loi thu thc vt v thu ng vt sng trong nc.
Thnh phn cht hu c tan trong nc rc rt phong ph vi cc t l nng rt khc nhau:
cc cht hu c kh thng dng (COD, BOD) lng ln vi nng t vi chc ti vi chc
ngn mg/l, n cc cht hu c vi lng (di g/l, phn t) c tc hi rt ln n mi trng,
c bit i vi cc loi thu sinh nh kh nng gy t bin gien, lm ri lon chc nng t bo.
Ngoi cc thnh phn cht hu c, nc rc cn cha mt lot cc mui v c c hm lng
ln: clorua, bicarbonat (HCO3-), sunfat, natri, canxi, magie v mt lot cc kim loi nng ch yu
nm dng phc vi cht hu c c nng thng l thp.
nhim do cht rn.
Rc thi cha kh nhiu cc thnh phn kh phn hu: nylon, nha, cao su, cht lng kh
phn hu, du m khong (du bin th, diesel). Khi c chn ct ln vi rc hu c, cc thnh
phn trn kh phn hu bi vi sinh vt do tnh tr ca chng, thi gian phn hu ca chng c
th ko di ti 40 - 50 nm.
Cc thnh phn gy nhim i vi mi trng nu trn mang tnh cht ph qut. Hm
lng, t l v tng lng nhim t mt bi rc ph thuc vo cc yu t chnh sau:
-
Nc mt chy trn.
Thm t nc ma.
m trong rc.
~ 60 ~
13. 2.
~ 61 ~
t bo v trao i cht ca loi vi sinh to axit thuc nhm acidogens giai on th hai. Giai
on th hai l giai on chuyn ho cc sn phm thu phn thnh axit (loi vi sinh
acidogens nh Clotridium spp, Peptococus anaerobus, Difidobacterium spp, Desulphovibrio
spp...). Sn phm chnh c to ra l axit axetic v mt lot axit khc nh crotonic, adipic,
pyruvic, phthalic, fumaric, lactic, succinic, mallonic, gallic, aconitic, oxaclic v kh hydro.
Giai on to kh metan v carbon dioxit c thc hin bi nhm vi sinh methanogens (to
ra metan). Loi vi sinh ng quan tm nht l loi s dng axit axetic v hydro, chng c tc
pht trin chm v vy giai on hnh thnh kh metan l bc chm nht. Ngoi axit axetic, loi
vi sinh to metan ch c kh nng s dng mt s loi hn ch cc c cht khc nh format,
acetat methanol, methylamin. Chng vi sinh to metan v axit c chung li ch (syntrophic) v
tn ti, nng ta nhau trong th cn bng ng. duy tr trng thi ng ti u cn c cc
iu kin thch hp v pH, nhit , kim, hm lng axit d bay hi, thnh phn dinh dng.
Trng thi ng ti u gip cho kh nng phn hu cht hu c c hiu qu cao.
Thnh phn ho hc ca nc rc trc ht ph thuc vo mc phn hu ca rc (nhit ,
m, tui, iu kin mi trng), chng khc nhau rt r rt i vi tng bi c th. Nc thi
t cc bi rc vi mc phn hu thp (mi, ma kh, lnh) ang trong giai on axit ho th
80-90% cht hu c trong l cc axit hu c d bay hi c kh nng sinh hu cao. Ngc li
nc thi t bi rc c phn hu su (giai on to kh metan ang v sp kt thc) th cc
cht hu c trong ch yu l cc cht tr, kh sinh hu nh axit humic, fulvic, tannin, lignin
v amoni vi hm lng rt cao [5, 6].
Rc thi hu c c thnh phn ho hc c trng nh sau: 25,2% nc, 25,5% carbon, 3,4%
hydro, 20,3% oxy, 0,5% nit, 0,2% lu hunh, 0,5% clorua v 24,4% cht v c khc (tnh theo
khi lng) [7]. Theo t l trn, t l gia C/N trong rc thi l 50 : 1, tuy vy t l ny trong nc
thi rc l nh hn do nhiu hp cht giu carbon khng phn hu c trong iu kin ym kh,
v d cc dng polyme ca g nh lignin, chng c th chim ti 6,8% ca khi lng rc. Gi
tr C/N v vy nm trong khong 22 : 1 n 33,5 : 1.
Thnh phn hu c cha nit trong rc ch yu l protein v mt lng nh hn cc hp cht
axit nucleic, chitin, ure, phospholipit, cc sn phm phn hu t thc n, xc ng vt.
Trong qu trnh phn hu ym kh, protein v cc hp cht cha nit b thu phn bi enzym
do vi sinh ym kh v mt phn hiu kh to ra axit amin, tip tc thnh amoni v carbon dioxit
cng vi axit d bay hi. Mt lng khng ln axit amin, amoni c vi sinh vt s dng cu
to t bo, lng cn d li tn ti trong nc rc. Sau mt chu k hot ng, cc vi sinh ym
kh cht v b phn hu nh xc ng vt.
~ 62 ~
Theo Robinson v Gronow [8] th nng amoni trong nc rc nm trong khong 194 3610 mg/l khi rc phn hu trong giai on axit ho v 283 - 2040 mg/l trong giai on metan
ho.
Nc rc c tch ra khi bi chn, thng c gom v cc h cha trc khi c x l
v thi ra mi trng. S bin ng v nng cht hu c (BOD, COD) v hp cht nit trong
nc thi di s tng tc ca vi sinh vt, iu kin vt l (gi, ma, kh, hanh, nng, lnh) v
thc vt l i tng ng quan tm khi nh gi c trng ca nc rc.
S bin ng nng cht hu c
Nng cht hu c c c trng bi cc ch s nh BOD, COD, tng carbon hu c
(TOC) hoc cc ch s khc nhng thng dng hn c l BOD v COD.
T l COD v BOD ph thuc vo mc phn hu ca rc v nc rc, phn hu cng
cao th t l ny cng ln.
Nng cht hu c trong nc rc trc ht ph thuc vo lng nc pha long trong
ng rc . Ma ma nc thm nhiu, nng thp v ngc li v ma kh, chng khc nhau
ti c chc ln [4].
Khi c cha trong h, ph thuc vo iu kin nng oxy trong nc (th oxy ho kh)
s xy ra cc din bin sau:
Trong cc h ym kh (mt thong nh, lp nc su) lng oxy ho tan thp, gi tr th oxy
ho kh thp (<- 300mV) th ch c loi vi sinh ym kh hot ng. S thay i nng cht hu
c trong nc l do hot ng ca vi sinh ym kh nh trong ng rc nhng thun li hn do
kh nng tip xc gia vi sinh vt vi cht gy nhim tt hn nhiu so vi trong ng rc.
Ngun cht hu c gim i do to thnh sinh khi (10%) v do trao i cht (to nng lng)
(90%). Nu sinh khi khng c tch ra th chng s cht, lng xung y h v tip tc phn
hu to ra ngun cht hu c mi. T l BOD/ COD ca nc thi (v nng axit d bay hi)
rt thp. Hm lng cht hu c d ch yu l loi tr, kh phn hu. Tc ng ca cc iu
kin vt l ln bin ng nng cht hu c khng nhiu ngoi tr hiu ng pha long (ma)
v c c (bc hi).
Trong cc h tu nghi, ni ng thi tn ti c dng vi sinh hiu kh, ym kh cng hot ng
v to c iu kin pht trin th s tng tc gia chng c nh hng rt ln ti s bin ng
nng cht hu c. lp nc su vi sinh vt ym kh hot ng ging nh trong cc h ym
kh. lp nc tng trn s din ra tng tc gia cc vi sinh hiu kh v to.
To l loi thc vt n hoc a bo, c kch thc t vi chc ti mt trm m vi bn
nhm to chnh l to lc, to mt, to vng v to lam. To l loi thc vt t dng (dng
ngun carbon v c) v nng lng quang ho. Chng pht trin theo ma v c th t ti
200mg/l v mt .
~ 63 ~
Kh nng pht trin ca to ph thuc vo ngun dinh dng (N, P), c cht (carbon v c,
CO2, HCO3-) nh sng v nhit . Trong qu trnh quang hp chng nh ra oxy v OH - (lm
tng pH ), khi h hp chng li nh ra kh CO2. Ngun nh sng l nng lng m chng hp thu
trc ht ph thuc vo trong ca nc. Vi sinh hiu kh tng tc cng sinh vi to: sn
phm thi ca qu trnh vi sinh hiu kh (CO2) l nguyn liu to pht trin, kh oxy sinh ra do
qu trnh quang hp l iu kin cn thit vi sinh hot ng. Do hiu sut to sinh khi ca vi
sinh hiu kh cao (1kg BOD to ra khong 0,4kg sinh khi, phn cn li chuyn ho thnh CO 2
v nc) nn s suy gim COD cng v sau cng chm do s phn hu tip theo ca vi sinh hiu
kh v to trong iu kin ym kh tng y.
Trong h hiu kh, hot ng ca to v vi sinh hiu kh xy ra mnh hn so vi h tu nghi,
nng oxy ho tan rt ln, thng l trn mc bo ho v pH cao. Cht hu c d trong ch
yu l loi tr, kh sinh hu (BOD thp )
S bin ng nng ca hp cht nit.
Hp cht nit trong cc h cha gm: cht hu c cha nit, amoni, nitrit, nitrat, hp cht
trong cu trc t bo ca vi sinh v to.
Trong h ym kh, hp cht nit tn ti ch yu dng amoni, mt phn nm trong t bo ca
vi sinh ym kh. Do khng tch c sinh khi ra khi nc nn khi phn hu, amoni c tr
li hu nh trn vn vo mi trng nc.
Trong h tu nghi mc d vi s c mt thm ca vi sinh hiu kh v to, s din bin v
nng hp cht nit cng c hnh nh tng t nhng vi tc gim amoni nhanh hn trong
giai on u v tng nhanh trong giai on phn hu. Trong h hiu kh qu trnh chuyn ho
cc hp cht nit phc tp hn do vi sinh d dng (oxy ho cht hu c) trong iu kin c oxy
do to nh ra, do hot ng ca loi vi sinh t dng (oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit v nitrat) v
kh nitrat do loi vi sinh d dng trong iu kin thiu kh.
Trn lp nc b mt, ni hot ng ca to v do oxy thm t khng kh vi sinh vt t
dng c iu kin pht trin rt tt do mt vi sinh d dng khi ny thp (BOD thp). Suy
gim nng amoni l do vi sinh v to hp thu. Nitrit v nitrat hnh thnh tng trn khuych
tn su xung di y c vi sinh d dng kh thnh kh nit vi s c mt ca cht hu c
phn hu t xc vi sinh v to y. tng y, nng oxy khng ln do thiu s hot ng
ca to v do s phn hu to v vi sinh. S suy gim nng hp cht nit trong h hiu kh l
do qu trnh nitrat v kh nitrat ca cc tp on vi sinh vt.
Do cc c im trnh by trn, khi nh gi v c trng nhim ca nc rc, cn ch ti
tnh bin ng ca n v mt thi gian, khng gian v s chuyn ha ca cc tp cht xy ra
trong qu trnh rc cng nh ti cc h thu gom nc rc.
~ 64 ~
~ 65 ~
~ 66 ~
~ 67 ~
Chu trnh bin i ca cc hp cht nit trong nc rc gm: thy phn cc phn t hu c
ln (protein) thnh cc axit amin v tip tc thnh amoni. Mt phn amoni hnh thnh t thy
phn c vi sinh vt v thy thc vt (to) s dng tng hp t bo. Trong cc ao h cha
nc thi c iu kin th xy ra qu trnh oxy ha amoni thnh nitrit, nitrat v kh nitrat,
nitrit v kh nit (kh vi cht hu c hoc vi amoni, tc l qu trnh kh ANAMOX). Trong
qu trnh phn hy xc vi sinh vt hoc to cht ti y h, qu trnh tip din cng nh trn.
Khc vi chu trnh carbon, mt phn ln cht hu c c tch loi ra khi mi trng nc
thi trong chn lp v thu gom nc, hp cht nit trong nc rc t c iu kin thot ra
khi mi trng nc rc do s hnh thnh kh N2 trong chu trnh khng thun li.
Hm lng amoniac cng nh tng nit kjeldahl trong nc rc cc bi rc khc nhau u
c chung c im l khong dao ng rt ln: t 20 - 1900 mg/l ti bi rc Hi Phng, t 12 598 mg/l ti bi rc Nam nh, t 31 - 852 mg/l ti bi rc Nam Sn, H Ni v t 55 - 1094
mg/l ti bi rc Qung Ninh. So vi tng nit kjeldahl, hm lng amoniac chim 60 - 80%.
S bin i nng amoniac trong nc rc ph thuc vo cc iu kin: mc pha long
do ma, mc phn hy (tui ca nc rc, iu kin phn hy) cng cao th hm lng
amoniac cng ln v t l gia amoniac v nit kjeldahl cng cao.
Nng nitrit, nitrat trong nc rc thp (< 0,1 mg/l) do qu trnh oxy ha khng c iu
kin thun li xy ra.
Hp cht photpho.
Photpho tng trong nc rc bao gm cc thnh phn: photphat n (ortho), photphat trng
ngng v photpho nm trong hp cht hu c. Hp cht photpho trong thnh phn rc sau khi
thy phn to ra photphat trng ngng v photphat n. Photphat n hnh thnh c vi sinh
ym kh s dng mt phn tng hp t bo, mt phn to ra cht ha hc c kh nng kt ta
nh canxi photphat.
Hm lng photphat trong nc rc khng cao, ngang vi mc ca nc thi sinh hot.
Nng photphat tnh theo P ca cc mu kho st nm trong khong 0,5 - 31,6 mg/l, s liu
nm mc di tiu chun cho php thi (TCVN 5945 - 1995, B).
Thnh phn v c.
Trong qu trnh rc hnh thnh mt lot cc thnh phn v c cng nh chit tch mt s
cc cht v c bm dnh trn rc thi. Cc cht v c c nh hng ng k n cng ngh x l
nc rc gm: Ca, Mg, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-.
Canxi, magie l sn phm khong ha cc hp cht hu c, n l thnh phn ha hc ca cc
cht trong rc thi. Mt phn canxi c ngun gc t vi c s dng trong khu thao tc v vn
hnh bi rc. Khc vi mt s d on, hm lng canxi trong nc rc khng cao, nm trong
khong 32 - 232 mg/l, gi tr thng gp 30 - 80 mg/l. Nng canxi trong nc rc thp c th
~ 68 ~
~ 69 ~
- So snh vi nc thi sinh hot, c nng amoni trung bnh l 22 mg/l [13] th tr s ca n
trong nc rc cao hn 10 - 20 ln. T l gia COD/tng nit trong nc rc rt thp, v vy
p ng c tiu chun thi cn phi p dng cng ngh x l bc ba.
- Hm lng photpho trong nc thi thp, khng t p ng cho x l vi sinh.
- Cc thnh phn tp cht v c tan trong nc rc c th tc ng tiu cc hay tch cc n tng
qu trnh cng ngh trong h x l nhng chc chn l mi trng khng thun li cho thc
vt pht trin.
- Hm lng cn khng tan trong nc rc thp, ch yu l cc cht hu c k nc, chng c
tc lng thp.
Nhng c trng nu trn l yu t rt quan trng khi thit k h thng x l nc rc [14].
13. 3.
13. 3. 1. Keo t.
~ 70 ~
Nc rc ban u c c cao, ti mu, tuy hm lng cn khng tan (SS) khng ln lm, t
khi vt qu 300 mg/l. Cn khng tan trong nc rc ch yu l thnh phn hu c: xc vi sinh
vt, to. c im ca cn khng tan hu c l n c lp v hydrat dy do tnh a nc ca
chng v bn keo ca chng chnh l nh vo lp v ny, khc vi tnh bn ca dng v c
(k nc) l nh lp in tch kp (hay khuych tn) xung quanh ht keo. C ch keo t cc ht
keo hu c v vy ch yu khng phi l trung ho in tch m theo c ch: ph v lp v
hydrat, qut kt ta v to cu ni [15]. V l do c th d on l liu lng cht keo t cn
s dng s cao hn nhiu so vi keo t cc h keo k nc - nc sng chng hn v cn s
dng cht tr keo t gim gi thnh vn hnh cng nh tng hiu qu lng.
Cht keo t dng thng phm ang c lu hnh rng ri trn th trng hin nay thuc h
nhm vi hai loi sn phm ch yu l phn n (nhm sunfat) v poly nhm clorua.
Nhm sunfat Al2(SO4)3. 18 H2O l cht keo t truyn thng c s dng rng ri. Khng
phi tt c cc thnh phn ho hc trong cht keo t u c tc dng, ch c thnh phn nhm c
tc dng keo t, thng c tnh theo % Al2O3 v l mt trong nhng ch tiu cht lng hng
u ca mt cht keo t. Phn n loi tiu chun (nhm sunfat) c hm lng nhm tnh theo
Al2O3 l 15,5% (8,1% Al3+). Khi s dng phn nhm, mui nhm b thu phn v to ra axit,
mi ion Al3+ to ra 3 ion H+, tc l 1 kg nhm sunfat to ra 9 mol H+, tng ng vi 0,75 l axit
clohydric c (36%). Axit sinh ra s lm gim kim ca nc (1 mol H+ tiu hao 61 g HCO3-)
v lm gim pH. Mc gim pH ph thuc vo kim ca nc, pH gim mnh khi kim
thp v ngc li do kim ng vai tr cht m ca h. Do sau khi keo t, nc c tip tc
x l vi sinh oxy ho amoni v cht hu c vi vng pH ti u ca n l khong 8 - 9, qu
trnh cn mt lng kim kh ln, v vy ch keo t cng cn m bo hi ho cc yu t
trn.
Poly nhm clorua (poly aluminum chloride - PAC) l loi polyme v c cha cc thnh phn
nhm, oxy, hydroxyl v clorua. N c sn xut t mui nhm vi cc cht kim. Cng thc
ho hc c dng [AlClx(OH)3-x]n, x = 1-2. PAC c phn t lng 7000 - 35000 c di ca
mch ti trn 350 Ao [15].
Do c trung ho vi kim trc trong qu trnh sn xut nn kh nng sinh ra axit ca
chng thp v do mch phn t kh ln nn qu trnh keo t xy ra vi tc nhanh hn so
vi phn.
Sn phm PAC lu hnh kh rng ri hin nay l nhp t Trung Quc vi hm lng nhm
oxit khong 30%. Gi c trung bnh ca chng cao hn khong 2,5 ln so vi phn n.
Tr keo t l cc loi polyme hu c tan trong nc, c c kh nng tan trc ht chng
phi c mch thng (cu trc mt chiu) v mch polyme cha nhiu nhm chc phn cc a
nc. Cht tr keo t thng dng (thng phm) thuc h polyarylamid v cc copolyme ca
chng.
~ 71 ~
Cc loi cht tr keo t trc ht khc nhau v mt in tch. Trong trng thi tan, polyme
tch in dng (do trong mng cha nit ho tr +4) gi l cht keo t dng (loi C - cationic
flocculant), polyme tch in m (thu phn mt phn nhm amid) l loi A (anionic) hoc loi
trung tnh N (cha nhm C=O v NH2). C ch gy keo t ca cht tr keo t l lm trung ho
in tch ca ht keo v lm cu ni rng buc cc ht keo li thnh cc cm ht.
Trong tng h cht tr keo t chng cn khc nhau v cc c trng:
- di hay phn t lng. Cht keo t A v N c phn t lng kh cao, thng l 8 n 16
triu n v, cht tr keo t C c phn t lng thp hn, t 2 n 8 triu n v.
- Khc nhau v nht ca dung dch.
- Mt in tch (nhm chc) khc nhau.
T nhng c trng nu trn, vic tm ra c mt loi ti u hay liu lng ti u ch c th
thng qua nhng th nghim so snh (Jar test), vic d on ch gip c mt phn m thi.
Ngoi c im v hiu qu tr keo t, cc yu t thao tc: d ho tan, nng tan ti a, bo
qun cng c cn nhc. Mt khc gi thnh ca cc cht tr keo t cng c quan tm ti,
thng thng loi C t hn hai loi kia khong 20 - 30%.
Ni dung nghin cu v keo t bao gm:
- Chn loi cht keo t (phn nhm v PAC).
- Xc nh liu lng cht keo t khi c v khng s dng cht tr keo t.
- Chn cht tr keo t v xc nh liu lng ti u.
- nh gi hiu qu loi b cn khng tan, COD, mu cng nh s suy gim pH, kim
sau keo t.
- Do bc x l sau l oxy ho amoni nn mi trng cn c gi tr pH cao, vic gim pH cn
c hn ch thng qua vic la chn cht keo t thch hp.
La chn cht keo t v tr keo t.
Nhng th nghim s b ban u cho thy, lng cht keo t cn s dng rt ln, so vi nc
sng c th ln gp ti gn trm ln. V d keo t nc sng Hng vi hm lng cn 300 500 mg/l cn liu lng PAC khong 7 - 10 g/m3, trong khi keo t nc rc cn s dng liu
lng 400 - 700 g/m3. So snh tnh nng keo t gia phn nhm v PAC cho kt qu: Hiu qu
keo t ca PAC (tnh theo liu lng) cao hn 3 - 4 ln so vi phn nhm mc d hm lng
Al2O3 trong phn nhm bng khong 50% so vi PAC (bng 13. 1). S dng lng phn nhm
hoc PAC ln keo t s lm gim kim ca nc sau keo t, iu khng thun li cho giai
on oxy ho amoni sau . Mc gim kim khi s dng PAC t hn so vi phn nhm.
Bng 13. 1. nh hng ca iu kin keo t (loi, liu lng) ln mt s c trng ca nc.
~ 72 ~
Phn nhm
PAC
Liu pH
Cn
Liu pH mu Cn
lng
mu khng kim lng
(Pt/Co) khng kim
(mg/l)
tan (mg/l)
(Pt/Co) tan (mg/l) (mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
0
9,01 1520
600
3150
9,01 1520
600
3150
600 8,20
590
347
2600
100 8,83
755
447
3000
800 7,99
545
331
2525
200 8,76
740
357
2700
1000 7,79
525
277
2375
300 8,65
720
262
2575
1200 7,64
498
230
2250
400 8,61
620
251
2500
1400 7,52
413
223
2175
500 8,54
590
183
2400
1600 7,39
335
144
2075
600 8,46
488
166
2300
1800 7,31
300
119
1950
700 8,38
481
147
2250
2000 7,23
263
99
1875
800 8,36
400
118
2150
Do s dng phn nhm vi liu lng cao lm mt nhiu kim nn nghin cu tip theo ch
s dng PAC lm cht keo t.
Trong cc loi cht tr keo t, dng C c hiu qu tt hn cht t so vi loi A v N, tuy nhin
v phng din gi c v thao tc (d pha, d tan) loi A c la chn, trong cht tr keo t
A 101 (phn t lng 13 triu n v, mc in tch trung bnh, d tan trong nc) c s
dng vi liu lng 2 g/m3 trong tt c cc th nghim. A 101 c a vo h sau khi ho
trn cht keo t, tc to bng do A 101 tng ln 10 ln so vi h keo t khi khng c n v n
lm gim c lng keo t (30 - 40%) vi cng hiu qu keo t ca PAC (bng 13. 2).
Bng 13. 2. Keo t phi hp gia PAC v A 101.
Liu lng
PAC (mg/l)
Cn
(mg/l)
371
Hiu qu
tch cn
(%)
COD
(mgO2/l)
670
~ 73 ~
Hiu qu
tch COD
(%)
100
243
35
537
20
200
172
54
512
24
300
125
66
474
29
400
69
81
427
36
500
51
86
408
39
600
48
87
398
40
Ghi ch: liu lng cht tr keo t trong tt c cc th nghim trn l 2 mg/l
Mt s hiu qu khc ca qu trnh keo t.
