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+AungSan Suu Ky - Freedom Form Fear PDF
+AungSan Suu Ky - Freedom Form Fear PDF
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taumiftxnfazmfEkdifonfh tqifhwdkifatmif jrefrmEkdifiHudk o,faqmifvmcJhaom ol. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
ponfh udpPtaygif;udk tm;vHk; odESifh=u+yD; jzpfygonf? TtrsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;}uD;onf usrwdk
wOD;csif;pD. euf_dif;aom dkaoav;pm;r_ukd &&Sd+yD; jzpfygonf? ol. dk;om;I [efyefrygaom cifrifr_onf
usrwdk. toJESvHk;rsm;udkyg odrf;uH;vdkufygawmhonf?
AdkvfcsKyfESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG0ifrsm; tvkyfwm0efrS tm;vyfaom naersm;wGif usrudk
AdkvfcsKyfwdkwnf;cdkaeaom [dkw,f{nfhaqmifY xrif;pm;&ef zdwfac:avh&Sdygonf? xrif;
pm;aomuf+yD;aomtcg "mwfrD;vif;zdk cyfrSdefrSdefav;udk 0dkif;&Hum ppfrjzpfrDu ta=umif;rsm;/ *syefrsm;xHrS
ppfynmoif=um;pOfu ta=umif;rsm;/ tem*wftwGuf ar#mfvifhcsufxm;Edkifaom ypPKy`efumv
ta=umif;rsm; ponfwdkudk aqG;aEG;=uygonf? ppftwGif; jrefrmjynfta=umif;ESifh ppf+yD;pumvY
+Adwdo#tpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyf. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vufcHvmap&ef v_yf&Sm;kef;uefcJh&yHk ta=umif;wdkudkum;
rsm;pGm ajymavhajymxr&Sdyg? tzJGwzJGvHk;twGuf udk,fa&mpdwfyg oufomap&ef tyef;ajzcsdefyif
jzpfygonf? ppftwGif;umvwGif usru e,l;a'vD&Sd tdENd,jynfvHk;qkdif&m toHv$ifhXmeY
tvkyfvkyfaecJhygonf? xdkXmerS bmompum
("gwfyHkrsm;)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unf 1942 ckESpfwGif xdrf;jrm;vufxyfpOfu
tay:
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhrdom;pk?
a&Swef;wGif xdkifaeolrSm
atmifqef;pk=unf
atmuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
pkpkudk ayGcsDxm;pOf
(a':oef;at;aqmif;yg;tquf)
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh *syefrsm; odrf;ydkufxm;aom tm&Se,fajrrsm;odk toHv$ifhygonf? xdkaemuf qefz&efppPudk
(San Francisco) odkoGm;I ,ck AGDtdkat (VOA) ac: xdkpOfu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
ppfjyef=um;a&;Hk;Y tvm;wltvkyfrsKd; vkyfygonf? jrefrmjynfrSa&mufvmaom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh
rawG&onfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfI uJGuGmae=u&pOftwGif; jzpfa=umif;&,fwJhukefpifatmif
ajym&eftcsdefyif ravmufEkdifyg?
xdk"mwfrD;vif;zdk rSdefrSdefav;udk 0dkif;&Hae=uonfh vlpkxJ yg0ifolrsm;rSm AdkvfcsKyfESifh ol. udk,f&Hawmf/
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJG0iftcsKd/ bDbDpDY tvkyfvkyfaeaom jrefrmwOD;ESifh &Hzef&Hcg usruJhodkaom {nfhonfrsm;
jzpf=uygonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwOD;jzpf+yD;/ *syefacwfumvtwGif;u trnfcHt& vGwfvyfaom
jrefrmEdkifiH. ppfoHr;tjzpf wdkusKdwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom Adkvfp}uFmvnf; xdkvlpkxJwGif yg0ifonf?
pum;tenf;i,fpJaomtcsdefrsm;Y olu *syefwGif aepOfu wwfcJhaom tvGrf;taqG;oDcsif;rsm;qdk+yD;/
usrwdku jrefrmoDcsif;rsm; qkd=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfu ol. rdom;pk/ ZeD;ESifh om;orD; oHk;a,mufta=umif;/
ti,fqHk;rSm rdef;uav;jzpfa=umif;wdkudk ajymavh&Sd+yD;/ if;wdktwGuf vufaqmifrsm; 0,fay;yg[k usrudk
ajymygonf? odkESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG tvkyfudpPrsm; +yD;pD;I vef'efrS jyefoGm;aomtcg ol. rdom;pk0if
wOD;csif;pDtwGuf usr 0,fay;vkdufaom vufaqmifrsm; AdkvfcsKyfESifh twlygoGm;ygonf? pktwGuf
tkyf}uD;wck 0,fay;vdkufygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umaomtcg xdktkyf}uD;udk pku rysufrpD; aumif;rGefpGm
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udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG rjyefrD &uftenf;i,ftvdkwGif rdrdwdk +yD;pD;vkyfaqmifEkdifcJhaom udpPt00ESifh
ywfoufI bDbDpDjrefrmydkif; tpDtpOfrS toHv$ifh&ef pmwrf;wapmifudk AdkvfcsKyf jyifqifxm;ygonf?
toHv$ifhrnfhaewGif usrwdku AdkvfcsKyfESifh ol. udk,f&Hawmfwdktm; bDbDpD pm;aomufqkdifYqHk+yD;
aevnfpm twlpm;&efjzpfygonf? xdkaevnfpmpm;yJGrSm aysmf&$iftm;&zG,fr[kwfcJhyg? xrif;pm; pm;yJGonf
qdwf+idrfae+yD; AdkvfcsKyf. rsufESmrSm +cdrf;awmhrnfhrdk;uJhodk tHkr_dif;ae.? bDbDpDjrefrmydkif;tpDtpOf
Xmer;jzpfol (t*FvdyftrsKd;om;wOD;) u t*Fvdyfvdk bmomjyefxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfrdefcGef;.
tpdwftydkif;tcsKdudk jzwfawmufjyifqifcJh+yD;/ rl&if; jrefrmpmwrf;udkvnf; tvm;wl jyifqif&rnf[k
t=uyfudkifaeygonf? bDbDpDrS xkwfv$ifhaom rdefcGef;rsm;yg EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufI
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Ttjzwftawmufrsm;udk vufcHvkduf&rnfavm/ toHv$ifhtpDtpOfudkyJ zsufodrf;vdkuf&rnfavmESifh
AdkvfcsKyfrSm pdwf'dG[jzpfae.? AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktwGuf vufaqmifrsm; ,lvmaom usru
pm;aomufcef;odk tenf;i,f ta&mufaemufusygonf? usra&mufoGm;+yD;aemufydkif; wjznf;jznf;
wif;rmr_ESifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrr_rsm; avsmhyg;oGm;um aevnfpmpm;yJG pwifygawmhonf? xdkaemuf AdkvfcsKyfu
jrefrmEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;xH toHv$ifhtpD&ifcH&ef xGufoGm;ygonf? odkaomfvnf; udwiftoday;jcif;
r&SdbJESifh ol. pmwrf;udk ryvkyfoifh[k ol ,lqaom wnf;jzwfr_rsm; yvkyfjcif;a=umifh rnfr#
rauseyfrESpfrdjzpf&a=umif;udk &Si;f &Sif;vif;vif;}uD; odomapcJh.? Tonfum; AdkvfcsKyf. toGifwyHk?
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG. tvkyfvnf; +yD;qHk;I jyefcsdefvnf; eD;vmav+yD? AdkvfcsKyftm;
{nfhcH=unfh_cJhaom t*Fvdyfrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;twGuf {nfhcHyJG}uD; usif;yygonf? {nfhy&dowfvnf;
tawmfrsm;ygonf? +Adwdo#ygvDreftrwfrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG. tvkyfudpPt00 tqifajyacsmarGap&ef
wm0ef,lcJhaom tqifhjrifht&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;/ owif;axmufrsm;/ pma&;q&mrsm;/
jrefrmjynfESifh jrefrmjynf. tem*wfwGif pdwf0ifpm;=uolrsm;ESifh vma&mufEdkifaom jrefrmrSefor#wdk
toD;oD;yg0if=uygonf? {nfhcHyJGrwdkifrDnu AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk {nfhcHyJGY oDcsif;qdk&ef ajymygonf? usru
vkyfdk;vkyfpOf [kwfrnfrxif[kajymum jiif;cJh.? {nfhcHyJGaeY *syefrsm; 0ifvmonftxd jrefrmjynfwGif
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdtjzpf tr_xrf;cJhaom t*FvdyfrdwfaqGa[mif;wa,mufxH usr tvnfoGm;cJh.? ol.
tdrf&Sd&mt&yfrS vef'efodk tjyefc&D;rSm aES;auG;vSI usrESifhtwl ygvmaom rdwfaqGrsm; {nfhcHyJG
ta&mufaemufusrnfpdk;um &ifwrr jzpfae.? {nfhcHyJGrrDvdkufu AdkvfcsKyfwdkESifh
aemufqHk;awG&rnfhtcGifhta&; vGwfoGm;rnfxifum usrwdk ylyefae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? odkaomfvnf;
uref;uwef; t0wftpm;vJ+yD; a&mufoGm;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu apmifhaeygonf? tcsrf;ajy rkeftenf;i,f
pm;aomuf+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:wifxm;aom pEN,m;&Sd&modk ac:oGm;+yD;/
jrefrmtrsKd;orD;av;wa,mufu oDcsif;qdk{nfhcHygrnf [k y&dowftm; a=unmvdkufygonf? usrvnf;
oDcsif;qdk&ygawmhonf? xdknu qdkcJhaom oDcsif;rsm;rSm t*FvdyfoDcsif;wyk'f/ jyifopfoDcsif;wyk'fESifh
jrefrmoDcsif;wyk'fwdkjzpfygonf? ,ck jyefvnfawG;=unfhaomtcg aemufqHk;wyk'fudkom qdkcJhoifhonf[k
usr xifrdygonf? odkaomfvnf; xdkoDcsif;udk jrefrmrsm;uom em;vnfESpfouf=urnf jzpfygonf?
xdkoDcsif;rSm usrwdktm;vHk; od=uaom v_difxdwfacgifwif. pdefjcL;=umanmif abmv,fjzpfygonf?
y&dowfu ,Ofaus;pGm =obmay;=uygonf? xdkaemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrudk pifjrifhay:rS qif;&ef vmac:+yD;
usr. tqdkudk ol rnfr#oabmusESpfoufa=umif; ajymygonf? ("gwfyHkvmonf)
tay:
atmifqef;OD;/
a':cif=unf/
atmifqef;vif;ESifh
pkpk (xkdifaeol)
1948 ckESpf
atmuf
pkpk ajcmufESpforD;t&G,f
1951 ckESpf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG txl;av,mOfESifh vef'efrdajrmufydkif;&Sd ppfzufqdkif&mavqdyfrS
xGufcGmoGm;csdefY wwdkif;jynfvHk; ESif;pdkifESif;cJrsm;ESifh zHk;v$rf;xm;qJyif jzpfygonf? E_wfquf&ef tqifhjrifh
t*Fvdyft&m&Sdrsm; tzJG}uD;wzJG a&mufaeygonf? usrwdk jrefrmtcsKdvnf; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/
tjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwl [kef;[kef;awmufaeonfh rD;vif;zdk}uD;. tyl&SdefESifh aEG;aeaom {nfhudcef;r}uD;Y
oGm;a&mufpka0;aeygonf? usrwdktm;vHk; 0dkif;xkdifpum;ajym=uygonf? c%=umaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfu
t*Fvdyfrsm;t=um;rS xvm+yD; usrwdkESifh pum;ajymygonf? usrudk yH;+yD; usaemfwdkESifh Armjynfudk
vdkufcJhygvm; [k ajymygonf? xdkaemuf usrwdk taygif;tazmfwpk ESif;cJrsm;t=um;&yf+yD;
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG av,mOf&Sd&modkav#mufI xGufcmG oGm;aeonfudk ai;ar#mf=unfh&if; vufrsm;a0S&rf;
E_wfquf=uygonf? aqmif;aeuav;. vGrf;zG,fhtoGifESifh rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh cJGcGm&jcif;/ txl;ojzifh
AdkvfcsKyfESifh cJGcGm&jcif;wdka=umifh usrwdkwawG 0rf;enf;woo jzpfae=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfcrsm
wdkawmif;vSaom b0oufwrf;av;r#om usefawmhonfudkum; usrwkd rnfuJhodkr# rrSef;qrdcJh=uyg?
*syefacwfESifh ppf'%fwdka=umifh ysufpD;,k, d Gif;aeaom wkdif;jynfudk jyefvnfxlaxmifI
jrefrmjynfwGif acwfopfxGef;aprnf [lonfh AdkvfcsKyf o,faqmifoGm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;rSm
EdkifiHa&;ydifbufwOD;. ya,m*a=umifh xdkESpfwGifyif yduJGcJh&ygawmhonf? bk&ifcH. tvkyftr_aqmiftzJG
tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf tcef;twGif;odk vlowform;rsm; twif;0ifa&mufvmum ppfaoewfrsm;jzifh
tv,fwGifxkdifaeaom AdkvfcsKyfudk OD;pGmypfcwf+yD; tjcm;yk*~Kdvf &SpfOD;udkyg vkyf}uHowfjzwfoGm;ygonf?
ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; wEkdifiHvHk; owdw&,lusKH;r&jzpf&aom tmZmenfae/ 19 Zlvdkif 1947 ckESpf jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. usef&pfol ZeD; a':cif=unfonf rdrdtwGufomru wrsKd;om;vHk;twGufyg
a=uuJGzG,f&m Ttjzpfqdk;}uD;aemufydkif;Y olrb0udk jyefvnfysKd;axmif&ygawmhonf? jrefrmjynf
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf rdcifESifh uav;apmifha&Smufa&;Xme/ xdkaemuf vlr_0efxrf;Xmewdk.
t}uD;tuJtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif.? rtm;rvyf tvkyfwm0efrsm;txJ epfryfaepOfyif
uH=urRm.'%fudk aemufwzefcH&jyef.? 'kwd,om;jzpfol atmifqef;vif;crsm &efukeaf etdrf+cH0if;twGif;&Sd
a&uefabmifdk;ay: upm;aepOf vdrfhusum a&epfaoqHk;oGm;&Smonf? atmifqef;vif;onf pk
txl;cspfjrwfEdk; tm;udk;aomtudkjzpfI pktzdk xdktjzpfqdk;}uD;a=umifh pdwfwkefv_yfxdcdkufcJh&r_onf
tawmfESifh aysmufuG,foGm;jcif; r&SdEkdifcJhyg? pkonf olr. tudkudk rnfonfhtcgr# rarhEkdifouJhodk olr.
zcifudkvnf; rnfonfhtcgr# rarhEkdifcJhyg? zcif. b0Zmwfa=umif;/ pmayta&;tom;/
wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; aqmf=ocsufrsm;ESifh (32) ESpfwm oufwrf;twGif; jzpfajrmufcJhaom tHh=ozG,f&m
pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;udk avhvmjcif;rSm pktwGuf tqufrjywfEdkifaom pJGvrf;csufw&yfjzpfygonf?
a':cif=unfonf om;orD;rsm;tm; i,fpOfuyif olwdk. zcifay;cJhaom tarGtESpfudk
t+rJowd&aeap&ef ud;yrf;cJh.? AdkvfcsKyf. &Jabmf&Jzufrsm;ESifh olxlaxmifcJhaom wyfrawmfrS
tzJG0ifrsm;u AdkvfcsKyf. rdom;pktay: xm;&Sdaom oHa,mZOfrSm ysufuGufoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhyg? xdka=umifh pk
u wyfrawmfom;rsm;vufay: }uD;jyif;vmcJhonf[k yuwd&Sd&if;twkdif; ajymEkdifygonf?
t&nftcsif;uG,f0/ tawGtuHrsm;jym;/ &mxl;&mcHjrifhrm;aom jrefrmvl}uD;vlaumif; trsm;tjym;
a':cif=unfESifh &if;ESD;cifrifpGm qufqHjcif;onfvnf; om;orD;rsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufr_&SdcJh.?
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm EdkifiHawmf0efxrf;wOD;tjzpf ajymifajrmufpGm wm0efxrf;&GufcJhaom w&m;ol}uD;csKyf
OD;jrifhodef;qdkv#if woufwm &if;ESD;cifrifaom rdwfaqGaumif;wOD;jzpfygonf? dkaoav;pm;r_/ =unf!dkr_/
cspfcifr_ paom t&Sdeft0grsm;u olESifh olr. rdom;pkwdktay: v$rf;cHxm;ygonf?
a':cif=unfonf rdrd. om;orD;rsm;tm; jrefrmhvlr_a&;ESifh udk,fusifhoDv. wefzdk;udk
tav;xm;+yD;/ Ak'<bmomw&m;udk ,Hk=unfudkif;_dif;&ef oGefoifqHk;rcJh.? usr. tjrift& 0wfpm;/
oGm;vm/ aexdkifr_t&yf&yfESifh pyfvsOf;I vltrsm;jrifuGif;wGifif;/ tdrfwGif;todkif;t0dkif;wGifif;/ pk onf
jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_t& pHwifavmufygonf? Oyrmwck ay;&rnfqdkv#if rdrdxuf wESpf/ w&uf/
wreuf}uD;olrSefor#udk udk,ftrlt,m/ E_wt f rlt,mt& dkaoav;pm;or_jyjcif;jzpfaom
vl}uD;rsm;a&SrS jzwfoef;oGm;aomtcg cg;nGwfjcif;/ vl}uD;rsm;xHyg;wGif usKHusKH,Hk,Hk aexkdifjcif;/
,Ofaus;av;pm;aom toHaetoHxm;ESifh pum;vHk;rsm;udk a&G;cs,foHk;jcif;/ ponfwdkrSm pk twGuf
tdk;pJGaeaom trltusifhrsm;jzpfygonf? TuJhodk xif&Sm;vSaom jrefrmqefr_wdka=umifh pk udk
jrefrmrsm;u cspfjrwfEkd;=u+yD; EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexkdifaomfvnf; pk . jrefrmyDor_rSm
arS;rSdef,drf;,dkifoGm;onf[lI r&SdcJhyg? jrefrmEdkifiHvlxk}uD;tm; pJGaqmifI if;wdk. twufuGqHk;/
tlv_dufonf;v_duf axmufcHr_udk pk &,lEkdifjcif;. t"duta=umif;&if; wcsufrSm olr. jrefrmyDor_yif
jzpfygonf?
1960 ckESpfwGif OD;Ektpdk;&onf a':cif=unftm; tdENd,EkdifiHqkdif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf
ceftyfvdkufygonf? xdk&mxl;ae&mwGif 1962 ck OD;ae0if;u ppftm%modrf;ydkuf+yD; aemufydkif;Yyif
a':cif=unf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;onf olrtm; dkaoav;pm;r_twdkif;twm rnfr#
}uD;rm;a=umif;udk jyoygonf? tvkyfoufwrf;+yD;qHk;I t+idrf;pm;,laomtcg a':cif=unfonf
tif;vsm;uefabmif&Sd rdrdtdrfY jyefvnfaexdkifygonf? tif;vsm;uefabmifwavsmufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHa&;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;avmurS txifu&yk*~Kdvftrsm;tjym; aexkdif=uygonf? ,ck pk vnf;
xdktif;vsm;uefaetdrfwGifyif tus,fcsKyfb0ESifh txdef;odrf;cHae&ygonf?
e,l;a'vDrdodk rdcifESifhtwl a&mufvmpOfu pk onf uspfqH+rD; wkwfwkwf&Snf&Snf}uD;rsm;ESifh
(15) ESpft&G,f uav;rav;jzpfygonf? a,_ESifhar&D uGefbifhausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary)
ESifh av'D&S,f&D&rfaumvdyf (Lady Shri Ram College) wdkY qufvufynmoifygonf? olr.
tdENd,rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dkif;rSm us,fjyefvmygonf? r[wWr*ENDESifh *s0g[mvmael;wdk. wdkif;jynfudk
pl;prf;avhvm em;vnfEkdif&ef pk tzkd tcGifhaumif;jzpfygonf? pk . zcifvnf; Twdkif;jynfudk
a&mufzl;+yD; ael;ESifh awGqHkaqG;aEG;um &if;ESD;cifrifaom em;vnfr_ &&SdcJhygonf? pk . rdcif
oHtrwftjzpf ceftyfjcif;cH&csdefwGif ael;u 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifqJjzpfygonf?
pk A[kokw tawGtuH us,fjyefap&ef olr.rdcif pDpOfay;aom udpPrsm;teuf
*syefyef;tvSjyifenf;/ tEkynmoifjcif;ESifh jrif;pD;oifjcif;wdk yg0ifygonf? tdENd,EkdifiH orRw}uD;.
udk,f&HawmfwyfzJGavhusifh&m jrif;pD;uGif;Y tdENd,t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;/ EkdifiHwum oHtrwfrsm;.
om;orD;rsm;ESifh yef'pfael;. ajr;/ tif'D&m*END. om;jzpfol qefa*s;wdkESifh pk awGqHkavh&Sdygonf? eHygwf
(24) tuUbmvrf; (24 Akbar Road) &Sd aetdrfwGif pEN,m; qufoif&ygonf? xdkoHtrwfaetdrfonf
}uD;rm;I tvGefcefnm;wifhw,faom yef;O,sOfysK;d xm;onfh +cH0if;us,f}uD;twGif; wnf&Sdygonf?
tqifhtjrifhqHk; tdENd,t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom tdrfrsKd;jzpf+yD; tpdk;&u
+Adwdo#vufxufuuJhodkyif vSyaumif;rGefpGm xdef;odrf;xm;ygonf? a':cif=unfudk
txl;av;pm;aomtm;jzifh xdkaetdrfudk ay;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
pk txl;ESpfoufrufarmaom 0goemrSm pmzwfjcif;yif? olr. pmtkyfpmayjrwfEdk;r_udk
tm;ay;cJhaom OD;tkef;udk pk tpOf cspfcifaus;Zl;wifpGm owd&avh&Sdygonf? owif;pmq&mwOD;
jzpfcJhaom OD;tkef;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tu|rf;0ifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD; ppf+yD;acwfY vef'efwGif
zqyvtzJGcsKyf udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG wm0efxrf;aqmifygonf? aemifwGif armfpudkrdawmfodk
jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf ceftyfjcif;cH&ygonf? olonf pk tm; zwfoifh ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay:
yef'pfael;ESifh a':cif=unf
atmuf
a':cif=unfESifh pk a'vDrdwGif
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
zwfxdkufonfh jrefrmESifh t*Fvdyfpmtkyf pm&Sif;&Snf}uD;rsm; ay;olrsm;teuf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfygonf? pk
. todynm tawG;tac:ydkif; zHGzd;wdk;wufr_udk ydkIowdyrd+yD; pdwf0ifpm;cJholrSm tvGefemrnf}uD;cJhaom
&efukefwuUodkvf tdk;a0r*~Zif;. wcsdefu t,f'DwmjzpfcJh+yD; pk . zcifESifhtwl wuUodkvfwGif&SdcJhaom
OD;!dkjryif jzpfygonf? aemufydkif;wGif OD;!dkjrudk pme,fZif;orm;wOD;ESifh tvGefemrnf&aom
pmtkyfrsm;pGmudk a&;om;onfh pma&;q&mwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf? olu wjcm;olrsm;xufyifydk+yD;
pk zwf&ef t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk vrf;n$efay;cJhygonf? OD;!dkjr vufaqmifay;cJhaom
tvGeftzdk;wefonfh [m;Auf*EW0if pmtkyfwJG wpHkvHk; (Harvard Classics) udk tvGefwefzdk;xm;+yD;
r=umc% zwfcJha=umif;vnf; pk u ,ckxd owd&aeygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;u pk udk pmayavmuwHcg;
zGifhay;cJhygonf? pk . pmzwf0goemrSm tdENd,ra&mufrDuyif tjrpfwG,f+yD;jzpfygonf?
e,l;a'vDrd qifajczHk;tpGeftzsm;&Sd ara&mfvD (Mehrauli) &yfuGufwGif
*kwpdkufxdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifjcif; r&SdonfrSm =um+yDjzpfI ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeonfh tmaomu0d[m&
trnfwGifaom Ak'<bmomXmewck&Sdygonf? xdkXme jyefvnf&SifoefvmEkdifap&ef a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;
txl;ojzifh Ak'<bmomudk;uG,faom EkdifiHrsm;rS oHtrwfrsm;. tultnDudk a':cif=unf &,lcJhygonf?
