Table of contents

Chapter No.1

Introduction

1.1 Location and Accessibility

1.2 Study Area

1
3
3

1.3 Objectives

1.4 Methodology

1.5 Preparation of Base Map

1.6 Instrument

Chapter No.2

Physiography

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Relief

2.3 Population

2.4 Drainage

2.5 Soil/Alluvium

2.6 Vegetation

2.7 Water & Lakes

2.8 Weathering

11

2.9 Field Crops

11

2.10 River

11

2.11 Rainfall

11

2.12 Temperature

11

2.13 Terraces

12

2.14 Saddle

12

2.15 People

12

2.16 Transportation

13

2.17 Locations

13

Chapter No.3

Previous Work

14

3.1 Introduction

14

3.2 Work in 19th Century

14

3.3 Work in 20th Century

14

3.3.1 Gee (1948)

14

3.3.2 Danilchik (1960) and Shah (1961-1963)

15

3.3.3 Fatmi (1966,68 and 70 )

15

3.3.4 Kummal and Teichert (1970)

15

3.3.5 Ashraf (1972)

16

3.3.6 Gardezi (1974)

16

3.3.7 Ghazanfar (1975)

16

3.3.8 Tahir Khaili (1979)

16

3.3.9 Kazmi and Rana (1982)

16

3.3.10 Yeats (1984)

16

3.3.11 Khan, Ahmed, Raza and Kemal (1986)

17

3.3.12 Baker (1988)

17

3.3.13 Lawerence (1988)

17

3.3.14 Qayyum (1991)

17

3.3.15 Chaudhary

17

3.3.16 Burbank (1993)

17

3.4 Work in 21th century

17

3.4.1 Arif , Butt and Ghazanfar (2002)

18

3.4.2 Ghazi (2002, 2004)

18

3.4.3 Shakeeel (2005)

18

3.4.4 Javed, Ashraf, Nasir, Farooq and javed (2006)

18

3.4.5 Khokhar, Inayat and Rehman (2006)

18

3.4.6 Baitu, Deo, Atiq and Wahab (2007)

18

3.4.7 Butt, Ehsan and Gohar (2008)

18

3.4.8 Hannan, Saadi and Zeeshan (2009)

19

3.4.9 Saqab, Murtaza and Khan (2009)

19

Chapter No.4

Tectonics Framework of NW Himalaya

4.1 Introduction

20
20

4.2 Himalayas

22

4.3 Boundary Faults

22

4.3.1 Main Karakoram Thrust(MKT)

23

4.3.2 Main Mantle Thrust(MMT)

23
4.3.3 Main central Thrust(MCT)

23

4.4.4 Main Boundary Thrust(MBT)

24

4.4.5 Salt Range Thrust & Trans Indus Ranges Thrust(TIRT)

24

4.4 Subdivision of Himalayas

25

4.4.1 Trans Himalayas

25

4.4.2 Higher Himalaya

25

4.4.3 Lesser Himalayas

26

4.4.4 The SubHimalayas

29

4.5 Tectonics Settings of Salt Range

4.5.1 Eastern Salt Range

29
32

4.5.2 Central Salt Range

35

4.5.3 Western Salt Range

36

Chapter No.5

Stratigraphy & Structure setup of Area

5.1 Introduction

38

5.2 Distribution of Various Unconformities in Salt Range

38

5.2.1 Lithostratigraphic Divisions

42
5.3 Permian Sequence

42

5.3.1 Tobra Formation

42

5.3.2 Dandot Formation

43

5.3.3 Wargal Limestone

43

5.4.4 Chhidru Formation

47

5.4 Mesozoic Era

48

5.4.1 Regional Distribution

48

5.4.2 Lithostratigraphic Division

48
5.5 Triassic

49

5.5.1 Mianwali Formation

49

5.6 Paleocene Sequence

51

5.6.1 Hangu Formation

51

5.6.2 Patala Formation

54

5.7 Eocene Sequence

55

5.7.1 Regional Distribution

55

5.7.2 Lithostratigraphic Division

55

5.7.3 Nammal Formation

56

5.7.4 Sakesar Limestone

56

5.8 Miocene Sequence

59

5.8.1 Tectonic & depositional setting

59

5.8.2 Lithostratigraphic Distribution

59

5.8.3 Kamlial Formation

60

5.9 Pliestocene Sequence

62

5.9.1 Kalabagh Conglomerate

62

5.10 General Structures & Sedimentary Structures

63

5.10.1 Fault

63

5.10.2 Fault Line

63

5.10.3 Thrust Fault

63

5.10.4 Dip slope

64

5.10.5 Fold

64

5.10.6 Slickensides

64

5.10.7 Fault Gouge

65

5.10.8 Spheroidal Weathring

65

5.10.9 Ripple Marks

66

5.10.10 Cross Bedding

66

5.10.11 Hummocky & Swaley Cross Stratification

67

5.10.12 Drag Fold

67

5.10.13 Dome

68

5.10.14 Inclined Fold

69

5.10.15 Intra-formational Normal Fault

69

Chapter No.6 Mapping & Structure Setup Of Area

71

6.1 Types of Geological mapping

71

6.1.1 Regional mapping

71

6.1.2 Detailed mapping

71

6.1.3 Principles of mapping

71

6.1.4 Required Instruments

72

6.2 Structure of Salt Range

72

6.3 Structure of Study Area

73

6.3.1 Dhok Patial Thrust

73

6.3.2 Sukh Wahan Thrust

73

6.3.3 Sukh Wahan Anticline

73

6.3.4 Sukh Wahan Syncline

73

6.3.5 Dhok Patial Syncline

74

6.3.6 Jhalar Thrust

74

6.3.7 Chamnaki Anticline

74

6.3.8 Chamnaki Syncline

75

6.3.9 Khura Anticline

75

6.3.10 Khura Normal Fault

75

6.3.11 Sodhi Thrust

75

6.3.12 Chamnaki Thrust

76

Geophysics Portion
Chapter No.01

Introduction And Literature Review

80

1.1 Introduction

81

1.2 Introduction of Study Area

81

1.3 Earthquakes and its causes

82

1.4 Local site effect

82

1.5 Seismic response

83

1.6 Problem Defination

83

1.7 Nakamura Technique

84

1.8 Our study Area

84

1.9 Research Objectives

86

1.10 Literature Review

86

Chapter No. 02

Geology And Seismotectonic of study Area

88

2.1 Geology

88

2.2 Rock Units

88

2.3 Surghar Group

88

2.4 Makarwal Group

89

2.5 Cherat Group

90

2.6 Rawalpindi Group

91

2.7 Siwalik Group

91

2.8 Surficial Sediments

92

2.9 Geologic Structure

93

2.10 Faults and Regional Tectonics

2.11 Seismicity and Seismic Risks
Chapter No 03 Data Acquisition and Processing
3.1 Technical Requirments
3.1.1 Experimental Condition
3.1.2 Display of Data
3.2 Data Processing
3.3 Steps of Processing
Chapter No 04 Results And Interpretation
4.1 Results and Interpretation
4.2 Shear Wave Velocity
4.3 Condition For Reliable And Ideal Curve
4.4 Realiability Table for individual Readings
4.5 Calculation & Results
4.6 Imagery Display
Refrences

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