Keo t khng nhng tch c thnh phn cn khng tan m cn lm gim bt c COD v
mu do nhm hydroxit hnh thnh c kh nng hp ph mt phn no cc thnh phn trn
(bng 13. 3, 13. 4, 13. 5). Kh nng loi mu v COD ca h thng c hiu qu hn trong vng
pH thp nn loi keo t c s dng l phn nhm, c v khng chnh pH vi axit trc khi keo
t.
Bng 13. 3. Kh nng loi mu v COD ca qu trnh keo t vi nc rc sau khi chnh pH
v 7,5 (720 g H2SO4/m3).
Lng
phn
(mg/l)
mu
(Pt/Co)
Hiu qu
loi mu
(%)
COD
(mgO2/l)
Hiu qu
loi COD
(%)
2105
623
800
665
68
399
36
1000
438
79
402
36
1200
435
80
368
41
1400
343
83
370
41
1600
287
86
321
48
1800
329
48
2000
296
86
322
48
~ 74 ~
Bng 13. 4. Kh nng loi mu v COD ca qu trnh keo t vi phn nhm sau khi chnh pH
v 7,0 (1,2 kg H2SO4/m3).
Lng
phn
(mg/l)
mu
(Pt/Co)
Hiu qu
loi mu
(%)
2105
800
424
79
389
37
1300
1000
349
83
352
43
1220
1200
315
85
336
46
1150
1400
277
87
324
48
960
1600
235
89
319
47
940
1800
223
89
308
50
780
2000
185
91
304
51
630
3000
143
93
263
58
420
COD
(mgO2/l)
Hiu qu
loi COD
(%)
623
kim
(mg/l)
-
Khi gi nguyn liu lng phn (1000 mg/l) v chnh pH trc khi keo t v cc gi tr khc
nhau, kh nng x l mu v COD tng khi pH gim (bng 13. 5).
Bng 13. 5. nh hng ca pH ban u ln kh nng x l mu v COD.
pH
9,15
8,02
7,52
7,02
1000
1000
1000
mu (Pt/Co)
2150
520
401
385
COD (mg/l)
623
372
371
370
Keo t vi mui nhm, PAC lm gim nng photphat trong nc thi, mc suy gim t
l thun vi hm lng cht keo t (bng 13. 6).
Bng 13. 6. S suy gim P trong qu trnh keo t vi PAC.
Lng PAC
(mg/l)
T-P (mg P/l) 16,35 9,34 9,23 8,70 7,85 6,85 5,85 5,19 4,54 3,30
~ 75 ~
Nhn xt:
- Liu lng cht keo t s dng i vi nc rc ln hn nhiu ln (c th gp gn 100 ln) so
vi nc b mt thng dng (nc sng vi cng lng cn khng tan). Nguyn nhn l cn
khng tan trong nc rc ch yu l thnh phn hu c, c ch keo t ch yu l ph v lp v
hydrat v to cu ni.
- So vi keo t PAC, lng phn nhm cn s dng phi cao hn ti 3 ln mi c th t cng
hiu qu, vi tc keo t rt chm v ko theo l tiu hao mt lng kim ln, khng c
li cho giai on oxy ho amoni v sau. Lng bn sinh ra ln (nhm hydroxit) v tng thm
nhiu lng khong ho tan (gc sunfat t phn). V vy s dng PAC s c li hn v nhiu
phng din, k c v mt gi thnh v cng vn chuyn.
- Phn ln cc cht tr keo t (A, C, N) u cho hiu qu bng t ln vi liu lng 2 - 3 g/m3.
Xt v kha cnh gi thnh v thun li trong thao tc th loi A 101 c tnh nng p ng tt.
S dng thm cht tr keo t cho php gim cht keo t (PAC) c 30 - 40% (gi thnh 1 g
A 101 ngang vi 10 g PAC) mang li ch kinh t v do tc keo t rt ln nn c th thu gn
nhiu ln qui m ca b lng khi thit k xy dng h thng x l.
- Xt v nhiu kha cnh khi keo t nc rc, nn s dng liu lng PAC l 300 - 400 g/m3
cng vi 2 g/m3 tr keo t A 101. Trong qu trnh keo t d gp hin tng bn ni do nguyn
nhn to kh CO2 (axit ca PAC vi bicarbonat trong nc, pH cng thp kh nng to CO2
cng ln) v c th do oxy sinh ra t qu trnh quang hp ca to. khc phc hin tng
trn c th s dng dng kh khuy trn khi keo t nhm ui cc kh sinh ra ra khi
nc.
- Qu trnh keo t lm gim c mt phn COD v mu ca nc rc, n ch t ti mt
mc gii hn khi tip tc tng liu lng cht keo t. Hiu qu tch loi COD v mu (c l
ch yu do c ch hp ph) tng khi pH ca h gim (gim pH ca nc rc rt tn km axit
do kim ln). iu m ra kh nng s dng phng php keo t nh bng nc
giai on cui cng nh l mt gii php thay th cho hp ph trn than hot tnh tuy vi hiu
qu khng cao nhng c li v gi thnh.
- Do s bin ng rt ln ca nc rc ti cc bi v theo thi gian trong tng bi, qu trnh keo
t cng khng n nh, v vy cn c nh gi chi tit cho tng trng hp v theo di iu
chnh kp thi trong khi vn hnh.
- Trong qu trnh keo t vi phn nhm, mt phn photpho b mt i trong khi lng photpho
thng l thiu cho nhu cu x l vi sinh sau , v th cn ht sc hn ch s hao ht. Tnh
ton lng photpho cn b xung trong khi vn hnh ch c th da trn s liu ca nc rc
sau keo t (xem bng 13. 6).
~ 76 ~
~ 77 ~
liu lng rt cao: vi nc thi qua lng s cp cn 0,5 - 2,5 kg/kg BOD (thng l 1,75
kg/kg BOD), vi nc sau qu trnh x l vi sinh, liu lng thng dng l 2 kg/kg BOD [16].
Vi liu lng clo cao nh vy kh nng hnh thnh cc tp cht mi c - clo l rt ln v
thng l lm tng mu ca nc.
V nguyn tc th c th loi b amoni khi oxy ho vi clo. Phn ng gia clo v amoni xy
ra theo nhiu bc, ph thuc vo t l clo/amoni. Khi t l ny nh hn 4 (g/g) sn phm hnh
thnh ch yu l monocloamin (NH2Cl), khi tng t l clo/amoni, tip tc hnh thnh dicloamin
(NHCl2) hoc tricloamin (NCl3). Vi t l clo/amoni = 7,6 tnh theo phn ng s xy ra qu trnh
oxy ho amoni (nit ho tr -3) v dng kh nit (N2 - ho tr khng). Trong thc tin xy ra
qu trnh trn, t l clo/amoni 10. Do nc rc cha nhiu cht hu c v amoni nn phng n
s dng clo x l tr nn rt t tnh kh thi (xem 4. 1. 2).
Kali permanganat (KMnO4- thuc tm) l mt cht oxy ho kh mnh c th oxy ho l 1,68
V trong mi trng axit v 0,58 V trong mi trng kim. N c kh nng oxy ho nhiu loi
cht hu c, v c trong nc v nc thi. Sn phm to thnh l dioxit mangan (MnO2), l
dng rn khng tan trong iu kin pH thng dng v vy c th tch ra c bng phng php
lc hoc lng. Mangan dioxit cng c kh nng hp ph Mn2+ nn gp phn gim bt lng
permanganat cn thit oxy ho Mn2+ ln MnO2.
Permanganat c dng trong x l nc thi v nc loi b xianua, oxy ho phenol, x
l mi, mu, v ca nc nhng ch c kh nng hn ch i vi cc loi cht hu c gy mu,
mi, v c tnh bn oxy ho cao nh loi trong nc rc [17].
Ozon l loi kh khng bn c ch to ti ch v l mt cht oxy ho mnh: th oxy ho
kh trong mi trng axit l 2,07 V, trong mi trng kim l 1,24 V. Chnh hot tnh cao ca
ozon hn ch kh nng ng dng ca n trong cng ngh x l nc, nc thi v ngoi phn
ng vi cc tp cht trong nc n cn t phn hu. Phn hu ozon l mt qu trnh phn hu
dy chuyn theo c ch hnh thnh cc loi gc t do, c khi mo bi rt nhiu loi tp cht
trong nc, v d hydroxyl (OH-, gi tr pH cao), cc hp cht hu c t nhin, Fe (II). Phn ng
oxy ho cht hu c xy ra c l do cc gc t do to thnh. Thi gian tn ti ca ozon trong
nc ph thuc nhiu vo cc yu t nh pH, nhit , cht hu c v bicarbonat. S c mt ca
bicarbonat ( kim) gip ko di thi gian tn ti ca ozon trong nc. ng vai tr tht s cho
phn ng oxy ho cht hu c trong nc, nc thi l gc t do OH. sinh ra trong qu trnh
phn hu ozon trong nc, nhm ny hnh thnh thun li trong mi trng pH cao, v vy tc
oxy ho tng ng k trong vng . Trong nc c kim cao (nh nc rc) th tc
oxy ho s b chm li khi pH tng do s hnh thnh ca ion carbonat t bicarbonat, ion carbonat
l tc nhn bt gi gc OH.. Ngoi gc OH. sinh ra do phn hu ozon, bn thn ozon cng l
mt cht oxy ho mnh. Trong khi gc OH. c tc dng oxy ho mnh trong mi trng kim th
ozon c hot tnh oxy ho cao trong mi trng axit [18].
~ 78 ~
(13-1)
Tuy vy, gn y (1998) Bossmann th cho rng tc dng oxy ho ca Fenton l do s hnh
thnh ca phc Fe (IV), v d [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4]2+ cng vi gc OH. [18]. Fenton c hot tnh cao
trong mi trng axit, pH = 2 - 4, ti u ti pH 3. Trong vng pH cao, Fe (III) b kt ta. Hot
tnh ca Fenton gim khi pH > 4 c th do nguyn nhn l s phn hu nhanh ca H2O2 thnh
H2O v O2, oxy ho Fe (II) vi cc cht oxy ho khc (v d oxy ho tan) ch khng phi vi
H2O2 v phn ng gia H2O2 vi Fe (II) khng to ra nhm OH. trong vng pH cao.
H Fenton ci tin mi c nghin cu gn y l h gm: tia UV - Fe (II) oxalat v H2O2.
S c mt ca tia UV v oxalat gy ra 3 hiu ng chnh sau [18, 19]:
- Phn ng ca phc Fe (II) oxalat vi H2O2 nhanh hn so vi phn ng ca Fe (II) vi H2O2.
- Kh Fe (III) v Fe (II) vi tia UV t phc Fe (III) oxalat nhanh hn qu trnh kh Fe (III) v Fe
(II) trong phn ng Fenton chun.
- S c mt ca phi t oxalat trong phc st lm tng tan ca st, gim qu trnh kt ta.
Trong thnh phn ca cht Fenton, t l gia Fe (II)/H2O2 c th bin ng trong khong rng
m vic xc nh chng c da trn hiu qu ca tng h c th thng qua cc th nghim. St
(II) c mt trong thnh phn Fenton hoc c xem l vai tr xc tc hoc cht tham gia phn
ng. St (II) c xem l cht xc tc do qu trnh ti sinh li chnh n (kh Fe (III) v Fe (II)
vi cc phn ng thch hp) v khi t l Fe (II)/H2O2 << 1. Trong trng hp t l Fe
(II)/H2O2 1 th nhiu kh nng l st (II) ng vai tr cht tham gia phn ng.
C ch phn ng ca Fenton vi cht hu c l to ra cc gc hu c c hot tnh cao nh vo
phn ng ca cht hu c vi gc OH.. C hai kh nng thc hin phn ng to gc hu c:
- Phn ng cng hp nhm OH. vi cht hu c, hp cht to thnh l sn phm cng hp ca
hai nhm nn mang gc t do. Phn ng thng xy ra vi cc hp cht hu c cha bo ho
ho tr (thuc nhum, hp cht thm, thm a vng, phenol, thuc tr su).
~ 79 ~
H2O2
Mu Hiu qu COD Hiu qu
(mg/l) (Pt/Co)
(%)
(mg/l)
(%)
273
690
839
10
1:55
273
107
84
663
24
1:28
16
273
160
76
684
21
1:18
24
273
257
62
609
30
547
445
34
828
1:110
547
45
93
617
29
~ 80 ~
1:55
16
547
93
86
589
33
1:37
24
547
538
38
1094
51
92
794
1:223
1094
30
95
549
37
1:110
16
1094
17
97
514
41
1:75
24
1094
21
97
480
45
T s liu ca bng 13. 7 cho thy ch ring H2O2 c kh nng kh mu vi hiu qu 4%,
34%, 92% tng ng vi nng s dng l 273, 547 v 1094 mg/l. Kh nng x l COD ca
ring H2O2 thp, khng vt qu 10%.
Khi c mt ca Fe2+, hiu qu x l mu tng r rt, c bit vi vng s dng nng H2O2
thp, kh nng x l COD cng tng ng k khi c mt ca Fe2+ v nhn chung khi nng st
tng, hiu qu x l COD cng tng theo, tuy nhin trong trng hp tt nht hiu qu x l
cng khng t c ti 50%. Hiu qu x l mu v COD tng chm khi tip tc tng nng
H2O2.
Nhm tip tc nh gi vai tr ca st vi t cch l cht tham gia phn ng, th nghim c
tin hnh vi nng H2O2 n nh (1094 mg/l) v thay i nng st vi nng cao. Kt
qu c ghi li trong bng 13. 8.
Bng 13. 8. nh hng ca nng st ln kh nng x l mu, COD ca cht Fenton.
T l
Fe2+ H2O2 Mu Hiu COD Hiu H2O2 d
Fe2+/H2O2 (mg/l) (mg/l) (Pt/Co) qu (%) (mg/l) qu (%) (mg/l)
1:56
32
1094
72
90
623
33
240
1:37
48
1094
73
90
481
48
112
1:32
56
1094
75
90
500
46
64
1:25
72
1094
68
90
462
50
64
T kt qu ca bng 13. 8 cho thy khi tng nng st, kh nng x l mu khng ci thin
hn, rt c th l t mc ti a. Kh nng x l COD cng tng khng nhiu, phn tng
thm rt c th do lng st (III) hydroxit kt ta c tc dng hp ph mt phn cht hu c. Sau
thi gian phn ng, nng H2O2 d trong nc c xc nh, lng d cn li kh cao khi
nng st thp. iu cng chng t rng cc cht hu c trong nc rc thuc loi kh
phn ng.
Gi t l Fe2+/H2O2 v gim c nng st v H2O2 50%. Kt qu thu c ghi li trong bng
13. 9.
~ 81 ~
2+
Fe
H2O2
Mu
Hiu
COD
Hiu H2O2 d
2+
16
547
123
83
599
36
105
1:37
24
547
105
85
584
37
85
1:32
29
547
88
88
600
37
88
1:25
32
547
103
86
594
36
86
Th nghim tip tc nng cao nng st vi nng H2O2 cao (1094 mg/l) nhm kim tra
gi thit trn, c tin hnh v kt qu c ghi li trong bng 13. 10. Mu ban u c: mu
374 Pt/Co, COD = 500 mg/l, pH = 8,87, c b xung axit a mi trng v pH 3.
Bng 13. 10. Phn ng Fenton vi t l Fe2+/H2O2 khc nhau, thi gian phn ng 1 gi v 4
gi.
T l
Fe2+ H2O2 Mu Hiu COD Hiu H2O2 d
Fe2+/H2O2 (mg/l) (mg/l) (Pt/Co) qu (%) (mg/l) qu (%) (mg/l)
Sau 1 gi
1:55
32
1094
27
93
255
49
182
1:28
64
1094
11
97
193
61
118
1:18
96
1094
12
97
157
68
73
1:14
129
1094
98
192
62
51
1:11
161
1094
16
96
157
62
18
1:5,5
322
1094
27
93
133
73
29
Sau 4 gi
1:55
32
1094
11
97
176
65
176
1:28
64
1094
98
194
61
25
~ 82 ~
1:18
96
1094
20
95
140
72
29
1:14
129
1094
23
95
163
67
32
1:11
161
1094
24
94
144
71
35
1:5,5
322
1094
25
94
136
73
29
T bng 13. 10 cho thy vi nng st v H2O2 ln, hiu qu x l COD tng ln r rt v
lng d H2O2 cng gim nhiu. Tc phn ng trong iu kin trn nhanh, hiu qu x l sau
1 gi v 4 gi khc nhau khng nhiu. iu chng t vai tr cht tham gia phn ng ca st
(II) trong qu trnh x l COD.
Nhn xt:
T kt qu kho st v phn ng oxy ho nc rc cho thy:
- Do thnh phn ca nc rc phc tp, vi nng amoni, kim cao, COD khng ln, thuc
loi tr v mt s cht oxy ho t (ozon, clo dioxit) nn kh nng la chn cht oxy ho
khng nhiu. Cht oxy ho c la chn nh gi v vy ch l cht Fenton.
- Cht Fenton c kh nng x l mu cao, c th x l trn 90% mu. Kh nng x l COD thp
hn, trong nhng iu kin c bit kh nng x l c th t ti 70%.
- Trong qu trnh x l mu, st ng vai tr xc tc nn lng st (II) s dng thp. Trong qu
trnh x l COD, ngoi vai tr xc tc, st (II) cn ng vai tr cht tham gia phn ng, v vy
cn s dng lng st ln, tc l t l Fe2+/H2O2 cao.
- Phn ng oxy ho COD vi Fenton kh trit , tc l sn phm cui cng cha phi l CO2,
m l nhng hp cht hu c c phn t lng thp hn. Cc sn phm trung gian ny c tnh
sinh hu cao hn thch hp cho x l vi sinh tip theo [19]. Vic xc nh cc hp cht trung
gian chng ti khng c iu kin kho st.
- Mt trong nhng hn ch ln nht ca phng php oxy ho ni chung v vi cht Fenton ni
ring l yu t v gi thnh khi x l nc rc. phn ng xy ra c hiu qu, vng pH cho
phn ng xp x 3. kim (HCO3-) ca nc rc rt cao (c th ti 3000 mg/l), trung ho
c kim ny v a pH xung 3 cn khong 1,6 - 1,8 kg H2SO4/m3 i vi nc cha
kim 1000 mg/l, sau li phi dng xt a pH ca mi trng phn ng v 7 kt ta
v ph hp vi tiu chun thi. Nu qu trnh oxy ho li c tin hnh trc khi x l vi sinh
th s li phi b xung kim thc hin phn ng oxy ho amoni (oxy ho 1 g amoni cn 7,2 g
kim). oxy ho t hiu qu chp nhn c, loi b 300 - 600 mg COD/l cn liu lng
Fenton kh ln: 1 kg H2O2 + 1,2 kg FeSO4.7H2O vi thi gian phn ng khong 1 gi.
- T cc kt qu nghin cu v cc iu kin thc thi cng ngh trong thc tin c th cho rng:
phn ng oxy ho ho hc t c tnh kh thi trong iu kin ca chng ta i vi nc rc.
Trong chng mc nht nh, phn ng Fenton c th s dng kh mu sau giai on x l vi
~ 83 ~
sinh vi t l Fe2+/H2O2 thp (vi gi thnh cng khng thp, c tnh chi ph ho cht khong
8 - 10.000 /m3), tc l p dng cho giai on nh bng nc.
~ 84 ~
~ 85 ~
~ 86 ~
c th theo di c tc
phn hu, thit b UASB c cc
im ly mu khc nhau, tng
ng vi thi gian lu thu lc
khc nhau.
Nc
thi ra
im
ly mu
Tc dng nc c duy tr
(0,6 - 0,9 m/gi) thng qua iu
chnh tc th tch ca bm nh
lng. Mt vi sinh vt c
duy tr 4 g v 8 g/l. Vi sinh ym
kh c ngun gc t x l nc
thi thu sn, nc git m gia sc
v nc rc ( c thun chng
gn 2 nm, giai on lm quen vi
nc rc l 4 thng).
Nc rc c nghin cu l
nc rc ly trc tip t ngun
(chn h chn lp) v h vi sinh
s 1 (Nam Sn, H Ni) v ti hai
Nc thi
vo
Hnh 13. 1. S ct UASB s
dng trong th nghim.
Trung
Hiu
5 bnh min max sut,%
~ 87 ~
Vo
2,1
(mgO2/l) Ra (8 g/l) 569 521 571 759 871 648,4 521 871
3,3
COD
(mgN/l) Ra (8 g/l) 297,2 411,8 421 334 271 333,6 271 421
NH3
Vo
CH3COOH/l) Ra (8 g/l) 18,2 16,8 11,2 22,4 22,4 17,24 11,2 22,4
VFA
(mg
Vo
(mg CaCO3/l)Ra (8 g/l) 3030 2795 2215 2735 2665 2598 2050 3030
Kim
Vo
6,4
T-P
5,2
12,1
(mg/l)
5,8
9,8
9,0
8,8
8,9
Vo
pH
S liu ca bng 13. 11 cho thy: vi nc rc c nng COD t 528 n 907 mgO 2/l hiu
qu x l rt thp, ch t 2 - 3%. Vi nc rc ngay t ngun thi c nhim cao hn (COD
t 1650 - 1906 mgO2/l) vi thi gian lu thu lc l 8 gi, mt vi sinh 8 g/l hiu qu x l
ym kh cng t cha ti 4% (bng 13. 12). Hiu qu x l photpho t kh hn, xp x 10%.
Bng 13. 12. X l ym kh: Nc rc ngun khng iu chnh pH, mt vi sinh 8 g/l.
S th t th nghim
Ch tiu
Trung min
max
Hiu
sut, %
bnh
COD
Vo
(mgO2/l
Ra
3,7
NH3
Vo
685
653
622
685
(mg N/l)
Ra
681
651
623
681
VFA (mg
Vo
CH3COOH/l)
Ra
~ 88 ~
Kim
Vo
(mg CaCO3/l)
Ra
T-P
Vo
(mg/l)
Ra
pH
Vo
Ra
7,1
10,8
Hiu qu x l COD thp c th do nhng nguyn nhn: COD tr kh phn hu, hot ca
vi sinh thp, vng pH khng thch hp, nh hng bt li ca ion clorua v sunfat trong nc
rc.
kim tra cc yu t trn, trc ht th nghim tin hnh vi nc rc ngun c nhim
COD t 1625 - 1796 mgO2/l, thi gian lu thu lc l 8 gi, mt sinh khi 8 g/l v iu chnh
pH trc khi vo h UASB v vng ti u (7,46 - 7,52). Kt qu thu c v hiu sut x l
COD cng vn ch t c khong 4% (bng 13. 13).
Nhm kim tra hot vi sinh v tnh kh (d) sinh hu cht hu c trong nc rc, th
nghim c thc hin trn nn nc rc ca h 1 v b xung thm 2 g/l ng, tng ng vi
COD 2000 mgO2/l, trong iu kin khng chnh pH. Vi thi gian lu thu lc 8gi, hiu qu
x l COD t c 27% v 48% tng ng vi mt vi sinh l 4 v 8 g/l. Hiu sut x l
COD l kh tt, tuy nhin s t cao hn nu tng thm thi gian lu thu lc v gi tr VFA cn
kh cao trong c hai thit b c mt vi sinh khc nhau v cao hn trong ct c mt vi sinh
thp (bng 13. 14), trong khi hm lng VFA trong cc th nghim trc c gi tr rt thp
(bng 13. 11, 13. 12, 13. 13). iu kin ym kh (tnh kh ORP) ca mi trng trong tt c cc
th nghim u m bo, u thp hn - 300 mV, iu chng t mi trng khng cha oxy
ho tan.