Tvkyfaqmifr_a=umifh a'vD&Sd Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ESifh tdENd,EkdifiH tjcm;a'orsm;rS
Ak'<bmom0iftcsKdtwGuf jyefvnftouf0ifvm+yDjzpfaom tmaomu0d[m&onf ESpfpOfusa&mufaom
Ak'<bmomyJGawmf}uD;rsm; usif;y&m/ bk&m;0wfy&m urRmef; bm0empD;jzef;&mXme jzpfvmygonf?
trsKd;om;a&;udpPrsm;qdkif&m/ udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpPrsm;qkdif&m tcrf;tem;
}uD;i,ftrsm;tjym;wdkwGif pk yg0ifulnDcJh.? a':cif=unfonf jrefrm/ xdkif;/ uarBm'D;,m; EkdifiHom;
Ak'<omoembkef;awmf}uD;rsm;tm; rSefrSefyifhzdwf qGrf;uyfw&m;emavh&Sd.? pk . tudkvnf;
ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; t*FvefrS a&mufvmaomtcg TudpPrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufygonf? tarESifh
orD;udk jrefrmrsm; cspfcifav;pm;onfhtwdkif; a':cif=unf. vkyfazmfudkifzuf oHwrefrsm;ESifh yef'pfael;rS
tpcsDI tdENd,tpdk;&tzJG0iftaygif;wdkuvnf; cspfcifav;pm;=uygonf? tdENd,wGif &&SdcJhaom
tawGtuHrsm;onf pk twGuf tifrwef ta&;yg pdwftm;xufoefzG,f&mjzpfcJhygonf? ,ckwdkif olr
tdENd,EdkifiHtay: xm;&SdaomarwWmESifh oHa,mZOfwdkrSm ckdifrmvsuf&Sdygonf?
xdktcsdefu a'vD&Sd +Adwdo#r[mrif;}uD;rSm qmayg(vf)*dk;bl(of)(Sir Paul Gore-Booth)
aemiftcg avm('f)*dk;bl(of)/ (Lord Gore-Booth) jzpfygonf? ,cif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oHtrwftjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhpOfu olESifh ol. ZeD; yuf}wD&Sm (Patricia) wdkonf a':cif=unfESifh
aumif;pGmodu|rf;cJh.? xdkcifrif&if;ESD;r_rSm tdENd,Y jyefvnfqef;opf&Sifoefvmygonf? odkESifh pk
atmufpzdk'fwuUodkvfodk ynmoif&ef oGm;aomtcg ayg(vf)ESifh yuf}wD&Smwdku rdbudk,fpm;
=unfh_apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef,lcJh.? pk onf olwdk. rdom;pk0ifwOD;uJhodk/ olwdk om;ESpfa,mufESifh
orD;ESpfa,mufwdk. nDtr&if;csmwOD;uJhodk jzpfvmygonf? xdkrdom;pktdrfwGifyif if;wkd.
rdwfaqGrsm;tjyif if;wdkzdwf=um;{nfhcHaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;udk pk
odu|rf;cGifh&cJhygonf? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;. toGiftjyif/ trltusifh/ tajymtqdkESifh xl;jcm;aom
"avhpdkufuav;rsm;udk pk pdwf0ifpm;pGm avhvmcJh.? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;rSm olr 0if&awmhvkqJjzpfonfh
us,f0ef;vSaom urBmavmurS yk*~Kdvfrsm;yif r[kwfygvm;?
aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; pk onf rdcif&Sd&m e,l;a'vDodk jyefavh&Sd.? odkaomf
wESpfwGif usrESifh tJ(vf)*sD;,m;(pf)rd (Algiers) wGif vmaeygonf? usronf e,l;a'vD
ukvor*~jyef=um;a&;XmerS t,f(vf)*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH (Algeria) . rdawmfodk ajymif;a$um
tvm;wlXmewckzGifh&ef wm0efay;jcif; cH&ygonf? t,f(vf)*sD;&D;,m;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif csm;(vf)'D*dk;(vf)
(Charles de Gaulle) tpdk;&ESifh atAD,efpmcsKyf (Treaty of Evian) udk vufrSwfxkd;+yD;
vGwfvyfa&;&cJhonfrSm r=umao;yg? jyifopfxHrS vGwv f yfa&;&&ef &SpfESpf=um kef;uefr_aemufydkif;
wjznf;jznf; emvefxlqJEdkifiHjzpfygonf? xdka=umifh t,f(vf)*sD;,m;(pf)rdwGif ae&mxkdifcif;
tvGef&Sm;yg;aejcif;/ ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeaom &yfuGufa'orsm; aygrsm;aejcif;/ tajctaeaumif;rGefaom
[dkw,frsm;enf;yg;aejcif;ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; vGefpGmrS uefowfxm;jcif;wdkrSm tHh=ozG,f&mr[kwfyg?
zGifhvSpfpoHHk;rsm;/ ukvor*~Hk;rsm;ESifh 0ifa&mufvmqJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omru
tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;uyg tdrfae&mrsm;ESifh vkyfief;cGifae&mrsm;&&Sd&ef oJoJrJrJ vHk;yrf;&SmazGae&ygonf?
tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,m;wGif =umjrifhpGm tajccsaexdkifcJhaom jyifopfvlrsKd;ajrmufjrm;pGmrSm Twkdif;jynfrS
xGufcGmoGm;=u+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;vlopfrsm;rSm 0ifvmrpJjzpfygonf? xdkolrsm;rSm ppfr_xrf;rnfhtpm;/
y&[dwvkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;wdkwGif 0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef aG;cs,faom jyifopftrsKd;om;vli,frsm;/
ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;/ axmufyHha&; pDrHudef;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvnftywfoufoufvmolrsm;
jzpf=uygonf?
pk a&mufvmcsdefrSm [Gm&DblrD'D,ef (Houari Boumedienne) u tmrufbifbJvm;
(Ahmed Ben Bella) tm; pHerlemxm;avmufatmif ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
tay:
pkESifh a':oef;at;
t,fvf*sD;&D;,m;
a&muf&SdaepOf
atmuf
yef;csDq&m *sJ&,fu,fvD
a&;qJGxm;aom a':oef;at;.
yHkwlqDaq;yef;csDum;
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
aoG;xGufoH,dkr_uif;rJhaom tm%modrf;yJGyvkyfum zwfcst+yD; &uftenf;i,ftwGif; jzpfygonf?
zdwf=um;cH&aom {nfhcHyJGrsm;pGmodk oGm;&rnfxuf pk u tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh awGqHkum
if;wdkwdkif;jynftwGif; jzpfysufaeor#udk avhvm&ef ydkrdkI pdwfxufoefygonf? pk rSm zwf_usufrSwf&ef
pmtkyfwaowWmvnf; ygvmygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vGwfvyfa&;kef;uefr'_ %fudk cHcJh&olrsm;tm;
ulnDaxmufyHh&ef pDrHudef;rsm;udk uGyfuJaeaom tzJGtpnf;wckESifh usrwdk qufoG,fygonf?
pDrHudef;w&yf. wm0efcHjzpfol vli,fwOD; vma&mufI if;wdkvkyfief;ta=umif; &Sif;jyygonf?
vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGwGif usqHk;cJhaom &Jabmfrsm;. usef&pfolZeD;rsm;twGuf aetdrfrsm;
aqmufvkyfae=u&m tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;omru EdkifiHwumrS vli,frsm;yg 0ifa&mufulnD&ef
zdwfac:udqdka=umif; ajymygonf? pk vnf; xdkaqmufvkyfa&;pcef;wGif &ufowWywftawmf=um
oGm;a&mufaexdkifum vkyftm;ay;cJhygonf? tvkyfoGefoif}uD;=uyfolrSm k&Sm;vlrsKd;jzpf+yD;
vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;rSm tJ(vf)*sD;&D;,m;/ jyifopf/ vufAEGef/ a[mfvefESifh *smreD paom wkdif;jynfrsm;rS
vli,frsm;jzpfygonf? tpm;taomufESifh ae&mxdkifcif; ay;aomfvnf; vkyfcray;yg?
pk . rdwfaqGrsm;onf olrtm; umAD;vD; (Kabyle) awmifwef;rsm;odk vufxyfr*FvmyJGwyJG
wufa&muf=unfh_&ef ac:oGm;zl;onf? usrwdkESpfOD;twl q[m&oJuEWm&tpyf&Sd
rdav;wrdwdkifatmifvnf; c&D;&SnfxGufcJhygonf? aEG&moDtyl&Sdef jyif;xefvGef;vSojzifh xdkxufvGefI
roGm;EkdifcJhyg? aemuf tvnftywfc&D;w&yftaeESifh a&mracwfu aqmufvkyfwnfcJhaom
rdysuf}uD;&Sd&modk oGm;cJh.? xdkrdysufwGif;&Sd v[mjyifZmwfHk}uD;. ausmufjym;cif;xm;aom
wvif;jyifay:wGif bifbJvm;. opPmcHrsm;u bifbJvm; touf&Snfygap [k pmvHk;}uD;rsm;ESifh
a&;xm;ygonf? pk armfa&mfudkodk c&D;wacgufxGufcJh+yD; pydefEdkifiH awmifbufurf;ajcudkvnf;
ajccsrdonfqdkoavmufawmh a&mufcJhygonf? xdkaemuf jyefvnfpmzwf+yD; ausmif;ydwf&uftqHk;wGif
ausauseyfeyf}uD;ESifh atmufpzdk'fodk jyefoGm;EkdifcJhygonf?
bJG&+yD;aemuf pk onf vydkif;r# pmoifydkcsjcif;ESifh ordkif;q&m [,l;wifum (Hugh Tinker)
ESifhtwl okawoevkyfjcif; ponfwdkudk aqmifGuf+yD;aomtcg e,l;a,muf&Sd usrESifh vmIaeygonf?
tJ(vf)*sD;,m;wGif av;ESpfr# wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemufydkif; usr ukvor*~XmecsKyfodk
jyefa&mufaeygonf? rdom;pkrdwfaqGwOD;jzpfol z&ifhxa&*g (Frank Trager) u if;tjynfjynfqkdifa&;&m
ygarmuQtjzpf aqmifGufaeaom e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfY pk bJGvGefoifwef;wuf&ef pDpOfygonf?
ygarmuQxa&*gonf tar&duef axmufyHha&;tpDtpOfwckjzifh jrefrmjynfwGif ESpftwef=um aecJhzl;ygonf?
olonf ta&Sawmiftm&SESifh ta&Szsm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif us,fjyefpGm c&D;vSnfhvnfzl;um/ xdka'orsm;.
udpPt00wdkwGif pdwf0ifpm;olwOD;jzpfygonf? ola&;aom bm;rm;/ ya'o&mZfEdkifiHrS orwEkdifiHodk
trnfcHpmtkyfxGufcJhonfrSmvnf; r=umao;yg? olonf pk . wdk;wufr_udk *kwpdkufavhvmygonf?
usrwdkae&m rdv,f ref[wfwif (Midtown Manhatten) rS e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfodk
oGm;&aombwfpfum;c&D;rSm tawmf&Snf+yD; um;rl;wwfaom pk twGuf yifyef;cufcJygonf?
bwfpfum;rSwfwdkifrS yef;+cHwckudkjzwf+yD;/ 0g&Sifwef&ifjyif (Washington Square) odk oifwef;wuf&ef
pk oGm;&aomvrf;Y usufpm;avh&Sdaom vl=urf;rsm;. tEW&m,fuvnf; &Sdygao;onf? ukvor*~Hk;odk
usrwdkaetdrfrS ajcmufrdepfavmufom vrf;av#muf&ygonf? odkjzifh avmavmq,f pk ukvor*~wGif
tvkyf0if+yD; aemufrS pmqufoif&ef pdwful;ay:ygonf? tvkyfav#mufv$mrsm;/ axmufcHpmrsm;/
awGqHkar;jref;jcif;rsm;ESifh jzpfdk;jzpfpOf =uef=umr_ESifh tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvGef+yD;aomtcg pk
ukvor*~0efxrf;wOD; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? oHk;ESpf=umr# pk ukvor*~wGif tvkyfvkyf+yD;
aemufqHk;ESpfESpfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh bwf*sufypka&;qkdif&m t}uHay;aumfrwDudk taxmuftuly&aom
ukvor*~Hk;tzJGwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifygonf? aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf rdrdwdkEkdifiHrsm;.
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf ceftyfxm;&jcif; r[kwfbJ/ bma&;qkdif&mudpPrsm;wGif u|rf;usifolrsm;tjzpf
ceftyfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfygonf? ukvor*~ESifh t&HtzJGtpnf;rsm; tm;vHk;tjyif urBmhusef;rma&;tzJG/
pm;eyf&duQmESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;tzJGrsm;uJhodkaom txl;at*sifpDrsm;. pDrHudef;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh
bwf*sufrsm;udk xdkaumfrwDu avhvmrSwfcsufcsjyifqif+yD; oabmwlnDr_&&ef wifjy&ygonf?
tvkyfrsm;cufcJaomfvnf; ukvor*~vkyfief;rsm;. ukefusp&dwfudk tao;pdwfpDppf&jcif;ESifh
xufjrufxl;c|efaom tzJG0ifrsm;wdka=umifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vSygonf? xdktzJG0ifrsm;ESifh pk
aumif;pGm odu|rf;vmygonf?
ukvor*~0efxrf;rsm;onf naeydkif;ESifh owif;ywfukefydkif; tm;vyfcsdefrsm;Y
y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;wGif vkyftm;ay;avh&Sd=uygonf? ref[wfwif&Sd usrwdkaetdrfrS bwfpfum;ESifhoGm;v#if
q,frdepfcefoma0;aom bJ(vf)A,l; (Belleview) qdkonfrSm e,l;a,mufaq;Hk}uD;wck.
tpdwftydkif;jzpfygonf? rd}uD;&Sd tqif;&JqHk;/ ukr&aom a&m*gpJGuyfaeolrsm;ESifh cdkudk;&mrJhrsm;twGuf
jzpfygonf? b0udk &ifrqkdifEkdifawmhbJ udk,fpdwfESpfjzmydvJvkrwwf jzpfaeolrsm;udk xdkaq;Hkodk
ac:vmavh&Sdygonf? vlrrmrsm;tm; pmzwfjyay;&ef/ tazmfy&ef tpDtpOfrsm;wGif yg0if&ef trsKd;orD;/
trsKd;om;rsm; t+rJ ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
pk &efukefaetdrfodk jyefvnfa&muf&Sdaeonfh ESpfrsm;wGif dkuful;xm;onf?
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
tvdk&Sdaeygonf? xdktpDtpOfwGif pk yg0ifI tywfpOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm vkyftm;ay;ygonf? Tum; olr
rdcif. y&[dwvkyfief; tpOftvmt& aqmifGufjcif;jzpfygonf?
xdktcsdefu jrefrmEkdifiHrS OD;oefonf ukvor*~twGif;a&;r;csKyf jzpfygonf? ['fpifjrpfudk
vSrf;Ijrif&aom ol.tdrf}uD;onf &D;Am;a';(vf) (Riverdale) t&yfwGif&Sd+yD; usrwdkaetdrfrS um;ESifh
wem&Dcef oGm;&ygonf? OD;oeftdrfY wnfcif;usif;yaom we*FaEGae xrif;pm;yJGrsm;rSm usrwdktzdk
tvGefpdwf$ifvef;zG,f&m jzpfygonf? tjcm; jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;vnf; vm=u+yD; usrwdktuduf
jrefrmtpm;tpmrsm; au|;arG;avh&Sdygonf? OD;oef. ajr;wOD;OD;. arG;aeuJhodkaom txl;aersm;wGif
jrefrmrsm;tjyif EkdifiHwumrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyg zdwf=um;{nfhcHygonf?
tpm;tpmrSmrl tpOft+rJ taumif;qHk;jrefrmxrif;[if;rsm; jzpfygonf? OD;oefrdom;pku
aEG;axG;ysLiSmum {nfh0wfausvSygonf? usrwdkurl {nfhonfawG odyfrrsm;aom xrif;pm;yJGrsm;udk ydkrdkI
ESpfoufaomfvnf;/ xdktcgrsm;Yyifv#if vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ urBmhtajctae/ OD;oefudkifwG,fae&aom
jy\emrsm; ponfwdkudk pdwfygvufyg 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdyg? OD;oef. tdrf&SiftaeESifh
aqmifGuf&aom wm0eft00a=umifh xdkuJhodk pum;0dkif;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm; rjzpfEkdifcJh[k xifygonf?
jrefrmEdkifiHrS ukvor*~ t+rJwef;udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfol OD;pdk;wif. zdwf=um;{nfhcHyHkrsm;rSmrl
tenf;i,fuGmjcm;ygonf? olvnf; &D;Am;a';(vf)Yyif OD;oef. a*[mavmuf
}uD;us,fcrf;em;jcif;r&Sdaom tdrfwvHk;Y aeygonf? taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD; usif;ycsdefjzpfaom
pufwifbmv 'kwd,tywfrS 'DZifbmvv,fceftwGi;f qdkv#if OD;pdk;wifonf tvkyfudpPrsm;/
jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJGESifh tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGrsm;udk {nfhcHau|;arG;&jcif;jzifh
rtm;rvyfjzpfaeavh&Sdygonf? tjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGifrl e,l;a,muf&Sd jrefrmrsm;udk ol. tdrfodk
Ak'<bmomyJGawmf tcgor,rsm;Y zdwfac:avh&Sdygonf? usrwdkonf ol. ZeD;ESifh om;orD;rsm;udk
cifrifESpfoufygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf oabmxm;}uD;oljzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmrsm;udk odk;rsm;/
qdwfrsm;[lI cJGjcm;+yD; rqufqHyg? qdwfrsm;qdkonfrSm OD;ae0if;vufatmuf jrefrmEdkifiH. tajctaeudk
a0zefolwdkjzpf+yD;/ omreftm;jzifh oHHk;t&m&Sdrsm;. yxm;jcif;udk cH&wwfygonf? OD;pdk;wiftdrfYum;
tajctwifaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefEkdifygonf? wcgw&H tjiif;tckefrSm jyif;xefaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh
aAGr,lwrf;/ cifrifaom oabmaqmifygonf?
wcsdefwGif ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH usif;yqJtcsdeftwGif; usrESifh pk udk OD;pdk;wiftdrfodk
xrif;pm;zdwfygonf? jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG0iftcsKdu usrwdkESifhawGvdka=umif; ajymygonf?
OD;pdk;wifonf tpOf,Ofaus;azmfaGolwOD; jzpfaomfvnf; Tzdwf=um;yHkrSmrl xl;jcm;aeojzifh wckckawmh
wckckyJ [k usr xifrdygonf? ol. &D;Am;a';(vf)aetdrfodk usrwdk aev,favmuf a&mufoGm;ygonf?
yef;rsm;/ &GufvSyifrsm;/ teufESifh a$a&mifjc,f jrefrm,Gef;xnfrsm;ESifh jynfhaeaom av;axmifhyHk
{nfhcef;}uD;twGif;&Sd qdkzmrsm;ESifh ukvm;xdkifrsm;udk tcef;ab;udkuyfI a$xm;+yD;/ aumfzDyef;uefwif
pm;yJG}uD;rsm;udk xdkifckHrsm;a&SwGif pDxm;.? qdkzmrsm;ESifh ukvm;xkdifrsm;ay:wGif taxGaxGnDvmcHwuf&ef
a&mufaeaom jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;rsm; woDwwef;}uD; xdkifae=u.? usrwdkESifh rawGzl;ao;aom
olrsm;tm; rdwfqufay;+yD; pk udk tcef;wzufpGef;Y vl}uD;ESpfa,muft=um;wGif xkdifapygonf? usrudkrl
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGudk OD;aqmifol Adkvfr;}uD;armifvGif&Sd&mESifh ra0;vSaom vlESpfOD;t=um;Y xdkifapygonf?
OD;pdk;wif. ZeD;u opfoD;azsmf&nfrsm; vdkufIurf;jcif;/ tmvl;a=umf paom oGm;&nfpmrsm;udk
pm;yJGrsm;ay:csjcif; ponfh 0wW&m;rsm; +yD;pD;onfESifh txl;{nfhonfawmfrsm;ESifh xdkufwefatmif
csufywfxm;aom xrif;yJGudk t+yD;owfpDrH&ef uyfvsuftcef;xJodk xGufoGm;ygonf? tm;vHk; tvmy/
ovmy pum;rsm; ajym=uygonf? OD;pdk;wifonf ,Ofaus;pGm yH;aeaomfvnf; tae&cufaeyHk&ygonf?
a&muf&Sdaeaom vlpkvla0;u pk tay:wGif pD&ifcsufwrsKd;rsKd;cs&ef pdkif;jyif;aeonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf?
b,fvdkpD&ifcsufrsKd; csrnfudkawmh usr rawG;Ekdifjzpfaeygonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGt}uD;tuJu
OD;aqmifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf? pk rnfuJhodk ukvor*~Y tvkyfvkyfaeygoenf;/
rnfonfhEdkifiHul;vufrSwf udkifaqmifxm;ygoenf;/ olrrdcifonf oHtrwf}uD; r[kwfawmhojzifh pk
taeESifh oHwrefrsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwf jyeftyf&rnf jzpfygonf? ,ckxd jyefrtyf&ao;qdkonfrSm
rSefygovm;? oHwrefrsm;qkdif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk qufvufudkifxm;jcif;rSm Oya'ESifhrnDa=umif; olr
odrnfjzpfygonf? tvGefrS enf;vrf;rusaom udpPjzpfojzifh tjrefqHk;jyifqif&ef vdkygonf?
wpkwa0;vHk;u OD;vGifajymor#udk rsufESmvdkrsufESm& atmufusKdaomtoGifjzifh
axmufcHoHrsm;yum pk udk 0kdif;=unfhae=uygawmhonf? pk u taerysuf wnf+idrfpGm&Sdaejcif;rSm
usrtwGuf tawmfpdwfoufom&mjzpfapygonf? olru aEN&Sd&Sd avat;at;ESifh jyefajzygonf?
EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef vef'ef&Sd jrefrmoHHk;Y olr av#mufxm;onfrSm tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yD
jzpfaomfvnf; ,ckwdkif tajzr&ao;a=umif;/ rnfuJhodkaom ta=umif;a=umifh Tr# xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
=uef=umae&onfudk rajymEkdifa=umif;/ e,l;a,mufodk olr ynmoif&ef vmcJh&mY &Sdvufp
EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudkyif udkifaqmifcJh&a=umif;/ pm;0wfaexdkifa&;twGuf tvkyf&Sm&ef vdkaeonfhtcsdefY
uHtm;avsmfpGm ukvor*~Y tvkyf&&SdcJha=umif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfa=umif; taxmuftxm;jy&ef
EkdifiHul;vufrSwfrSm vdktyfcsufjzpfa=umif;/ vaygif;rsm;pGmuyif av#mufxm;cJhaom EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk
vef'efoHHk;rS ydkay;&ef apmifhaevsufyifjzpfa=umif;/ EkdifiHul;vufrSwf topfa&mufonfESifh ta[mif;udk
0rf;ompGmjyeftyfrnfjzpfa=umif;/ EdkifiHjcm;Y tvkyfvkyfudkifEkdif&ef EkdifiHul;vufrSwf (oHwrefqdkif&myJjzpfap/
dk;dk;yJjzpfap) wrsKd;rsKd; vkdtyfonfudk tcef;wGif;&Sd OD;av;tm;vHk; em;vnf=urnf[k olr ,lqa=umif;/ pk
u ,Ofaus;odrfarGaom toHaetoHxm;ESifh wdusaumif;rGefaom jrefrmpum;vHk;rsm;udkoHk;I
ajymoGm;ygonf?
vef'efrS jrefrmoHtrwfu xum pk taeESifh EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef
av#mufxm;cJhonfrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm &Sd+yDjzpfa=umif;udk twnfyum xHk;pHtwdkif; av#mufv$mudk
&efukefodkydkxm;a=umif; ajymygawmhonf? tb,fha=umifh vaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfaomfvnf;
ta=umif;rjyefao;onfudk ol rod&a=umif;vnf; ajymygonf? trSeftm;jzifh jrefrmjynfY Todkenf;wl
aESmifhaES;=uef=umr_rsm;udk jzpfay:apaom _yfaxG;ayGvDvSonfh AsLdku&uf,EW&m;ESifh
tvkyftudkifryDjyifr_rsm;ta=umif;udk tcef;wGif;&Sd usrwdktm;vHk; od&Sd+yD;jzpfygonf? xdktcgrS
tjcm;oHtrwfrsm;uvnf; pk taeESifh rdrdvyk fcJhyHkrSvJGI tjcm;a&G;cs,f&mvrf;r&SdcJh[k
oabmwl=uygawmhonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGt}uD;tuJ. rsufESmxm;um; rwifrusjzpfvm.?
awmif;yefouJhodkaom avoHESifh tputajctaeudk vHk;aphywfaph em;rvnfcJha=umif;/
&efukefjyefa&mufaomtcg EkdifiHul;vufrSwfHk;u vkyfp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk vsifjrefpGmvkyf&ef
oludk,fwkdifn$ef=um;vdkufrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymygonf? Tyk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;rSm pk xuf touftm;jzifh
}uD;=uolrsm;jzpf=uaomfvnf; aumif;aomt&nftcsi;f tm;jzifh }uD;olrsm;r[kwf[k usr xifrdygonf?
usrvnf; csufaumif;,lum EdkifiHul;vufrSwfawG vHk;vHk;rvdkawmhwJhae jrefjrefa&mufygapvdk usrwdk
ar#mfvifh&rSmyJ [k ajymvdkufygonf? xdkaemuf usrwdk aev,fpmpm;=uygonf?
t+rJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGxJwGif jrefrmjynftajctaersm;udk usrwkd yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
aqG;aEG;I&aom rdwfaqGwOD; yg0ifygonf? xdkrdwfaqGum; pk. a0zefcsufrsm; odyf&JvGef;onf[k
,lqaomtcgrsm;Y pk u ,Hk=unfcsuft& owWd&SdHkru/ tquftEG,ft&vnf; owWd&Sdwmudk;[k
aemufajymifavh&Sd.? olr qdkvdkonfrmS pk onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfwdk. orD;jzpfojzifh
awmfawmfESifh ESdrfvdk&rnfr[kwf/ usrtxifrSmawmh pk onf aoG;om;t&xuf pdwf"mwft& olr
rdbESpfyg;. orD; yDoygayonf?
ukvor*~Hk;Y oHk;ESpf=um wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemuf pk onf qufvufwm0efrxrf;awmhbJ
om;orD;rsm;ESifh odkufodkuf0ef;0ef;&Sdrnfh tdrfaxmifonfb0udk a&G;cs,f&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? odkESifh
b0opfw&yf pygawmhonf? TtcsdefrSpaom jzpfpOfrsm;rSm trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? cifyGef;jzpfol
rdkufu,ftJ&pfonf ESpftawmf=umuyif [dr0EWmEdkifiHav;jzpfaom blwefY bk&ifhom;orD;rsm;.
pmjyq&mtjzpfif;/ tpdk;&bmomjyefXme t}uD;tuJtjzpfif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? pk vnf;
blwefY wESpfcef aecJhygonf? blwefonf ukvor*~tzJGwGif;odk r=umao;rDurS 0ifcJhojzifh pk onf
csufcsif;yif blwefEkdifiHjcm;a&;Hk;Y ukvor*~udpPrsm;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf tvkyf&ygonf? pk wdk
ZeD;armifESHonf om;OD; tvufZENm;tm; rsufESmjrif&ef t*Fvefodk jyefvmygonf? rdkufu,fum;
vef'efwuUodkvfY yg&*lbJGoifwef; pwif+yD;/ rsm;r=umrD atmufpzdk'fY
ynm&SiftvkyfcGifxJ0ifvdkufygonf? 'kwd,om; uifrfudk 1977 ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifygonf? pk vnf;
uav;rsm;tm; ypkysKd;axmifjcif;/ &efukef&Sd rdcifxH tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wdkjzifh at;aq;pGm aecJhygonf?
rdom;pkudk =unfh_xdef;odrf;&if; pk pmayrsm; pIa&;om;ygonf?
pmzwf0goemoefonfhtavsmuf olronf t*FvdyfESifh jyifopfbmompmtkyf tajrmuftjrm;
pkaqmif;xm;ygonf? rdkufu,f. wdAufpmaya&;&m okawoersm;ESifhqdkifaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;vnf;
waexufwae rsm;jym;vmygonf? odkESifh olwdk. atmufpzdk'faetdrfrSm pmtkyfrsm;ESifh jynfhv#Haeygonf?
uav;rsm;vnf; pmzwf0goemygolrsm;tjzpf }uD;jyif;vmygonf? pk onf olr zcif. txky`wWda&;&ef
pwifpOf;pm;ygonf? *syefbmompum;udk ZJG}uD;pGmjzifh pl;pl;pdkufpdkufoifygawmhonf? jrefrmjynfta=umif;
a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;/ *syefjynfta=umif; a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh *syefpmtkyfrsm;
wjznf;jznf; pkaqmif;rdvmonf? zcif txky`wWdpmtkyfypk&ef okawoepwifygonf? vef'ef&Sd
ta&Swdkif;ESifh tmz&duqdkif&mausmif;Y yg&*lbJG,l&efvnf; pwifpDpOfygonf? xdktcsdefu olr.
vkyfudkifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf vHkv}uD;jcif;ESifh oEMdmefcdkifjcif;udk jyoonf[k qdk&ayrnf?
1985 ckESpfwGif *syefESifhqufpyfaom olr zcif. b0tpdwftydkif;ESifhywfoufI okawoey&ef
wdkusKdwuUodkvfu urf;vSrf;aom ynmoifqkukd pk vufcHvdkufygonf? *syef-jrefrm
tpnf;tHk;0ifrsm;udk awGqHkum/ if;wdkrSwqifh olrzcifESifh odu|rf;cJhaom touf&SifqJ&Sdaeonfh
*syefrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fycJhygonf? awGqHkolwkdif;u olrtm; xdkpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;ta=umif;
wckr[kwfwck ajymjy=uygonf? *syefrsm;ta=umif; A[kokwwdk;yGm;vm+yD; tquftoG,f ("gwfyHkrsm;
vmonf)
("gwfyHk)
pk vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aomae/ ZEM0g&Dv 1 &ufae 1972 ckESpf
om;OD; tvufZENm;
(jrifhqef;atmif)
ESifhtwl
1973
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
rsm;vnf; us,fjyefvmygonf? xdktcsdefY rdkufu,fonf tdENd,jynfajrmufydkif; qif;rvm;rd&Sd tdENd,EkdifiH
tqifhjrifhpmayavhvma&;XmeY okawoeynm&SifwOD;tjzpf a&muf&Sdaeygonf? om;}uD;u
atmufpzdk'fwGif ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpf aecJh+yD;/ om;i,fu pk ESifh wdkusKdrdodk ygvmygonf? 1986
ckESpfwGif usrudk wdkusKdwuUodkvf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &dyfomY olwdkESifhtwl vmae&ef pk u
zdwfac:ygonf? usrvnf; oHk;vcefoGm;aejzpfygonf? *syefrsm;ESifhif;/ bmom&yftrsKd;rsKd;avhvm&ef
*syefynmoifqkrsm; &&Sdxm;aom EdkifiHwumrS ynm&Sifrsm;ESifhif; pk cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sdygonf?
*syefY jzpfajrmufr_tawmf&Sdonf[k pk ,lqygonf? aemufESpfESpfwGif qif;rvm;&Sd rdkufu,fxHodk pk/
om;i,fESifh t*FvefrS om;}uD;yg a&mufvmum rdom;pktm;vHk; jyefqHk=uygonf? rdkufu,f
tvkyfvkyfaeaomXmeY pk vnf; okawoeynm&Siftjzpf ceftyfjcif;cH&ygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif usr
tdENd,Y &Sdonfjzpf&m okawoe&Sd olwdkwkdufcef;Y wvcef aysmfaysmfyg;yg; oGm;vnfEkdifcJhygonf?
Xmewnf&Sd&m taqmuftOD;}uD;onf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD tcsdefumvu +Adwdo#bk&ifcHcsKyfrsm;ESifh if;wdk.
Hk;tzJGrsm; aEG&moDwGifaexkdif&mtdrfawmfjzpfygonf?
xdkESpfwGifyif a':cif=unfonf rsufaphrSwdrfukd cJGpdwfuko&eftwGuf vef'efodka&mufvmygonf?
cJGpdwfr_rsm; atmifatmifjrifjrif&Sdojzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&Sd&aomfvnf; a':cif=unftwGuf
pdwf&$ifvef;csrf;ajrzG,ftcsdefjzpfygonf? pk onf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfudk &yfxm;cJhum rdcifudk
ypk&ef a&mufvmygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexkdiftvkyfvkyfaeom olrtudkvnf; q,f&ufcef
tvnfa&mufvmygonf? usrvnf; vef'efY &Sdonfhtavsmuf a':cif=unfudk aewkdif;vdkvdkyif
awGjzpfygonf? tjcm;rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm;/ rdwfaqGopfrsm;vnf; vmIowif;ar;=uum &,f&,farmarm
a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;ta=umif; ajymvdkuf=uESifh &$ifvef;csrf;ajrzG,fjzpfygonf? a':cif=unf
wnf;aeaomwdkufcef;onf opfoD;rsm;/ yef;rsm;ESifh jrefqefpGm a&m*gaysmufuif;usef;rmap&ef
qkawmif;ydkoaom u'frsm;ESifh jynfhaeygonf? pk onf tdrfaxmifryrDuif;/
tdrfaxmify+yD;aomtcgYif; jrefrmjynf&Sd rdcifxH rSefrSeftvnfoGm;cJhygonf? a':cif=unfonf
om;ajr;rsm; }uD;jyif;vmonfudk jrifcJh&+yD; rsuaf phrcJGrDESpfwGif rdrd.&efukeftdrfY uav;rsm;.
&Sifyr*FvmyJGudk udk,fwkdif}uD;=uyf+yD; usif;ycJhygonf? vef'efwGif ESpfESpf=umae+yD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf
rsufpdrsm; tawmf tajctaeaumif;vm+yDjzpfI jrefrmjynfokd &$ifvef;pGmjyefoGm;ygonf? vef'efudk
tvnfa&mufpOfu rnfr#pdwfcsrf;ajrcJha=umif;/ ("gwfyHkvmygonf)
tay: - pk/ om;i,f uifrf (xdefvif;)ESifh rdcif}uD;wdk tmZmenfaetcrf;tem; wufa&mufpOf 1986 ckESpf
atmuf om;rsm;udk 1987 ckESpfwGif &SifypOfu (0JrS,m) uifrf (&SifawZ)/ OD;yOif;/
a&$=uuf,ufq&mawmf-ysHvGef/ OD;yOif;/ tvufZENm; (&Sifynm)
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
if;wdkESifh awGqHkcJh&onfudkvnf; yDwdjzpf&a=umif; pojzifh rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;udk pma&;today;ygonf?
odkaomf &efukefjyefa&mufIrS q,fvrjynfhrD aemufESpf 1988 rwfvukefydkif;wGif jyif;xefaom
avjzwfjcif;'%fudk cH&ygonf? pk/ rdkufu,fESifh om;ESpfa,mufonf tdENd,rS atmufpzdk'fodk 1987
pufwifbmvtwGif; jyefa&mufvmcJh=u+yD; wuUodkvfynm&Sifrsm;avmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;usptcsdefY
a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif;owif; a&mufvmygonf? pk vnf; csufcsif;yif &onfhav,mOfjzifh rdciftm;
ypk&ef &efukefodk vdkufoGm;ygonf?
1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynftwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;udk trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? ESpfOD;ydkif;u
qENjyausmif;om;rsm; aoewfypfcwfjcif; cH=u&pOfupI jy\emrsm;/ ay:aygufrnfhtvm;tvmrsm;
&SdcJhygonf? aemifwGif qENjyyJGrsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmum t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmavonf? 8-8-
88 aeonf jynfolaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm csDwufqENjy=u+yD; 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkaomae jzpfygonf?
TqENjycsDwufyJGrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef tpdk;&wyfrsm;u ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhI
usqHk;'%f&m&olrsm;ta&twGufrSm aemifwESpf=umwGif yDuif;rd wD,Htmrif&ifjyifY aoa=uysufpD;rnfh
wkwfjynfolOD;a&xuf rsm;pGmydkrdkygonf? pk acgif;a&SmifaeI rjzpfawmhyg? Tvufopf
t=urf;zuftm%m&Sifpepfudk wkdufzsuf&ef jynfolvlxkudk acgif;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh olr.zcifum;
r&Sdawmh+yD? tazhorD;yDopGm olr yg0ifv_yf&Sm;&ayawmhrnf?
pk onf wnfaxmif+yD;p trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r;taejzifh
jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf; pnf;Hk;a&;qif;ygonf? Tpnf;Hk;a&;c&D;rsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tzJGcsKyfHk;rsm;
zGifhvSpf&efomru OD;ae0if;. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom ppftm%m&Sifpepf (aemufykdif;wGifawmh t&yfom;ta&cH
ppftpdk;&) vufatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aecJh&I pJGuyfaeaom a=umuf&GHpdwfrsm;rS
jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm; kef;xGufvGwfajrmufEkdifapjcif;iSm vrf;jyE_d;aqmf&efjzpfygonf?
pk u t*Fvdyfa&m/ jrefrmyg bmompum;ESpfrsKd;vHk;wGif Ekdifeif;u|rf;usifygonf?
jrefrmbmompum;udk toHk;yum olr.zcifuJhodkyif jrefrmjynfolvlxk. &ifxJtawG;xJodka&mufatmif
pGrf;aqmifygonf? olr. tawG;tjrifrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk urBmodkwifjy&eftwGuf
t*Fvdyfbmompum;udk oHk;ygonf? xdkif;r_dif;zG,f&mb0Y ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm epfryfaecJh+yD; r=umcifurS
qENjy&ef Edk;=um;vmcJh=uaom jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk v_Haqmfpnf;Hk;ay;&ef jrefrmbmompum;onf
ta&;tygqHk;jzpfygonf? Todk jynfolvlxkudk v_Haqmfpnf;Hk;&eftwGuf pk onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;vHk;
tvGefyifyef;pGm tm;xkwf&onfhtjyif ra&rwGufEdkifavmufatmif tEW&m,frsKd;pHkESifh pGefpm;r_rsm;udkvnf;
uHawG&ygonf? txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&u xkwfjyefxm;aom trdeft& vl av;OD;xufydkI pka0;jcif;onf
Oya'ESifhqefusif+yD; ppfwyfu tiftm;oHk;um vlpkcJGcGifh&Sdygonf?
wcgwGif ppftpdk;&. trdefxkwfjyefxm;csufESifhtnD[k xifygonf? =unf;wyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;u
pk ESifh olr. pnf;Hk;a&;tzJG0ifwdkudk a&SqufoGm;v#if ypfcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; aoewfrsm;jzifhcsdefum
vrf;c&D;udk ydwfqdkygonf? pk u tvGefwnf+idrfpGmjzifh olr.tazmfrsm;udk ab;odkz,fI apmifhae&efrSm+yD;
olru vrf;udk wOD;wnf;om qufIoGm;ygonf? olru vdktyfv#if toufwacsmif;udkompGef&efESifh
,if;rSmvnf; olr. toufomjzpfap&rnf[k ,wdjywfqHk;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? Tvkyf&yfonf
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Adkvfr;wa,mufu =um;0ifI ypfcwfrnfudk wm;qD;cJhygonf? wcgw&H pk u olrrdcif a':cif=unf.
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Todkaom yJhjyifoGefoifr_rsm;a=umifhyifv#if b0wGifawGuH&aom rxifrSwfonfh tcuftcJ/ 'kuQrsm;udk
ausmfv$m;atmifjrifEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf? qdkcJh+yD;aom tjzpftysufrsm;rSmvnf; TuJhodkaom tcuftcJ
t=uyftwnf;rsm;pGmxJrS wckomjzpfygonf?
Ttjzpftysufta=umif;udk =um;&/ zwf&onfhtcg usrtaeESifh a':cif=unfudk wzefjyefvnf
owd&apygonf? tcgaygif;rsm;pGm olrvnf; vufHk;&nf/ jzwfxdk;Om%fESifh qHk;jzwfcsuf/ xdk;xGif;Om%f/
rdrdtvdkodkygatmif qJGaqmifpnf;Hk;wwfr_ESifh vltrsm;ESifh ajyjypfatmif qufqHwwfr_wdkudk toHk;csum
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a':cif=unfu usrwdkudk olr awGuHcJh&aom tjzpftysufrsm;pGmudk ajymjywwf+yD; pk vnf;
Ttjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk odxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? a':cif=unfonf tvkyfwm0efrS
t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aemufrSmyif trsm;ESifhqufqH&mY tvGefodkodyfjcif;/ rSefuefpGmqHk;jzwfjcif;wdk &SdcJhygonf?