Bng 13. 13. X l ym kh: Nc rc ngun c iu chnh pH, mt vi sinh 8 g/l.
ch tiu
S th t th nghim
trung min
bnh
max
Hiu
sut, %
COD
Vo
(mgO2/l)
Ra
4,4
NH3
Vo
685
658
629
685
(mg N/l)
Ra
683
656
625
685
VFA (mg
Vo
CH3COOH/l)
Ra
~ 89 ~
Kim
Vo
(mg CaCO3/l)
Ra
T-P
Vo
(mg/l)
Ra
pH
Vo
Ra
7,1
7,9
1
Vo
7,9
Hiu
sut, %
bnh
Ra (4 g/l) 7,66
max
8,34 9,11
7,48 7,6
7,66
7,48
7,9
7,64
7,38
7,9
Kim
COD
Vo
Vo
27,1
48,1
272
207
150 162
198
150
272
183
147 163
184
147
242
Ra (8 g/l) 273
208
167 175
206
167
273
58,7 86,0
29,3 65,3
28,3 55,7
NH4+
SO42(mgS/l)
Vo
Vo
~ 90 ~
Vo
H2S
Ra (4 g/l) 3,5
1,9
(mgS/l)
Ra (8 g/l) 4,25
1,6
VFA (mg
Vo
13,9
6,6
1,9
13,9
14,2 18,3
9,6
1,6
18,3
22,4 22,4
314
500
Ra (8 g/l) 146
166
224
90
98
146
ORP
(mV)
Vo
90
~ 91 ~
Hiu
sut
Vo
Ra
Vo
Ra
Vo
Ra
Vo
272
207
278
287
261
207
287
(mgN/l)
Ra
273
208
267
250
250
208
273
SO42-
Vo
mgS/l)
Ra
Cl- (mg/l)
Vo
H2S (mgS/l)
Ra
4,3
Vo
Ra
146
166
139
128
145
128
166
Vo
90
98
111
62
90
62
111
pH
Kim
mgCaCO3/l
COD
mgO2/l)
NH4+
VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l)
ORP
(mV)
Ra
1,6
16,8 13,0
8,9
1,6
16,8
~ 92 ~
42,2
khng b sung
Vo
pH
Ra
Kim
Vo
Ra
Vo
mgO2/l)
Ra
NH4+
Vo
(mgN/l)
Ra
SO42-
Vo
mgS/l)
Ra
Cl- (mg/l)
Vo
H2S (mgS/l)
Ra
Vo
Ra
Vo
115 146
Ra
mgCaCO3/l
COD
VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l)
ORP
(mV)
56
91
83
98
56
146
~ 93 ~
STT th nghim
pH
Kim
mgCaCO3/l
COD
mgO2/l)
Vo
Ra
Vo 2830 2240 2390 2755 2340 3100 2609 2240 3100 35,3
Ra
NH4+(mgN/l) Vo
SO42-
Vo
mgS/l)
Ra
Cl- (mg/l)
H2S (mgS/l)
Vo
CH3COOH/l)
Ra
ORP (mV)
Vo
62
VFA (mg
Ra
132 120
89 118
95
103 62 132
~ 94 ~
STT th nghim
pH
Kim
mgCaCO3/l
COD
mgO2/l)
mgS/l)
Cl- (mg/l)
H2S (mgS/l)
VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l)
ORP
(mV)
Vo
Ra
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo
SO42-
35,3
373
485
Vo
Ra
123 202
247
404
Vo
101
58
98
84
Ra
77
58
101
~ 95 ~
STT th nghim
pH
Kim
mgCaCO3/l
COD
mgO2/l)
TB
min max HS
Vo
Ra
Vo 2885 2735 2860 2245 2785 2725 2706 2245 2885 40,6
Ra
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo
SO42-
Vo
mgS/l)
Ra
Cl- (mg/l)
H2S (mgS/l)
Vo
Ra
Vo
VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l)
ORP
(mV)
Ra
77 137
~ 96 ~
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
SO4 2-, mg/l
800
1000
Vo
TB
min
max
9,11
~ 97 ~
H sut
Ra
Kim
Vo
mgCaCO3/l
Ra
Vo
Ra
COD
(mgO2/l)
NH4+(mgN/l) Vo
162 198
7,90
150
272
SO42-
Vo
86,0
mgS/l)
Ra
65,3
Cl- (mg/l)
Vo
H2S (mgS/l)
Ra
3,5
1,9
13,9
Vo
22,4
Ra
287 348
287
500
ORP
Vo
90
62
62
111
(mV)
Ra
VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l)
1,9
98
7,0
13,9 6,6
111
90
27,1
-320
pH
TB min max
Vo
Ra
~ 98 ~
HS
(vng nng
Kim
mgCaCO3/l
COD
Vo 3005 3035 2910 3355 2395 2460 2860 2395 3355 23,8
mgO2/l)
Ra
NH4+
Vo
(mgN/l)
Ra
SO42-
mgS/l)
Ra
Cl- (mg/l)
H2S (mgS/l)
ORP
Vo
98
(mV)
Ra
CH3COOH/l)
81
76
92
73
82
73
98
TB min
max
Vo
pH
Ra
Kim
Vo
~ 99 ~
H sut
(vng nng
COD
(mgO2/l)
Ra
Vo
Ra
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo
SO42-
292
373
420
420
mgS/l)
Ra
Cl- (mg/l)
Vo
H2S (mgS/l)
Ra
VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l)
ORP
(mV)
18,8
16
30
16
30
Vo
Ra
552
621
505
621
Vo
125
70
57
112
125
Ra
91
57
pH
Kim
TB
Vo
Ra
Vo
~ 100 ~
COD
mgO2/l)
Ra
Vo
Ra
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo
298 391
264
391
SO42-
Vo
mgS/l)
Ra
855 820
Cl- (mg/l)
Vo
H2S (mgS/l)
Ra
32
Vo
22,4
Ra
471 759
698
792
680
471
792
Vo
86
133
152 104,8 48
152
VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l)
ORP
(mV)
Ra
48
865
800
835
800
16,1
865
Vo
pH
Ra
Kim
Vo
7,3
~ 101 ~
6,95 7,51
COD
(mgO2/l)
Ra
Vo
Ra
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo
236
213
275
210
465
SO42-
Vo
mgS/l)
Ra
Cl- (mg/l)
965
935
795 1035
H2S (mgS/l)
VFA (mg
CH3COOH/l)
ORP
(mV)
Ra
9,8
Vo
Ra
471
471 1185
Vo
180
106
Ra
107
9,8
128
44,3
180
30
20
10
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
~ 102 ~
~ 103 ~
nitrit v nitrat v dng kh nit do chng vi sinh tu nghi d dng. X l hp cht nit so vi
COD trong nc thi kh khn v tn km hn rt nhiu do phi thc hin qua nhiu giai on
v iu kin thc hin trong tng giai on cng phc tp hn.
Thc hin oxy ho cht hu c trong qu trnh hiu kh i hi cc iu kin: lng oxy ho
tan mc 2 - 3 g/m3, mt vi sinh 2 - 4 g/l, thi gian lu t bo thp hn 10 ngy, khong pH
cho phn ng rng, 1 g COD (loi sinh hu) tiu th khong 1,2 g oxy. Hiu sut to thnh sinh
khi khong 0,4 g sinh khi/g COD. [21].
Oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit do chng vi sinh Nitrosomonas thc hin:
4 NH4+ + 3 O2 2 NO2- + 2 H2O + 4 H+
(13-2)
(13-3)
~ 104 ~
oxy ho amoni ca vi sinh t dng (lng amoni oxy ho c trn mt n v thi gian v
sinh khi) nh hn nhiu so vi loi vi sinh d dng oxy ho COD (ch bng 40 - 50%), iu
c ngha l qui m v thit b oxy ho amoni s ln hn t nht l gp i so vi qu trnh oxy
ho COD vi cng ti lng.
Sau qu trnh oxy ho amoni, nitrit, nitrat c tip tc kh v dng kh nit do cc loi vi
sinh d dng tu nghi thc hin, trong giai on ny cht hu c c vi sinh vt s dng vi
vai tr l cht cho in t.
T cc c trng thu nhn c ca nc rc t cc bi rc khc nhau v COD, amoni,
tng nit Kjeldahl v t qu trnh nghin cu phn hu ym kh cho thy:
- T l gia C/N ca hu ht cc nc rc u rt thp so vi t l ti u cho qu trnh pht trin
vi sinh l C/N 20. Trong thnh phn carbon, lng c th sinh hu cng chim phn nh
(bng chng l khi x l vi sinh ym kh, hiu qu ch t khong 3 - 4%). V thc cht t l
C/N s cn nh hn nhiu trong khi x l so vi cc gi tr rt ra t kt qu phn tch.
- pH v kim ca nc rc cao, rt ph hp vi qu trnh oxy ho amoni. Lng kim p
ng y cho phn ng m khng cn b xung thm.
- Hm lng photpho trong nc rc thp so vi amoni i vi s pht trin hi ho ca vi sinh
vt.
T cc nhn xt trn dn n i tng v mc tiu nghin cu ca qu trnh x l hiu kh:
- i tng cn nghin cu l qu trnh oxy ho amoni, oxy ho COD ch l yu t ph. Gii
quyt c qu trnh oxy ho amoni th qu trnh oxy ho COD t ng c gii quyt.
- C gng trnh lm mt COD (loi sinh hy) trong qu trnh x l hiu kh m dnh n cho
qu trnh kh nitrat, nitrit giai on sau. Tuy vy vic mt mt COD trong qu trnh x l l
kh trnh khi v c COD ln amoni tn ti ng thi vi nhau.
- Kim sot c qu trnh oxy ha ch n trng thi trung gian l nitrit nhm tit kim v gi
thnh xy dng h thng cng nh vn hnh.
- nh gi cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh oxy ho cnh tranh gia COD v amoni.
T cc mc tiu nu trn ni dung cn c kho st gm:
- nh gi tc oxy ho amoni di s nh hng ca nng amoni ban u, t l C/N,
kim trong nc rc cn x l.
- Kh nng kim sot t l nitrit/nitrat trong c cu sn phm hnh thnh ca phn ng oxy ho
amoni.
Th nghim oxy ho amoni c tin hnh theo m vi nng amoni ban u khc nhau t
ngun nc rc vi COD c kh nng sinh hu nm trong mt khong nht nh nhm nh gi
nh hng ca nng amoni ti u vo. Cc th nghim tip theo nh gi nh hng ca qu
trnh oxy ho cnh tranh gia amoni vi COD c nng amoni v COD khc nhau. Do t l
phn tr ca COD trong nc rc kh cao nn t l C/N trong cc th nghim oxy ho cnh tranh
~ 105 ~
dC
kC
dt
(13-4)
(13-5)
~ 106 ~
Vo
1h
2h
3h
4h
5h
6h
7h
8h
8,3
8,4
8,4
8,4
8,4
8,4
8,3
8,3
8,2
8,1
8,1
8,3
8,3
8,2
8,3
8,2
8,2
8,1
8,1
8,3
8,3
8,3
8,2
8,3
8,1
8,0
7,9
767
700
NH4+
112
73
57
45
29
21
12
5,9
(mgN/l)
92
72
58
47
38
28
118
NO2-
(mgN/l)
pH
Kim
(mgCaCO3/l)
95
~ 107 ~
NO3
(mgN/l)
4,35 5,2
231
279
325
TKN
123
11
(mgN/l)
168
35
393
125
COD
(mgO2/l)
10
400
y3 = 378,32e-0,1352x
R2 = 0,9842
300
amoni vo =357mgN/l
-0,2111x
200 y2 = 163,76e
2
R = 0,9941
100
y1 = 144,72e-0,3525x
R2 = 0,9554
0
0
4
6
Thi gian, gi
10
Hnh 13. 4. S
~ 108 ~
ko theo nhiu hin tng bt li nh bn khng lng do vi sinh dng si filamentous pht trin
hoc bn ni trong thi tit nng.
Mt trong nhng h thng c tnh linh hot cao c th p ng c s dao ng v
nhim l k thut m k tip giai on, tc l ch thay i thng s thi gian. minh ho chng
ta ly v d trn ch ra tin ch ca phng php ny.
T biu thc (13. 5) vit thnh:
t = ln(Co/C) / k
(13-6)
t c tiu chun thi C = 1 mg/l ng vi nng ban u Co l 112, 153, 357 mg/l v
k tng ng l 0,3525, 0,2111, 0,1352 cn thi gian sc kh cho mi trng hp l: 13,5; 23,8;
43,5 gi. Mt khc nu ly tiu chun thi ca M l C = 35 mg/l th thi gian sc kh tng ng
3,2; 6,9; 17,1 gi.
Vi nng bin ng v s dng k thut m k tip giai on ch cn thay i thi gian
oxy ho l c th kim sot c cht lng thi. Nc rc khng nhng bin ng v mc
nhim m cn bin ng mnh v lu lng: ma ma lng cn x l ln, ma kh lu
lng thp v mc nhim th ngc li. l hiu ng thun li cho qui trnh cng ngh x
l nc rc vi k thut m k tip [14].
13. 3. 4. 2. nh hng ca cht hu c - oxy ho cnh tranh.
Oxy ho amoni v COD xy ra trong cng iu kin hiu kh do hai chng loi vi sinh vt t
dng v d dng thc hin. Trong tng bi rc khc nhau hoc ti tng thi im khc nhau t
l gia COD v NH4 l khc nhau v v vy chng nh hng ti qu trnh x l.
Kho st hiu qu x l v tc oxy ho amoni trong nc rc vi cc mu c t l COD/N
khc nhau nhm nh gi qu trnh cnh tranh gia hai qu trnh trn.
Th nghim c tin hnh vi nc rc c nng amoni ban u l khong 300 v 200
mgN/l c b xung thm COD (ng) sao cho t l COD/N t cc gi tr khc nhau. Th nghim
c tin hnh trong iu kin: thi gian 7 gi, mt sinh khi 3 g/l, nng oxy ha tan 3 - 5
g/l. Kt qu th nghim c ghi trong bng 13. 25, 13. 26 v trn cc hnh 13. 5, 13. 6.
T bng 13. 25, vi nng amoni ban u khong 200 mg/l cho thy: vi thi gian x l 7
gi hiu qu x l amoni t 76,8%, 60,8% v 50,5% vi t l COD/N tng ng l 3:1, 5:1 v
7:1. Vi nng amoni ban u l 300 mg/l v vi t l COD/N l 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 hiu qu x l
amoni tng ng l 64,4%, 45,4% v 35,6% (bng 13. 26).
Bng 13. 25. Bin thin thnh phn nc rc theo thi gian khi nng amoni xp x 200 mgN/l
(V = u vo)
~ 109 ~
8,3
1595
203
1,4
1,9
214
622
8,3
1455
177
6,3
5,5
578
8,4
1320
159
12,9
9,8
556
8,5
1150
126
17,1
14,8
547
8,5
995
105
26,5
21,4
531
8,5
860
83
33,9
29,3
510
8,6
700
61
42,6
35,9
497
8,6
580
47
54,5
44,8
137
486
3:1
76,8
21,9
8,1
1575
204
1,8
1,9
319
1032
8,1
1495
184
3,8
3,4
915
8,2
1385
163
7,0
6,6
838
8,2
1270
145
12,4
12,0
760
8,2
1140
127
20,2
18,6
689
8,3
1026
109
26,4
24,9
640
8,3
905
95
33,2
32,1
604
8,4
805
80
43,2
39,6
164
576
5:1
60,8
44,2
8,1
1580
196
2,4
2,5
207
1387
8,1
1510
186
4,3
4,2
1250
8,2
1430
174
7,3
7,6
1122
8,2
1330
156
11,5
11,0
994
8,2
1235
141
17,2
14,7
875
8,2
1130
127
22,6
18,7
736
8,3
1025
113
27,5
21,1
670
8,3
895
97
36,7
27,3
171
602
7:1
50,5
56,6
~ 110 ~
COD/N=3:1
COD/N=5:1
250
y = 210.81e-0.1333x
R2 = 0.9948
200
COD/N=7:1
150
100
y = 224.99e-0.2107x
R2 = 0.9793
50
y = 207.01e-0.1016x
R2 = 0.9853
a
0
0
350
COD/N=3:1
COD/N=4:1
COD/N=5:1
-0.0626x
y = 306.8e
R2 = 0.9843
300
250
200
150
y = 318.6e-0.1452x
R2 = 0.9805
y = 315.06e-0.0848x
R2 = 0.9689
100
50
0
0
~ 111 ~
Bng 13. 26. Bin thin thnh phn nc rc theo thi gian khi nng amoni khong 300
mgN/l. (V = u vo).
COD/N Thi pH Kim
NH4+ NO2NO3TKN
COD
gian (h)
(mgAkl/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgO2/l)
V
8,4
2120
298
0,9
1,1
312
901
8,4
1995
273
8,9
4,4
837
8,5
1820
245
15,1
9,0
757
8,5
1675
215
21,4
14,8
653
8,5
1530
187
29,2
21,9
576
8,6
1370
159
34,4
28,3
544
8,6
1225
135
38,9
33,8
536
8,6
1110
106
46,9
40
207
518
3:1
64,4
42,5
8,5
2115
302
0,9
1,3
306
1260
8,6
2050
285
1,8
2,6
1172
8,6
1980
268
3,7
4,5
1020
8,6
1915
255
9,5
7,6
875
8,6
1820
236
16,9
11,8
736
8,7
1720
210
24,4
16,3
676
8,7
1630
188
31,1
21,2
608
8,7
1530
165
37,8
26,9
232
554
4:1
45,4
56,0
8,5
2120
296
0,5
1,4
301
1590
8,6
2075
288
3,4
3,9
1365
8,6
2010
275
8,1
5,7
1135
8,6
1955
259
12,3
8,6
975
8,7
1870
241
17,1
12,7
860
8,7
1785
227
21,4
14,8
775
8,7
1695
212
25,2
17,2
655
8,8
1610
192
29,8
19,9
243
602
5:1
35.6
62,1
~ 112 ~
~ 113 ~
trong cc loi nc thi thng dng khc th trong nc rc n cn ph thuc vo nng amoni
trong nc thi. Th nghim xc nhn yu t trn c thc hin vi nc rc c t l COD/N
khc nhau (COD b sung thm thuc loi d phn hu). Kt qu th nghim trong cc bng 13.
25,13. 26 v cc hnh 13. 7,13. 8 cho thy: vi nng amoni ban u khong 200mg/l v t l
COD/N l 3/1, 5/1, 7/1 th hiu qu x l COD tng t 21,9% ti 44,2% v 56,6%. Tng t nh
vy vi nng amoni ban u l 300mg/l (bng 13. 26) v t l COD/N l 3/1, 4/1, 5/1 hiu qu
x l COD tng ng l 42,5, 56,0 v 62,1%.
1400
COD/N=3:1
COD/N=5:1
COD/N=7:1
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
COD ca nc rc theo thi gian khi nng amoni khong 200 mg/l
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
COD/N=3:1
COD/N=4:1
COD/N=5:1
~ 114 ~
13. 3. 4. 4.
Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin hiu kh tri qua hai giai on k tip nhau: n hp cht
trung gian l nitrit v tip theo ti nitrat do hai chng loi vi sinh khc nhau l Nitrosomonas v
Nitrobacter thc hin. Khi thc hin qu trnh kh nitrat th nitrit cng li l hp cht trung gian
ca qu trnh chuyn ho nitrat v kh nit.
Oxy ho amoni v phng din ho hc xy ra theo hai giai on k tip nhau:
NH4+ + 1,5 O2 NO2- + H2O + 2 H+
(13-7)
(13-8)
oxy ho amoni (nguyn t nit c ho tr -3) thnh nitrit (ho tr ca nit l +3) th mi
nguyn t nit cn nhng ti 6 in t v thnh nitrat (nit ho tr +5) th phi nhng ti 8
in t. S dng oxy phn t (O2) lm cht nhn in t th lng oxy cn thit tng ng l
3,4g v 4,6 g O2 cho 1 g amoni (tnh theo N) oxy ho ti nitrit v nitrat.
Nitrat cha phi l hp cht cui cng (bn trong mi trng) trong qu trnh x l, n cn
c tip tc chuyn ho v dng kh nit (N2, ho tr 0). Qu trnh chuyn ho nitrat v dng
kh nit l qu trnh kh nitrat (chuyn nit ho tr +5 v ho tr khng), tc l n cn nhn in
t (nitrat trong trng hp ny ng vai tr cht oxy ho) t mt cht kh no (cht cho in
t). S dng cht hu c (COD) lm cht kh cho nitrat tng ng vi qu trnh x l vi sinh
thiu kh (mi trng khng c oxy), qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra theo nhiu giai on k tip
nhau, trong ho tr ca nit gim dn t 5 3 2 1 v v 0.
NO3- NO2- NO N2O N2
(13-9)
~ 115 ~
~ 116 ~
Bng 13. 27: Din bin x l amoni trong iu kin cc nng oxy khc nhau.
DO = 1mg/l
pH
Kim
vo
8,0
1800
201
0,53
0,25
356
2,1
1h
8,0
1740
194
2,9
0,8
3,6
2h
7,9
1650
185
4,5
1,5
3,0
3h
7,9
1580
178
5,8
2,4
2,4
4h
7,9
1500
167
7,4
3,4
2,2
5h
7,8
1440
159
8,7
4,7
1,9
6h
7,8
1400
151
10,2
5,6
1,8
7h
7,8
1360
146
10,8
6,3
341
1,7
pH
Kim
vo
8,2
1800
201
0,53
0,25
356
2,1
1h
8,2
1680
184
9,8
2,5
2h
8,2
1520
161
23,7
10,2
2,3
3h
8,1
1410
139
34,6
16,8
2,1
4h
8,1
1280
114
47,5
25,1
1,9
5h
8,0
1200
93
57,3
34,2
1,7
6h
8,0
1050
79
62,7
39,2
1,6
7h
7,9
950
65
67,4
44,2
312
1,5
pH
Kim
vo
8,2
1800
201
0,53
0,25
356
2,1
1h
8,2
1660
181
11,7
4,8
2,4
2h
8,2
1500
162
23,9
10,4
2,3
3h
8,1
1320
136
37,2
19,9
1,9
4h
8,1
1020
105
51,9
31,5
1,6
5h
8,0
900
79
60,2
44,4
1,4
6h
7,9
740
64
65,6
56,8
1,2
DO = 2mg/l
NH3-N NO2-N NO3-N COD NO2/NO3
DO = 4mg/l
NH3-N NO2-N NO3-N COD NO2/NO3
~ 117 ~
7h
7,9
580
51
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
69,5
64,6
311
NH4, DO=1
NO2, DO=1
NO3, DO=1
NH4, DO=2
NO2, DO=2
NO3, DO=2
NH4, DO=4
NO2, DO=4
1,1
NO3, DO=4
Thi gian, gi
T l NO2-/NO3-
NO2/NO3, DO=1
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
NO2/NO3, DO=2
NO2/NO3, DO=4
Thi gian, gi
~ 118 ~
Mc oxy ho cht hu c rt thp: 5 n 10% khi tng nng oxy t 1 ln 4 mg/l. Hiu
qu x l COD ti nng oxy ha tan 2 v 4 mg/l khng khc nhau.