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woufwmvHk; ud;yrf;cJhygonf?
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&nf&G,fcsufrSm Oyrmtm;jzifh ajr}uD;udk trSDyum tvGefxl;qef;&Sm;yg;aom tzl;tyGifhuav;wck
jzpfay:vm&ouJhodkyif rdbESpfOD;udk t&if;cH+yD; Txl;jcm;ajymifajrmufaom &ifaoG;wOD;jzpfxGef;vm&yHkudk
qufoG,f=unfh&efjzpfygonf?
pk ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/ wnfhrwfaom &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif&Sdjcif;/ ravsmhaom
ZJGvHkvESifh pl;pl;pdkufpkduf &nfrSef;csufukda&mufatmif }uHaqmifwwfjcif; paom t&nftaoG;rsm;onf
tcuftcJESifh &ifqkdif&aomtcgrsm;wGif pdwf"mwfusavhr&Sdjcif;/ b,ft&mudkrqdk taumif;bufrS
=unfhwwfjcif;/ olwyg;. qkdvdk&if;udk em;vnfwwfjcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_ESifh &efrlr_rsm;ESifh awGuH&aomtcg
aENrysufjcif;/ oEdMXmefcdkifjcif; ponfwdkESifhvnf; twlwJGvsuf&Sdaeygonf? olr atmufpzdk'fwGif
ynmoif=um;cJhaomESpfrsm;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifrb0ESihf olr. om;ESpfa,mufudk ypkysKd;axmif&r_/
tiftm;csdeJolrsm;ESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;tay: *kpdkufapmifha&Smufwwfr_/ olr. us,fjyefaom
oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dki;f / ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom olr. pdwf0ifpm;r_rsm;/ olr. tqdkt&
olrcifyGef;onfudk pHerlemyI tm;ustwk,l+yD; ynmxl;c|efatmif avhvmvdkufpm;r_/
aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif &&SdcJhaom tawGtuHrsm;tm;vHk;wdkudk pkaygif;vdkufaomtcgwGif &v'frSm
&ifhusufr_/ vdkufavsmnDaxGqufqHwwfr_/ tvGefta&;ygaom pdefac:r_rsm;udk vdkvm;pGm
udkifwG,fEkdifpGrf;&Sdvmr_wdkyif jzpfygonf? twdkajym&v#if pk onf tzdESdyfcHae&aom jynfolw&yfvHk;.
ar#mfvifh&m/ tm;xm;&m jzpfvmygonf?
,ckvuf&SdtajctaewGif olrtwGuf tcsdefonf &yfwefvsuf &SdaeouJhodk xif&aomfvnf;
olr. t&nftaoG;rsm; ydkrdkpl;&Sawmufajymifvmr_udkrl rwm;qD;Edkifyg? olrudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&aom
vlwpkudk,fwkdifuyif olrudk txifr}uD;bJ raeEdkif=u[k ,lqygonf? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;tay:
v$rf;cHvsuf&Sdonfh a=umufGHjcif; qdkaom r_dif;xk}uD; udk zdcJGypf&ef olr. ud;yrf;csufrsm;rSm
tvGefrGefjrwfvSaom &nfrSef;csufw&yfjzpf+yD;/ T&nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifatmif wkdufyJG0if&eftwGuf
olrwGif um,pGrf;&nf/ Om%pGrf;tm;/ jzLpifaom udk,fusifhw&m;wdkESifhvnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf?
ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap?
* * *
pkESifh olr. rdom;pkwdkta=umif;udk txufygtwdkif; usra&;cJhonfrSm
tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yDjzpfygonf?
TtcsdeftwGif; usrwdk. jrefrmjynfolrsm; rnfodkaomtajctaersm; uHawGae=u&ygovJ?
pk wa,mufa&m b,frSmvJ? jrefrmjynfol/ jynfom;rsm; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf ud;yrf;aeonf[k
toHaumif;v$ifhaeaom EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG (e0w) u olwdktajymESifhnDatmif
bmawGrsm; vkyfae=uygovJ?
0rf;enf;p&maumif;avmufatmifyif usrwdk jrefrmjynfolvlxk. b0rsm;rSm yifyef;qif;&Jr_ESifh
emusifr_rsm; jynfhESufvsuf&SdaeqJjzpfygonf? omrefvlwa,muftwGuf vlaer_tqifhtwef;rSmvnf;
edrfhus+rJomjzpfygonf? e0w u aps;uGufwGif vloHk;ukefrsm; ydkI aygrsm;vmygonf[k qdkaomfvnf;
ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;rSm wuf+rJwufvsufom jzpfaeygawmhonf? jrefrmwjynfvHk;udk a=umuf&GHjcif;u
v$rf;rdk;xm;qJjzpfygonf? wyfrawmf axmufvSrf;tzJG0ifrsm;uvnf; xHk;pHtwkdif; ae&mtESH&Sdaeygonf?
rnfolr# wOD;tay:wOD; r,Hk=unf&J=uyg? Oya'ESifhrnDaom wzufowftrdefpD&ifcsrSwfjcif;rsm;/
w&m;r#wr_r&Sdjcif;ESifh wyfrawmfuom }uD;pdk;cs,fvS,fjcif;wdkvnf; qufIjzpfyGm;aeygonf?
tm%mcsKyfudkifxm;aom wyfrawmftwGif; t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm;ta=umif;udkvnf;
vlwkdif;todyifjzpfygonf? rnfonfha0zefr_udkrS cGifhry/ vufcH=uyg? vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifhqdkonfrSmvnf;
vHk;0r&Sdyg?
e0w u if;wdk. uefowfcsKyfcs,fr_aygif;rsm;pGmxJrS tenf;i,fudk tav#mhay;oa,mif
[efjyaomfvnf; if;wdktay:wGif vlxku ,Hk=unfvmatmif rvkyfEkdifyg? xkdif;/ wkwfESifh jrefrmwdk
arSmifcdkul;jcif;vkyfief;ukd w&m;0ifcGifhy+yD; vrf;rsm; zGifhay;vdkufjcif;onfvnf; qif;&Jom;rsm;. b0rsm;udk
rnfodkr# racsmifvnfapyg? ppftpdk;&u wkwf/ xdkif;EkdifiHwdkESifh ydkrdkcifrif;&if;ESD;pGm qufqHjcif;jzifh
ppfvufeufrsm; 0,f,lEkdif&efESifh zufpyfpDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifEkdif&ef }uHaqmifcsufrsm;rSmvnf;
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;taygif;wdk. tem*wftwGuf &ifav;zG,fjzpfonfhtjyif jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf
qif;&JwGif; ydkIeufapygonf? EkdifiHtwGif;rS obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk rwefwq aps;rsm;avsmhIa&mif;+yD;
&onfhaiGjzifh vlenf;pkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh jzpfaeaom rqHk;Ekdifonfh jynfwGif;ppfyJGrsm;wGif
toHk;y&eftwGuf vufeufrsm; 0,f,l=uygonf?
e0w u olwdkajymor#udk acgif;ndwfrnfholrsm;[k ,lq&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS
udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdudk a&G;cs,fac:,l+yD; trsKd;om;nDvmcHw&yf usif;yaeygonf? olwdku
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk t&if;cHaom tajccHOya'w&yfudk a&;qJG&ef ud;yrf;aeonf[k ajymygonf?
olwdka&G;cs,fac:,lxm;aom [kwfuJh [kom ajzrnf[k ,lq&onfh ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrSyif
tcsKdu aemiftem*wfwGifvnf; ppfwyfu ,ckvdkyif EdkifiHa&;wGif OD;pD;OD;aqmifyaom tcef;urS
yg0ifEdkif&ef tqdkyonfudk uefuGufcJh=uygonf? pl;prf;avhvmolrsm;u TtrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk
vuf&Sdtm%m&Sifrsm;taeESifh tm%mudk tcsdet f ueftowfr&Sd qkyfudkifxm;Ekdifatmif
tuGufqifxm;aom vkyf&yfwckomjzpfonf[k owfrSwf=uygonf?
e0w tpdk;&onf if;wdk. vltcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefaom vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf uJh&J_wfcsr_
trsKd;rsKd;cH&ygonf? ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu 1991 ESifh 1992 ckESpfrsm;wGif xkdodkaom
a0zefuefuGufonfh qHk;jzwfcsufpmwrf;rsm; xkwfjyefcJhygonf? 1992 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefaom
a=unmcsufwGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu owfowfrSwfrSwf trnfESifhwuG xkwfazmfum
a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtwl tjcm;xdef;odrf;cHae&onfh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef
awmif;qdkcJhygonf?
ukvor*~ vltcGifhta&;aumfr&SiftzJGu *sDeDAmrdYusif;yaom aqG;aEG;yJGwGif
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef t}udrf}udrfawmif;qdkcJh+yD; twdkuftcHtzJG.
txif&Sm;qHk;acgif;aqmifjzpfaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk e0w u qufIzrf;qD;xm;jcif;udkvnf;
_wfcscJhygonf? Taumfr&Sifu jrefrmjynftwGif;Y qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom ydkIqdk;0g;vmonfh
vltcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefr_rsm;/ Oyrm &Gmrsm;udk &GmvHk;u|wf t"rRajymif;a&$apjcif;/ jynfolrsm;udk
twif;t=uyf ppfwyftwGuf ay:wmrsm;tjzpf ckdif;apum tpmrau|;bJxm;jcif;/ ppfa=umif;ta&SrS
rdkif;&Sif;&mwGif vlrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;/ ppfyJGrsm;rS zrf;qD;aom ppfoHkyef;rsm;udka&m/
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udkyg vlrqefpGm nOf;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;tygt0if tjcm;ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom
vltcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oGm;a&mufavhvm+yD; jyefvnfwifjytpD&ifcH&eftwGuf
txl;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGrsm;tm; ESpf}udrfapv$wfcJhygonf?
e0w tpdk;&onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tzJGtpnf;rsm;. wav;wpm;qufqHr_udk qHk;_H;cJh+yD;
,ckrSom yjyifxm;aom toGifwrsKd;tm; urBmhEkdifirH sm;udk wifjy&ef ud;pm;aeygonf? tcsnf;ESD;ygwnf;?
a,muFsm;/ rdef;r/ uav;rsm;ygrusef bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; tm;vHk;wdkrSm +idrf;csrf;pGm 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhESifh
vltcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkcJh=uolrsm;jzpf+yD; xdkjrefrmjynfolvlxktaygif;tm; &uf&ufpufpuf
owfjzwfjcif;ukd rnfonfhtcgrS arhEkdif=urnfr[kwfyg? ,ckwkdif jyif;xef=urf;wrf;&ufpufaom enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh
twdkuftcHrSefor#udk ESdrfeif;acsr_ef;ae&mwGif txl;ojzifh vlrqefaom nOf;yef;ESdyfpufr_rsm;
toHk;yae=uonfudk vltcGifhta&;tzJGtpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;u pHkprf;od&SdcJh=u+yD;
_wfcsuefuGufcJh=uygonf? e0w . todomtxif&Sm;qHk;aom tjypfwckrSm 1990 jynfhESpf arvwGif
usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif tjywftowftEdkif&cJhonfh pk wnfaxmifcJh+yD; EkdifiHa&;ajryHkay:udk
wifcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyfxHodk tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;udpPudk ra&&ma0;uGmvSonfh
tem*wfqDodk a&$qdkif;xm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
urBmhEkdifiHrsm;tv,fwGif e0w ppftpdk;&. *k%foduQmrSm usqif;cJh&oI pk rSmrl ol.
EdkifiHwGif;Yomru wurBmvHk;.tjrifwGif *k%f&SdefjrifhwufausmfaZmvsuf&Sdaeygawmhonf? olrudk
tus,fcsKyfESifhzrf;qD;xm;+yD; vljrifuGif;rS z,f&Sm;xm;onfh=um;uyif olr. trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJGcsKyfu
1990 arva&G;aumufyJGwGif v$wfawmfae&mtrsm;qHk; tEkdif&cJhygonf? urBmhae&mtESHtjym;u olrudk
*k%fxl;rsm;/ qkrsm; tajrmuftjrm; tyfESif;cJhygonf? xkdtxJrS tjrifhrm;qHk; qkwckrSm olr.
t=urf;rzufaom 'Drkdua&pD/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh olr. jynfaxmifpkom;rsm;twGuf
vltcGifhta&;&&Sdatmif &yfwnfcsuf/ ud;yrf;csufrsm;twGuf 1991 ckESpfwGif *k%fycsD;jrifhjcif;cHcJh&aom
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkyif jzpfygonf? EdkbJvfaumfrwD. obmywdu qkay;yJGwGif rdef=um;cJhaom rdefcGef;wGif
olronf ,cktcgY jrefrmEdkifiHwGifomru useftm&SwcGifESifh tjcm;aom urBmhae&mtESHtjym;wkdwGif
ay:aygufaeaom t=urf;zufr_wdkudk qefusifwdkufzsufa&;ESifh vGwfvyfaom vltzJGtpnf;
jzpfay:vma&;wdktwGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. txdef;trSwfoauFwwckyifjzpfygonf [k ajymoGm;ygonf?
1993 ck ESpfOD;ydkif;u awmiftmz&durS c&pf,mefbkef;awmf}uD; bda&Smhwl;wl;ESifh
wdbufbkef;awmf}uD; 'vdkifvm;rm;wdktygt0if tjcm;EdkbJvfqk&Sifrsm;yg0ifonfh tzJGwzJGu
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk v$wfay;&ef txl;wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? odkaomf t&mrxifcJhygay? xdktzJGu
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGwck yvkyfcJhygonf? e0w ESifh urBmw0Srf;odk toHv$ifhcJhygonf? olwdku
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf urBmw0Srf;wGif vGwfvyfjcif;. txdrf;trSwfoauFwjzpf+yD;
jrefrmjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udkvnf; pdwf"mwfwufuGatmif v_HaqmfEdkifqJyifjzpfygonf? olrudk
vGwfvyfcGifh jyefay;&ef oifhygonf [k ajymcJhygonf?
tif;vsm;uefab;rS olr. aetdrftwGif; wOD;wnf; tcsdef=um&SnfpGm csKyfaESmifr_cHae&onfrSm
,ckqdkv#if ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; 0ifa&mufvm+yDjzpfaom pk ta=umif;udk usr awG;aerdygonf?
Todkaom qdk;0g;vSonfh tajctaersKd;udk &ifqdkifEkdifatmif b,ft&mursm; olrudk
pGrf;aqmifay;aeygvdrfh?
olr taumiftxnfazmf }uHaqmifvsuf&Sdonfh &nfrSef;csufrSm txl;rGefjrwfvS+yD; rvJGraoG
rkcsatmifjrif&vdrfhrnf[laom rnfodkr# ,kdifESJzsufqD;ypfI r&Edkifonfh ckdifrmaom,Hk=unfcsufwck olrwGif
&Sdygvdrfhrnf?
'Drkdua&pDESifh jrefrmjynfoltaygif;twGuf vltcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sdatmif
ud;yrf;csufrsm;tay:wGifvnf; pk u olr. rdom;pkxHrS tqHk;pGefaom ,Hk=unfr_/ em;vnfr_ESifh
axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm;udk &xm;ygonf? pk xHwGif yifudk,fpGrf;&nfowWdrsm; &Sdxm;+yD;jzpfygonf?
pl;&Sxufjrufaom pdwfpGrf;tm;ESifh todOm%f/ tvdrRmrsm;vnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf? pnf;pepfvnf;us+yD;
olr.b0udk ynmA[kokw&SmazGjcif;ESifh Ak'<bmomw&m;awmfrsm;udk avhvmusifh}uHjcif;tm;jzifh
jznfhqnf;wwfygonf?
olr.zcif AdkvfcsKyf. pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;/ jrefrmjynfolvlxktay:xm;aom AdkvfcsKyf.
arwWmapwemESifh vlxkw&yfvHk;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudk av;pm;cspfcifpGm owd&vsuf&Sdaea=umif;rsm;udk pk
t+rJpOf;pm;aevdrfhrnf[k usr xifygonf?
olru trsKd;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ &&Sda&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm twlwuG yl;aygif;+yD;
oabmxm;uJGvJGr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifa&;twGuf t"dy`m,f&Sdaom aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGrsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifatmif
e0w tpdk;&ukd ,cifuvnf; zdwfac:cJh+yD; ,ckxdvnf; zdwfac:aeqJjzpfygonf?
pk onf usrwdk. jrifuGif;rsm;rS aysmufaeaomfvnf; usrwdk. tawG;rsm;xJrS rnfonfhtcgrS
uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;a&m/ jynfywGifa&mufaeol
jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm;yg tm;vHk;u pk udk owd&ae+yD;/ pk ta=umif;udk awG;awmvsuf&Sdae=uygonf?
urBmuvnf; pk vGwfajrmufvmrnfhaeudkvnf; apmifhar#mfvsuf/ jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rS
vGwfajrmufatmif vrf;jyac:aqmif&rnfh olr. uH=urRmudk olr jznfhqnf;cGifh&awmhrnfh xdktcsdeftcgudk
apmifh=unfhae=uygonf? pk onf jynfolvlxkESifhtwl &Sdaeygonf? pk onf jynfolvlxkbufrSom
&yfwnfygonf? jrefrmjynfolvlxk. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk pk u jznfhpGrf;ay;rnfqdkonfudk
pdk;pOf;r#yif oHo,rjzpfrdyg?
pk vGwfajrmufvmrnfhaeudkom usrwdktm;vHk; ar#mfvifhw}uD; apmifhpm;aerd=uygawmhonf?
roef;{
1993 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv
1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (10) &ufaeY atmfpvdkrdawmfwGif usif;yaom 1991 ckESpf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk
csD;jrifhyJGtcrf;tem;Y aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX ygarmuQ z&efppfpD*smpwuf (Francis Sejersted)
ajym=um;aomrdefcGef;
* * *
bk&ifrif;jrwf/ zdbk&m;}uD;/ tpdk;&tzJG0ifrsm;/ oHwrefrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;/ trsKd;om;rsm; cifAsm;/
,ae Tae&mwGif usaemfwdk pka0;=uonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. xif&Sm;aom
vltcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDaqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk *k%fy&efESifh olrtm; 1991 ckESpftwGufjzpfaom
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todtrSwfyaeaom ud;yrf;r_}uD;rSmvnf; qHk;cef;a&muf&ef vdkygao;onf? olronf
olr.,Hk=unfcsuftwkdif; jzpfajrmuf&ef wkdufyJG0ifaeqJyifjzpfygonf? olr. pGrf;&nfowWdESifh
wm0ef,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umifh olronf jrefrmjynfY ,Hk=unfcsuf. tusOf;om;b0Y
a&muf&Sdaeygonf? olr rvma&mufEkdifonfhtwGuf usaemfwdk pdk;&drfa=umifh=updwfrsm;
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tvGefyif udk,fjcif;pmemrda=umif; Ttcrf;tem;wGif ajymvdkygonf? usaemfwdkonf oifwdkESifhtwl
cHpm;=u&+yD; oifwdk.ZeD;ESifh rdcifjzpfoludk,fpm; atmfpvdkodk vma&mufI EdkbJvfqk vufcH,lonfudk
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vGwfvyfaomvltzJGtpnf;wGif aexdkifcGifh&SdonfomrubJ kdaoav;pm;cHydkifcGifhvnf; &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf?
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oDtdk&Dt,ltqr#om r[kwfyg? Todkaom t,ltqudk vufawGEdkifiHa&;Y usifhoHk;Ekdifonfudk
jyo&mwGif olronf rsm;pGmtaxmuftulyol jzpfaeygonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;rl0g'udk vufawGtaumiftxnfazmf&mwGif vHk;0r&Sdrjzpfaom
vdktyfcsufw&yfrSm a=umufGHjcif;uif;rJhr_yif jzpfygonf?Ttcsufudk atmifqef;pk=unf odem;vnfygonf?
olr.pmwrf;wckwGif tm%ma=umifhr[kwfbJ a=umufGHr_a=umifhom vlom;wkdif;
azmufjyef=ujcif;jzpfonf[k pwifa&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf? olr. wdkif;jynfrS tm%m&Sifpepftm;
&nf&G,fI a0zefxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf? if;wdku OD;aqmifvrf;jyy&rnfjzpfaom jynfolvlxkudk if;wkdu
a=umuf&GHaeojzifh if;wdkudk,fif;wdk azmufjyefapcJhjcif;yifjzpfygonf? Tonfa=umifh if;wdkonf
raumif;r_oHo&m vnfae=u&ygonf? odkaomfvnf; olr.tawG;tac:wGif a=umuf&GHr_uif;rJh&ef
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a=umuf&GHjcif;uif;rJh=u&ef awmif;qdkjcif;jzpfygonf? olrudk,fwkdifvnf; a=umuf&GHr_uif;rJha=umif;udk
vufawGjycJhygonf? olronf aoewfrsm;jzifh csdefxm;onfudk wudk,fwnf; qefusifcJholjzpfygonf?