Tng nng oxy to thun li cho qu trnh oxy ho amoni l iu khng cn bn ci, tuy
nhin nu duy tr nng cao s ng ngha vi gi thnh vn hnh cao m mc x l tng
khng ng k.
Nng oxy cng tc ng ln s hnh thnh nitrit, nitrat v t l gia chng.
Sau thi gian phn ng 7 gi, c nitrit v nitrat u tng trong iu kin nng oxy khc
nhau. T l nitrit/nitrat l 1,7; 1,5 v 1,1 tng ng vi iu kin nng oxy 1, 2 v 4 mg/l.
Trong iu kin nng oxy cao, t l nitrit/nitrat nh, iu ny khng ch ng vi thi im
kt thc th nghim (7 gi) m cn ng vi mi thi im trong qu trnh x l.
Trong thi gian phn ng, gi tr t l nitrit/nitrat t gi tr cc i, thi im xut hin im
(vng) cc tr ph thuc vo tc phn ng thnh phn ca qu trnh tng th.
Mt iu ng ch khc l s suy gim nit tng trong qu trnh x l hiu kh. Vi gi
thit l amoni t b bc hi do qu trnh sc kh (ti pH 8, amoni tn ti ch yu dng tch
in dng - dng khng bay hi).
Mc suy gim c nh gi thng qua hiu s ca tng nit ban u (NH4+, NO2-, NO3-)
v cui th nghim.
Mc suy gim nit tng trong iu kin nng oxy khc nhau cng khc nhau: nng
oxy thp th mc suy gim cao v ngc li. C th ti nng oxy 1, 2 v 4 mg/l mc suy
gim tng ng l 36,7; 25,2; 16,7 mg/l.
S suy gim nit tng nu trn c th do nguyn nhn ca qu trnh kh nitrat, nitrit xy ra
trong tp hp vi sinh trong iu kin thiu kh. Mi trng t oxy thc y qu trnh kh.
nh hng ca nng amoni.
Th nghim c tin hnh vi cc thng s: nng oxy 2 mg/l, nng amoni ban u dao
ng trong khong 100 n 300 mg/l. Kt qu th nghim c trnh by trong bng 13. 28 v
hnh 13. 11.
Bng 13. 28: Din bin x l amoni vi cc nng khc nhau.
NH4+ = 100 mg N/l:
pH
COD
NO2/NO3
Vo
8,0
1100
102
0,47
0,5
237
0,9
1h
8,0
980
85
11,4
4,1
2,8
~ 119 ~
2h
7,9
860
68
22,5
9,7
2,3
3h
7,9
752
51
30,2
16,8
1,8
4h
7,8
678
47,5
35,5
21,5
1,7
5h
7,8
583
32,1
40,2
29,2
1,4
6h
7,8
498
19
45,3
35,9
1,3
7h
7,8
400
49,4
44,5
211
1,1
NO2/NO3
COD
Vo
8,2
1610
197
0,47
0,5
334
0,9
1h
8,2
1520
179
11
3,9
2,8
2h
8,1
1360
158
22,6
9,5
2,4
3h
8,1
1200
135
33,8
18,2
1,9
4h
8,2
1040
112
44,5
28
1,6
5h
8,1
880
93
52,7
37,5
1,4
6h
8,0
800
73
59,8
46,9
1,3
7h
8,0
710
56
65,5
55,7
302
1,2
COD
NO2/NO3
Vo
8,2
2540
289
0,47
0,5
442
0,9
1h
8,2
2440
274
9,6
3,2
3,0
2h
8,2
2300
253
21,5
9,1
2,4
3h
8,1
2220
227
34,7
17,5
2,0
4h
8,1
2000
205
46,7
25,2
1,9
5h
8,0
1980
187
54,9
31
1,8
6h
8,0
1840
168
63,1
40,6
1,6
~ 120 ~
7h
8,0
300
1720
151
67,8
48,7
415
1,4
250
200
.
150
100
50
0
0
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 11. S bin thin NH4+, NO2-, NO3- theo thi gian vi cc NH4+ u vo khc nhau.
Hiu sut x l amoni t 95%, 72% v 48% tng ng vi nng ban u l 102, 197 v
289 mg/l sau thi gian 7 gi. Hiu sut x l gim ng k khi nng amoni tng l do ngun
cung tng trong khi ngun tiu th khng thay i. Mt khc nng amoni cao cng c
xem l yu t km hm vi sinh t dng v mt hot tnh [30].
Trong iu kin th nghim trn, nng ca nitrit hnh thnh lun cao hn nng nitrat,
nhn chung t l nitrit/nitrat cao khi nng amoni ban u ln. im cc i thng xut hin
kh sm v gim dn theo thi gian x l.
Mc suy gim nit tng cng xy ra, mc gim c th l 4,0; 20,8 v 22,5 mg/l tng ng
vi nng amoni ban u l 102, 197 v 289 mg/l. S suy gim nit tng tng ln khi nng
amoni ban u ln rt c th l do iu kin thiu oxy trm trng hn trong cc tp hp vi sinh,
cc loi vi sinh d dng oxy ho amoni mnh hn pha bn ngoi ca tp hp ht.
nh hng ca kim.
~ 121 ~
COD
NO2/NO3
Vo
8,2
910
212
0,43
0,22
222
2,0
1h
8,2
800
197
8,8
3,2
2,8
2h
8,1
710
185
15,8
5,1
3,1
3h
8,1
620
171
22,6
9,3
2,4
4h
8,0
540
158
26,5
13,2
2,0
5h
8,0
480
149
29,5
16,8
1,8
6h
7,9
420
141
31,7
21,2
1,5
7h
7,9
360
135
32,8
26,5
205
1,2
T l kim/amoni l 7/1:
pH
COD
NO2/NO3
Vo
8,2
1500
212
0,43
0,22
222
2,0
1h
8,2
1380
197
9,1
3,2
2,8
2h
8,2
1200
176
19,3
8,2
2,4
3h
8,1
1040
152
29,6
16,8
1,8
4h
8,1
880
132
37,4
25,3
1,5
5h
8,0
780
109
47,2
35,4
1,3
6h
8,0
600
91
54,1
42,8
1,3
7h
8,0
460
74
60,3
50,6
202
1,2
Vo
pH
COD
NO2/NO3
8,2
2020
222
2,0
212
0,43
0,22
~ 122 ~
1h
8,2
1920
197
10,2
4,6
2,2
2h
8,2
1760
175
21,7
11,2
1,9
3h
8,1
1620
151
32,9
20,1
1,6
4h
8,1
1420
134
40,6
28,6
1,4
5h
8,0
1240
112
49,2
35,7
1,4
6h
8,0
1100
93
56,5
41,9
1,3
7h
8,0
980
78
63,2
48,7
198
1,3
175
150
NH4+, kim/NH4+=4/1
NO2-, kim/NH4+=4/1
125
NO3-, kim/NH4+=4/1
NH4+, kim/NH4+ =7/1
100
75
50
25
0
0
3
4
Thi gian, gi
~ 123 ~
Hnh 13. 12. S bin thin NH4+, NO2-, NO3- theo thi gian vi cc t l kim/NH4+ u vo
khc nhau.
Mt khc khi kim d, hiu qu x l amoni cng khng cao hn so vi trng hp ch
kim.
Kim (bicarbonat) ng hai vai tr trong qu trnh oxy ho amoni: cung cp carbon cho tng
hp t bo v trung ho lng axit sinh ra t phn ng oxy ho thnh nitrit. Trong thi gian phn
ng (7 gi) nhu cu v kim cho tng hp t bo l rt t, vy vai tr chnh ca kim l trung ho
axit. Tc ng khng thun li ca kim thp ln hiu qu oxy ho amoni cn l mt vn
cn c lm sng t.
Nhn xt.
thun li cho qu trnh kh nitrat trong giai on x l thiu kh i vi nc rc, vic
khng ch phn ng sao cho sn phm hnh thnh ch n dng nitrit l tt nht. Mc ch ca
iu khin qu trnh trn l tit kim nng lng (cp oxy) cho giai on oxy ho v cht hu c
cho c giai on oxy ho v kh nitrat. Gii php cng c ngha i vi nc rc: nc rt
ngho cht hu c so vi hp cht nit.
khng ch t l nitrat/nitrit, tc ng ca cc yu t oxy ho tan, nng amoni ban u v
kim c kho st. Kt qu thu c cho thy:
- Nng oxy thp to iu kin hnh thnh nitrit v ko theo l tc v hiu sut oxy ho
amoni thp.
- Cng do iu kin oxy thp qu trnh kh nitrit, nitrat xy ra thun li hn nn s suy gim nit
tng ln hn.
- Nng amoni ban u nh hng n t l nitrit/nitrat hnh thnh: nng amoniac cao thc
y s hnh thnh nitrit mnh hn so vi nitrat trong cng iu kin khc v mc suy gim
nit tng ln hn.
- Hiu qu v tc x l amoni thp trong iu kin nng amoni cao do t l gia ngun tiu
th (vi sinh) v lng thc n (amoni) thp v rt c th amoni chnh l yu t u c vi sinh
t dng.
- kim thp km hm ng k tc oxy ho amoni, tuy vy tng kim cao hn mc nhu
cu cn thit khng thc y tc phn ng.
- T l nitrit/nitrat khng b tc ng nhiu bi nng kim. Mc suy gim nit tng trong
mi tng quan vi kim cng khng r rng.
~ 124 ~
Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh (oxy ho) cc thnh phn hu c sinh hu chuyn ho thnh
hp cht bn nh H2O v CO2 cng mt phn chuyn ho thnh t bo vi sinh vt.
Hp cht nit, phn ln nm di dng amoni (hnh thnh t qu trnh thu phn hp cht
nit vi tc kh nhanh) c vi sinh vt s dng mt phn nh (khng qu 10 mg/l) xy
dng t bo v ch yu chuyn ho thnh nitrit v nitrat. T l nitrit/nitrat c quyt nh bi
iu kin phn hu hiu kh v bn cht ca nc thi. Vi nng amoni ban u cao nh
trong nc rc, nitrit chim mt t l cao trong c cu sn phm sau qu trnh x l hiu kh. Hp
cht nit dng oxy ho (nit c ho tr dng) cha phi l dng bn trong mi trng, v th
chng cn c x l tip v trng thi nit dng kh c ho tr khng, N2, l dng bn, khng
c vi mi trng.
Qu trnh chuyn ho hp cht nit t ho tr dng (NO3-, NO2-, NO, N2O tng ng vi
ho tr +5, +3, +2 v +1) v ho tr khng (N2) v bn cht ho hc l qu trnh kh (gim ho tr
t dng v khng), trong cc hp cht nit ho tr dng ng vai tr cht oxy ho (nhn
in t). c th kh cc hp cht nit cn phi c cc cht c kh nng cho in t. Cc cht
c kh nng cho in t (cht kh) c kh nhiu: cht hu c, sunfua hydro,... hoc cc cht v
c c ho tr thp nh Fe2+, Mn2+..., tuy nhin thng dng v thun li nht l cc cht hu c.
Trong h x l tn ti cht hu c (cht kh, cho in t) v cht nhn in t (hp cht nit ho
tr dng), ch xy ra phn ng oxy ho kh nu trong khng c oxy (cht oxy ho - nhn
in t) v oxy d phn ng vi cht hu c hn so vi phn ng ca cht hu c vi hp cht
nit ho tr dng, do nng lng oxy ho gia cht hu c vi oxy cao hn. V vy iu kin
kh hp cht nit ho tr dng vi cht hu c l mi trng khng c oxy - mi trng thiu
kh (anoxic).
Mi trng thiu kh c th quan st thng qua nng oxy hoc th oxy ho kh (ORP oxidation - reduction potential), trong mi trng thiu oxy gi tr ORP thp.
c trng quan trng nht v phng din ho hc l qu trnh kh xy ra theo giai on ni
tip nhau, t ho tr cao (ca N) xung thp dn v t ti gi tr cui cng l khng:
NO3- NO2- NO N2O N2
(13-10)
~ 125 ~
~ 126 ~
80 - 100
mgN/l
u vo 9,23
783
1,10
90,6
91,7
2578 207
1 gi 8,65
830
35,1
41,0
76,1
2302 203
2 gi 8,43
913
55,0
14,8
69,8
2008 189
3 gi 8,43
993
40,6
10,3
50,9
1713 175
4 gi 8,35
1090
9,90
5,20
15,1
1545 166
~ 127 ~
170 - 180
mgN/l
5 gi 8,41
1120
0,10
0,70
u vo 9,20
680
0,60
1 gi 8,46
838
28,3
2 gi 8,46
890
37,8
95,2
3 gi 8,22
963
42,0
52,6
94,6
1350 158
4 gi 8,09
1098
53,9
30,9
84,8
1055 165
5 gi 8,26
1185
45,0
14,2
59,2
695
193
6 gi 8,31
1248
10,1
1,10
11,2
446
134
7 gi 8,32
1265
0,30
0,20
0,50
330
115
0,80
1372 154
Nng
140
N-NO3- mgN/l
120
N-NOx mgN/l
100
COD/20 mgO2/l
80
60
40
20
0
Thi gian, gi
~ 128 ~
N-NO2- mgN/l
250
N-NO3- mgN/l
200
Nng
N-NOx mgN/l
150
COD/10 mgO2/l
100
50
0
0
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 14. Qu trnh kh nitrat nng 170 - 180 mg N/l.
Ngc li vi qu trnh oxy ha, trong kim b tiu hao vi mc 7,2 g/g nitrat, kim
c sinh ra (tr li) mt phn t qu trnh kh nitrat vi mc xp x 40% ca lng kim tiu
hao, tc l khong 4,3 g kim/g nitrat b kh. S liu t bng 13. 30 cho thy lng kim sinh ra
t qu trnh kh nm trong khong 3,2 n 3,7 g kim/g nitrat b kh.
Khc vi bin ng v gi tr nitrat v tng ca nitrat, nitrit (NOx) trong thi gian phn ng l
gim lin tc, nng nitrit (ban u xp x bng khng) tng dn trc khi gim theo thi gian
v t cc tr ti mt thi im no (hnh 13. 13, 13. 14). S hnh thnh nitrit vi im cc
i chng t c ch kh ca nitrat c giai on (sn phm) trung gian l s hnh thnh nitrit.
Nitrit c hnh thnh t nitrat v b mt i do phn ng tip theo to thnh cc hp cht nit c
ha tr thp hn +3 (NO, N2O, N2). Do hai phn ng tri chiu nhau (sinh ra v mt i) nn nng
nitrit t ti mt gi tr cc i ti mt thi im no . Thi im t ti cc i cng ngn
khi phn ng sinh ra n cng nhanh so vi phn ng m n ng vai tr l nguyn liu (b tiu
th). T hnh 13. 13, 13. 14 v bng 13. 30 cho thy: thi im t cc i ca vng nng
nitrit sm hn vng nng nitrat ban u thp: sau khong 2 gi khi nng nitrat nm trong
khong 80 - 100 mg N/l v sau 4 - 5 gi cho khong nng nitrat ban u 170 - 180 mg N/l. T
kt qu trn cng cho php nhn nh: t l tc hnh thnh v tiu hao nitrit cao hn vng
nng nitrat ban u thp so vi vng nng nitrat ban u cao.
Sau khi t gi tr cc i, nng nitrit (v c nitrat) gim u v kh nhanh, tc l tr v
trng thi n nh ca c hai phn ng.
Tc kh nitrat, nitrit (NOx) trung bnh trong vng nng thp nh hn so vi tc
trong vng nng cao: t 18,34 mg N/(l.h) trong vng nng ban u l 91,7 mg N/l so vi
25,65 mg N/(l.h) trong vng nng ban u l 179,6 mg N/l. iu ny ph hp vi qui lut
~ 129 ~
phn ng l tc chm dn theo thi gian phn ng. Trong giai on u ca phn ng, mc
suy gim NOx ch yu do qu trnh kh nitrat v nitrit, trong giai on sau l do kh nitrit v
cc hp cht c ha tr thp hn.
Kh nitrit.
Kt qu th nghim kh nitrit vng nng thp (70 - 80 mg N/l) v trong vng cao (170 180 mg N/l) c trnh by trong bng 13. 31 v hnh 13. 15, 13. 16. S liu trong bng l gi tr
trung bnh ca nhiu th nghim lp li (khng di 3 th nghim).
Lng kim sinh ra trong qu trnh kh nitrit nm trong khong 3,2 - 3,3 g/g N. Gi tr ny
khng khc vi trng hp kh nitrat do qu trnh sinh ra kim l bc kh nitrit.
Bng 13. 31: S bin thin ca cc thng s trong qu trnh kh nitrit NO2-.
Khong nng Thi pH
Kim N-NO2- N-NO3- N-NOx COD ORP
mgCaCO3/l mgN/l mgN/l mgN/l mgO2/l mV
NO2- th gian th
nghim nghim
u vo 8,26
785
74,3
3,20
77,5
1305 141
70 - 80
1 gi 8,31
970
38,8
1,28
40,8
1100
81
mgN/l
2 gi 8,39
1020
6,26
0,64
6,9
714
115
3 gi 8,21
1040
0,40
0,20
0,6
648
34
u vo 8,52
940
174,6
7,64
1 gi 8,56
1225
138,6
6,12
170 - 180
2 gi 8,72
1333
96,7
4,70
mgN/l
3 gi 8,87
1425
51,5
2,44
54,0
2528 118
4 gi 9,00
1485
13,4
1,30
14,7
2204
90
5 gi 8,73
1520
0,4
0,70
1,1
2019
97
~ 130 ~
N-NO2- mgN/l
140
N-NO3- mgN/l
120
N-NOx mgN/l
Nng
100
COD/10 mgO2/l
80
60
40
20
0
0
Thi gian, gi
Nng
Lng cht hu c (COD) tiu hao cho phn ng kh trong c hai vng nng l t 6,84
n 8,54 g/g so vi qu trnh kh nitrat l 11,1 - 11,3 g/g, tc l qu trnh kh nitrit cn mt
lng cht hu c bng 61,9 v 64,2% so vi lng dng kh nitrat (tnh theo l thuyt l
60%).
N-NO2- mgN/l
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
N-NO3- mgN/l
N-NOx mgN/l
COD/20 mgO2/l
3
Thi gian, gi
~ 131 ~
13. 4.
~ 132 ~
COD/ N
= 2,5
Kim
(mg
CaCO3/l)
8,2 2149
208
0,87
2,43
229
211
523
8,5 1988
173
9,95
10,3
193
492
8,5 1972
171
5,76
6,35
183
429
8,5 1734
140
15,9
15,1
171
413
8,5 1728
139
8,58
10,1
157
392
8,5 1544
112
19,5
17,8
121
149
371
47%
29%
29%
H sut
46%
0
8,3 2432
270
0,55
0,78
297
271
813
8,7 2224
223
5,62
4,14
233
462
8,7 2200
214
3,18
2,51
220
444
COD/ N
8,9 2096
191
7,33
4,74
203
406
= 3,0
8,9 2096
187
4,53
3,04
195
402
8,9 1965
161
9,78
5,11
177
176
377
H sut
40,4%
8,2 2010
192
2,26
1,21
212
196
1073
8,4 1840
149
12,1
4,78
166
607
8,4 1847
144
6,27
2,84
153
529
COD/ N
8,4 1588
96
28,3
17,3
142
506
= 5,6
8,4 1593
94
16,9
10,9
122
476
8,3 1220
25
57,2
29,7
32
112
454
H sut
86,9%
~ 133 ~
Bng 13. 33. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh theo thi
gian (3:1)
T l Thi pH
COD/ N gian
(gi)
COD/ N
= 2,5
Kim
(mg
8,2 2149
208
0,87
2,43
229
211
523
8,6 1956
163
12,8
11,4
187
479
8,5 1996
162
7,5
7,61
177
427
8,6 1726
121
19,9
16,44
157
397
8,5 1726
120
13,6
11,5
129
145
376
42,3%
Hiu.
sut
8,3 2432
270
0,55
0,78
297
271
813
8,9 2136
199
5,09
4,96
209
402
8,8 2184
200
2,89
3,19
206
394
9,0 2004
175
11,2
4,36
191
386
9,0 1993
179
7,83
2,94
196
190
369
Hiu
sut
COD/ N
= 5,6
O2/l)
CaCO3/l)
Hiu
sut
COD/ N
= 3,0
33,7%
8,2 2010
192
2,26
1,21
212
196
1073
8,4 1775
131
16,6
4,35
152
477
8,5 1783
127
9,12
2,61
139
462
8,4 1380
56,9
45,1
23,7
126
451
8,4 1335
56,6
29,6
15,8
65
102
439
70,5%
Kh nng x l COD
Mc suy gim COD theo thi gian c th hin trong bng 13. 32, 13. 33, v trn cc
hnh 13. 17, 13. 18, 13. 19. Hnh 13.17, 13. 18, 13. 19 biu din kh nng loi b COD trong
trng hp t l COD/ N l: 2,5; 3,0; 5,6 vi thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh l 2 : 1 v 3
: 1.
~ 134 ~
600
COD, mgO2/l
500
400
sc:khuy = 2:1
300
sc:khuy = 3:1
200
Chu k hiu kh
100
Chu k thiu kh
0
0
4
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 17. Hiu qu x l COD ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh (2 :
1, 3 : 1) vi t l COD : N = 2,5.
900
sc:khuy Chu
= 2:1k hiu kh
800
sc:khuy =
3:1k thiu kh
Chu
COD, mg O2/l
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
4
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 18. Hiu qu x l COD ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh (2 :
1, 3 : 1) vi t l COD : N = 3,0.
~ 135 ~
1200
sc:khuy Chu
= 2:1k hiu kh
COD, mgO2/l
1000
sc:khuy Chu
= 3:1k thiu kh
800
600
400
200
0
0
4
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 19. Hiu qu x l COD ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh (2 :
1, 3 : 1) vi t l COD : N = 5,6.
COD gim do hai qu trnh: oxy ho do vi sinh d dng trong giai on hiu kh v tiu hao
trong giai on thiu kh. Tc suy gim COD khng u nhau, gim nhanh giai on u,
sau chm dn. T l thi gian sc kh/ khuy khc nhau (2 : 1, 3 : 1) t nh hng n kt qu
cui cng (sau thi gian tng cng l 8 gi) do thi gian sc kh tng cng ca c hai phng n
u nh nhau (6 gi). Trong giai on thiu kh COD cng gim nhng vi tc chm dn
cc chu k sau, rt c th do cc thnh phn hu c cng v sau cng kh sinh hu. Hiu qu x
l COD rt ph thuc vo t l COD/ N, trong c hai phng n, khi t l COD/ N = 2,5; 3,0; 5,6
th hiu qu x l tng ng l 28%, 54% v 58%
Do nng oxy mc kh cao (2 - 3mg/l), hon ton p ng c cho cc loi vi sinh hiu
kh nn hiu qu x l COD tng khi t l COD/ N tng c l ch yu do t l thnh phn hu c
d sinh hu trong cc mu khc nhau.
Kh nng oxy ho amoni
T bng s liu 13. 32, 13. 33 v cc hnh hnh 13. 20, 13. 21, 13. 22 cho thy hiu qu qu
trnh oxy ho amoni hoc TKN (tng nit Kjeldahl) ph thuc ch yu vo nng ban u ch
t ph thuc vo t l COD/ N. T l thi gian sc kh/ khuy 2 : 1 cho hiu qu oxy ho amoni
cao hn.
~ 136 ~
250
NH4+, mg N/l
200
150
100
sc:khuy = 2:1
Chu k hiu kh
50
sc:khuy = Chu
3:1 k thiu kh
0
0
4
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 20. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 2,5.
300
NH4+, mg N/l
250
200
150
sc:khuy = Chu
2:1 k hiu kh
100
sc:khuy = Chu
3:1 k thiu kh
50
0
0
4
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 21. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 3,0
~ 137 ~
200
Chu k hiu kh
NH4+, mg N/l
175
Chu k thiu kh
150
125
100
75
sc:khuy = 2:1
50
sc:khuy = 3:1
25
0
0
4
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 22. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 5,6.
Trong thi gian x l thiu kh, nng amoni trong nc hu nh khng suy gim. Tc
oxy ho amoni ph thuc vo nng ban u rt c th do nguyn nhn l: do chu k th
nghim ngn, lng oxy ho tan y , s cnh tranh phn hu COD v amoni do cc chng vi
sinh khc nhau khng mnh m yu t quan trng hn l mt sinh khi ca tng loi trong .
Khi t l gia ngun thc n v vi sinh (t l F/M, food- micro organism ratio) ng vai tr
quan trng hn.
S hnh thnh nitrit, nitrat
Nitrit v nitrat to thnh k tip nhau trong giai on hiu kh, kh nitrit v nitrat v dng kh
xy ra trong giai on thiu kh cng theo kiu k tip nhau t ho tr +5 v ho tr khng. Theo
ti liu [12, 33] trong qu trnh hiu kh, nng nitrit thng rt thp (nh hn 0,1mg/l) tr
trng hp do b hn ch v nng oxy ho tan. Hin tng trn thng c quan st i vi
nc thi sinh hot c hm lng amoni khng cao. Cng c tc gi cho rng kim cao trong
nc thi l yu t thun li duy tr nng nitrit cao [32].
Vi cc mu nc rc, khi x l hiu kh vi nng oxy d tha (4 - 5mg/l), kim rt cao
(khi kt thc lng kim d u cao hn 1000mg/l) nng nitrit lun lun cao hn nitrat (bng
13. 34).
Bng 13. 34. T l gia NO3-/ NO2- trong giai on x l hiu kh.
T l thi gian
sc
T l COD/ N
2,5
3,0
~ 138 ~
5,6
T l
NO2- NO3- T l
(gi/ gi)
NO3-/
NO2-
NO3-/
NO2-
NO3-/
NO2-
2 : 1 0 - 2h 9,08 7,87
0,66
9,48
3,57
0,38
3 - 5h 10,14 8,75
0,54
22,03 14,5
0,67
6 - 8h 10,92 7,7
0,39
40,3
18,8
0,47
3 : 1 0 - 3h 11,89 8,97
0,92
13,98 3,14
0,22
0,14
35,98 21,1
0,59
4 -7h
12,4 8,83
Vi chu k hiu kh l 2gi, 3gi, t l COD/ N = 2,5 ; 3,0 ; 5,6, t l gia NO3-/ NO2- khc
nhau: cc chu k u t l NO3-/ NO2- cao v gim dn cc chu k sau, tc l cng giai
on sau nng nitrit cng cao hn so vi nitrat. T l NO3-/ NO2- cng ph thuc vo thi gian
sc kh ca chu k, thi gian sc kh di hn (3gi so vi 2gi) thng cho t l NO3-/ NO2- thp
hn.
Trong iu kin th nghim trnh by, yu t thc y c qu trnh to thnh nitrit (
kim) v to nitrat (oxy ho tan) u c tho mn, tuy vy nng nitrit vn cao hn nitrat v
cc chu k sau nng amoni thp hn cc chu k trc, trong khi tc oxy ho amoni
hay hiu qu loi tng nit TN khng xy ra hin tng t bin. Hin tng ny c th l do t
l vi sinh Nitrosomonas (oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit) cao hn loi Nitrobacter (oxy ho nitrit
thnh nitrat) trong iu kin c th ca th nghim.
Hiu qu x l tng nit
Trong tt c cc iu kin th nghim, hiu qu loi b nit (TN) t t 29% n 48%, hiu
qu tng khi t l COD/ N tng. Mi tng quan gia hiu qu x l tng nit v hiu qu x l
COD trong bng 13. 35 (N l hiu s ca TN, COD l hiu s ca COD gia gi tr u v
cui ca qu trnh x l trong 8 gi) cho thy, t l COD/N tng khi t l COD/ N tng v lch
nhau khng nhiu vi cng t l COD/ N.
Bng 13. 35. T l COD/N trong cc iu kin th nghim khc nhau.
T l
COD/ N
2,5
2:1
N
COD
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
62
152
3:1
COD/N
2,45
COD
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
66
147
~ 139 ~
COD/N
2,22
3,0
95
436
4,45
81
444
5,48
5,6
84
619
7,35
94
634
6,7
250
T-N, mg N/l
200
150
100
sc:khuy = 2:1
Chu k hiu kh
sc:khuy = 3:1
50
Chu k thiu kh
0
0
4
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 23. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 2,5.
S suy gim T-N trong h do ba nguyn nhn: chuyn ho thnh kh nit, gii hp th amoni
v tham gia cu to t bo ca vi sinh mi to thnh, trong nguyn nhn u c vai tr quan
trng hn c. Hp cht nit (ch yu l amoni) cng hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn hu ni
sinh (endogenous decay).
Suy gim COD l do cc nguyn nhn: to thnh c cht ca cc chng vi sinh d dng, oxy
ho thnh cc hp cht bn (CO2, H2O) v ng vai tr cht cho in t trong qu trnh thiu kh.
Qu trnh phn hu ni sinh lm tng COD tan. S suy gim TN v COD trong h l mt qu
trnh lin quan n nhiu yu t v rt kh d on v tng th.
~ 140 ~
300
250
T-N, mg N/l
200
150
sc:khuy = 2:1
100
Chu k hiu kh
sc:khuy = 3:1
50
Chu k thiu kh
0
0
4
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 24. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 3,0.
200
175
T-N, mg N/l
150
125
100
Chu k hiu kh
sc:khuy = 2:1
75
Chu k thiu kh
50
sc:khuy = 3:1
25
0
0
4
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 25. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 5,6.
~ 141 ~
Trong iu kin hiu kh vi y oxy ho tan, amoni b oxy ho thnh nitrit v nitrat.
Trong iu kin thiu kh, da vo ngun carbon c b sung, nitrit v nitrat s b kh v kh
nit (N2).
Kt qu th nghim thu c t x l nc rc theo ch sc kh gin on vi t l thi
gian sc kh/ khuy trn (2 : 1, 3 : 1) trong 360 pht c ghi li trong bng 13. 36 v 13. 37.
Bng 13. 36. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung
thm cht hu c theo thi gian (2:1)
Thi
gian TN
COD
u vo 8,2 2022
122
0,49
1,60
493
106
5,67
1,96
396
108
1,07
1,67
481
88
4,60
1,72
422
85
0,50
1,48
486
67
4,42
2,22
461
69
0,09
1,13
471
49
5,20
1,93
425
50
1,34
1,10
440
Hiu sut
COD B NKT
sung
TN
(mgN/l) (mgN/l)
136,6
319,6
124
114
110
302,6
94
87
195,8
74
70
203,4
56
56
59,1%
52
59,0% 57,8%
Bng 13. 37. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung cht
hu c theo thi gian (t l sc kh/ khuy l 3:1).
Thi
gian TN
COD
u vo 8,2 2022
122,0
0,49
1,60
493
96,2
8,88
1,96
432
92,8
0,73
1,22
468
72,5
6,76
3,10
427
COD B NKT
sung
TN
(mgN/l) (mgN/l)
136,6 124,2
319
107
94,8
187
~ 142 ~
82,4
70,3
0,21
1,23
444
46,8
8,85
2,54
403
46,2
0,40
1,41
467
Hiu sut
71,8
283
58,2
50,6
62,1%
47,8
63,0% 61,5%
T kt qu bng 13. 36, 13. 37 cho thy, sau 360 pht, hiu qu ca qu trnh oxy ho amoni
thnh nitrit, nitrat c hai thit b hot ng gin on l: gi tr amoni cc thit b gim t 122
mgN/l xung 43, 48 mgN/l. thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian sc kh/ khuy 3 : 1 cho hiu
qu oxy ho amoni cao hn (62,1% so vi 59,1%).
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
NH4+, mg N/l
Chu k hiu kh
Chu k thiu kh
sc:khuy = 2:1
sc:khuy = 3:1
60
120
180
240
Thi gian, pht
300
360
Hnh 13. 26. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 c b sung cht hu c.
140
Chu k hiu kh
120
Chu k thiu kh
100
T- N, mg N/l
80
60
40
sc:khuy = 2:1
20
sc:khuy = 3:1
0
0
60
120
180
240
Thi gian, pht
~ 143 ~
300
360
Hnh 13. 27. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 c b sung cht hu c.
T hnh hnh 13. 26, 13. 27 cho thy: tc oxy ho amoni c hai thit b u c xu hng
gim, chm dn cc chu k hiu kh sau. Nguyn nhn c th l do ngun cht hu c c b
sung vo u giai on khuy (thiu kh) sau khi kt thc vn cn d do vy n giai on hiu
kh s xy ra s cnh tranh gia vi sinh d dng oxy ho COD v vi sinh t dng oxy ho
amoni. iu cng l nguyn nhn lm gim lng NO2- v NO3- hnh thnh cc giai on
sc kh sau. Trong thi gian x l thiu kh, nng amoni trong nc hu nh khng suy gim.
Hiu sut kh nitrit v nitrat trong giai on thiu kh
Trong giai on thiu kh, xy ra qu trnh kh nitrit v nitrat cn c cht hu c (1g NO 3-N cn 3g cht hu c). V COD trong nc rc sau giai on hiu kh cn li l nhng cht tr
kh phn hu nn ng c s dng lm ngun cung cp COD kh nitrit v nitrat trong
giai on thiu kh. Hiu sut kh nitrit v nitrat c th hin trong bng 13. 38, 13. 39.
Bng 13. 38. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh l 2 : 1
theo thi gian trong 360 pht.
Thng s T. gian
(pht)
ln th nghim
1
8,6
7,9
8,1
8,1
8,3
8,6
8,4
60
8,7
8,3
8,4
8,4
8,6
8,6
8,5
90
8,6
8,3
8,3
8,3
8,6
8,7
8,5
150
8,6
8,4
8,4
8,4
8,6
8,7
8,5
180
8,6
8,2
8,2
8,3
8,5
8,7
8,5
240
8,6
8,3
8,3
8,5
8,6
8,7
8,6
270
8,6
8,3
8,4
8,4
8,6
8,7
8,6
330
8,6
8,3
8,5
8,5
8,7
8,7
8,5
360
8,6
8,3
8,4
8,3
8,6
8,7
8,5
Kim
1750
1960
2200
2160
2040
2120 1960
(mgCaCO3/l)
60
1700
1910
2110
2040
1920
2040 1900
90
1800
1880
2100
2040
1970
2000 1900
150
1650
1800
2030
1990
1850
1850 1840
pH
~ 144 ~
N-NH4+
(mgN/l)
N-NO2(mgN/l)
N-NO3
(mgN/l)
180
1690
1820
2030
1980
1850
1900 1850
240
1700
1760
1950
1900
1800
1800 1760
270
1700
1760
1950
1900
1760
1850 1750
330
1600
1720
1910
1830
1710
1800 1690
360
1680
1720
1920
1840
1720
1850 1700
97
122
126
142
123
129
108
60
80
115
113
119
103
113
87,5
90
82
112
119
122
105
109
85,0
150
63
88,0
99,0
104
85,0
85,0
67,5
180
62
89,0
93,0
98,0
81,0
81,0
68,0
240
49,8
68,0
75,0
78,8
64,0
65,0
43,8
270
48,8
69,0
81,0
80,0
65,0
59,0
46,7
330
28,8
56,0
53,0
62,0
44,0
38,0
37,0
360
27,5
59,0
56,0
63,0
44,0
39,0
43,0
0,93
0,34
0,21
0,27
0,72
0,23
0,36
60
3,43
4,57
5,82
7,15
7,38
3,92
5,33
90
4,92
0,11
0,08
0,09
0,15
0,09
0,11
150
5,97
3,50
3,42
3,81
6,32
3,77
4,21
180
1,30
0,34
0,39
0,02
0,46
0,09
0,11
240
4,76
2,89
4,15
3,65
6,66
5,14
5,48
270
0,08
0,08
0,12
0,06
0,09
0,12
0,15
330
4,07
5,33
5,14
4,36
7,08
4,26
4,72
360
2,16
0,15
0,09
0,51
3,81
0,17
0,09
3,00
1,60
1,04
1,25
1,10
0,95
1,12
60
3,25
1,80
1,65
1,60
1,50
1,15
1,10
90
3,80
1,00
1,15
1,20
1,20
1,00
1,05
150
2,00
1,38
1,50
1,80
1,90
2,15
1,35
180
2,90
0,96
1,12
1,35
1,05
1,20
1,15
240
2,70
1,30
2,65
2,50
1,95
2,15
1,80
270
1,05
1,10
1,30
1,10
1,10
0,90
1,00
330
2,79
1,30
1,90
1,95
1,70
2,55
2,75
360
0,85
0,95
1,20
1,40
1,10
1,00
1,07
~ 145 ~
112
135
142
157
137
145
123
60
90
150
180
240
270
330
360
32
67
63
69
49
43
47
101
124
127
144
125
130
109
60
87,0
121
120
128
112
118
94,0
90
90,7
113
119
123
106
110
86,0
150
71,0
93,0
104
110
93,0
91,0
73,0
180
66,0
90,0
95,0
99,0
83,0
82,0
69,0
240
57,0
72,0
82,0
85,0
73,0
72,0
51,0
270
50,0
70,0
82,0
81,0
66,0
60,0
49,0
330
36,0
63,0
60,0
68,0
53,0
45,0
45,0
360
31,0
60,0
57,0
65,0
49,0
40,0
44,0
COD
466
507
508
497
489
514
480
(mgO2/l)
60
278
407
440
424
431
444
447
90
348
509
601
493
455
518
575
150
344
407
429
444
486
437
478
180
576
453
465
503
433
514
561
240
464
455
456
466
463
490
434
270
426
527
442
485
477
486
490
330
453
406
453
411
404
457
400
360
426
474
441
464
394
527
427
+ 290
+ 358
+ 514
+ 231
+ 163
+ 165
NKT
(mgN/l)
TN
(mgN/l)
COD b
sung
60
(mgO2/l)
90
150
180
240
270
~ 146 ~
+ 90 + 302
+ 225
+ 209
+ 98
+ 283 + 202
216
+ 258
360
Bng 13. 39. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh l 3 : 1
theo thi gian trong 360 pht.
Thng s
pH
ln th nghim
T. gian
(pht)
8,6
7,9
8,1
8,1
8,3
8,6
8,4
90
8,7
8,4
8,4
8,5
8,7
8,7
8,6
120
8,7
8,3
8,3
8,4
8,6
8,7
8,5
210
8,6
8,4
8,5
8,5
8,7
8,7
8,6
240
8,6
8,3
8,5
8,4
8,6
8,7
8,4
330
8,6
8,4
8,5
8,5
8,8
8,7
8,6
360
8,6
8,2
8,4
8,5
8,6
8,7
8,5
Kim
1750 1960
2200
2160
2040
2120 1960
(mgCaCO3/l)
90
1720 1820
1990
1950
1860
1900 1800
120
1740 1820
2010
1950
1870
1940 1820
210
1650 1720
1920
1850
1750
1890 1750
240
1650 1760
1940
1900
1790
1900 1780
330
1650 1640
1860
1800
1670
1800 1650
360
1650 1680
1860
1800
1650
1800 1690
97,0
122
126
142
123
129
108
90
77,0
103
108
109
84,0
105
86,0
120
76,0
101
102
103
82,0
98,5
88,0
210
59,5
78,0
81,0
85,0
59,0
74,0
64,0
240
59,0
72,0
78,3
81,3
61,0
75,0
61,0
330
39,0
52,0
52,0
55,0
36,0
52,5
42,0
360
39,2
49,0
51,5
53,5
38,0
43,7
46,0
0,93
0,34
0,21
0,27
0,72
0,23
0,36
90
6,02
9,51
10,7
10,7
7,46
6,54
5,02
120
1,07
1,14
0,68
0,03
0,73
0,75
0,08
210
4,26
5,52
6,89
5,93
11,2
9,43
4,57
240
0,08
0,23
0,17
0,15
0,43
0,09
0,09
330
7,91
9,13
10,3
5,33
11,6
7,91
5,63
360
0,02
1,09
0,15
0,12
0,61
0,11
0,08
N-NH4+
(mgN/l)
N-NO2(mgN/l)
~ 147 ~
N-NO3(mgN/l)
NKT
(mgN/l)
TN (mgN/l)
COD
(mgO2/l)
COD b
sung
(mgO2/l)
3,00
1,60
1,04
1,25
1,10
0,95
1,12
90
3,80
1,90
1,50
1,40
1,20
3,25
2,75
120
1,90
0,88
1,12
1,20
1,00
1,70
1,05
210
2,35
2,40
3,80
2,70
4,25
2,85
2,35
240
1,15
1,10
1,45
1,30
1,15
1,25
1,00
330
2,10
2,30
2,60
2,60
3,10
1,60
2,57
360
1,80
1,20
1,08
1,35
1,60
1,00
1,03
112
135
142
157
137
145
123
90
120
210
240
330
360
42,0
53
57
59
42
58
52
101
124
127
144
125
130
109
90
87,0
114
120
121
93,0
115
93,8
120
79,0
103
104
104
84,0
101
89,0
210
66,0
86,0
92,0
94,0
74,0
86,0
70,9
240
60,0
73,0
80,0
83,0
63,0
76,0
62,0
330
49,0
63,0
65,0
63,0
51,0
62,0
50,0
360
41,0
51,0
52,0
55,0
40,0
55,0
47,0
466
507
508
497
489
514
480
90
379
437
423
454
465
480
477
120
525
444
447
512
411
494
509
210
325
479
426
464
440
404
428
240
357
424
494
526
419
527
466
330
363
410
424
406
410
474
377
360
600
426
420
512
376
620
371
0
90
120
210
240
~ 148 ~
360
Nhn xt:
- Trong giai on x l hiu kh xy ra s cnh tranh oxy ho gia cht hu c v amoni. T l
COD/N cng cao th tc v hiu qu oxy ho amoni chm.
- T l NO2/NO3 lun cao v c xu hng cao hn vo giai on cui ca chu k, t l ny cng
ph thuc vo t l COD/N ca nc thi.
- Qu trnh kh nitrat c xy ra trong giai on x l hiu kh vi hiu sut thp.
- Trong giai on x l thiu kh, s c mt ca cht hu c thc y mnh qu trnh kh nitrat.
- Tc kh nitrit nhanh hn so vi tc kh nitrat.
13. 5.
~ 149 ~
~ 150 ~
Mc tiu ca th nghim pilot l nhm kim tra kt qu thu c t nghin cu trong phng
th nghim trong iu kin thc t: nh gi nh hng ca nng oxy ho tan DO, nh hng
ca nng amoni ban u, nh hng ca mt vi sinh vt, kh nitrat, nitrit vi cht hu c
t qu trnh phn hu ni sinh v kt hp qu trnh nitrat ho v kh nitrat bng cch thay i
theo chu k thi gian.
13. 5. 2. nh hng ca nng oxy ho tan ln qu trnh oxy ho amoni.
Yu t u tin lin quan n vn hnh x l nc thi l nng oxy tan trong nc. Oxy
ho tan c s dng cho cc qu trnh: oxy ho cht hu c, amoni, phn hu t bo vi sinh vt.
Th nghim ti hin trng c duy tr nng oxy tan mc 1, 2, 3, 4 mg/l thng qua van
cp kh. Trong qu trnh oxy ho, cc yu t bin ng v lin quan c theo di l amoni,
COD, pH, kim, nitrit, nitrat, ORP. Mc bin ng ca cc yu t nu trn c theo di
theo thi gian. Kt qu theo di c ghi trong bng 13. 40 v th hin trn hnh 13. 28.
Bng 13. 40. nh hng ca nng oxy ho tan n tc x l hiu kh vi mt vi sinh
2g/l.
Vi DO = 1mg/l
Th gian pH
pht
7,42 2100
216
28,8
13,2
45
7,60 1820
197,4
46
90
7,63 1720
181,8
135
7,60 1610
180
350
-41
1,55
17,5
-56
2,18
57,6
22,1
-56
2,63
164,6
60,5
28,5
-50
2,61
7,54 1500
148,7
73,5
32
-50
2,12
225
7,54 1420
125,8
88,4
37,9
-39
2,30
270
7,53 1280
109,1
102
42,7
-39
2,33
315
7,37 1150
92,4
114
49,1
-38
2,39
360
7,35 1010
72,2
122
61,8
-30
1,97
405
7,30
890
52,4
131
68,3
-27
1,92
450
7,27
790
35,3
140
76,9
-17
1,82
333
306
295
Vi DO = 2mg/l
~ 151 ~
Th gian pH
pht
7,48 1950
208,0
28,7
11,6
45
7,40 1790
186,0
36,2
90
7,32 1650
159,8
135
7,31 1480
180
324
-50
2,47
23,2
-44
1,56
55,7
34,4
-38
1,62
129,0
74,4
48,6
-30
1,53
7,28 1240
104,3
91,4
61,4
-23
1,49
225
7,14 1100
79,1
103,0
72,7
-19
1,42
270
7,10
940
49,0
126,0
80,0
-17
1,58
315
7,02
700
18,8
154,0
90,8
276
-6
1,70
360
7,00
540
4,0
159,0 102,7
273
1,55
323
Vi DO = 3mg/l
Th gian pH
pht
7,40 1750
176,0
4,6
19,2
45
7,30 1450
143,0
33,6
90
7,29 1100
116,0
135
7,17
900
180
7,10
225
270
426
-65
0,24
27,4
-61
1,23
45,4
44,0
-57
1,03
78,2
74,1
64,7
406
-52
1,15
680
45,0
88,9
71,9
394
-48
1,24
7,25
520
10,4
119,0
86,3
-42
1,38
7,24
410
143,0
93,1
-35
1,54
382
Vi DO = 4 mg/l
Th gian pH
pht
7,43 1890
234,0
2,2
17,0
45
7,41 1680
182,2
32,2
90
7,40 1320
125,3
135
7,33 1010
180
7,29
225
7,25
389
-65
0,13
29,3
-61
1,10
52,7
42,7
-52
1,23
75,5
96,4
59,6
385
-44
1,62
760
28,2
138,0
63,2
367
-34
2,18
540
1,0
175,0
71,8
362
-15
2,44
~ 152 ~
250
NH4+, mg N/l
200
150
100
DO=2
y = -0.5886x + 210.16
R = 0.9977
DO=3
y = -0.6859x + 173.82
R = 0.99
DO=4
y = -1.0646x + 227.47
R = 0.9905
50
0
0
200
400
600
~ 153 ~
~ 154 ~
S bin ng ca gi tr ORP quan st c ti hin trng trong bng 13. 40 cho thy, gi tr
ORP tng dn trong qu trnh hiu kh nhng khng t ti gi tr dng trong hu ht cc
trng hp k c khi lng amoniac oxy ho kh trit v lng oxy tan cao.
Kt qu quan trc c khc vi cc kt qu cng b trong ti liu l qu trnh hiu kh xy ra
trong khong nng oxy 2 - 3 mg/l th ORP bin ng t -140 mV n 140 mV v qu trnh
phn hu hiu kh trit khi ORP t + 350 mV, cn qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra thun li khi
ORP < - 350 mV [38, 39]. c trng nc rc khc so vi nc sinh hot, v vy kt qu nhn
c cng c th khc nhau.