TodkaomowWdudk rnfonfht&mu cHEkdifygrnfenf;? olrtm; rypf&ef aemufqHk;trdefay;vdkufol Adkvfr;.
pdwfxJwGif rnfodk&Sdygoenf;? olr.owWdudk av;pm;Ivnf; jzpfEkdifonf/ =urf;wrf;aom tiftm;jzifh
rnfonfht&mudkr# atmifjrifEkdifrnfr[kwfonfudk ,if;Adkvfr; oabmaygufoGm;Ivnf; jzpfEkdifygonf?
t=urf;zufr_. tqdk;0g;qHk;aom&efolonf t=urf;zufr_yifjzpfI ,if;udkwkdufzsuf&mwGif
a=umuf&GHr_uif;rJhjcif;onf txufjrufqHk; vufeufjzpfygonf? olr. tm;uszG,f&m &JpGrf;owWda=umifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf *ENDESifh zcifjzpfol atmifqef;uJhodk tmedoif}uD;rm;aom oauFw
trSwftom;tjzpfodk a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfygonf? atmifqef;onf if;.ud;yrf;r_rsm; r+yD;jywfao;rD
aoewfypfcH&jcif;jzpfygonf? Todkvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh atmifqef;tm; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;rS z,f&Sm;Ekdifrnf[k
vkyf}uHowfjzwf&efpDpOfolrsm;u ,lqcJhygv#if rSm;,Gif;aom,lqcsufomjzpfygonf? atmifqef;onf
vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynftwGuf pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_. oauFwjzpfvm+yD; vGwfvyfaomvltzJGtpnf;udk
wnfaqmufEkdif&ef ,ck wkdufyJG0ifud;yrf;aeolrsm;tm; pdwf"mwfwufuGaponfh yk*~Kdvfvnf;
jzpfvmygawmhonf? Todk pHerlemxm;p&m/ pdwf"mwfwufp&mtjyif jynfolvlxkpdwfESvHk;wGif
atmifqef;&,lxm;onfhae&ma=umifh if;aoqHk;+yD; ESpfaygif; (40) ausmft=umwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf
EkdifiHa&;pwifvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfaomtajccHudk &&SdEkdifcJhygonf? olronf zcif.tarGtESpfudk qufcHcJh+yD;
,cktcg olrudk,fwkdifyif jrefrmjynfwGifomrubJ tm&SwdkufwcGifvHk;ESifh tjcm;urBmhae&m tESHtjym;wGif
t=urf;zufr_udk awmfvSefI vGwfvyfaom vltzJGtpnf; wnfaxmif&ef ud;yrf;csuf.
oauFwjzpfaeygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf. &JpGrf;owWdESifh jrifhrm;aom ar#mfrSef;csufwdkonf usaemfwdkwGif&Sdaom
taumif;qHk;pGrf;&nfudk ay:xGufvmaprnf[k usaemfwdkuJhodkaom omrefyk*~Kdvfwdku cHpm;=u&onf[k
usaemf,Hk=unfygonf? tem*wfwGif ,Hk=unfr_&Sdaeao;&eftwGuf olruJhodkaomyk*~KdvfrsKd;udk usaemfwdk
vdktyfonf[k cHpm;rdygonf? ,if;tcsufonf olr ud;yrf;r_. pGrf;tm;}uD;aom oauFww&yfjzpf+yD;
olrudk rw&m;vkyfwkdif; usaemfwdkESvHk;om;wGif tjrwfwEdk; apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;xm;onfht&mudk
csKd;azmufcH&ouJhodkyif cHpm;=u&ygonf? aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHae&ol TtrsKd;orD;onf
ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfjzpfygonf? olr xdkae&mY&Sdaejcif;jzifh aumif;r_ukodkvf. tiftm;udk usaemfwdk ydkI
,Hk=unfudk;pm;vm=uygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unfudk 1945 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;ygonf? olr.zcif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&pOfu olronf
(2) ESpforD;jzpfygonf? zcifudk rSwfrdEdkifaomt&G,fr[kwfyg? rdcifjzpfolrSm oHwrefjzpfojzifh
atmifqef;pk=unfonf i,fpOfumvuif;/ aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGifif; EdkifiHjcm;Y aexdkifcJhygonf? 1967
ckESpfwGif olronf atmufpzdk'fwuUodkvf pdef[lpfaumvdyfrS EdkifiHa&;ynm/ '\eduaA'/ abm*aA'
bmom&yfrsm;jzifh bJG&cJhygonf? 1969 ckESpfrSpI e,l;a,mufrd ukvor*~XmecsKyfwGif (2) ESpfr#
tvkyfvkyfygonf? 1972 ckESpfwGif olronf wdbufa&;&m +Adwdo#ynm&Sifjzpfol rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifh
vufxyfygonf? blwefEkdifiHwGif acwWaexdkif+yD;aemuf atmufpzdk'fwGif 1975 ckESpfavmufY
jyefvnfaexdkifygonf? olronf uav;i,f (2) a,muf&Sdaom tdrf&Sifrwm0eftjyif
ynma&;bufwGifvnf; qufvufud;pm;+yD; jrefrmhorkdif;ESifh pmayukd t"duxm;avhvmygonf? olronf
*syefjynf usKdwdkwuUodkvfESifh tdENd,EkdifiH tqifhjrifhokawoeXmewdkwGif {nhfonfawmfynm&Siftjzpf
avhvmcJhygonf? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynfodk jyefvmaomtcgwGif vef'efwuUodkvf ta&Swdkif;ESifh
tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif avhvmjcif;udk &yfem;vdkuf&ygonf? Todkaom jyifytjzpftysufrsm;u
1988 ckESpfY olr pwifrnfh tcef;uudk &nfn$ef;cJhjcif;r&Sdyg? odkaomf olronf aumif;pGm tqifoifh
jyifqifxm;+yD;olyif jzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk. uH=urRmESifhywfoufI tpOfojzifh olr &ifav;aecJh&aom
om"ursm;&Sdygonf? olronf waewGif jrefrmjynfodk jyef&zG,f&m&Sdonf/ ,if;odkaomtcgwGif
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avhvmqnf;yl;aom udpP&yfrsm;wGifvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH. acwfopforkdif;udkom ydkI
t"duxm;avhvmonfudk awG&ygonf? zcifESifh jrefrmhorkdif;wGif zcifjzpfol yg0ifcJhaom tcef;uudk
avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh olr. EkdifiHa&;wm0ef,lr_ESifh zcif. tdkuft&m qufcH&rnf[laom oabmudkvnf;
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wnfaxmifjcif;yif jzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfudk *syefu usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmonfhtcgwGif
atmifqef;wdktzJGvnf; twlvdkufygvmcJhygonf? odkaomf r=umrDwGif if;wdkonf +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtpdk;&udk
wdkufcdkufae&mu *syefudk awmfvSefykefuef+yD; r[mrdwfrsm; jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif
tultnDay;=uygonf? ppf+yD;onfhtcgwGif if;uOD;aqmifI +Adwdo#wdkESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;EkdifcJhojzifh
aemufqHk; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdygonf? vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHb0odk a&muf&SdvmaomjzpfpOfudk
avhvm&efESifh EkdifiHa&;udkxdef;uGyfxm;onfh tjrifhqHk;ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&ef
ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeonf[k atmifqef;pk=unfu cHpm;aeyHk&ygonf? tdENd,ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHwdk.
udkvdkeDacwftawGtuHudk E_dif;,SOfxm;onfh ajymifajrmufaom pmwrf;wapmifwGif jrefrmjynf,Ofaus;r_
dk;&mtarGtESpf. xl;jcm;aom vuQ%m&yfrsm;udk olru a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf?
orkdif;onf ta&;}uD;.? rdrdonf rnfonfhdk;&mtpOftvmwGif yg0ifonfudk
rdrdbmomqHk;jzwfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdrnfoljzpfonfudk qHk;jzwf&ma&mufonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonf
trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_ dk;&mtarGtESpf. taumif;qHk;t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru ,lqaomt&mrsm;udk
*kyvmap&ef ud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#jzpfap&ef
ud;yrf;tm;xkwfygonf? Todk av;eufaomtodynmjzifh rdrd.tcef;uudk eufeJpGm
oabmaygufjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;ud;yrf;r_wGif tvGef}uD;rm;aom tiftm;yifjzpfygonf?
xl;jcm;onf[kqdkEkdifaomfvnf; 1988 ckESpfY atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmjynfodkjyefoGm;&onfh
ta=umif;rSm EkdifiHa&;tajctaea=umifh r[kwfbJ rdciftdk}uD; aexdkifraumif;jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif
jzpfygonf? odkaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;rkefwkdif; pwifwdkufcwfae+yDjzpfygonf? qENjyyJGrsm;/ &JESifh&ifqkdif
xdyfwdkufawGr_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; vlaygif; (200) cef aoqHk;cJh&+yD;jzpfygonf? aeraumif;ol
rdcif}uD;tm;ypkaepOf r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ygonf? ,if;odkaom tajctaewGif
'kwd,ajrmuf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ud;yrf;r_ [k olrudk,fwkdifac:qdkaom wdkufyJGwGif wufwufuGuG
yg0if&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfwGif ppfwyfu 1962 ckESpfY tm%modrf;,lygonf? 1988 ckESpfwGifjzpfyGm;aom
qlylr_rsm;rSm ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk wefjyefjcif;yif jzpfygonf? xdkESpf aEG&moDtajctae
ra&&mao;onfhtcsdefwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf tpdk;&xH tdwfzGifhay;pm a&;om;I
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oduQm&Sdaomyk*~Kdvfrsm;yg0ifonfh twdkifyifcHaumfrwDudk zJGpnf;ceftyf&ef wifjycJhygonf? xdkpmwGif
pnf;urf;pepf&Sd=u&efESifh tiftm;oHk;r_udk ESpfbufpvHk;u a&Smif=uOf&ef vdktyfa=umif;
tav;xm;Iazmfjy+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk v$wfay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;ygonf?
&uftenf;i,f=umaomtcgwGif &efukefrd a&$wd*HkapwDa&SwGif axmif/ aomif;csDwufa&mufaom
vlxkpnf;a0;yJGY olr rdefcGef;ajymqdkI vltcGifhta&;/ 'Drkdua&pDESifh t=urf;rzufa&;tay:wGif rlwnfaom
EkdifiHa&;tpDtpOfw&yfudk wifjyygonf? vufeufudkifwyfzJGrsm;onf &ufowWywftawmf=um
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ydwfyif&efrvdkawmh[k ,lqxm;[ef&Sdygonf)? e0wzJGpnf;+yD; &ufowWwywft=umwGif
atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tjcm; twdkuftcHtcsKdu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJGcsKyf (tift,f'D) udk
wnfaxmifvdkufygonf? olronf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tm;oGefcGefpdkuf qufvufyg0ifum
tpnf;ta0;rsm; ydwfyifxm;onfudkif;/ ppfwyfu +cdrf;ajcmufonfudkif; vGefqefI vlaygif;rsm;pGm
wufa&mufaom EkdifiHa&;pnf;a0;yJGrsm;udk wjynfvHk;wGif usif;yEkdifcJhygonf? olr EkdifiHa&;
pnf;Hk;a&;qif;&mwGif xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom vuQ%mw&yfrSm tpOftvmt& wOD;ESifhwOD; rwnfh=uaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk qJGaqmifEkdifjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
olr.*k%foduQma=umifh ppftpdk;&onf tawmf=umwGefqdkif;aecJh+yD;rS 1989 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrSmyif
olrtm; aetdrfwGif xdef;odrf;vdkufjcif;jzpfayonf? 1990 ckESpf arvwGifusif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJGcsKyf t}uD;tus,ftEdkif&&Sd+yD; v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& (80) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf
tEkdif&&SdoGm;ygonf? TonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. atmifyJGyifjzpfonf[k vlwkdif;u
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atmifqef;udk jrefrmEkdifiH tnma'o&Sd ewfarmufrduav;Y 1915 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 13
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wa,mufwnf; tawG;e,fxJ epfryfaewwfjcif;/ aeyHkxkdifyHkaxmifhrusKd;jcif;wdka=umifh atmifqef;udk
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ay:aygufvmygonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifaom Ak'<bmom uvsm%,k0toif; (0dkiftrfbDat)
onf EdkifiHa&;&mrsm;udk pwifudkifwG,faom tzJGtpnf;jzpf+yD; &efukefwuUodkvfoydwfudk atmifjrifpGm
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atmifqef; t*Fvdyfpum;ajym&mwGif toHxGuf trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif; udk,dkum;&m;
acsmarGajyjypfjcif;r&Sdaoma=umifh olpum;rsm;rSm em;rvnfEdkifoavmufyif jzpf.? y&dowfu
ajymifavSmifoa&mfatmf[pf=uojzifh tudkjzpfol tawmfyif tae&cufoGm;.? atmifqef;url
a=umuf&GHI toHaysmufoGm;jcif;r&Sd/ uJh&JoHrsm;/ jrefrmpum;ESifhom ajym&ef dkif;dkif;pdkif;pdkif;
atmf[pfoHrsm;udk vspfvsL_um tqifhtwef;rrDaom olt*Fvdyfpum;udk ygVdtoHk;tE_ef;rsm;jzifh
jznfhpGufI olajymvdk&mtm;vHk;udk +yD;qHk;atmif qufvufajymqkdoGm;ygonf?
xdkyxrpum;&nfvkyJG tjzpftysufonf aemiftwGuf tpOftvmw&yf csrSwfay;vdkufouJhodk
jzpfoGm;ygonf? y&dowfu uJh&J_wfcsaeonfh=um;uyif olajymvdk&mudk t*Fvdyfpum;ESifhajymjcif;/
okefokefr_efr_ef aewwfjcif;wdka=umifh olonf tla=umifa=umifEkdifaom tl;wa,muf[lIyif emrnf&cJh.?
odkaomf atmifqef;onf ta0zefcH&rnfudk a=umufGH+yD; olvkyfudkif&ef qHk;jzwfxm;aomudpPrsm;udk
rvkyfbJaernfh vlrsKd;r[kwfyg? acwfydifurBmwGif t*Fvdyfpum; ta&;ygyHkudk od&Sdem;vnfojzifh
t*Fvdyfpum;udk ydkifydkifEkdifEkdifoHk;pJGEkdif&ef ol ud;pm;.? t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;udk oJ}uD;rJ}uD;zwfjcif;/
tjcm;olrsm; ajymyHkqdkyHkudk em;axmifavhvmjcif;/ t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJhol
rdwfaqG&if;wOD;xHrS tultnD,ljcif; ponfwdkjzifh bkef;}uD;ausmif;xGuf tnmom;wOD;twGuf
xl;jcm;avmufaom t*Fvdyfpum;usifvnfr_udk ol &&Sdvm.?
xdkyxrpum;&nfvkyJGwGif atmifqef; axmufcHcJhaomtqdkrSm ol. a&&Snf,Hk=unfcsufw&yftm;
azmfxkwfcJhjcif;jzpfonfudk owdrloifhygonf? xdk,Hk=unfcsufrSm oHCmawmfrsm; EdkifiHa&;wGif
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifjcif; ryoifha=umif;yifjzpfygonf? ruG,fvGefrDwESpfausmfcefu ajym=um;cJhaom
a&$wd*HkapwDawmf tv,fypP,HnDvmcHrdefcGef;Y bmoma&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;udk a&mpyfygrl bmoma&;.
oabmw&m;udk qefusif&ma&mufay. [k ajymcJh.? &[efoHCmrsm;tm; t&Sifbk&m;wdku
omoemawmfa&mif xGef;ajymifatmif tm;xkwfawmfrl=uyg urBmolurBmom;wdk arwWmw&m;yGm;rsm;I
orpdwWESifh nD&if;tudk armif&if;ESruJhodk aeEkdif=uygvdrfhrnf -- TuJhodk aqmif&Gufr_onf
omoemzufuom=unfhI jrifhrwfonfr[kwfyg/ wynfhawmfwdk. EdkifiHESifh vlrsKd;twGuf
tjrifhjrwfqHk;aom EkdifiHa&;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif a&mufygonfbk&m; pojzifh av#mufxm;cJhygonf?
trsm;u EkdifiHowW0g yuwdtjzpfjzifhjrif=uaom atmifqef;rSm pifppfwGif bmoma&;Y
av;eufpGm woufvHk;pdwf0ifpm;olyif jzpfygonf? a&eHacsmif;Y ausmif;wufaepOf zcifuG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh
0rf;enf;a=uuJGum &[ef;abmif0if&efyif pdwful;cJhygonf? wuUodkvfa&mufptcsdefuvnf; tDwvDvlrsKd;
Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD; OD;avmueENudk =unf!dkav;pm;vSojzifh q&mawmfESifh twlvdkuf+yD;
omoemyvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef rdcifxH tcGifhawmif;zl;.? tcGifhum; r&cJhay? odkaomf
avmukwW&mudpPrsm;udk atmifqef; qufvufI *kwpdkuftav;xm;ygonf? EdkifiHa&;avmuxJodk
ajcpHkypf0if+yD;aemufydkif;Yyif olEiS fh t&if;ESD;qHk;rdwfaqGwOD;tm; ol. opPmw&m;ESifh vHk;0tjypfuif;pifr_
&SmyHkawmfb0c&D; ta=umif;ESifh um,uH/ 0pDuH/ raemuHt& dk;ajzmifhEkdif&ef
owdyud;yrf;aea=umif;wdkudk pma&;I &Sif;jyzl;ygonf? acwfvli,f pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
todw&m;acgif;yg;aeonfudk pdk;&drfrda=umif;/ avmu'%fv_dif;rsm;udk }uH}uHcdkif
&ifqkdifwGef;vSefEkdifpGrf;r&Sdygu xdktodw&m;rsm; vHk;0uG,faysmuf+yD; pdwf"mwfAv rJGjymusaomtjzpfodk
a&muf&SdoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfylyefrda=umif; pojzifhvnf; a&;om;xm;ygonf?
ausmif;om;EkdifiHa&;ESifh ocifrsm;
udkatmifqef; ausmif;om;EkdifiHa&;wGif yg0ifr_rSm tpY cyfajz;ajz; rSefrSefomjzpfaomfvnf; 1935
ckESpfaemufydkif;Y t&Sdeft[kef jrifhrm;vm.? xdktcsdefwGif olonf udkEk/ udkvSaz (aemif AdkvfvuFsm)/
udkodef;az/ udkausmf+idrf;/ udk&m&SpfuJhodkaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifhtwl pwifvkyfudkifae+yD;
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif xif&Sm;vmrnfh xdkvli,frsm;ESifh atmifqef;wdk vufwJGum
ausmif;om;rsm; tawmfyif*ky&rnfh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkwpkjzpfvmatmif pnf;Hk;ygonf?
udkatmifqef;wdkvlpkonf tm%mydkiftvdkawmf&drsm; v$rf;rdk;xm;aom wuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~udk
xdk;xGif;0ifa&mufEkdif&ef ud;yrf;jcif;jzifh pwifv_yf&mS ;.? yxrwGif atmifjrifr_odyfr&SdcJhay? if;wdktxJrS
udkausmf+idrf;ESifh udkodef;azwdkom or*~tr_aqmifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&onf? odkaomf aemufydkif;wGif
xufoefaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh ZGJvHkvwkd. tusKd;tjrwfrsm; xGef;um;vm.?
wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;. pdwfaepdwfxm;vnf; ajymif;vm.? v_yf&Sm;wufuGaom
jynfcspfpdwfv$rf;rdk;vm.? 1935-36 pmoifESpftwGif; ausmif;om;or*~tr_aqmif a&G;aumufyJGwGif
t"duae&mtm;vHk; trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf xufoefaomvli,frsm;u &&SdoGm;=u.? udkatmifqef;onf
tr_aqmiftzJG0ifwOD;tjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD; or*~ r*~Zif;. t,f'Dwmvnf; jzpfvmygonf?
or*~ r*~Zif; tdk;a0 wGif i&JacG;}uD; vGwaf e+yD [laom aqmif;yg;udk xnfhoGif;cJhjcif;onf
us,fjyefpGm xda&mufr_&SdcJhonfh 1936 ckESpf wuUodkvfausmif;om;oydwfudk oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh
v_Haqmfay;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? Taqmif;yg;onf wuUodkvft&m&SdwOD;tm; ykyfcwfwdkufcdkuf
a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k tm%mydkifrsm;u ,lqum aqmif;yg;&Siftrnfudk azmfxkwf&ef
t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef;tm; awmif;qdkvmawmh.? udkatmifqef;uvnf; ,if;uJhodk azmfxkwfjcif;onf
owif;pmq&musifh0wfESifh udkufnDrnfr[kwf[kqdkum jiif;qefvdkuf.? tm%mydkifrsm;u ,ckuJhodk
jiif;qefr_udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;rSxkwfy,fvdkufawmh.? r=umao;rDuyif
udkEkonfvnf; ausmif;tkyf}uD;tm; ypfypfcgcg a0zefr_jzifh ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&aoma=umifh
ausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif rauseyfr_/ a'goxGufr_ ydkIrsm;jym;vmavonf? odkjzifh oydwfarSmuf&ef
qHk;jzwf=uygawmhonf? wuUodkvfpmar;yJGrsm;ppfcsdef jzpfav&m TqHk;jzwfcsufrSm txl;av;eufonfh
udpPw&yfjzpfygonf? oydwfowif;rSm csufcsif;yif [dkav;wausmfjzpfoGm;avonf? owif;pmrsm;ESifhwuG
wEdkifiHvHk;u oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk =uifempGm axmufcH=uygonf? TuJhodk trsm;axmufcHr_ukd
&,lEkdifjcif;/ av;pm;avmufatmif pDrHuGyfuJEkdifjcif;/ pnf;urf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdka=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;.
vkyf&nfudkif&nfESifh ausmif;om;tiftm;. wefcdk;tmedoifudk vl}uD;ydkif; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
todtrSwfyvm=u&onf? tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; oydwfarSmufolrsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk av;eufpGm
rpOf;pm;I rjzpfawmhyg? aemufqHk;Y Edkifvlrif;xufywwfaom ausmif;tkyf}uD;rSm t+idrf;pm;,lvkduf&.?
wuUodkvftufOya'wGif ausmif;om;rsm;xnfhoGif;vdkaom jyifqifcsufrsm;udk avhvm&ef
aumfrwDw&yfudkvnf; zJGpnf;vdkuf&+yD; ta&;rygvSaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkrl vdkufavsmvdkufavonf?
vli,ftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. EdkifiHa&;zHGzd;wdk;wufr_wGif ta&;}uD;onfh rSwfwdkifwwdkifjzpfaom 1936
ckESpfoydwfa=umifh udkatmifqef;onfvnf; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf?
ol*k%foduQmvnf; t&SdefrSefrSefjrifhrm;vm+yD; &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ESifh oydwfarSmuf+yD;aemuf
wnfaxmifcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~wdk. tr_aqmiftzJGrsm;wGifvnf;
wqifhxufwqifh ydkrdkta&;ygaom tr_aqmifae&mrsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&.? 1938 ckESpfwGif
or*~ESpf&yfpvHk;. OuUXjzpfvmygonf? xdktcsdefY udkatmifqef; wuUodkvfrS 0dZmbJG&+yD;I
Oya'0dZmwef;wGif wufa&mufae.? xdkuJhodk Oya'wef;qufwufaejcif;rSm wuUodkvfwGif
qufvufaexdkif v_yf&Sm;EkdifcGifh&&Sd&ef[laom ta=umif;vnf; yg0ifygonf? ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfjcif;/
ZJGvHkv}uD;jcif;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdka=umifh udkatmifqef;taejzifh av;pm;jcif;cH&aomfvnf;
tjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodk ,Ofaus;odrfarGI qufqHa&;ajyjypfjcif;r&Sdaom vl*GpmwOD;yif
jzpfygonf? okefokefr_efr_efaewwfjcif;/ royf&yfjcif;/ pdwfrygv#if olwyg; tae&=uyfavmufatmif
wHk%Sdbma0aewwfjcif;/ pdwfygjyefawmhvnf; olwyg; rcHEkdifavmufatmif pum;azmifzJGjcif;ESifh tjcm;
axmifhrusKd;aom trltusifhwdka=umifh udkatmifqef; r=umc%ta0zefcH&ygonf? oludk,fwkdifvnf;
&Hzef&Hcg vl,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh tom;ruscJhacs/ rsufaphaemuf jrifjyif;uyfvmonf? xdktcg
vl,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh ig vldkif;[k ZmwdcJGypfcsifonfh ("gwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
atmifqef;
jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~OuUX 1937
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
pdwfrsm;&Sdvmonf [k a&;om;cJhzl;.? odkaomf vldkif;rsm;udk atmifqef;jrifyHkrSm pdwful;,Ofqef.?
dk;ajzmifhwnf=unf/ usef;rmoefpGrf;+yD;/ vGwfvyfcsrf;ompGmaexkdifolrsm;[k olu
tr$ef;wifxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
1938 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;onf 1930 ckESpf ukvm;-Armt"duk%f;rSjrpfzsm;cHaom
'dkArmtpnf;tHk;xJodk 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;Ekdif&ef wuUodkvfrS xGufvdkufygonf? xdktpnf;tHk;onf
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;jyI EkysKdwufuGonfh tajccHvuQ%m&Sd+yD; tpnf;tHk;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
ouf}uD;EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;jcm;=uygonf? rsKd;cspfta&;awmfyHkY b0udkjrKyfESH&ef
tmoDojyif;xefaeaom acwfopfynmwwfvli,frsm;u xdkouf}uD;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf
&Joifhonfavmufr&J/ jrefrmqefoifhonfavmufrqef/ tajccHrS ajymif;vJGr_rsm;vkyf&ef
qEN&Sdoifhonfavmufr&Sd/ i,f&G,foifhoavmufvnf; ri,f&G,f[k ,lq=uygonf?
'dkArmtpnf;tHk;0ifrsm;udk vlwkdif;u uduf=uonfawmhr[kwfyg? tcsKdu olwdkudk uavuacs
jy\em&Smaeaom vlrdkufvlqdk;av;rsm;[lI txifao;+yD;/ trnfa&SwGif ocif wyfI ac:a0:jcif;udk
}uD;us,fonf/ rvkyfoifhrvkyfxdkuf[k a0zef=uygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;udk
vufatmufcHjzpfaeaom Armwdku ocif [k ac:avhac:x&Sd&m/ Armrsm;onf u|efrsKd;r[kwf
udk,fhudkudk,f tkyfpdk;Edkifonfh arG;&mygtcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &J&Jwif;wif;
az:jyonfhtaeESifh tpnf;tHk;0ifrsm;u ocif bJGudk oHk;pJGjcif; jzpfygonf?
twGif;oabmxm; rwdkufqkdifr_rsm;a=umifh 'dkArmtpnf;tHk; ESpfjcrf;uJGoGm;ygonf?
ociftrsm;pkyg0ifonfhtydkif;udk acgif;aqmifolrSm jrefrmhpmayESifh EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif
txifu&yk*~Kdvf}uD;jzpf+yD; rlvu tpnf;tHk;. em,ujzpfaom q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;jzpfygonf?
udkatmifqef;vnf; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; OD;aqmifonfh 'dkArmtpnf;tHk;0ifwOD; jzpfvmygonf?
r_dif;ocif rsm;teuf udkEk/ udkvSazESifh udkodef;azwdktjyif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; r[kwfcJhaomfvnf;
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif xif&Sm;ta&;ygvmrnfh ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdkvnf; yg0ifygonf? r=umrD
ocifatmifqef;onf 'dkArmtpnf;tHk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r; jzpfvm+yD;aemuf tpnf;tHk;.
a=unmpmwrf;udk pD&ifa&;om;cJhygonf?
1938-1939 ckESpfrsm;wGif 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk [k trnfwGifrnfh ta&;tcif;rsm;
jzpfay:cJhygonf? a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; csDwufyJG/ awmifolv,form;rsm; csDwufyJG/ &J.
eHygwfwkwf'%fjzifh Adkvfatmifausmf usqHk;cJh&aom ausmif;om;qENjyyJG/ xdkjzpf&yfa=umifh ay:ayguf&aom
EkdifiHt0Srf; ausmif;om;oydwfrsm;/ ArmwdkESifh tdENd,tEG,f rlqvifrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom t"duk%f;/
tvkyform;rsm;oydwf/ &J. vufcsufjzifh tmZmenf (17) OD; usqHk;cJhaom rEWav;qENjyyJG/
a'gufwmbarmftpdk;& ywfusoGm;jcif; ponfwdk woDwwef;}uD; jzpfay:cJhygonf?
Tta&;tcif;rsm;a=umifh EdkifiHtwGif; ruHpzl; r+idrfrouf qlqlyGufyGufjzpfvm+yD;
trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjyif;xefvmonf? odkaomf Tr#pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,fjzpf&yfrsm;
t=um;uyif jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;. uyf}uD;ESpfyg;jzpfaom *dk%f;*%0g'ESifh remvdkrkef;wD;a&;0g'wdk. qdk;0g;aom
t&Sdef=oZmrsm; v$rf;rdk;vm.? tkyfpkwtkyfpk/ vlwOD;csif;wdktaeESifh rdrdwdkomv#if txda&mufqHk;/
rsKd;cspfpdwftxufoefqHk;/ tawmfqHk;[lI *k%fwk/ *k%fydifvkyfvdkaom pdwfl;rsm;0ifum/ tjyeftvSef
pGyfpJGykwfcwfr_rsm;/ cg;oD;r_rsm; ysHESHvmavonf?
*dk%f;*%pdwfESifh remvdk0efwdkpdwfrsm;rS uif;&Sif;onf[ktrsm;u owfrSwfxm;aom
vlenf;pkav;wGif ocifatmifqef; yg0if.? olonf vuf0J0g'rsm;zufodk,drf;I 1939 ckESpfwGif
ay:aygufvmaom tcsKdu rmhufqf0g' avhvma&;tkyfpk[lIif;/ tcsKdu yxrOD;qHk;
jrefrmuGefjrLepfuvyfpnf;[lIvnf;if;/ ac:a0:onfh tkyfpkudkwnfaxmifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD;/ xdktkyfpk.
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh.? odkaomf ocifatmifqef;onf
uGefjrLepf0g'udkaomfif;/ tjcm;wif;=uyfaom 0g'rsm;udkaomfif;/ rqifrjcif tpGef;a&muftjrifjzifh
,Hk=unfvufcHjcif; r&SdcJhyg? us,f0ef;axGjym;aom qdk&S,fvpfoDtkd&D t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;teuf oltm;
qJGaqmifEkdifaom oabmw&m;rsm; tawmftwef&SdcJhygonf? odkaomf ol. t"du&nfrSef;csufrSm
olwkdif;jynftwGuf vGwfvyfa&;ESifh pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh tawG;tac:rsm;/
enf;AsL[mrsm;udk avhvmoHk;pJG&efomjzpfygonf?
1939 ckESpf Oa&mywkdufwGif 'kwd,urBmppfrD; pwifavmifu|rf;+yD; rsm;r=umrD udkvdkeD0g'tcuf/
vGwfvyfa&;tcsuf [kjrifum xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD; wnfaxmifEkdif&ef ocifatmifqef; ulnDay;cJhygonf?
a'gufwmbarmf. qif;&Jom;ygwD/ 'dkArmtpnf;tHk;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
pkaygif;zJGpnf;vdkufaom xdk xGuf&yf*k%f;}uD; onf ocifatmifqef;. wDxGifr_jzpfonf[k ocifEku
owfrSwfcJh.? xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD; . jynfolvlxu k dk wdkufwGef;aqmf=ocsufrSm ppf+yD;onfESifh
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlaom uwd&rSomv#if +Adwdo#ppfa&;ud;yrf;csufrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;&rnf?
+Adwdo#tpdk;&taeESifh xdkuJhodk uwda=unmcsufryygu ppfa&;ud;yrf;csufrsm;udk tifwkduftm;wdkuf
qefusif&rnf? wHkjyefonfhtaeESifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;aeol trsm;tjym;udk
zrf;qD;vdkufygonf? 1940 ckESpf ukefqHk;csdefY ocifacgif;aqmif tajrmuftjrm;ESifh a'gufwmbarmfwdkrSm
axmifxJa&mufae=uay+yD? ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;&ef 0&ef;trdefxkwfcJhaomfvnf;
tcsdefrDowday;csuf&ojzifh olonf ajc&mazsmufum wdrf;a&SmifoGm;EkdifcJhonf?
*syefESifh r[mrdwfzJGjcif;
("gwfyHk)
tay: - Adkvfvufsm/ Adkvfp}uFm/ Adkvfatmifqef; 1941 ckESpf *syefjynf
atmuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyftzJG0iftcsKd 1943
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
[dkifeefoifwef;ausmif;qif;rsm;/ xdkif;EkdifiHae jrefrmrsm;ESifh rDemrDtzJG0ifrsm;yg0ifaom
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif befaumufrdY w&m;0ifzJGpnf;vdkuf.?
plZluD;onf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&mxl;jzifh wyfrawmft}uD;tuJjzpfvm+yD; atmifqef;onf AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;ESifh
ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmygonf? tysHoifp wyfrawmftzJG0ifrsm;onf opPma&aomuf+yD; t&m&Sdrsm;u
ol&Jaumif;qefaom ygVdtrnfrsm;udk cH,l=uygonf? plZluD;onf Adkvfrdk;ud;jzpfvm+yD;/ atmifqef;onf
AdkvfawZjzpfvmonf? rdrdwdktrnfopfrsm;ESifh xif&Sm;vmrnfh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;teuf AdkvfvuFsm/
Adkvfp}uFm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvf&efEkdif/ AdkvfausmfaZm ponfwdk yg0ifygonf? AdkvfcsKyfawZ url
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifESifh ocifacgif;aqmiftjzpf wkdif;jynfuodcJhaom atmifqef;trnfudkom
jyefvnfoHk;pJGum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; [lI jynfolwdk tjrwfwEdk;xm;aom tmZmenfol&Jaumif;tjzpf
xifay:vmygonf?
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf *syefrsm;ESifh &ifabmifwef;I jrefrmjynfwGif;odk csDwufvmjcif;onf
jrefrmrsm;twGuf *k%f,lzG,f/ aysmf&$ifzG,fjzpfygonf? usqif;aeaom rdrdwdk. trsKd;om;*k%foduQmudk
jyefvnfjrifhwifay;vdkufouJhodk jzpfoGm;ygonf? odkaomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&JbuftcsKdu
a&SwGifjy\emrsm;&Sdrnfudk odESifh=u+yD? befaumufrSm &SdaepOfuyif jrefrmjynfwGif;odk
*syefrsm;0ifvmaomtcg EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd trsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. pDrHvkyfaqmifcsufjzifh
vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;EkdifiHY &ifqkdif&rnfh tajctaeudk pDpOf&ef ud;pm;cJha=umif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
rSwfwrf;wifcJh.? xdkuJhodkraqmif&GufEkdifygu jynfolvlxkudk pnf;Hk;v_Haqmfum ajratmufawmfvSefa&;
pwifxm;jcif;jzifh usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmolrsm; ajcukyfr&Edkifatmif tajctaezefwD;&ef jzpf.? odkaomf
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm uarmufurjzpfae+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;trsm;pkvnf; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHb0 a&mufae=u&m
tpDtpOfESpfckvHk; vufawGusus taumiftxnfazmf&ef rjzpfEkdifyg? *syefrsm;vnf; jrefrmjynfudk
0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufvdkufygonf?
*syefacwfum; txiftjrif}uD;cJhor# yduJG&+yD; raocsra&&mr_rsm;ESifh
'kuQaygif;pHkjzpfaeaomumvjzpfygonf? +Adwdo#wdkxHrS vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k ar#mfrSef;cJholrsm;onf
tm&Swdkufom;csif;. zaemifhatmufom a&muf&a=umif; odvmaomtcg ta=uuJG}uD; a=uuJGcJh&.?
trsm;u vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnfh u,fwif&Sifrsm;tjzpf udqdkcJhaom edyGefppfom;rsm;onf vludufrrsm;aom
+Adwdo#wdkxufyif qdk;0g;onfudk awG&awmh.? waewjcm; pufqkyfzG,f&mjzpf&yfrsm; wkd;yGm;vmav
("mwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
atmifqef;ESifh ocifvSrdif (Adkvf&efatmif) wdk 1940 ckESpfwGif *syefjynfodk
a&muf&SdoGm;cJh+yD;aemuf 1941 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif atmifqef;tm;
jrefrmEkdifiHodk v#Kd0SufpGm jyefvnfac:aqmifvmcJhol rdqkkpl*D;ESifh
4-3-42 Y twlawG&pOf/ &efukef
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
onf? uifaytd (ppfykvdyf) [laom trnfonf a=umufrufzG,f&ma0g[m&jzpfvmonf? vlrsm;
tpterusef aysmufoGm;jcif;/ tESdyfpuftnif;qJcH&jcif;/ ac|;wyfqJGcH&jcif; ponfwdkrSm
edpP"l0udpPr#omjzpfaom avmu}uD;wGifaewwfatmif ae=u&avonf? xdktjyif r[mrdwfavwyf/
*syefavwyfwdk. AHk;}uJ'%f/ ppfwGif;&duQm&Sm;yg;r_'%f/ axmufvSrf;a&;owif;ay;rsm;'%f/ pdwf"mwfESifh
,Ofaus;r_t& zDvmqefusifaeolrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;aom ydyuQrsm;/ bmompum;rwlolwdkt=um;
jzpfwwfaom txiftjrifvJGr_rsm; ponfjzifh 'kuQtaygif;udkvnf; xyfavmif;cH&ygao;onf?
jrefrmjynfa&muf *syefrsm;teuf w&m;r#wa&;/ vlom;csif;pmema&; pdwf"mwfrsm;t&
usifh}uHaexkdifolrsm; &Sd=uaomfvnf;/ if;wdk. aumif;rGefaomaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf ppf0g'Drsm;.
vlrsKd;cJGjcm;a&;pepfa=umifh tcsnf;tESD;jzpf&ygonf?
rdrdwkduwdopPm wnf=unfEkdif&ef jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;oifhonf[k ,Hk=unfaom
rDemrDuDuef tzJG0ifrsm;onf jzpfay:vmaomtajctaersm;a=umifh pdwfrcsrf;ajr[efwlygonf? 1942
ckESpf/ &efukefrdudk *syefwyfrsm;odrf;+yD;onfESifh Adkvfr;dk ud;onf A[dktpdk;&wnfaxmifum ocifxGef;tkyfudk
OD;pD;OD;aqmifcefvdkufygonf? xdktpdk;& =um=umrcHyg? *syefwyfrsm; wdkif;jynfudk
qufvufodrf;ydkufonfESifhtr# *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&; us,fus,fjyefjyefv$rf;rdk;vmum jrefrmEkdifiHudk
ppf_H;e,fajrwckuJhodk udkifwG,fvmavonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. taetxm;onfvnf;
ra&r&mESifh tm;uszG,f&mvHk;0r&Sday? wyfrawmfonf csDwufvm&mvrf;wav#muf pdwftm;xufoefpGm
0ifvmolrsm;ESifh azmif;yGae.? xdkppfom;opfrsm;udk xda&mufonfh wdkuf&nfckduf&nf&Sdaom
wyfrsm;jzpfvmap&ef pepfwus/ pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd avhusifhay;&ayOD;rnf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; rdrdwyfrsm;udk
trdefay;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhr&Sd? olonf Adkvfrdk;ud;. vufaxmuft&m&Sdrsm;teuf tqifhjrifhqHk;r#omjzpf.?
Adkvfrdk;ud;udk,fwkdifvnf; jrefrmjynf. tem*wfta&;rsm;wGif olESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwdk
rnfonfhtcef;uu yg0if&rnf[laom udpPESifhywfoufI ppftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mrsm;ESifh
jy\emwufaeyHk&.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;url ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf
jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;vufatmufwGifom &Sdoifhonf[k ,lq=uonf? xdkudpPESifhywfoufI AdkvfvuFsmu ol/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm;&JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsKd Adkvfrdk;ud;ESifh&ifqkdifcJhpOfu Zmwfqefqef
tjzpftysufta=umif;udk a&;om;cJhzl;.? &ifqkdifr_. &v'fum; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. aoemywdcsKyftjzpfif;/ AdkvfvuFsmudk ppfOD;pD;tjzpfif;
ceftyfvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf? ("mwfyHkvmonf)
("gwfyHk)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ol.taetxm;ESifhywfoufIif;/ jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeESifh
ywfoufIif;/ pdwful;,Of+yD; xifa,mifxifrSm;rjzpfcJhyg? vGwfvyfa&;kef;uefr_um; qHk;cef;wkdif&ef
rsm;pGmvdkao;onfukd olodem;vnfonfhtavsmuf wyfrawmf awmifhwif;ckdifrm&efESifh pnf;urf;&Sd&efudk
tmHkpdkufcJh.? Armhwyfrawmfudk ygwDEkdifiHa&;rS uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;ae&efESifh t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;zufwGif
0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; ry&efudkvnf; olud;yrf;cJh.? odkaomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk A[dkrdKifyum
zJGpnf;cJhaom wyfrawmftaeESifh EkdifiHa&;ESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aeEdkifzdk&efrSm tcsdefrsm;pGmrS
aESmif;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ol {uefod&SdcJhrnfjzpfonf?
1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif Adkvfrdk;ud; jrefrmjynfrS xGufcGmoGm;ygonf?
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzJGpnf;vdkuf+yD; atmifqef;onf
Adkvfr;}uD;&mxl;ESifh ppfaoemywdjzpfvmygonf? odkaomfvnf; topfzJGpnf;vdkufaom wyfrawmf.
tqifhqifhY *syeft}uHay;t&m&Sdrsm; wJGceftyfxm;+yD; jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;. vufawGtm%mrsm;udk
wif;usyfpGm uefowfcsKyfcs,fxm;ygonf? =o*kwfvwGif *syefwyfrsm;. aoemywdcsKyf
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tD'gonf jrefrmhtkyfcsKyfa&;udk w&m;0iftwnfyvdkufum a'gufwmbarmftm;
EkdifiHawmft}uD;tuJtjzpf ceftyfvdkufygonf? tay:,Htm;jzifh jrefrmtpdk;&tm%monf
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdkvufodk ul;ajymif;oGm;onf[k jrifEkdifaomfvnf; pifppfrSmawmh *syeftkyfcsKyfa&;
ajcukyf&oGm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
+Adwdo#ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;?
vGwfvyfa&;ud;yrf;r_
ed*Hk;
'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmf
* * *
1
tay:
oDv&Sifrsm;ESifhtwl
atmuf
bk&m;0wfyaepOf
(aqmif;yg;tquf)
acwfrDynm&yfqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk r&Edkifaoma=umifh wkdif;jynf qkwf,kwfysufpD;
,kd,Gif;&jcif;ta=umif;. t"dutcsufukd &SmazGavhvm&mwGif Ak'<bk&m;. qHk;r=o0g'rsm;udkom
tm;udk;tm;xm;y=u&m ta=umif;t&if;av;ckudk awG&ayonf? aysmufv#if r&Sm/ ysufwm rjyif/
qifjcif roHk;/ tzef; a[mh&rf;/ vlaygufyef;ukd/ a&Swef;rSmwif/ Tav;tif-rSefyifysufpD;a=umif;?
(t*FkwW& edum, pwkw edygu ygVdawmf?)
rsufarSmufacwftajctaet& t"dy`m,fzGifhqdk&rnfqkdygu ppftm%m&Sifpepfa=umifh
aysmufqHk;oGm;&aom 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyefvnf&&Sd&eftwGuf ud;yrf;r_ tvHktavmufr&Sdjcif;/
udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m wefzdk;xm;r_rsm; ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;vmonfudk tjyif;txef
ud;pm;[efwm;r_ ryvkyfjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;udk qdk;0g;pGm }uD;=uyfuGyfuJjcif;ESifh wkdif;jynfudk
ynmtar#mftjrifvnf;r&Sd/ orm"dvnf; r&Sdaomolwdku tkyfcsKyfjcif; ponfhta=umif;rsm;yif jzpfygonf?