7,48 1950
208,0
28,7
11,6
45
7,40 1790
186,0
36,2
90
7,32 1650
159,8
135
7,31 1480
180
7,28 1240
324
-50
2,47
23,2
-44
1,56
55,7
34,4
-38
1,62
129,0
74,4
48,6
-30
1,53
104,3
91,4
61,4
-23
1,49
323
~ 155 ~
225
7,14 1100
79,1
103,0
72,7
-19
1,42
270
7,10
940
49,0
126,0
80,0
-17
1,58
315
7,02
700
18,8
154,0
90,8
276
-6
1,70
360
7,00
540
4,0
159,0 102,7
273
1,55
pht
7,19 1600
156,0
3,9
8,3
45
7,08 1360
121,0
19,8
90
6,93 1150
97,7
135
6,91
980
180
6,9
225
270
248
-37
0,47
27,1
-21
0,73
42,5
28,1
-10
1,51
70,5
67,2
30,2
-9
2,2
820
42,3
84,4
37,3
-7
2,3
6,87
690
20,2
105,7
39,5
-5
2,7
6,85
480
1,5
115,9
49,5
-4
2.34
246
243
pht
7,58 1375
115,0
5,6
9,7
45
7,54 1215
92,7
21,9
90
7,52 1040
68,1
135
7,39
821
180
7,31
624
224
-20
0,58
15,4
-14
1,42
41,5
19,7
-9
2,1,
37,5
63,2
28,3
-8
2,23
9,5
88,4
32,0
-2
2,76
221
~ 156 ~
250
NH4=200
y = -0.5886x + 210.16
R = 0.9977
NH4=150
y = -0.5718x + 149.94
R = 0.994
NH4=100
y = -0.5916x + 117.8
R = 0.9963
NH4+, mg N/l
200
150
100
50
0
0
100
200
300
400
~ 157 ~
Kim tra tng t khi nng amoni ban u l 150 mg/l ti cc thi im 90, 180, 270 pht
cho gi tr tng ng l 91, 188 v 259 pht.
Sai s t gi tr hi qui so vi thc nghim l khng ln, khng vt qu 9%, mt kt qu
hon ton c th chp nhn trong thc tin x l nc thi.
T s liu trn cng ngoi suy c thi gian x l hiu kh t ti mt gi tr amoni d
no (trong nghin cu ti phng th nghim, s liu ng hc ca qu trnh trn c x l
theo phng trnh bc 1 t ra thch hp hn).
T l gia nitrit/nitrat ti cng thi im c xu hng cao i vi lng amoni ban u cao.
Mc tng nng nitrit v nitrat kh u khng nhn thy vng cc i ca nitrit nh
thng thy trong nghin cu ti phng th nghim.
pht
7,48 1950
208,0
28,7
11,6
45
7,40 1790
186,0
36,2
90
7,32 1650
159,8
324
-50
2,47
23,2
-44
1,56
55,7
34,4
-38
1,62
129,0
74,4
48,6
-30
1,53
104,3
91,4
61,4
-23
1,49
79,1
103,0
72,7
-19
1,42
270 7,10
940
49,0
126,0
80,0
-17
1,58
315 7,02
700
18,8
154,0
90,8
276
-6
1,70
360 7,00
540
4,0
159,0 102,7
273
1,55
323
~ 158 ~
Mt VSV = 3 g/l.
Th gian pH
pht
6,92 1850
227,0
10,5
13,2
45
7,04 1500
163,5
28,1
90
6,97 1240
106,3
660
334
-36
0,8
24,4
-33
1,15
66,3
41,1
-31
1,61
78,6
109,9
51,4
-29
2,14
18,7
144,1
69,9
2,06
312
250
NH4+, mg N/l
200
2g/l
y = -0.5886x + 210.16
R = 0.9977
3g/l
y = -1.1144x + 219.12
R = 0.9864
150
100
50
0
0
100
200
Thi gian, pht
300
400
Hnh 13. 30. S bin thin nng amoni theo thi gian vi cc mt vi sinh vt khc nhau.
Tc oxy ho amoni trong iu kin mt vi sinh cao ln hn so vi trng hp mt
thp khi qui theo mt sinh khi. Do th nghim ko di nhiu ngy (th nghim lp li ba ln,
v th nghim vi mt vi sinh thp c tin hnh trc) nn rt c th t l loi vi sinh vt t
dng cao hn trong cc th nghim c mt vi sinh cao.
T l nitrit/nitrat c xu hng cao hn trong trng hp mt vi sinh ln. Hin tng trn c
nguyn nhn l qu trnh oxy ho amoni xy ra c bn trong cc tp hp (ht) vi sinh vt,
trong nng oxy tan thp hn gi tr bn ngoi nc (gi tr o c).
Trong tt c cc th nghim thc hin, lng nit tng (NH4+, NO2-, NO3-) hu nh khng
thay i, iu ng ngha vi qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra l khng ng k.
~ 159 ~
pH
6,67
6,74
6,78
6,81
6,84
6,87
6,89
Kim
540
545
550
560
565
580
585
NO2- - N
96,1
95,7
95,6
95,4
95,2
93,1
90,3
NO3--N
54,6
54,1
53,2
52,5
52,1
51,9
51,3
ORP, mV
+6
-2
-17
-19
-23
-28
-29
COD, mgO2/l
268
256
Kh ni sinh 3g/l
Th gian, gi
pH
7,27 7,3
~ 160 ~
Kim
450 460
NO2N
NO3--N
550 560
50
49,5
-3
314
-15
-57
-81
-93
-85
-65
-57
-51
160
NO2-2g/l y = -0.8214x + 96.95
140
R = 0.7236
y = -0.55x + 54.464
R = 0.9704
120
NO3-2g/l
100
80
60
40
0
4
6
8
Thi gian, gi
10
Nng oxy ho tan c duy tr mc thp nht c th, tuy nhin khng th ngn cn c
qu trnh thm oxy t khng kh. Trong qu trnh khuy trn (8 gi) gi tr ORP gim t +6
xung - 29 mV v t - 3 xung - 51 mV tng ng vi mt vi sinh l 2 v 3 g/l.
pH v kim u c xu hng tng trong qu trnh kh nitrat, do mt phn kim (khong
40% lng kim tiu hao trc do oxy ho amoni) c sinh ra v v vy ko theo tng pH.
Mc tng ca kim khng nhiu, ch l 45 v 150 mg/l, lng kim ny mt phn c ngun
gc t kh CO2 hnh thnh t phn ng phn hu kt hp vi ion hydroxyl (pH cao) ca mi
trng.
Hiu qu kh c xc nh qua mc suy gim ca tng gi tr nitrat, nitrit trong sut thi
gian tin hnh x l. Sau thi gian 8 gi hiu qu x l ch t 5 - 6%. C nitrat ln nitrit u
gim dn trong thi gian x l, khc vi kt qu thu c t phng th nghim l din bin nng
~ 161 ~
nitrit theo thi gian c vng cc i (xem hnh 13. 13, 13. 14). Nguyn nhn c th l phn
ng b khng ch bi tc nhn thiu cht hu c.
Nhn xt: nh hng ca mt vi sinh ln tc v hiu qu kh nitrat khng r rng nh
mong i ngay k c trong trng hp lng cht tham gia phn ng (tng nitrat, nitrit) thp v
mt vi sinh vt cao (3 g/l) cng nh th oxy ho kh thun li hn i vi phn ng.
~ 162 ~
pH
6,77
6,78
6,78
6,79
6,81
6,82
6,82
Kim
1400
1405
1410
1415
1415
1420
1430
NO2- - N
99,4
99,1
98,6
98,1
97,5
96,8
95,9
NO3--N
44,1
43,6
43,1
42,7
41,9
41,2
40,5
ORP, mV
-55
-40
-36
-44
-47
-51
-53
COD, mgO2/l
345
321
pH
Kim
NO2- - N
NO3--N
ORP, mV
-61
-65
-64
-65
-61
-69
-71
76
75.5
-74
394
120
NO2-, NO3-, mg N/l
-75
90
60
30
R = 0.9975
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Thi gian, gi
~ 163 ~
~ 164 ~
Vi mc ch trn th nghim c tin hnh vi mt vi sinh 2,5; 3,0 v 5,0 g/l, thi gian
ca chu k hiu kh/thiu kh thay i t 1:1 n 1:2.
nh gi v t l gia thi gian sc kh: khuy trn cho mt chu k c cng thi gian (7 gi)
l 1:1 v 1:2, mt vi sinh l 3 g/l. Cc thng s c theo di gm: pH, kim, amoni, NO2-,
NO3-, TN (tng NO2-, NO3-, NH4+) v COD.
Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 13. 45 v hnh 13. 33.
Bng13. 45. Kh hp cht nit theo chu k thi gian (t l sc kh/khuy trn), mt vi sinh 3
g/l
T l sc kh: khuy trn = 1gi/1gi
Thi gian, gi pH
TN
COD
8,2
2087
153
0,6
2,1
155,7
506
8,4
1937
128
9,7
3,7
141,4
489
8,4
1910
126
6,9
1,4
134,3
454
8,5
1810
108
12,8
5,9
126,7
393
8,5
1823
106
8,2
3,2
117,4
331
8,5
1710
92
17,1
10,0
119,1
332
8,5
1693
89
10,9
7,3
107,2
328
8,5
1560
69
20,7
14,1
103,8
324
33,5
35,9
TN
COD
Hiu sut, %
54,9
8,2
2087
153
0,6
2,1
155,7
506
8,4
1916
125
10,2
4,5
139,7
469
8,4
1893
123
7,36
1,7
132,0
347
8,5
1878
98,5
14,6
5,9
119,0
330
8,4
1757
97
10,5
3,9
111,4
327
~ 165 ~
8,5
1657
Hiu sut, %
72
16,3
8,5
52,9
96,8
323
37,8
36,2
160
140
120
NH4 1h:1h
100
NO2 1h:1h
NO3 1h:1h
80
NH4 1h: 2h
NO2 1h: 2h
60
Sc kh
NO3 1h: 2h
40
TN 1h:1h
TN 1h: 2h
Khuy trn
20
0
0
4
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 33. Hiu qu loi b hp cht nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian sc kh/khuy trn
Trong sut qu trnh phn ng, kim gim, cho trng hp t l sc khuy 1:1 v 1:2 l 6,1
v 5,3 g/g amoni b oxy ho.
Mc suy gim trong trng hp c thi gian khuy lu hn tiu hao t kim hn l hp l v
trong thi gian lng kim c tr li mt phn do phn ng kh nitrat.
Trong 7 gi tin hnh phn ng, thi gian sc kh trong trng hp u l 4 gi, trng hp
sau l 3 gi, hiu qu x l amoni t 54,9 v 52,9%. Mc chnh lch gia hai trng hp
khng ln. Tng t nh vy hiu qu x l COD ca hai trng hp cng t xp x nhau: 35,9
v 36,2%.
S bin ng ca nitrit, nitrat theo thi gian c tnh chu k: tng sau giai on sc kh v gim
sau giai on khuy trn.
Tng nit trong h (nitrit, nitrat, amoni) nhn chung gim u theo thi gian: gim amoni
trong giai on sc kh, gim nitrit v nitrat trong giai on khuy trn, hiu qu x l sau 7 gi
t 33,5% v 37,8% trong mi trng hp.
~ 166 ~
C th cho rng, suy gim nng tng nit l do sn phm kh nit hnh thnh, qu trnh bay
hi amoniac nu c th ch ng gp mt phn nh do nhit vo thi im th nghim khng
cao v lu lng kh khng ln.
Mc chnh lch hiu qu x l nit gia hai s vn hnh khng ln, tuy nhin s
vn hnh sc kh/khuy trn theo t l 1:2 t ra thun li hn v mt tit kim nng lng.
So vi cc qu trnh kh nitrat thng dng (vi cc nc thi loi khc nh nc thi sinh
hot, git m gia sc, nc thi thu sn) kh nitrat trong nc rc xy ra chm hn, ch yu l
do mc kh sinh hu ca cc thnh phn hu c trong nc rc [33, 45]. iu ny cng th
hin r l mc suy gim tng nitrat v nitrit cc giai on khuy trn v cui nh hn nhiu
so vi giai on ban u, c l ch yu do phn ng vi cht hu c t phn hu ni sinh.
nh gi v vai tr ca mt vi sinh trong s vn hnh theo chu k, th nghim c
tin hnh hai mc mt vi sinh l 2,5 v 5,0 g/l, tng thi gian phn ng l 8 gi, t l thi
gian sc kh/khuy trn l 1,5 gi/0,5 gi.
Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 13. 46 v hnh 13. 34.
Bng 13. 46. X l theo chu k vi mt vi sinh khc nhau, t l thi gian sc kh : khuy
trn = 1,5 gi/ 0,5 gi.
Mt VSV 2,5 g/l
Kim NH4+-N NO2--N NO3--N
Th gian, pht pH
mg CaCO3/l
TN
COD
8,3
1600
219
1,77
2,0
222,7
469
90
8,7
1435
191
10,9
3,2
205,1
434
120
8,7
1438
187
10,5
2,5
200,0
426
210
8,7
1299
157
20,9
7,3
185,2
412
240
8,7
1306
154
21,3
6,4
181,7
403
330
8,7
1121
130
38,8
17,5
186,3
402
360
8,6
1122
129
37,9
16,2
183,1
398
450
8,6
946
100
51,5
26,0
177,5
395
480
8,6
947
98
50,7
24,5
173,2
386
22,2
17,7
Hiu sut, %
55,2
Mt VSV 5 g/l
~ 167 ~
Th gian, pht pH
TN
COD
8,2
1435
203
0.9
1.3
204,4
432
90
8,7
1220
167
9.3
2.7
189,0
411
120
8,6
1250
164
5.7
2.0
171,7
405
210
8,7
1103
135
17.9
5.4
158,3
401
240
8,7
1138
133
13.9
4.0
150,9
392
330
8,7
927
106
29.6
13.4
149,0
387
360
8,6
956
103
24.1
9.2
136,3
377
450
8,6
783
78
41.9
19.1
139,0
379
480
8,6
826
76
36
15.0
117,0
373
42,6
13,6
Hiu sut, %
62,6
~ 168 ~
250
NH4 - 5 g/l
NO2 - 5 g/l
NO3 - 5 g/l
TN - 2.5 g/l
TN - 5g/l
200
150
Sc kh
100
Khuy trn
50
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
~ 169 ~
Bng 13. 47. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung
thm cht hu c theo thi gian (2:1)
Thi gian
TN
Kim (mg
CaCO3/l)
NH4+-N
N-NO2-
N-NO3-
COD
COD
NKT
TN
(mgN/l)
(mgN/l)
(mgN/l)
(mgO2/l)
B sung
(mgN/l)
(mgN/l)
u vo 8,3
2027
121
0,44
1,44
494
135
123
60 pht 8,5
1946
104
5,37
1,72
410
112
90 pht 8,5
1956
105
0,22
1,49
499
107
1859
84,5
4,68
1,73
432
91
1874
82
0,39
1,39
501
84
1810
63,5
4,43
2,15
461
72,3
1810
64
0,1
1,08
476
65,2
1751
46
4,54
2,13
426
55,2
1776
43
0,79
0,94
450
55
44,9
59,3%
63,5%
pH
Hiu sut
+ 292
+ 274
+ 196
+ 213
64,5%
Bng 68. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung cht
hu c theo thi gian
(t l sc kh/ khuy l 3:1).
Thi gian
Kim (mg
CaCO3/l)
NH4+-N
N-NO2-
N-NO3-
COD
COD
(mgN/l)
(mgN/l)
(mgN/l)
(mgO2/l)
B sung
u vo 8,3
2027
121
0,44
1,44
494
90 pht 8,6
1863
96
7,99
2,26
445
1879
93
0,64
1,26
477
1790
72
6,83
2,96
424
1817
69,6
0,18
1,2
459
pH
TN
+ 278
+ 217
~ 170 ~
TN
NKT
(mgN/l)
(mgN/l)
135
123
106,3
94,9
83,8
70,9
1724
47
8,26
3,14
409
1733
48
0,31
1,29
475
Hiu sut
+ 259
60,3%
59,4
57
49,8
57,8% 59,5%
140
Chu k hiu kh
120
Chu k thiu kh
NH4+, mg N/l
100
80
60
sc:khuy = 2:1
40
sc:khuy = 3:1
20
0
0
60
120
180
240
Thi gian, pht
300
360
Hnh 13. 35. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 :
1 c b sung cht hu c.
140
Chu k hiu kh
120
Chu k thiu kh
T- N, mg N/l
100
80
60
40
sc:khuy = 2:1
20
sc:khuy = 3:1
0
0
60
120
180
240
Thi gian, pht
~ 171 ~
300
360
Hnh 13.36. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 c b sung cht hu c.
c im r rt nht c th nhn thy l nng nitrit v nitrat trong h sau x l thiu kh
cn rt thp, nng nitrit di 1 mg/l, nitrat di 1,5 mg/l.
V vy hiu qu x l tng nit ca h xp x vi hiu qu x l amoni v t khong 60%.
Hiu sut x l amoni t 64,5% v 60,3% trong hai trng hp v hiu qu x l tng nit
tng ng t 63,5% v 59,5%. Hiu qu x l amoni v ko theo l ca tng nit chm dn
cc giai on cui ca chu k do nng ca amoni khi thp, mt khc lng cht hu c
(ng) b xung cng cn d li mt phn v do lng nitrat, nitrit hnh thnh cng thp
theo.
Mt vn cng rt ng c quan tm l hiu qu kh nitrat v nitrit trong giai on thiu
kh. Qu trnh kh nitrat thnh kh nit tri qua giai on trung gian l nitrit. Trong qu trnh x
l hiu kh nng nitrit lun cao hn nng nitrat, cng l iu kin thun li. gim gi
thnh vn hnh (tit kim oxy v cht hu c). Hiu qu kh nitrat v nitrit khi c b xung
y cht hu c sau cc giai on x l hiu kh c trnh by trong bng 13. 49.
Bng 13. 49. Hiu sut kh nitrit, nitrat
T l thi gian sc kh/ khuy l 2 : 1 T l thi gian sc kh/ khuy l 3 : 1
Giai on
Giai on
thiu kh
NO2-
NO3-
thiu kh
NO2-
NO3-
Pha 1: 30 pht
95,9
13,4
Pha 1: 30 pht
92
44,2
Pha 2: 30 pht
91,7
19,6
Pha 2: 30 pht
97,4
59,5
Pha 3: 30 pht
97,7
49,8
Pha 3: 30 pht
96,2
46,5
Pha 4: 30 pht
82,5
55,9
T bng 13. 49 cho thy khi c y cht hu c v trong iu kin khng c mt oxy th
hiu sut kh nitrit rt cao v cao hn hiu sut kh nitrat. Trong thi gian 30 pht ca chu k
thiu kh, hiu sut kh nitrit c hai h khng khc nhau nhiu, hiu qu kh nitrit t t 82,5 97,7% th nghim vi t l 2 : 1 v t 92 - 97,4% th nghim vi t l 3 : 1, trong khi hiu qu
kh nitrat t cao nht l 59,5%. iu chng t qu trnh kh nitrit xy ra nhanh hn so vi
kh nitrat. l yu t c li v phng din vn hnh, tn oxy cp cho qu trnh oxy ho
nitrit thnh nitrat v lng cht hu c kh nitrat v nitrit.
Nhn xt.
~ 172 ~
13. 6.
~ 173 ~
tnh c th ring ca tng vng, ni cch khc, trn c s rt phong ph ca cc phng php
x l hin c cn phi la chn mt s cng ngh t hp (kt hp nhiu phng php x l
khc nhau) nhm p ng cc tiu ch:
- Qui nh thi ca ngun nc nhn (sng, ao, h vi mc ch ti tiu, du lch, nui trng
thu sn...)
- Hm lng d ca cc cht nhim sau x l (c bit l cc cht c c hi cao, hm
lng thp rt nhy cm vi mt s a phng, v d thu ngn Nht).
- Gi thnh xy dng v vn hnh h thng ph hp vi iu kin kinh t, k thut, x hi, dn
tr ca a phng.
- Tng hp vi lch s hnh thnh ca nc rc trc khi p dng cng ngh x l.
Ngun nc nhn l ngun cha nc rc sau khi x l. c im ca ngun nhn bao gm:
dung tch tng cha, v tr so vi vng dn c tp trung, kh nng thm ca t ai, nguy c chy
trn, h sinh thi thu ng vt, lu lng nc (dng chy) vo v ra khi ngun nhn.
Da vo cc yu t trn, qui nh c th v cht lng thi vo mt ngun nhn c th s
c a phng thit lp trn c s lut mi trng ca quc gia.
Tiu chun thi ca nc rc thng khng qui nh mt cch cng nhc m trc ht phi
trn nn tng kh thi ca tiu chun theo a phng (ngho, giu, ng hoc t dn c) ngay
trong mt quc gia. Tng quc gia thit lp tiu chun ring (bng 13. 50) v thng c xem
xt li sau mt thi gian vi xu hng ngy cng tr nn ngt ngho hn ph hp vi s pht
trin ca kinh t v cng ngh.
Bng 13. 50: Mt s tiu chun quc gia p dng cho nc rc [62].
Thng s
n v M
Nht
Anh c Thu S
Sng Bin
BOD
mg O2/l 100
160
60
20
20
25
160
200
90
SS
mg/l
200
200
100
20
20
30
NH3-N
mg/l
35
80
50
NO2--N
mg/l
10
0,3
1,5
1979
1989
1988
1981
Nm
~ 174 ~
Ngoi cc qui nh chung v tiu chun thi, do c th sinh hot v sn xut ca vng mt s
ni cn qui nh c th v tiu chun thi i vi mt s i tng nhy cm: mt s kim loi
nng, hp cht carbon a trng ngng (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), ho cht bo v
thc vt, hp cht hu c cha clo (clo-hu c).
Hai ngun chi ph trc tip hot ng mt h thng x l nc rc l: chi ph xy dng h
thng (xy dng c bn, thit b, my mc, phng tin quan trc, iu khin, khu hao,...) v
chi ph vn hnh (nng lng, ho cht, nhn cng). Hai loi chi ph trn lin quan cht ch vi
nhau. V d mt h x l bng phng php hp ph trn than hot tnh c gi thnh xy dng
ban u thp nhng chi ph vn hnh rt cao km theo l chi ph x l than hot tnh sau khi n
bo ho hp ph. Tnh trng tng t cng xy ra i vi phn ln cc phng php oxy ho.
Phng php lc mng (cc loi) t hiu qu x l cao nhng gi thnh vn hnh v bo dng
(duy tr hot ng) rt t. S dng s cng ngh cn phi cn i c v mt tng gi thnh
v c ti u c th.
c trng ca nc rc l s bin ng rt ln v lu lng thi v nhim m cng ngh
x l ch l mt khu trong hot ng ca mt bi rc. Lu lng thi v c trng nhim nc
rc l sn phm trung gian v b chi phi bi cc thao tc c thc hin trc . Mi ngun
nc rc u c tnh c th ring, cc s liu ch th hin cho chnh ni dung c nh gi.
Lu lng nc rc b chi phi ch yu bi lng nc ma (70 - 80%) v m ca rc thi
(di 30%) v vy n ph thuc vo ch ma ca vng, kt cu ca bi chn lp rc v thao
tc chn lp [46, 47, 48]. V d nhiu bi rc din tch chn lp trong ngy lp tc c nn
v ph t trn b mt, thao tc hn ch ng k s hnh thnh nc rc.
c trng nhim nc rc cng b chi phi bi cc thao tc trc : phn loi rc, gim
lng cht hu c d phn hu, hn ch mc nhim, rc t (sn xut nng lng) thi ra
cht nhim ch yu dng v c v cc cht hu c c dng vi lng (dioxin).
Thi gian phn hu rc v iu kin thi tit s to ra nc rc c nhim rt khc nhau:
nhim nh, trung bnh hoc nng.
Ti nhiu bi chn lp rc, thc y qu trnh phn hu rc ngi ta thc hin kh nhiu
bin php, trong c s dng nc rc phun tr li vo ng rc. ng tc trn lm thay i
kh r c trng nhim ca nc rc [49, 50, 57].
~ 175 ~
~ 176 ~
b tc, b h hng v phn cc trong mi trng nc rc, chu k hot ng thp nn gi thnh
vn hnh v bo dng cao [52, 53].
Oxy ho: S dng mt s cht oxy ho nh clo hot ng, ozon, hp cht Fenton phn hu
cht hu c v mu trong nc rc. Phng php oxy ho t c s dng tr khi cn phi x l
mt s dng cht hu c c bit.
X l vi sinh ym kh: Phng php x l vi sinh ym kh ch c tc dng lm gim BOD, n
thch hp vi nc rc c BOD cao (nhm tit kim nng lng) trong iu kin m nng.
X l vi sinh hiu kh: Phng php hiu kh ch x l c BOD v oxy ho amoni thnh
nitrit v nitrat.
X l vi sinh thiu kh: Phng php thiu kh c s dng kh nitrat v x l mt phn
BOD trong nc rc.
iu rt ng ch v x l nc rc ti cc nc cng nghip l: chnh quyn ch qui nh
v kim sot cht lng thi, vic la chn cng ngh x l sao cho thch hp l quyn ca cc
cng ty m nhn cng vic x l v khng bao gi t chc hi ng thm nh cng ngh hay
thm nh thit k. Vic la chn cng ngh v thit k l cng vic ca cc nh t vn chu
trch nhim trc nh u t.
Nghin cu cng ngh x l nc rc (tng th hoc mt cng on no ) l da trn c s
nhu cu thc t hoc ci thin mt khu no . Kt qu ch c p dng trong thc t bi
cc cng ty (mua bn quyn) vi m bo khi p dng s mang li hiu qu kinh t cho chnh
cng ty .
~ 177 ~
~ 178 ~
vi x l hp cht nit. H thng trn s dng mt din tch 5 ha t. Loi hnh cng ngh trn
c s dng kh ph bin Canada v bc M [56].
Khng nhng hon thin v mt cng ngh x l nc rc m cc vn nghin cu c bn
cng c tip tc nhm cung cp cho cc nh k thut, sn xut, phng tin, kin thc tt v
hon chnh hn cng ngh x l nc rc ngy mt tt hn [23, 33, 58, 59].
V d cc nh nghin cu v x l nc rc ca trng i hc Lund (Thu in) cho thy:
t c hiu qu x l mc chp nhn c, h thng x l s l t hp ca phng php
ho hc, ho l v sinh hc. Nu khng s dng t hp th phng php sinh hc ch x l c
20 - 30% COD v gim c ng k lng c t. Ngc li nu s dng t hp cng ngh:
nitrat ho vi hp ph trn than hot tnh hoc vi oxy ho hp cht Fenton s gim c
khong 80% COD nhng khng loi b c mt s cht hu c c nh phthalat.
T hp cng ngh: nitrat ho, kt ta vi st (III) clorua v hp ph trn than hot tnh t
hiu qu x l ti 96% theo lng carbon tng (TOC).
Khng ch nghin cu mt h thng x l nc rc tng th m tng cng on (n v cng
ngh ca h thng), cng c nghin cu hon thin. Kh khn nht ca cng ngh lc qua
mng cc loi l b mt mng b nhim bn gy tc dng chy v dn ti mng khng th hot
ng. S dng cng ngh rung cao tn, hng VSEP ch to c thit b khc phc c yu
im trn khi s dng x l nc rc.
Cng ngh x l nc rc ca Nht c c th ring so vi cc nc tin tin khc.
T nm 1965 trong chng trnh hnh ng khn cp v ci thin iu kin mi trng sng
(Emergency Establishment Act for Improvement Facilities) qui nh: lng rc thi sinh hot
c x l bng phng php t. Nc rc thm t tro t v cha c t hu c hnh thnh
trong qu trnh t (hp cht hu c cha clo v dioxin). Cho n nm 1988, lng rc c t
Nht khng thp hn 78% (240 triu tn rc/nm). Do lng dioxin sinh ra kh cao nn nm
1997 hnh thnh iu lut: hnh ng kim sot dioxin (dioxin control act) [60].
Nc rc thm t tro cha hm lng mui v c rt cao, hm lng cht hu c v hp cht
nit thp.
c th nhim nc rc trn quyt nh cng ngh x l nc rc ca cc hng trn c s
th mnh ca mnh.
Cng ngh x l nc rc ca hng Tsukishima Kikai (TSK) [61].
Cng ngh tch ion canxi.
Cng ngh x l vi sinh s dng cc thit b: tip xc sinh hc, a quay sinh hc, tm sc kh.
Cc thit b x l sinh hc trn thch hp cho nc thi long, tit kim nng lng, khng x
l hp cht nit (v khng c).
~ 179 ~
Tch loi mui: s dng k thut thm thu ngc hoc in thm tch.
K thut ngng t v kt ta (bc hi chn khng, kt tinh thu hi mui, ly tm, sy bc hi).
Hng Kubota Corporation pht trin cng ngh:
Cng ngh chng kt ta cc cht lng ng t nc rc trong ng ng hoc trong ngun
nc nhn.
Cng ngh x l sinh hc (tip xc sinh hc, a quay sinh hc x l cht hu c c nng
thp).
Kh nitrat nu cn thit (khi t hp cht nit chuyn ho thnh nitrat).
Tch loi cht hu c: s dng bin php keo t vi st (III) clorua tch mt phn cht hu
c, mu, lm gim ti cho giai on hp ph trn than hot tnh ghp ni sau .
Cng ngh thun li cho giai on vn hnh, bo tr, tit kim nng lng.
Phn hu dioxin.
l nhng nt chung nht ca cng ngh x l nc rc ti Nht v l nt ring so vi cc
nc tin tin khc.
Nhn xt.
- Cng ngh x l nc rc cc quc gia cng nghip pht trin b chi phi trc ht qui nh
v tiu chun thi ca quc gia v c th ho a phng nn c tnh c th rt cao v mt
cng ngh ti tng bi rc [20, 21, 22].
- Lch s hnh thnh nc rc do cc cng on trc: phn loi rc, k thut xy dng, vn hnh
bi rc l cc yu t trc tip nh hng n lu lng v mc nhim ca nc rc. Cc
yu t khch quan khc nh iu kin kh hu, lng ma, tui bi rc l nhng yu t xc
nh lu lng v mc nhim ca nc rc.
- Do mc bin ng ln v lu lng v nhim theo thi gian ti tng bi chn lp nn
trc khi thit k h thng x l cn phi c y s liu nh gi tng th vi tin cy cao
v i din.
- Trn nn ca mt s loi hnh cng ngh c bn v vi sinh v ho hc (khng vt qu 10
phng php) mt h thng x l nc rc c thit k da trn ti u cc tiu ch: ph hp
vi i hi ca ngun nc nhn, m bo cc tiu chun thi c th (ca nc ngun nu c,
v d dioxin), gi thnh xy dng, vn hnh, bo dng, p ng tnh bin ng, kh nng nng
cp (p ng tiu chun mi kht khe). T hp h thng x l nc rc ni ring, nc thi ni
chung i hi chuyn gia khng nhng c trnh cao m cn phi c kinh nghim thc tin.
~ 180 ~
- Tip tc nghin cu s cng ngh x l mi, hon thin tng n v cng ngh, pht minh
v hon thin cc thit b phc v x l nc rc nhm t ti hiu qu tng th cao hn l i
tng nghin cu c bn vn ang c tip tc thc hin.
- C quan qun l ca nh nc c trch nhim xy dng lut v kim tra vic thc thi i vi
ch s hu h thng x l nc rc.
- Pht trin cng ngh v trin khai cng ngh trong thc t l i tng thc hin ca cc doanh
nghip, h phi chu trch nhim trc nh u t (s hu) ch khng chu trch nhim trc
chnh quyn. hon thnh v c kh nng cnh tranh tt vi cc doanh nghip khc t h
phi bit lm vic th no, vi ai. i vi mt vi vic c qui m ln (v d x l ph thi ca
vng khai thc qung phng x c) cc doanh nghip c th nhn c mt s u tin hn
nhm thc y tin cng vic.
~ 181 ~
14
14. 1.
c trng nhim.
~ 182 ~
oxy ha (CODMn) bng khong 30% ca BOD [1]. Nc thi c nhim cao v hm
lng cn khng tan, protein, du m c dng phn tn v mu.
Nc thi t qu trnh luc, hp, tm p gia v l qu trnh tip theo qui trnh s ch. Nc
sau luc cha protit, cht bo, mui khong vi hm lng cao. Nc thi thng c thu hi
sn xut bt c (sy kh cng vi bt c).
Nc thi t cng on git m: lm vy, tch xng (phi l), moi lng, b chn, cng, ru
tm, bc v c mc nhim ph thuc vo sn phm ch bin: nc thi ch bin tm, mc,
bch tuc c mc nhim cao hn so vi ch bin c ng lnh.
Vi cng loi sn phm th nguyn liu c kch thc ln t gy nhim hn loi c kch
thc b. Hin nay rt nhiu c s ng dng cng ngh sn xut sch, tit kim nc. Lng
nc s dng t nhng mc nhim ca nc thi cao.
Nc v sinh nh xng c mc nhim khng cao so vi cc dng thi khc nhng vi
lu lng ln, tp trung vo cui cc ca lm vic.
Lu lng thi ca mt c s ch bin thy sn xp x 90% lng nc cp hng ngy vi
iu kin tch trit ngun nc ma.
Nh trnh by, mc nhim dng nc thi ch bin thy sn bin ng rt mnh ph
thuc vo sn phm ch bin, sn phm ch bin thay i theo ma, v v thm ch ngay trong
ngy lm vic.
c trng nhim nc thi ch bin thy sn dao ng mnh v c c trng bi cc
khong gi tr th hin trn bng 14. 1.
Lng m trong nc thi khng cao khi ch bin sn phm hi sn, ch ng k khi ch bin
thy sn nc ngt.
Bng 14. 1. c trng nhim nc thi ch bin thy sn [2].
Thng s
Khong gi tr
BOD (mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
T N (mg/l)
50 - 200 (100)
TP
10 - 100 (30)
14. 2.
~ 183 ~
~ 184 ~
Hnh 14. 1 a. Thit b lc dng trng quay (Cng ty c phn k thut cng trnh Vit Nam 2T).
~ 185 ~
Hnh 14. 1 b. Thit b lc trng quay lp t ti cng ty xut nhp khu thy sn Qung Ninh.
14. 2. 2. X l ym kh.
nh gi hiu qu x l ym kh nc thi ch bin thy sn c thc hin theo k thut
chy ngc qua lp bn ym kh (UASB). Mc ch l nghin cu nh hng ca mt vi
sinh, thi gian lu thy lc ln hiu qu x l thng qua cc thng s: COD, amoni, nit
Kjeldahl, tng photpho, axit bo d bay hi, kim v pH.
Qu trnh x l theo k thut chy ngc qua lp bn ym kh c nghin cu vi hai
phng thc vn hnh.
- X l nc thi trong bn ct phn ng ring r vi mt vi sinh khc nhau: 3, 5, 7, 9 g/l.
- X l nc thi qua h thng hai ct ni tip nhau. H th nht c mt vi sinh l 3 g/l, h
th hai c mt vi sinh l 5 g/l. Mc tiu ca th nghim l theo di din bin qu trnh phn
hy giai on cui ca qu trnh phn hy ym kh.
nh hng ca mt vi sinh v thi gian lu thy lc.
Vi sinh vt ym kh c ly t gc x l ym kh nc ma ng, c nui v pht trin
trong nc thi thy sn trong thi gian hai thng (giai on thch nghi vi mi trng). Nhit
tin hnh nm trong khong 28 - 31oC; tc dng nc l 0,9 m/gi. nh hng ca mt vi
sinh, thi gian lu thy lc n hiu qu x l ym kh thng qua cc thng s COD, amoni,
tng photpho, axit bo d bay hi (VFA) v kim c trnh by trong bng 14. 2. S liu ghi
trong bng l gi tr trung bnh ca nhiu th nghim lp li trong cng iu kin.
~ 186 ~
Gi tr u
vo
lu
Gi tr u ra
Ct 1 (3g/l) Ct 2 (5g/l) Ct 3 (7g/l) Ct 4 (9g/l)
(gi)
COD
mgO2/l
1940
1270
1240
1035
925
1375
852
790
683
605
1412 (1126-1670) 849 (651-1218) 761 (566-1127) 665 (357-1050) 590 (317-993)
1114 (700-1560) 641 (306-1095) 567 (292-1015) 422 (222-630) 340 (153-600)
277 (94-449)
NH3
12,1
134,6
132,0
133,3
149,9
mg/l
7,01
90,8
86,1
97,6
105,9
6,2 (5,0-7,9)
6,8 (1,5-13,6)
5,6 (2,1-11,2)
T-N
167,9
146,1
137,1
139,7
157,6
mg NH3/l
119,0
102,1
96,2
105,4
114,5
122 (97,4-144)
96,4 (60,6-135) 89,3 (45,8-132) 86,7 (47,6-112) 86,1 (59-108,9) 90,8 (60-120)
T-P
14,4
76 (28-118)
14,1
14,0
13,3
8,2
6,9
8,1
11,2
8,7
8,7 (5,9-12,5)
7,8 (5,3-11,4)
7,9
8,2 (5,7-11,9
6,5 (5,8-8,5)
6,6 (4,7-8,5)
6,7 (5,3-8,0)
6,1 (4,8-7,2)
7,9 (5,0-13,7)
6,1 (4,5-7,3)
6,7 (3,5-9,4)
6,8 (3,2-12,6)
6,6 (2,6-9,7)
Axit bo
30
238
225
227
213
bay hi,
48
229
103
182
96,5
mg
27,2 (22,5-30,0)
~ 187 ~
13,5 (0,0-22,5)
26,9 (15-35)
328
334
384
372
266
350
344
372
Kim
224
mgCaCO3/l
197 (116-334)
158 (100-226)
157 (116-213)
6,01
6,23
6,74
6,56
6,76
pH
388
317(216-494)
7,0 6,73-7,34)
7,29 (7,2-7,4)
35
38
39
45
47
36
43
45
51
57
47
50
51
62
65
52
55
57
71
75
~ 188 ~
NH3
T-N
T-P
Axit
Kim
Gi tr u ra
Ct 1
Ct 2
Ct 3
Ct 4
344 (153-558)
191 (81-331)
212 (89-456)
2,3 (1,4-3,3)
4,0 (2,6-6,7)
49 (29,9-84,7)
3,1 (1,8-3,8)
46 (23,0-71,2)
80,6 (46,7-135)
71 (42,4-118)
7,2 (6,1-8,3)
5,9 (4,1-8,1)
5,8 (4,6-8,0)
5,7(4,3-7,2)
5,2 (4,1-6,3)
9,15 (7,1-11,6)
7,1 (5,6-9,1)
6,5 (5,9-7,5)
7,3(4,6-9,9)
6,4 (4,4-8,1)
7,8 (5,7-8,7)
6,6 (5,3-7,5)
6,8 (4,5-8,4)
6,5(5,2-7,8)
6,5 (5,2-8,2)
38 (14-56)
168 (31-588)
139 (20-341)
216(85-404)
105 (22-330)
51 (34-63)
140 (63-292)
101 (43-191)
282(224-361)
144 (76-325)
52(27-76)
216 (135-260)
258 (128-310)
165(126-280)
204(54-355)
95 (70-120)
159 (124-210)
122 (82-160)
222 (192-262)
100 (78-120)
230 (186-270)
Cng t bng 14. 4 cho thy: hiu sut x l COD ct th nht trong h thng ni tip bao
gi cng cao hn so vi ct th hai. Cng tng t nh vy, trong on u ca tng ct qu
trnh phn hy COD v thy phn thnh amoni nhanh hn nhiu so vi giai on sau. Nguyn
~ 189 ~
nhn ca hin tng trn l do nc thi cha cc cht hu c c tnh sinh hy khc nhau, thnh
phn d phn hy chuyn ha nhanh giai on u, cc cht kh sinh hy hn s c phn
hy sau vi tc chm hn.
Trong thi gian kho st 6 thng, mt vi khun ym kh tng t 0,3. 103 ln 4,5. 107 t
bo/ml, ban u tng kh nhanh v chm dn giai on sau, c th do qu trnh phn hy ni
sinh tng cng vi mt sinh khi. Tuy vy, mi tng quan t l thun gia hiu qu phn hy
COD vi mt sinh khi khng quan st thy mt cch r rng, rt c th t l gia cc
chng loi vi khun (thy phn, to axit, to metan) v yu t ng hc (chuyn khi) c vai tr
ln hn.
T nhng kt qu kho st qu trnh phn hy ym kh nc thi ch bin thy sn cho php
rt ra mt s nhn xt:
- Hiu qu x l (COD) ym kh i vi nc thi thy sn t 70 - 80% vi thi gian lu thy
lc 8 gi, mt sinh khi 7 - 9 g/l. Yu t nh hng n hiu qu x l l mt vi sinh, kh
nng tip xc (ng hc) v thi gian lu, trong hai yu t u tin c tc ng mnh hn.
- Trong thnh phn COD c cha mt lng tp cht kh phn hy trong iu kin ym kh.
phn hy thnh phn trn (20 - 30%) cn thi gian di, ko theo gi thnh xy dng tng.
- Hiu sut hnh thnh kh metan thp, ch t 0,2 - 0,3 m3/kg COD c phn hy (t kt qu
nghin cu x l tnh).
- Trong qu trnh phn hy, pH ca h dao ng khng ln, hm lng axit bo thp.
- Hp cht nit v photpho ch gim mc khng ng k, ch mt phn tham gia vo tng hp
sinh khi. Hp cht nit, photpho d b thy phn, chuyn thnh dng v c.
T nhn xt trn c th a ra mt vi khuyn co c th ng dng trong thit k h x l:
- Phn hy ym kh nn c s dng x l s b nc thi thy sn nhm gim thiu COD
(70 - 80%).
- gim gi thnh xy dng, thi gian lu thy lc (th tch b x l) khng cn ko qu di,
quan trng hn l tng cng mt vi sinh v qu trnh chuyn khi ca h.
- H x l t hiu qu cao l h ni tip, v d loi k thut chy ngc qua nhiu ngn ym
kh.
- Khng cn thit phi b xung ha cht hay iu chnh pH ca h thng x l.
- Thu hi kh metan s t c hiu qu kinh t.
- Phng php x l ym kh n c khng c kh nng loi b hp cht nit, photpho.
~ 190 ~
~ 191 ~
B hai giai on
Th tch ngn 1 (lt)
4 (lt)
3 (lt)
1 (lt)
9 (lt)
3 (lt)
Thng s hot ng ca qu trnh bn hot tnh: mt vi sinh 3g/l, oxy ho tan nm trong
khong 2-3 mg/l, thi gian lu thu lc l 4 v 8 gi.
Din bin ca qu trnh hiu kh c nh gi thng qua cc thng s: pH, kim tng,
COD, amoni, nitrit, nitrat, nit Kjeldahl v tng photpho.
Th nghim c tin hnh song song i vi hai qu trnh: mt v hai giai on trong thi
gian lin tc 24 ngy. S liu c o c trong ngy. Cc gi tr xc nh c ca mi ngy l
khc nhau, nm trong mt khong no , cc gi tr dng nh gi qu trnh l s liu trung
bnh ca 24 b s liu tng ng.
Kt qu th nghim ca x l hiu kh mt v hai giai on c ghi trong bng 14. 6.
Bng 14. 6. S liu x l hiu kh mt v hai giai on
Thng Thi Gi tr u vo
s gian
lu
pH
Gi tr u ra
I
II1
II2
4 gi 6,79 (6,46 - 7,24) 7,41 (7,11 - 7,67) 7,21 (6,89 - 7,40) 7,36 (7,06 - 7,61)
8 gi
6,91 (6,71 -7,15) 7,37 (6,89 - 7,73) 7,22 (6,93 -7,66 ) 7,32 (6,88 - 7,67)
~ 192 ~
94 (48 - 130)
93 (30 - 158)
94 (52 - 138)
73 (41 - 114)
NH3-N 4 gi
8 gi
NO2--N 4 gi
0,01 (0 - 0,01)
8 gi
NO3--N 4 gi
8 gi
TKN 4 gi 32,9 (24,3 - 45,8) 25,2 (14,4 - 39,1) 30,3 (20,9 - 42,2) 22,6 (12,4 - 32,3)
8 gi 35,2 (25,4 - 46,5) 20,3 (5,8 - 35,7) 31,6 (23,5 - 38,5) 18,5 (4,9 - 31,7)
T-P
II1
II2
85,5 (71,992,5)
91,4 (76,296,5)
72,4 (56,187,3)
90,5 (66,297,2)
Hiu qu x l COD.
Bng 14. 6 v hnh 14. 3 th hin kt qu x l COD ca h th nghim mt v hai giai on.
Hiu qu x l COD ca h hiu kh rt cao, t khong 85% sau 4 gi v t trn 90% sau 8 gi
c hai h th nghim. Hiu qu hot ng ca c hai h khc nhau khng ng k v khi ko
di thi gian lu n mt giai on no th tc phn hu cht gy nhim chm li ng
k. Trong thi gian 4 gi giai on sau, hiu qu x l ch t 5-6% so vi cng thi gian
giai on u t trn 80%. Trong thit b hai giai on, th tch ca ngn u chim 25%
(4/16 lit) th hiu qu x l sau 1 gi (ngn u) t khong 59% v tip sau 3 gi (ngn 2) cng
ch ln ti 84%. Trong thi gian lu tng l 8 gi th sau ngn u (tng ng 2 gi lu) hiu
sut loi b COD cng t ti khong 72%, ko di thm 6 gi cng ch tng thm khong 21%.
~ 193 ~
COD, mgO2/l
2100
1800
1500
1200
900
600
300
0
Vo
II1
II2
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 3. th din bin COD ca nc thi
Kt qu trn cho php nhn xt: thnh phn gy nhim c trng bi COD l mt hn hp
cht hu c c kh nng sinh hu rt khc nhau. Thnh phn d sinh hu c vi sinh tiu th
trc, cc thnh phn kh sinh hu c phn hu sau, phi qua nhiu giai on. iu ny cng
ph hp vi kt qu l hm lng COD d sau khi x l nh hn rt nhiu so vi hiu s ca
COD v BOD ca nc thi ngun.
Hiu qu x l COD theo phng thc mt hay hai giai on v tng th khng c s khc
bit.
Hiu qu x l hp cht nit.
Suy gim hp cht nit l do qu trnh tham gia vo cu to t bo. Trong qu trnh x l hiu
kh, hp cht nit hu c chuyn ho thnh amoni qua qu trnh thu phn, tip tc oxy ho ti
nitrit v nitrat. Ngoi tr mt phn khng ln (nh hn 10mg/l) tham gia xy dng t bo vi sinh
vt, hm lng nit tng s khng thay i sut trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, chng ch chuyn
ho t dng ny sang dng khc, ti dng bn nht l nitrat.