1962 ckESpfrSpI jrefrmEdkifiH ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vm&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;udk &SmazG&mwGif
tu|rf;usifqHk;aom ynm&Sifu aemufqHk;ay: acwfrDtaumif;qHk; okawoeenf;pepfrsm;udk oHk;I
aocsmjynfhpHkatmif avhvmxm;csufonfyifv#if xdkxufydkI rSefuefwdusjywfom;pGm
azmfjyEkdifrnfr[kwfyg?
wygwDqdk&S,fvpf tm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif csrSwfaom tpdk;&vrf;pOfrsm;onf
wu,fhvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh qDavsmfjcif;r&SdI jrefrmjynfY pD;yGm;a&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; raocsm ra&&mr_rsm;
jzpfay:vmojzifh aepOfb0&yfwnfa&;twGuf vmbfay;vmbf,lr_ESifh pnf;urf;Oya'wdrf;a&Smifr_rsm;udk
rvJGraoG usL;vGefvm=u&ygonf? odkaomfvnf; ESpaf ygif;=umjrifhpGm udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r_ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_rsm; jzpfyGm;aeonfh=um;rS jynfolvlxkESifh acgif;aqmifydkif;wdk yl;aygif;I rludk tajccH+yD;
ud;pm;vkyfudkifygu pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vHkcHa&;wdkudk atmifjrifpGm &Edkifrnf[laom pdwful;tjrifonf
jrefrmjynfwGif &Sifoefvsuf usef&Sdaeygonf? 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_onf ,if;pdwful;tjrifudk
taumiftxnfazmfEkdifrnfh ar#mfvifhcsufudk ay:aygufapygonf? tajccHtusqHk;ESifh
csufcsif;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtqifhwGif oabmxm;jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDpepf[lonfrSm
tzJGtpnf;w&yftaejzifhqdkygu w&m;r#wI vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyJGpepft&
a&G;aumufwifajrmufxm;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u zJGpnf;yHktajccHOya't& owfrSwfxm;onfh
tcsdefumvtwGif; zJGpnf;xm;aom tpdk;&yifjzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdkonf if;wdk.
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; if;wdkzmom a&G;cs,fydkifcGifhudk wm0ef&SdpGm usifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh qkwf,kwfusqif;onfh
jzpfpOfudk xda&mufpGm pwifwGef;vSefEkdifrnf[k ar#mfvifhae=uygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdkonf
tpdk;&ESifhywfoufaom xHk;wrf;pOfvm oDtdk&Dt,ltqrsm;udk qef;ppfI 'Drdkua&pDonf if;wdk.
,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh roifhavsmf[laom 0g'jzefcsufudk wefjyefqefusif=uygonf?
opfyif.t&dyfonf at;jrayonf
xdkxuf rdb.t&dyfonf ydk at;jr.
xdkxuf q&morm;.t&dyfonf ydkIyif at;jr.
xdkxuf rif;.t&dyfrSm ydkIyifom at;jrayonf?
odkaomf tat;jrqHk;rSm Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;. t&dyfyif jzpfayonf?
xdka=umifh jynfolvlxkudk +idrf;csr;f a&;ESifh vHkcHa&;[lonfh at;jraom
t&dyftm0goay;Ekdif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfolwdkonf Ak'<&Sifawmf. tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;udk
vdkufem&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;=o0g'rsm;xJwGif opPm&Sdjcif;/ *k%mxm;jcif;ESifh w&m;"rR
apmifhpnf;jcif;wdkonf t"dujzpfygonf? Todkaom t&nftcsif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcyaom tpdk;&udk
&&Sd&ef&nf&G,fI jrefrmjynfom;wdku 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJG0ifae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf?
awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif vwfwavm ta&;}uD;onfh ta&;ay:EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;onf
pdwf"mwfa&;&m t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk zHk;tkyfomG ;zG,f&m odkr[kwf ysufjy,foGm;zG,f&m&Sdaom
tEW&m,fESifh t+rJwrf; uHawGae&ygonf? pdwf"mwfa&;&m &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk yxr OD;pm;ay;&rnf/
rysufpD;atmifvkyf&rnf[k ckdifrmpGm wdkufwGef;ae&onfrSm pdwful;,Of0g'udkom xkwfazmfaejcif; r[kwfbJ
wd&p>mefO,smOf0wKxJrS tjzpfrsKd;ay:aygufrvmEkdifatmif tumtuG,fay;&ef vdktyfaoma=umifh
jzpfygonf? (+Adwdo#pma&;q&m}uD; a*smhtdk0Jvf a&;om;aom) wd&p>mefO,smOf0wKwGif pepfopfudk
wnfaxmifolwdkonf tpyxrwGif pdwftm;xufoefpGm wufwufuGuG yjyifa&;rsm;
yvkyf=uaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGifrl if;wdk tpm;xkd;vdkufaom pepfa[mif;. rESpfrdzG,f&m
tusifhpdkufrsm;udk vufcHusifhoHk;vm=uygonf? jrefrmjynfom;wdkonf tpkd;&pepfudkom
ajymif;vJvdkonfr[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udkyg ajymif;vJvdkygonf?
tpdk;&. tajccHtkyfjrpfonf tuGi;f rJhtm%mjzpfonf [laom t,ltqudk
t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;tm%m. t&if;cHtiftm;jzpfonf[laom t,ltqjzifh
tpm;xdk;rSomv#if tm%m&Sifpepf. pdwfrcsrf;ajrp&m tarGtESpfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;Ekdifrnfjzpfygonf?
wkdif;jynf. uH=urRmudk tqHk;tjzwfay;Ekdifaom jynfolwdk. tcGifhta&;ESifh pGrf;&nfrsm;tay:wGif
t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif;/ tpkd;&ESifh jynfolt=um; tjyeftvSef,Hk=unfjcif;/ vGwfvyfr_ESifh vltcGifhta&;
oabmw&m;rl0g'rsm;tay:wGif t,Hkt=unf&Sdjcif; ponfwdk vdktyfygonf? Ak'<bmomt,ltqrsm;t&
rGefjrwfaom tusifhoDvoabmw&m;rsm;wGif t,Hkt=unf&Sdaom o'<gpdwfonf
avmuDcsrf;omr_xufomaom avmukwW&mcsrf;omr_&&Sd&eftwGuf yxrqkHk;aom
vdktyfcsufyifjzpfygonf? t,Hkt=unfuif;rJhr_ESifh raocsmr_wdkudk =um&SnfcHpm;ae&aom
vltzJGtpnf;twGif;odk Todkaom ,Hk=unfr_rsKd;udk oGwfoGif;&mY qENtmHkudk tm;udk;jcif;rybJ
todOm%ft& oabmaygufvufcHvmap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;onf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;.
tESpfom&jzpfygonf? udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m urBmhpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifhtnDjzpfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk
OD;wnfonfh awmfvSefa&;yifjzpfygonf?
'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfzGifh&mwGif jrefrmjynfom;wdkonf if;wdkwkdif;jynfjyifywGif&Sdaom
EkdifiHa&;oDtdk&Dt,ltqESifh vufawGusifhpOfrsm;udk avhvmHkr#omru if;wkd. ywf0ef;usiftajctae
toGiftjyifudk jzpfay:vmaponfh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh todOm%f tawG;tac:ydkif;qkdif&m
wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;udkvnf; avhvm=uygonf?
wkdif;jynfwjynf. ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr_a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;wdk;wufzHGzd;r_onf tpOft+rJ
v_yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeom jzpfpOfjzpfa=umif; jrefrmjynfom;wdk yifudk,fobm0pdwfu
em;vnfoabmayguf=uygonf? xdka=umifh wkd;wufzHGzd;Ekdif&eftwGuf xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;/
wDxGifprf;oyfr_rsm;/ t,ltq ta[mif;rsm;ESifh topfrsm;udk "rR"dXmefusus wefzdk;jzwfr_rsm;udk
toHk;y=u&rnfudk oabmayguf=uygonf? twdwfumvudk wnf=unfajzmifhrwfodrfarGpGm tuJjzwfr_ESifh
ypPKy`efumvudk vdrRmyg;eyfpGm tuJjzwfr_wdktm; nDnGwfap (o[Zwf) &ef vdktyfonfh todw&m;twkdif;
'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;oltm;vHk;u v_yf&Sm;aeonf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyg? odkaomf Tv_yf&Sm;r_onf
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vGwfu|wfatmif kef;xGuf&efrSm rvG,fulvSyg? odkaomfvnf; a=umufHGr_onf ,Ofaus;aomvlom;.
obm0r[kwfaoma=umifh tzdESdyfqHk;aom tpdk;&,EW&m;atmufYyif owWdonf xyfcgwvJvJ
xuGvmygonf?
txdef;tcsKyfr&Sdaom tm%mudk &ifqkdif&mwGif owWd&Sdr_ESifh cHEkdif&nf&Sdr_wdktm; t+rJwrf;
&Sifoefaeapaom a&aomufjrpfrSm udk,fusifhw&m;qkdif&m oabmw&m;rsm;udk
txGwftjrwfxm;onfhtay:wGif ckdifrmpGm,Hk=unfjcif;jzpf+yD; rnfr#yif _H;edrfhr_/ qkwf,kwfr_rsm; &Sdapumrl
vlom;onf aemufqHk;wGif kyfydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qkdif&m wkd;wufr_ESpfckpvHk;udk &&Sd&rnf[laom
orkdif;oabmudk ,Hk=unfjcif;yifjzpfygonf? rdrdudk,frdrd wkd;wufaumif;rGefatmif ud;pm;jcif;/ rdrdukd,frdrd
raumif;r_rS vGwfajrmufatmif ud;yrf;jcif; paom pGrf;&nfwdkonf vlom;wdkudk wd&p>mefdkif;rsm;ESifh
txift&Sm;uJGjym;apaom t"dutcsufyifjzpfygonf? vlwm0ef0wW&m;. rlvt&if;tjrpfrSm
vHk;0tjypfuif;pifjcif;[laom oabmw&m;udk em;vnfI tjypfuif;pifvdkaompdwfqEN/ tjypfuif;pif&ef
enf;vrf;&SmEkdifaom todOm%fESifh ,if;enf;vrf;twkdif; vkdufemvdkaompdwf"mwf/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk
tqHk;wkdif rvdkufemEkdifonfhwkdifatmif udk,fydkifc|wf,Gif;csuftueftowfESifh
ywf0ef;usiftwm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfvGef&efvdktyfaom twkdif;twmtxd tenf;qHk; a&muf&Sdatmif
ud;pm;vdkjcif;wdkyif jzpfygonf? qifjcifwHkw&m;&SdI ,Ofaus;aomvlom;wdkESifh avsmfuefoifhjrwfaom
vlavmuudk vlom;wdk pdwful;ar#mfjrif=uonfhtwGuf a=umufHGr_ESifh csKdwJhr_rS uif;vGwfaom
vltzJGtpnf;rsm; wnfaxmif&ef ra=umufrHG/ tepfemcHvkyf0Hh=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? opPmw&m;/
*k%mw&m;ESifh w&m;r#wr_wdkudk +iD;aiGzG,f&m tawG;tac:a[mif;}uD;rsm;[kqdkum ypfy,fI r&yg?
&ufpufaom tm%mpufukd wGef;vSef&mwGif Tw&m;rsm;onfomv#if tumtuG,fay;aevsuf
&Sdwwfygonf?
4
Adkvf . t"dy`m,ftppftrSef
* * *
Adkvf[laom a0g[m&rSm tpdk;&Hk;toHk;tE_ef;wGif =unf;wyfrS Adkvf odkr[kwf vufzfwifheifh udk
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfygonf? odkaomfvnf; trsm;oHk;pum;wGif ppft&m&Sdrsm;/ trdefay;olrsm;/ acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
Adkvf [k ac:avh&Sdygonf? wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh wufuGaeaom
xGef;opfp ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhajray:ajccsvmonfESifh if;wyfrSt&m&Sdrsm;udk
&mxl;ra&G; Adkvf [k ac:a0:cJh=uygonf? vltrsm; pdwf"mwft&Sdefjrifhrm;I ab;tEW&m,fxlajymaom
ppfwGif;umvwGif vlpGrf;aumif;rsm; aps;aumif;av&m Adkvf wkdif;udk pJGrufzG,f&m
pdwful;,OfyHkjyifqefqef roJuGJaom tawG;jzifh _jrif=uygonf? if;wdkteuf a&SqHk;rS xifay:aeolrSm
atmifqef;jzpfygonf? touf (27) ESpfyif rjynfhao;bJ pdwf"mwftvGefjyif;xef+yD;
ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfojzifh rsKd;cspfvli,f ppfaoemywdtoGifaqmifae&m if;ESifhywfoufI oDcsif;/
uAsmrsm; a&pyf&mY pdwful;uGefjrL;vm=uygonf?
igwdkjrefrmjynfr,f
rdbwdkif;uuG,f
Adkvfatmifqef;vdk tmZmenftppfawG
arG;=u&r,f
&mZ0iftwKywWdvnf; &Sd&r,f
armfuGef;vnf; xdk;avmufwJh
jrifhjrwfwJh Adkvfatmifqef;&,f
(aqmif;yg;tquf vmonf)
&Sif;vif;jyefom;pGmjzifh vHk;0pdwfxm;rSefatmif xdef;odrf;cJhygonf? xkdpOfu usif;yavh&Sdaom
tcrf;tem;wckwGif atmifqef;tm; urBmhorkdif;wGif xif&Sm;rnf[k csD;rGrf;aom=obmpmudk
zwf=um;aomtcg urBmhorkdif;wGifrqdkESifh/ Armhorkdif;Yyif ae&mr&ao;yg[k atmifqef;u uGwfqyfqyf
rSwfcsufcsoGm;cJhygonf? awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wav#mufwGif ppfwyfudk OD;aqmifcJhonfhaemufydkif;wGif
jyefvnfwnfaxmifvdkufaom +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;cJh+yD; bk&ifcH. tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDwGif
'kOuUXtjzpf ceftyfjcif;cH&aomtcgYyif atmifqef;u usKyfwdk tck rp&ao;/ rvkyf&ao;bl;? 'ga=umifh
csD;rGrf;p&m&Sdvnf; tckcsD;rGrf;rcHcsifao;bl; [k ajymaewkef;yif jzpfygonf? xdkpOftcsdefu if;onf
trsKd;om;vlpGrf;aumif;tjzpfodk a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpf+yD; EkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif AdkvfcsKyf [k od&Sd=uum
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk. acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfycHae&olyif jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyf [lonfrSm 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmufwGif&Sdaom tqifhyifjzpfaomfvnf; atmifqef;u
&,lvdkufaomtcg ,if;&mxl;tqifhonfvnf; jrefrmjynfwGif twkr&Sd/ xl;jcm;ta&;ygaom
t"dy`m,foufa&mufr_&Sdvmygonf? AdkvfcsKyf[lonfrSm wyfrawmf. zcif/ tiftm;}uD;aom
udk,fusKd;r=unfhaom acgif;aqmifr_/ a0g[m&t"dy`m,ft& Adkvfrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfol [k oabm&ygonf?
Adkvf ygVdpmvHk; Av (cGeftm;) rS vmjcif;jzpfygonf? odkaomfvnf; csD;usL;xdkufaom cGeftm;ESifh
rvdkvm;tyfaomtiftm;udk cJGjcm;&onfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? um, yvkyfjcif;ESifh Av wdk
aygif;pyfvdkufygu AvuUm, t=urf;zufjcif;jzpfvmygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf vufcHEkdifavmufaom
tueftowf twkdif;twmxufausmfvGefI cGeftm;udk toHk;yaomtcg zsufqD;jcif;tjzpfodk
a&muf&Sdvmygonf? TtEW&m,fudk udk,fusifhw&m;jzifh xdef;csKyfjcif; ryygu EdkifiHa&; odkr[kwf
vlr_a&;tajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh 0kef;okef;um; jzpfaeaom tcsdeftcgY t}uD;rm;qHk;aom
tEW&m,fjzpfvmEkdifrnfrSm txl;ajymp&mrvdkyg? Todkaom tcsdefumvwGif atmifqef;onf
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if;onf pdwfESifh pdwf"mwfwdk. pGrf;tm;ESifhqkdifaom oabmw&m;ukd i,fpOfuyif od&SdrnfjzpfI Avig;yg;
(aENig;yg; odkr[kwf pdwfudk xdef;odrf;Ekdifaomw&m;rsm;) udkvnf; avhvmqnf;yl;cJhrnfjzpfygonf?
if;wdkrSm o'<g/ 0d&d,/ owd/ orm"dESifh ynmwdkjzpfygonf? avmuDtvdkt& Avig;wefjzpfaom um,/
Om%/ abm*/ rdwW/ pm&dwWAvwdkonf avmukwW&mtusKd;aqmifAvrsm;xuf edrfhus+yD; *k%foduQm&SdpGm
tusKd;ay;rnfhtiftm;rsm;jzpfvmEdkif&ef if;wdkudk pdwfESifh pdwf"mwfypkysKd;axmifjcif;jzifh
xdef;odrf;xm;&rnfjzpfygonf? odkaomfvnf; cGeftm;. aumif;usKd;/ qdk;usKd;udk todOm%fynmt&
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trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmiftjzpfif; pnf;urf;jzifh rxdef;xm;aom tiftm;.
vufawGtEW&m,frsm;udk if;u aumif;pGmod&Sdxm;olyifjzpfygonf?
atmifqef;onf if;wnfaxmifxm;aom wyfrawmfudk pnf;urf;}uD;I *k%fusufoa&&Sdaom
tzJGtpnf;tjzpf &nfrSef;xm;ygonf? tepfemcHjcif;/ udk,fhpnf;udk,fxdef;jcif;/ azmufjyefr_uif;jcif; paom
ausmufom;yuwdcdkifrmonfh jrifhjrwfaom*k%ft*Fgrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aomwyfrawmf/
udk,fydkiftusKd;tjrwfrar#mfudk;bJ wkdif;jynfwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef rdrd.cGeftm;udk vHk;0ay;vxm;aom
wyfrawmfomjzpf&rnf[k atmifqef;u ,lqygonf? vufeuftiftm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&m
ypPnf;ud&d,mtjzpf xifrSwfaprnfh oabmxm;rsm;/ &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk a&SmifusOfyg&ef
ppfonfawmfrsm;tm; atmifqef;u wdkufwGef;qHk;rcJhygonf? tm;}uD;olu tm;enf;oludk
tEdkifusifhvdkaom vlobm0udkaxmufjyI rw&m;yusifhaom tm;}uD;olwdktm;
ra=umufrHGqefusif&efESifh tm;enf;olwdktay:wGif ajzmifhrSefw&m;r#wpGm yusifh&ef atmifqef;u
wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? 'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEkdifiH/ 'DvlrsKd;twGuf/ 'DvlrsKd;awG&J udk;uG,f&m/ vJavsmif;&m/
qnf;uyf&mqdkwJh taersKd;jzpf&r,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ 'Dwyfrawmf[m EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;awG&J pdwfxJrSm
atmhESvHk;emp&mjzpfr,fqdkvdk&Sd&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsuf[m tvum;yJjzpfr,f
[kvnf; owday;cJh. (31-1-44)? wkdif;jynfu udk;uG,fqnf;uyfxdkufaom
xl;c|efonfhwyfrawmfjzpfvmap&ef tqufrjywf ud;yrf;tm;xkwfae&rnfjzpfygonf? odkaomf
xl;c|efojzifh acgif;aqmifr_ay;&ef txl;tcGifhta&;&Sdaom vufa&G;pifvlwpkjzpfvm&rnf r[kwfyg?
jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf vlwOD;wa,muftwGuf/ wzJG/ vlwpk/ wygwDtwGuf wnfaxmifxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ
wjynfvHk;twGuf wnfaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k atmifqef;u &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm ajymqdkxm;ygonf?
if;wdkYomv#if jynfcspfpdwf&SdEkdifonf[laom t,ltqudk cH,lxm;=uonfh ppfr_xrf;rsm;.
ao;odrfarS;rSdefaom tjrifudkvnf; atmifqef;u y,fcsygonf? wjcm; ppfom;r[kwfayrJh EdkifiHtwGuf
trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGefpm;vkyfwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ? tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh
pdwf"mwfoabmxm;udk ajymif;=u&r,f (13-3-44)?
atmifqef;u ppfom;rsm;udk wif;rmjyif;xefpmG owday;qHk;rae&onfhtcsufrSm wyfrawmfudk
ESdrfvdkaoma=umifhr[kwfbJ igwdk[m vufeufudkifvlawGjzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EkdifiH&J
&efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&J rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;oabmaygufatmif ajymjyjcif;yJ [k
udk,fwdkifrdef=um;cJhygonf (13-3-44)? wkdif;jynf. *k%foduQm[lonfrSm jynfolwdk. *k%foduQmjzpfonf/
jynfolwdk. *k%foduQmonf if;ESifh if;ppfom;rsm;. *k%foduQmESifh cJGjcm;Ir&[k atmifqef;u
,Hk=unfxm;ygonf? olvdkvm;aom pHjyvufeufukdifwyfzJGqdkonfrSm ppfr_xrf;wkdif;.
tytrltusifhwdkonf 18 &mpk eef;wGif;pmqdkawmf vuf0JokEN& (1723-99) a&;om;zJGqdkxm;aom
eENdaoeysKdyg oabmw&m;jzifh jynfh0aernfjzpfaom wyfzJGyifjzpf&ayrnf?
ppfenf;AsL[m/ b,fvdkomvnf;
pJGudkifvufeuf/ b,fvdkxufvnf;
jynfolESvHk;/ rodrf;uH;v#if
jynfolcGeftm;/ rudk;pm;v#if
"g;oGm;vnfauG/ vSHvnf;acGtHh?