So snh gia cc gi tr TKN (nit Kjeldahl l nit nm trong hp cht hu c v trong
amoni) cho thy: trong iu kin hiu kh, qu trnh thu phn hp cht nit cng chm dn theo
thi gian: sau 1, 4, 8 gi, hiu sut thu phn t tng ng l 53%, 61% v 78% tng ng vi
s phn hu COD v tng ng vi s hnh thnh amoni (hnh 14. 3). Qu trnh oxy ho t nitrit
n nitrat xy ra kh nhanh nn nng nitrit trong nc thp, trung bnh khng vt qu
0,5mg/l. Nng nitrit trong h x l 4 gi thi gian lu lun cao hn trong h vi thi gian lu
l 8 gi.
T s liu bng 14. 6 v hnh 14. 4, 14. 5, 14. 6 cho thy tc hnh thnh nitrat hay mc
suy gim amoni xy ra chm v tc hnh thnh c xu hng tng theo thi gian: sau 1,2,4,8
gi, nng nitrat c gi tr tng ng l 0,37; 1,05; 4,24 v 14,2 mg/l trong b hiu kh hai giai
~ 194 ~
NKT, mgN/l
on
v
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
cao
hn
th
nghim
mt
giai
on
12-39%.
Vo
II1
II2
I
NH3, mgN/l
35
30
25
vo
II1
II2
I
20
15
10
5
0
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 5. Bin thin ca
amoni trong qu trnh hiu kh
~ 195 ~
NO3-, mgN/l
25
II1
20
II2
I
15
10
5
0
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 6. S hnh thnh
nitrat trong qu trnh hiu kh
Trong mi kho st, mc hnh thnh nitrat b hai giai on lun cao hn th nghim mt
giai on. Trong th nghim hai giai on, tc hnh thnh nitrat giai on sau cao hn nhiu
so vi n ngn th nht. Th tch ca ngn mt chim 25%, ca ngn 2 l 75%, tng ng vi
thi gian lu l 1:3. Vi thi gian lu l 4 gi, tc hnh thnh nitrat (nitrat hnh thnh trn mt
n v thi gian v th tch) ngn sau cao hn 3,8 ln so vi trong ngn th nht v vi thi
gian lu 8 gi n cao hn 4,17 ln. (bng 14. 6, hnh 14. 4, 14. 5, 14. 6)
Kt qu rt d c chp nhn bi l ngn sau, hm lng COD thp, lng amoni cao
to iu kin cho chng vi sinh vt t dng pht trin mnh, thc y nhanh qu trnh oxy ho
amoni thnh nitrat.
Kt qu xc nh vi khun nitrat ho cng kh ph hp vi kt qu trn: trong 19 t ly mu
ko di hn 4 thng, mt vi khun nitrat ho trong cc ngn dao ng t 10 2 n 106 t
bo/ml, mt tng i n nh khong 104 t bo/ml. Mt vi khun Nitrosomonas cao
hn vi khun Nitrobacter v ngn sau mt cao hn ngn trc.
Trong h kho st, qu trnh kh nitrat thnh kh nit xy ra trong lng cc ht huyn ph
(sinh khi) do iu kin thiu kh l khng ng k, s chnh lch gia chng c th coi l phn
tham gia vo thnh phn t bo ca vi sinh vt.
Hiu qu x l photpho.
Cng nh trong qu trnh x l ym kh ring r, x l hiu kh n thun cng khng c kh
nng loi b hp cht photpho, ngoi tr mt phn nh (1-2mg/l) tham gia vo cu to t bo vi
sinh.
~ 196 ~
~ 197 ~
Qu trnh hnh thnh nitrat (oxy ho amoni) xy ra trong giai on hiu kh v l k tip hai
giai on: hnh thnh nitrit v t nitrit hnh thnh nitrat. Qu trnh kh nitrat, nitrit (v cc hp
cht nit c ho tr dng) v kh nit (ho tr khng) xy ra di iu kin thiu oxy (anoxic)
v cn ngun carbon hu c (1g NO3-N cn khong 3g COD), v vy giai on x l thiu kh
thng c lp t trc giai on hiu kh (predenitrification) nhm tn dng ngun cht hu
c t nc thi cha qua x l hiu kh hoc nu lp t sau giai on hiu kh (postdenitrification) th phi b xung thm ngun carbon (v d ru metanol).
H thng lp ni tip nhiu cp hiu kh thiu kh ngoi li th s dng cht hu c ca
ngun thi cn tn dng c iu kin kh nitrit (hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh oxy ho
amoni thnh nitrat) v dng kh nit, tc l tit kim c oxy cho qu trnh oxy ho nitrit v
nitrat v cho lng cht hu c phn hu trong thi gian tng ng. Nhiu cng trnh nghin
cu ch ra rng nc thi qua x l hiu kh nhn chung c hm lng nitrit thp (nh hn 0,1
mg/l) [7], song cng c nhiu loi cha hm lng nitrit rt cao trong qu trnh x l hiu kh,
vi nc thi cha nhiu nitrit th h lp ghp nhiu cp hiu kh thiu kh s c hiu qu cao
hn cc h thng thng.
d p dng kt qu t phng th nghim vo thc t x l nc thi ch bin thy sn, qu
trnh x l ng thi COD v hp cht nit c nghin cu theo phng php m k tip giai
on trong cng thit b ( Sequence Batch Reactor SBR technology), chng c tnh tng ng
nh s lp ghp nhiu cp hiu kh - thiu kh.
Tn dng s oxy ho cha trit (ch n nitrit) kh COD v hp cht nit l ni dung
kho st ca phn hu thiu kh.
Thit b phn ng tin hnh theo k thut bn hot tnh, p dng ch sc kh gin on gi
l thit b hot ng gin on. Qu trnh din ra trong thit b hot ng gin on cng tng
t nh trong thit b sc kh vi bn hot tnh bn c phn b u trong thit b. Mt im
khc bit ca thit b hot ng gin on l c s xen k gia cc giai on sc kh (cung cp
oxy ho tan) v khuy trn (khng cung cp oxy ho tan, to mi trng thiu kh). Thit b trn
c s dng nh gi kh nng loi b cc tp cht trong nc thi, c bit l kh nng loi
b nit cng vi carbon.
Th nghim c tin hnh song song trong hai thit b phn ng c cng th tch l 10 lt,
cng mt sinh khi 4 g/l v thi gian thc hin trong 360 pht. Khng kh c cp vo thit
b phn ng nh my thi kh, giai on khuy trn c thc hin bng my khuy. Hai thit b
c thc hin vi hai t l thi gian sc kh v khuy trn khc nhau, c th l 2:1 v 3:1.
Din bin ca cc qu trnh hiu kh (giai on sc kh) v thiu kh (giai on khuy trn)
c nh gi thng qua cc thng s: pH, kim tng, amoni, nitrit, nitrat, nit Kjeldahl v
DO.
~ 198 ~
pH
Thi
gian TN
u vo
6,9
Kim
876
21,3
60pht
7,4
254
594
26,9
41,7
(33 -72)
0,72
4,6
(7,3 - 7,6) (210 - 412) (240 - 946) (17,7 - 46,9) (0,21 - 1,28) (2,55 - 7,1)
90pht
7,3
257
469
26,8
0,29
3,3
7,5
242
298
25,9
1,46
5,1
7,5
253
280
25,5
0,32
3,5
7,6
224
153
20,5
2,33
5,49
0,12
(0,1 - 0,14)
5,48
(7,4 - 7,7) (160 - 388) (70 - 295) (11,3 - 40,4) (1,18 - 4,57) (2,1 - 10,2)
270pht
7,5
235
146
20,3
0,89
3,49
(3,5 - 6,3)
-
(7,4 - 7,7) (168 - 396) (63 - 284) (11,7 - 40,7) (0,12 - 3,59) (1,7 - 6,8)
330pht
7,6
214
99
15,5
3,04
6,14
3,48
(1,2 - 5,3)
(7,3 - 7,6) (204 - 424) (105 - 574) (16,3 - 46,8) (0,12 - 0,85) (1,8 - 7,2)
240pht
0,16
(0,13 - 0,2)
(7,3 - 7,6) (200 - 414) (107 - 639) (17,0 - 46,4) (0,23 - 2,89) (2,3 - 11,6)
180pht
2,24
(0,7 - 3,85)
(7,1 - 7,4) (212 - 418) (222 - 865) (18,3 - 47,7) (0,08 - 0,7) (2,4 - 4,6)
150pht
0,14
(0,11 - 0,19)
21,1
5,68
(7,5 - 7,7) (162 - 380) (50 - 218) (9,2 - 33,8) (0,88 - 6,15) (2,0 - 12,4) (14 - 38) (4,9 - 6,5)
360pht
7,6
223
93
15,4
1,39
3,73
(7,4 - 7,7) (172 - 370) (41 - 216) (9,3 - 34,0) (0,15 - 3,7) (0,8 - 8,7)
~ 199 ~
0,14
(0,1 - 0,18)
Bng14. 9: S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh : thiu kh l 3:1 theo thi
gian trong 360 pht.
Thng
pH
s
Thi
gian TN
u vo
6,9
Kim
876
21,3
90pht
7,5
254
416
27,0
42
1,25
5,36
(7,4 - 7,7) (218 - 408) (195 - 781) (19,7 - 47,8) (0,33 - 1,98) (2,75 - 8,7)
120pht
210pht
7,5
0,24
3,72
27,0
(19,1
48,2)
(7,3 - 7,8) (214 - 420) (183 - 751)
(0,08 - 0,5) (2,45 - 4,8)
7,5
258
236
398
186
23,9
1,74
5,03
7,5
347
175
23,5
0,52
3,24
7,6
211
102
15,7
2,61
5,36
0,14
(0,12 - 0,18)
4,6
(2,3 - 6,2)
0,16
(0,12 - 0,2)
21
5,29
(7,3 - 7,7) (192 - 420) (61 - 308) (14,4 - 43,6) (0,08 - 1,46) (1,9 - 5,8)
330pht
3,48
(0,8 - 5,3)
(7,4 - 7,7) (198 - 410) (63 - 318) (12,2 - 45,9) (0,23 - 2,74) (2,0 - 10,6)
240pht
(33 -72)
(7,4 - 7,7) (156 - 372) (43 - 202) (9,2 - 34,6) (1,11 - 4,72) (2,5 - 9,8) (14 - 35) (3,85 - 6,7)
360pht
7,5
217
97
15,7
1,53
3,56
(7,5 - 7,7) (160 - 370) (34 - 201) (9,4 - 33,9) (0,08 - 4,11) (1,0 - 7,5)
0,15
(0,11 - 0,21)
Hiu qu x l COD ca c hai phng thc x l l rt cao, t trn 90% (93,8 v 94,8%)
sau 360 pht th nghim. Hiu qu x l COD hai thit b sau 360 pht khng khc nhau.
giai on u ca sc kh, thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian 3:1 c hiu sut x l COD cao
v t 52,5% sau 90 pht, cn thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian 2:1 t 43,5% sau 60 pht.
Khi thi gian hot ng ko di th hiu qu x l ca c hai thit b u tng ln, nhng tc
phn hu cht hu c ca hai thit b cng gim dn. Trong thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian
3:1, sau 90 pht hiu qu t 52,5% nhng sau thi gian 210 v 330 pht ch tng ln tng ng
26% v 9,8%. Trong thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian 2:1, sau thi gian 60, 150, 240, 330
pht hiu sut x l COD tng tng ng l 43,5%, 22,5%, 16,5% v 6,2% (bng 14. 10).
T bng s liu 14. 8, 14. 9 cho thy, trong giai on thiu kh COD ca nc thi cng
gim. Vi th nghim c t l thi gian sc kh : khuy trn l 2:1 th trong 30 pht cc pha
khuy khc nhau COD gim 5,3%, 6,0%, 4,6% v 6,1%, vi th nghim c t l thi gian sc kh
: khuy trn l 3:1 cc gi tr tng ng l 4,3%, 5,9% v 4,9%. Giai on thiu kh ng gp
22% trong th nghim vi t l 2:1 v 15,1% trong th nghim vi t l 3:1 ca khong 90% hiu
qu loi b COD ca c qu trnh.
Bng 14. 10: Hiu qu x l COD (%) theo thi gian trong giai on hiu kh v thiu kh.
~ 200 ~
T l thi gian sc kh v
khuy l 2:1
Thi gian
th nghim
43,5
90pht
52,5
90pht
48,8
120pht
56,8
150pht
66,0
210pht
78,8
180pht
72,0
240pht
84,7
240pht
82,5
330pht
88,9
270pht
87,1
360pht
93,8
330pht
88,7
360pht
94,8
COD, mgO2/l
60pht
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
u vo
Sau 60 pht
Sau 150 pht
Sau 240 pht
Sau 330 pht
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 7. S bin thin COD ca nc thi trong th nghim
vi t l thi gian sc kh v khuy l 2:1
~ 201 ~
COD, mgO2/l
Phn COD gim i trong giai on khuy trn (giai on thiu kh) chnh l phn COD tham
gia vo phn ng kh nitrit, nitrat. Trong th nghim vi t l 2:1 hiu qu x l COD cao hn
cht t so vi th nghim kia.
2000
u vo
1800
Sau 90 pht
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
Th t th nghim, t
~ 202 ~
c thu phn thnh amoni, mt phn amoni chuyn ho thnh nitrit, nitrat v tham gia vo cu
to t bo vi sinh.
cc giai on sc kh, s hnh thnh nitrit, nitrat u c xu hng tng ln theo thi gian v
theo s gim nng cht hu c (bng 14. 8 v 14. 9). iu ny xy ra l do sau khi loi b
c phn ln COD, vi sinh vt t dng oxy ho amoni c iu kin pht trin khng b cnh
tranh bi vi sinh vt d dng.
80
u vo
TKN, mgN/l
70
Sau 330 pht vi t l 2:1
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 9. S bin thin TKN ca nc thi trong th nghim
vi t l thi gian sc kh : khuy l 2:1 v 3:1.
Trong giai on thiu kh, xy ra c qu trnh kh, nitrit v nitrat cn c cht hu c.
T s liu bng 14. 11 cho thy hiu sut kh nitrit l tng i cao v hn hiu sut kh nitrat.
Trong thi gian 30 pht ca chu k thiu kh, hiu qu kh nitrit t t 54,3% n 78,1% th
nghim vi t l 2:1 v t 41,4% n 80,8% th nghim vi t l 3:1 (hnh 14. 10 v 14. 11),
trong khi hiu qu kh nitrat ch t cao nht l 39,3%. iu chng t qu trnh kh nitrit xy
ra nhanh hn so vi nitrat. l yu t c li v phng din vn hnh: tn oxy cp cho qu
trnh oxy ho nitrit thnh nitrat v lng cht hu c tng ng.
Bng 14. 11 Hiu sut kh nitrit, nitrat
T l thi gian sc kh v khuy T l thi gian sc kh v khuy l
l 2:1
3:1
Giai on
thiu kh
NO3-
NO2-
~ 203 ~
NO3-
Pha 1: 30pht
59,7
28,2
Pha 1: 30pht
80,8
35,6
Pha 2: 30pht
78,1
31,5
Pha 2: 30pht
70,1
35,6
Pha 3: 30pht
61,8
36,4
Pha 3: 30pht
41,4
33,8
Pha 4: 30pht
54,3
39,3
Sau 60 pht
NO2-, mgN/l
Sau 90 pht
4
Sau 270 pht
2
1
0
1
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 10. S bin thin NO2- ca nc thi trong th nghim
vi t l thi gian sc kh v khuy l 2:1
~ 204 ~
NO2-, mgN/l
Sau 90 pht
3
Sau 240 pht
2
Sau 330 pht
0
1
-1
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 11: S bin thin NO2- ca nc thi trong th nghim
vi t l thi gian sc kh v khuy l 3:1.
T kt qu nh gi qu trnh phn hu thiu kh (trc hoc sau thiu kh) c thc hin
thng qua k thut gin on cho thy:
- Qu trnh kh nitrat c tc nhanh hn nhiu (khong 3 ln) so vi qu trnh oxy ho amoni.
- Hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh oxy ho amoni l nitrit trong nhiu trng hp c nng
kh cao v qu trnh kh n v dng kh nit xy ra vi tc cao hn so vi nitrat.
- Kh nitrit v kh nit s thun li hn v phng din cp kh t hn cho qu trnh hiu kh (
oxy ho nitrit thnh nitrat v lng cht hu c tng ng trong giai on ) v cn t lng
cht hu c cho qu trnh kh do ho tr ca nit trong nitrit l +3 v trong nitrat l +5.
- x l hp cht nit, h thng lp ghp ni tip cc cp hiu kh- thiu kh s mang li hiu
qu cao hn c v phng din cht lng v gi thnh vn hnh.
14. 3.
Thc vt nc c vai tr rt quan trng trong x l nhim nc thi. Trong khi vi sinh vt
tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh phn hu cht hu c v to ra cc cht v c (nit, photpho,
cc cht khong khc...) cho thc vt s dng th nhiu loi thc vt nc c th cung cp O 2
tng cng qu trnh phn hu hiu kh cc cht hu c. tng trng, thc vt nc hp th
~ 205 ~
- Sinh khi sau x l c th tn dng cho chn nui, sn xut kh metan, protein, lm phn bn.
14. 3. 1. i tng v phng php nghin cu.
* Ngun thi: Nc thi thu sn sau cng on x l ym kh (UASB) c nng NH4+ di
100 mg/L. Th nghim ngng chu NH4+ ca rau mung v bo tm c tin hnh trn nn
nc thi ny vi vic b sung thm NH4+ di dng mui NH4Cl.
* Thc vt nc
+ Bo Tm: Lemna minor L. thuc h Bo tm - Lemnaceae. Bo tm thuc loi thu sinh
mc ni. Thn l tn hnh thu knh li rng 4-5 mm, mang mt r v mc chi thnh thn khc.
Thng c hai hoa c vi 2 nh v 1 hoa ci vi 1 bu.
Bo tm mc ph bin khp th gii trong cc ao, m. y l loi thc vt c hoa nh nht.
Bo tm l i tng tt cho nghin cu sinh ho, sinh hc pht trin, quang hp v kh nng
chng chu c t. V tc sinh trng rt nhanh v hm lng protein th c th t ti 40- 43
% nn bo tm l loi thc n rt tt cho gia sc, gia cm.
+ Rau mung. Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. thuc h bm bm- Convolvulaceae. Cy mc b
nc hay trn cn. Thn rng, dy, c nhng t, mt ngoi nhn, l hnh ba cnh, u nhn,
nhng cng c khi hp v di. Hoa to mu trng hay tm. Qu hnh cu, ng knh 7-9 mm.
Hoa n vo ma thu.
Rau mung phn b rng ti Vit Nam. Rau mung c dng lm rau cho ngi v cho gia
sc, gia cm. Thnh phn ho hc ca rau mung bao gm 92% nc, hn 3% protit, 2,5%
gluxit, 1 % xenluloza, 1-2 % hp cht v c. Rau cha nhiu Fe, P v Ca v mt vi vitamin C,
B, PP, B2.
* Cc phng php nghin cu
Cc phng php sau y c s dng tin hnh nghin cu:
- Xc nh nng NH4- bng phng php Nessler.
~ 206 ~
~ 207 ~
NH4+
NO3-
P tng
COD
( mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
40,0
20,6
0,1
3,6
60,0
71,2
18,7
0,2
3,1
46,0
99,3
13,5
0,3
2,5
44,6
138,0
11,7
0,3
2,5
37,2
10
160,3
1,1
0,5
1,2
30,7
Cng vi th nghim tng t nhng vi nng amoni ban u ln hn (88 mg/l) v thi
gian kho st di hn (14 ngy), kt qu c trnh by trong bng 14.13.
Mt s kt qu v nhn xt:
- Vi mi trng c nng amoni nh hn 150 mg/l, bo tm c th tn ti v pht trin.
- Bo tm pht trin nhanh, t thi gian th h trong 5 - 7 ngy.
- pH v oxy ha tan dao ng khng nhiu, ni cch khc s c mt ca bo tm t gy nh
hng n oxy ha tan v pH ca mi trng.
- Kh nng x l NO3 v P ca bo tm khng cao.
- COD gim kh nhiu nhng nguyn nhn trc tip c l khng phi do bo tm.
Bng 14. 13. nh gi kh nng loi b N v P ca bo tm
Thi gian th Tng trng
nghim (ngy) (gr ti)
NH4+
NO3-
P tng
COD
( mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
30
88,0
0,3
3,1
183
37
62,5
0,1
0,7
79
50
44,3
0,8
0,5
77
70
35,6
0,8
1,0
65
90
11,3
2,0
0,2
64
14
129
0,25
0,2
0,1
40
~ 208 ~
NH4+
NO3-
P tng
COD
( mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
150
20,8
0,1
3,2
55,0
13,5
0,2
2,9
45,0
2,3
0,3
3,8
43,5
1,8
0,3
3,1
42,4
10
170,5
0,8
0,2
3,1
34,6
NH4+
NO3-
P tng
COD
( mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
200
88,0
0,3
3,1
183
52,0
0,2
1,5
92
39,5
0,7
0,5
84
27,9
1,3
0,3
52
2,1
1,1
0,4
34
14
282,7
0,7
0,2
0,2
32
14. 4.
~ 209 ~
K thut tch cht thi rn v vy c tp trung vo thit b lc dng tang trng quay. N p
ng c cc tiu ch: khng gy tc dng, loi b nhanh cht rn ra khi dng thi, kch thc
ca cc phn t rn c th vt c ch ph thuc vo kch thc ca mt li lc, d c kh ho
nhm gim thiu lao ng nng nhc.
X l vi sinh ym kh.
Kt qu kho st phn hy nc thi ch bin thy sn trong iu kin ym kh cho thy:
- Hiu qu x l ca k thut ym kh i vi COD ca nc thi thu sn t 70 80% vi thi
gian lu thu lc l 8 gi.
- Yu t nh hng n hiu qu x l COD l mt vi sinh, kh nng tip xc (chuyn khi)
v thi gian lu, trong hai yu t u c tc ng mnh hn.
- X l ym kh theo phng thc ni tip cho hiu qu cao hn so vi phng thc mt giai
on vi cng cc thng s k thut (thi gian lu thu lc, mt vi sinh).
- Hiu sut hnh thnh kh metan thp nn vic thu hi chng cc c s sn xut qui m nh c
li ch kinh t khng ln.
- Kh nng loi b hp cht nit, photpho trong h x l ym kh n c khng cao, s suy
gim ca cc thnh phn trn ch l phn tham gia vo thnh phn cu to t bo.
- Trong thnh phn cht gy nhim, c mt t l cht rt kh phn hu di iu kin ym kh,
chng chim 20 30% ca COD dng tan.
~ 210 ~
~ 211 ~
~ 212 ~
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Chng 14.
1.
Cm nang k thut cho ngnh ch bin hi sn. Chuyn kim sot nhim cng
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7.
8.
COD:
d:
F/M:
h:
k:
kp:
~ 241 ~
KS:
SK:
Sinh khi
SKHH:
Sinh khi hu hiu, t l hao ht sinh khi khi t chy ti 550oC (volatile
suspended solid)
SS:
SVI:
TKN:
TN:
TOC:
TP:
U:
VFA:
Y:
Hiu sut sinh khi (t l to thnh sinh khi trn c s lng c cht tiu hao
(biological yield coeficient)
Y:
Hiu sut sinh khi thc - lng sinh khi hnh thnh tr i lng hao ht do
phn hy ni sinh (observed, net yield coefficient)
c:
Thi gian lu t bo (cell retention time, sludge age, solid retention time)
~ 242 ~