(vuf0JokEN&/ eENdaoeysKdrS)
vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tjrifhrm;qHk;tqifhodk a&muf&SdvmonfESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
jynfolpdwfESvHk;udk odrf;uH;I/ jynfoltiftm;udk udk;pm;a=umif; ydkI odomxif&Sm;vmygonf?
vlwOD;wa,mufonf rnfr#avmuf pGrf;yum;&Sdapumrl vlxk. tm;ay;,kdif;yif;r_r&SdbJvsuf
&mZ0ifwGifavmufaom vkyfief;rsKd;udk jzpfajrmufatmif raqmif&GufEkdif [k ,Hk=unfonfhtavsmuf
vGwfvyfa&;ud;yrf;r_wGif jynfolwdkudk if;aemufrS +rJ+rHpGm }uH}uHckdifckdif &yfwnf=uyg&ef yef=um;cJhygonf?
ppfrSefaom tm;ay;axmufcHr_udk twif;t"rRenf;jzifh r&,lEkdifa=umif; if;u od&Sdxm;ygonf?
r[kwfrrSefaom uwdrsm;ay;Iif;/ ajrmufyifhajymqdI k if;/ axmufcHr_&,laomenf;udk if;u roHk;yg?
ppfa=umifh t}uD;tus,fysufpD;ae&onfh ajray:wGif vGwfvyfaom udk,fxludk,fx wdkif;EkdifiHudk
wnDwnGwfwnf; 0dkif;0ef;wnfaxmif&ef if;ESifh jynfolvlxkt=um; tjyeftvSef,Hk=unfr_ESifh
dkaoav;pm;r_wdk. wckwnf;aomtajccHrSm dk;om;ajzmifhrwfyGifhvif;r_yif jzpfonf[k
AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;u ,lqygonf? EdkifiHa&;wGif vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r_/ aumufuspfpOf;vJr_wdkudk
OD;pm;ay;usifhoHk;aejcif;onf jynfolvlxkudk apmfum;&ma&mufonfhtjyif rdrd. oduQmorm"dudkvnf;
azmufzsuf&ma&mufygonf?
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;trsm;pkonf todw&m;jzifh trSm;xuf trSefudkom wefzdk;xm;+yD;
trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf[k ,lqI atmifqef;u vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
,if;,lqcsufonf rSm;,Gif;jcif;r&Sdyg? if;. ud;yrf;r_rsm;udk jynfolvlxku tjynfht0
em;vnfoabmayguf=u+yD; pnf;vHk;nDnmpGm axmufcHtm;ay;I wHkjyef=uojzifh 1947 ckESpf {+yDvY
usif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif zufqpfqefusifa&; jynfolvGwfajrmufa&; (zqyv) tzJGrS
0ifa&muf,SOfydifoltrsm;pk tEkdif&cJhygonf? atmifqef;onf tpdk;&tm%m. tqift,if/
taqmifta,mifrsm;udk *kpdkufvSolr[kwfaomfvnf; jynfolwdku a&G;cs,fxm;aom
acgif;aqmifqdkonfh*k%fudkrl dk;om;pGmjrwfEdk;olyifjzpfygonf? acgif;aqmifr_wm0efrsm;udk atmifqef;
av;av;eufeuf cH,lxm;ygonf? acgif;aqmifr_[lonfrSm ao&rnf odkr[kwf uJh&J_wfcsrnfudk
a=umufHGjcif;r&SdbJ rdrdrSefonf[k ,lqaomudpPukd owWd&Sd&Sdjzifh vkyfudkif&Jojzifh vlxku
,Hk=unfpGmay;tyfxm;aom t&mjzpfonf[k atmifqef;u jrifygonf? wkdif;jynftay:wGif xm;&Sd&rnfh
if;. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; ysufuGufygu ay;xm;aom acgif;aqmifr_udk jynfolu
jyefvnfodrf;,l&rnf[kvnf; vufcHygonf? if;ESifh if;. tpdk;&tzJGudk wkdif;jynfu
dkaoav;pm;jcif;r&SdawmhaomtcgwGif if;wdk &mxl;rS E_wfxGufrnf[k atmifqef;u ajymaomtcg
tajymoufoufomr[kwfbJ zsufrnfr[kwfaom uwdudk ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf[k jynfolwdku
od&Sd=uygonf? tiftm;qdkonfrSm w&m;r#wrSefuefaom OD;wnfcsuftwGuf toHk;yrSomv#if
wefzdk;&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unfaom EkdifiHhacgif;aqmif ppfonfwOD;tzdk *k%foduQmr&SdbJ tkyfcsKyfjcif;onf
ESpfvdkzG,f&mr[kwfyg?
jynfolvlpGrf;aumif;[lonf jynfol. ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufudk udk,fpm;yygonf? vufawGb0&Sd
acgif;aqmifrsm;rSmrl jynfolwdk. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmfay;Ekdifrnfh twkdif;twmudkom
a&mifjyef[yfae=uygonf? uHcJvSaom orkdif;tcsdeftcgrsm;wGif ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufESifh
wu,fhvufawGb0wdk wxyfwnf; wkdufqdkifoGm;aomtcgY jynfolvlxkonf udk,fa&mpdwfyg
tifwdkuftm;wdkuf tpGrf;ukefvkyfaqmif=u+yD; tcsif;csif; nDnGwf=uygonf? ,if;tcsdeftcgudk
owd&aejcif;jzifh oduQmrJhI atmifjrifr_ajcmufcrf;aom umvrsm;wGif tm;arG;/ *k%f,lEkdifygonf?
atmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom wdkawmif;vSonfh umvtwGif;Y jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdkonf
if;wdkudk,fif;wdk xdkufxdkufwefwef ,Hk=unftm;udk;cGifh&=uolrsm;wGif&Sdaom ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;/
vkyfcsifudkifcsifaom tiftm;rsm;jzifh jynfhzd;ae=uygonf? if;wkd. AdkvfcsKyfu if;wdkudk pnf;urf;ESifh
vHkv0d&d,r&Sd[lI ol0oDtwdkif; wHk;wHk;wdwd jypfwif}udrf;armif; qlylonfhtcgYyif if;wdkonf
pdwfysufjcif;r&Sd=ubJ AdkvfcsKyfonf rdrd. csKd,Gif;csufrsm;udk rdrdudk,fwkdif jyifqif&ef qEN&SdouJhodk
if;wdkudkvnf; if;wdk. csKd,Gif;csufrsm;udk jyifapvdkonf[k taotcsmod&Sdxm;=uojzifh ydkIyif
ud;pm;csifpdwf aygufvm=uygonf?
b0[lonfrSm trSefw&m;ESifh tjypfuif;pifr_udk &SmazGaom rGefjrwfonfh c&D;pOf [k
atmifqef;u ,lqxm;ygonf? Todk &SmyHkawmfzGifh&mwGif olESifhtwl wkdif;jynfudkyg o,faqmifoGm;&ef
ud;pm;cJhygonf? vufawGrusavmufatmif jrifhrm;onf[k qdk&avmufaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmf&mY tHh=ozG,f&matmifjrifr_rsm;onf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;. t&nftcsif;udkif;/
ajymonfhtwkdif; vkyfI oduQmorm"dESifh dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_onf vufawGEdkifiHa&;.
xda&mufaomtajccHjzpfEkdifa=umif; jyocJhaom atmifqef;. pGrf;&nfudkif; *k%fy&ma&mufygonf?
atmifqef;onf ppfonfawmfwOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf wdkufcdkuf&rnfqdkv#if
taotcsmwdkufoljzpfygonf? odkaomf wdkufyJG+yD;aomtcgwGif a=umufHGjcif;r&SdbJ vufeufudk
ab;z,fum +idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;udk vdkufcJholjzpfygonf? if;. vufxJodk EkdifiHa&;tm%m
a&muf&SdvmaomtcgwGifvnf; usKyfu arwWmESifh opPmudk a&Sxm;+yD; tkyfcsKyfr,f [k [efrvkyfbJ
dk;om;pGmajymEkdifolyifjzpfygonf? if;tm; axmufcHolrsm;u if;onf rdrdwdk. touf/ rdrdwdk.
csrf;omr_ESifh rdrdwdk. ,Hk=unfr_wdkudk rqifrjcif tusKd;rJhatmif vkyfrnfr[kwf[k pdwfcsEkdif=uygonf? ol.
pum;twkdif; qdk&v#if atmifqef;onf wkdif;jynfudk t&rf;rJh ajAmif;qefatmif vkyfrnfh
EkdifiHa&;pwefrif;om; r[kwfyg? jynfolvlxku if;. acgif;aqmifr_udk ,Hk=unfrnfqdkygu wESpftwGif;
vGwfvyfa&;udk twwfEkdifqHk; +idrf;csrf;pGm&,lrnf[k &J&J}uD; tmrcHcJhygonf? usKyf[m usKyfuwdudk
rzsufcJhbl;qdkwm cifAsm;wdk odw,fr[kwfvm;? Tpum;udk 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&D (4) &ufaewGif
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtm; vGwfvyfaom orwEkdifiH[k ra=unmrD (11) vwdwdtvdku
ajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&aomtcgwGif atmifqef; uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpfygonf? olwyg;tm;
qifjcifwHkw&m;udk vufcHI pdwfaumif;apwemaumif; tppftrSefudk wHkjyefwwfaom todOm%f&Sdonf[k
,lqonfh tajccHoabmxm;&Sdol atmifqef;onf tm%m&&Sda&;udk udk,fusifhw&m;xufydkI
*ky=uaom EkdifiHa&;ydifzufwdk. opPmw&m;uif;rJhjcif;. '%fudk cHoGm;&ygonf? jrefrmjynftwGuf
if;xm;&Sdaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif *kwpdkufpOf;pm;awG;ac:
t}uHOm%frsm;xkwfouJhodk if;. udk,fa&;udk,fwmvHkcHr_twGuf *kwpdkuf&SdcJhygu atmifqef;onf
vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&rnfr[kwf[k ajymolrsm;&Sd=uygonf? odkaomf olom xdkuJhodk udk,fusKd;iJholjzpfcJhygu
acgif;aqmifonf EkdifiH.tiftm;jzpfonf [laomxHk;udk toufoGif;ay;vdkufaom AdkvfwumhAdkvf
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;u igwdk AdkvfcsKyf [k owfrSwfxm;aom Adkvfatmifqef;jzpfawmhrnf r[kwfyg?
&nfrSef;csufrsm;
awmfvSefa&;tv,fA[dkwGif
EdkbJvfqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaomrdefcGef;
("gwfyHkvmonf)
om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) 1991 ckESpf 'DZbFmv 10 &ufaeY
rdcifudk,fpm; EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk vufcH&if; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym=um;aepOf
(aqmif;yg;tqufvmonf)
Ttpdk;&onf ESpfaygif;oHk;q,feD;yg; rw&m;ojzifh tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonfhtwGuf wcsdefu
}uD;yGm;wdk;wufcJhaom jrefrma&$0gajronfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;wGif urBmhtqif;&JqHk; EkdifiHwEkdifiHb0odk
a&muf&SdoGm;&ygonf? =oZmtm%mudk xda&mufap&ef +cdrf;ajcmufr_/ a=umuf&GHr_/ zdESdyfr_/ rkef;wD;r_wdkudk
toHk;ycJhaom tjcm;tm%m&Sifpepfrsm;. uH=urRmuJhodk aemufqHk;wGif if;wdk. uH=urRmvnf;
jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnfudk &efukef&Sd tm%mydkifwdk. twGif;pdwfxJY od&Sd=u&rnf jzpfygonf? vuf&Sd
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDud;yrf;r_wkdufyJG 1988 ckESpfu/ vrf;rrsm;ay:Y aygufuJGxGufay:vmjcif;onf ta&SOa&my/
tm&SESifh tmz&duwdkwGif ay:aygufvmrnfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m 'Drdkua&pD 'Da&v_dif;}uD;. yxrqHk;aom
v_yf&Sm;r_w&yfyif jzpfygonf? ,ae 1991 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom/ acgif;rmaom
EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG vufatmufwGif qufvuf 'kuQcHae&ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHonf
odomxif&Sm;aeygonf? odkaomfvnf; tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif 'Drkdua&pDatmifyJGcHoGm;aom om"uonf
jrefrmjynfolwdktwGuf ta&;}uD;aom owif;yg;csufyifjzpfygonf? tm%m&Sifpepf pD;yGm;a&;onf vHk;0
pGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif; r&SdonfhtwGuf vuf&Sdtpdk;&onfvnf; usqHk;&rnf[laom ta=umif;=um;csuf
jzpfygonf? ,cktcgwGif jrifhwufaeaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_/ tvJGvJGtrSm;rSm;jzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
wefzdk;r&Sdaom usyfaiGwdkESifh &ifqdkifae&aom jrefrmtpdk;&onf rdrdwdk yvkyfcJhonfhtwkdif;
cHpm;ae&onfrSm oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkyg?
odkaomfvnf; vuf&Sdtm%m&tpdk;& usqHk;oGm;jcif;onf pD;yGm;a&; vHk;0
ydusysufjym;oGm;&aoma=umifh rjzpfygapESifh[k usaemf av;eufpGm ar#mfvifhygonf? ,ckESpftwGuf
qka=unmpOf EdkbJvfaumfrwDu azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; vltajccH*k%mw&m;t& yef=um;xm;onfudk
tm%m&tpdk;&u *kyrdaumif; yrdygvdrfhrnf? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fI a=umuf&GHxdwfvefatmif yvkyfaeaom
vuf&Sdvrf;pOfrsm;onf jrefrmhAk'<bmomtpOftvm. rGefjrwfaom udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk
csKd;azmufaejcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqum &GHrkef;aeolrsm;vnf; ppftpdk;&tzJGwGif yg&Sda=umif; usaemfodygonf?
TonfrSm tcsnf;ESD; udk,fvdk&mudk,fqJG+yD; awG;ac:jcif;r[kwfbJ usaemfhrdcifudk,fwkdif tm%mydkiftqifh&Sd
yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifh xdawGqufqH&if; &&Sdvmaom ,Hk=unfr_yifjzpfygonf? ppfr_xrf;rsm;ESifh if;wdk
rdom;pkrsm;om t"dutm;jzifh aexdkifaom rJqENe,fajrrsm;wGif olr. ygwD tEdkif&&SdonfrSmvnf;
Ttcsufudk xif&Sm;pGm om"ujyjcif;yif jzpfygonf? tm%mydkifrsm;xJrS ,if;odk r#wvdkaom/
oifhjrwfvdkaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;u jrefrmjynf. tvdktyfqHk;aom tcsdefumvY if;wdk. cHpm;csufrsm;udk
xdxda&mufa&muf tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SdEkdif&ef vkyfEkdifygap[k usaemf av;eufpGm qENyygonf?
usaemfhrdcifom ,ae vGwfvyfaeygu vl}uD;rif;rsm;udk aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; ajymqdk&if;
zdESdyfolESifh zdESdyfcHae&olwdkonf if;wdk. vufeufrsm;udk pGefypfI twlwuG yl;aygif;um
+idrf;csrf;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh *k%mw&m;wdktay:wGif tajccHaom wkdif;jynfudk wnfaqmufapEkdif&eftwGufyg
qkawmif;ay;yg&ef vl}uD;rif;wdktm; yef=um;rnf[k usaemf odygonf?
usaemfhrdciftm; 'Drkdua&pDtajymif;tvJrsm;udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &,lvdkaom
EkdifiHa&;twdkuftcH[k r=umc% xkwfazmfajymqdk a&;om;=uaomfvnf; olr ud;pm;&SmazGaeonfrSm
tajccHtm;jzifh pdwf"mwfa&;&m ajymif;vJr_jzpfonfudk usaemfwdk owd&oifhygonf? tppfrSefqHk;aom
awmfvSefa&;onf pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&;jzpf+yD; ,if;odk ud;yrf;tm;xkwf&mwGif vdktyfaom
pdwf"mwfa&;&m t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm; ESifh ywfoufIvnf; olr. a&;om;xm;csufrsm; &Sdygonf? ,if;
pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&; atmifjrif&efrSm vlwm0ef0wW&m;tay:wGif vHk;0 rlwnfaeygonf?
vlwm0ef0wW&m;odpdwf. rlv t&if;tjrpfrSm vHk;0 tjypfuif;pifjcif;[laom oabmw&m;udk em;vnfI
tjypfuif;pifvdkaom pdwfqEN/ tjypfuif;pif&ef enf;vrf;&SmEdkifaom todOm%fESifh ,if;enf;vrf;rsm;udk
vdkufemvdkaompdwf"mwf/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk tqHk;wkdif rvdkufEkdifonfhwkdifatmif rdrd. c|wf,Gif;csuf
tueftowfudk ausmfvGef&ef vdktyfaomtwkdif;twmtxd tenf;qHk; a&muf&Sdatmif ud;pm;vdkjcif;wdk
jzpfygonf? b0wGif jynfh0pGm aexkdi&f eftwGuf olwyg;. vdktyfcsufwm0efrsm;udk
xrf;aqmifvdkaomowWd &Sd&rnfjzpf.? Twm0efudk xrf;aqmifvdk&rnf[k olru qdkcJhygonf? Ttcsufudk
olr.,Hk=unfr_ESifh qufpyf,l&mwGif owW0gtaygif;wdkteuf vlom;ppfppfomv#if tqifhtjrifhqHk;
tajctaejzpfaom bk&m;tjzpfudk &&SdEkdifojzifh vlom;tm; tvGefwefzdk;xm;onfh jrefrmhdk;&m
,Ofaus;r_tajccHjzpfaom Ak'<0g't& vlwkdif;onf rdrdqENt& ud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh opPmw&m;udk
odEkdifpGrf;&Sd+yD; olwyg;udk odap&eftwGufvnf; ulnDEkdifaom tvm;tvm&Sdonf [k a&;om;xm;ygonf?
aemufqHk;wGif olru jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfonf jynfolwdku
urBmhtzJGtpnf;twGif; vGwfvyfaom wef;wlnDwltzJG0ifrsm;tjzpf jynfh0pGm t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd aexdkifEkdif&ef
kef;uefr_}uD;yif jzpfygonf? TonfrSm rdrdwdk. pdwf"mwfonf rdrd. obm0c|wf,Gif;csufrsm;tm;
ausmfvGefEdkifa=umif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef vlom;wdku tqufrjywf ud;yrf;tm;xkwfaer_.
tpdwftydkif;wckyif jzpfygonf[k a&;om;xm;ygonf?
aemfa0;wGif rdciftwGuf usaemfESifh usaemfhnDwdk qkxl;}uD;udk vufcH=u&onfrSm Tt}udrfonf
'kwd,t}udrfyif jzpfygonf? ,refESpfuvnf; odka&mhzf&mzfwdk (Thorolf Rafto) vltcGifhta&;qkudk
vufcH&ef bm*if (Bergen) odk usaemfwdk oGm;a&mufcJhygonf? ,ckESpftcrf;tem;. y%mryif
jzpfygonf? ,cktcg usaemfwdkwGif aemfa0;jynfolrsm;twGuf txl;cHpm;csufrsm; &Sdae=u+yD jzpfygonf?
r=umrDtwGif; usaemfwdkrdcifonfvnf; TcHpm;csufudk r#a0cHpm;Ekdif+yD; usaemfrSwqifh odkr[kwfbJ
rdrdudk,fwkdif wkdufdkuf pum;ajymEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usaemf ar#mfvifhygonf? TtawmtwGif; olrESifh
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdktm; Todk }uD;rm;xl;jcm;pGm axmufcHjcif;onf urBmhtpGefqHk;
qefusifbufae&mrsm;wGif aexdkifae=uaom jynfolESpf&yftm; ydkrdkeD;uyfatmif pkaygif;ay;&mus+yD;
,ckuJhodk jzpfay:vmaom qufoG,fr_rS ajrmufjrm;pGmaom tusKd;qufrsm; ay:xGufvmrnf[k usaemf
,Hk=unfygonf?
vl}uD;rif;tm;vHk;udk usaemfhtaejzifh pdwfxJESvHk;xJrS aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; ajymvdkygonf?
,aerSpI emusnf;csufrsm;/ tmCmwrsm; pwif ys,fajymufI jrefrmjynf +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&mwGif 1991
EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkonf orkdif;wGifrnfh ajcwvSrf;jzpfap&ef usaemfwdk qkawmif;&/ ar#mfvifh&rnf
jzpfygonf? twdwf. oifcef;pmrsm;udk arhavsmhrnf r[kwfaomfvnf; tem*wf ar#mfvifhcsuftwGuf
usaemfwdk ,ae tcrf;tem; qif,ifusif;yjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
10
EdkbJvfaumfrwDodkay;pm
56/ wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;
&efukef
14 ar 1992
ygarmuQ vGef'Dpwuf&Sifh
atmifqef;pk=unf
11
* * *
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vltcGifhta&;Oya'tzJGrS ESppf OfcsD;jrifhaom vltcGifhta&;qkudk orw
yufx&D_d-tvf0if (Patricio Aylwin) ESifhtwl wcsdefwcgxJ vufcH&,l&onfudk rsm;pGm*k%f,lrdygonf?
Tqkonf ,cktcgY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tvGefta&;}uD;vSaom udpP&yfrsm;udk tmHkpl;pdkufvmap&ef
rD;armif;xdk;ouJhodk jzpf&ygonf? csDvDEkdifiH orw}uD;onf trSefw&m;ESifh
jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;w&m;wdkt=um; ckdif+rJaom qufpyfr_&SdaeyHkudk waewjcm; vltrsm;
ydkrdkod&Sdoabmaygufvmap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif us,jf yefpGm dkaoav;pm;jcif;cH&aom xl;jcm;vSonfh
acgif;aqmifwOD;yifjzpfygonf?
vSnfhjzm;r_/ rw&m;r_/ vl*k%foduQmudk rav;pm;r_wdkrS jzpfay:vmaom a=umuf&HGr_ESifh
oHo,jzpfr_wdkonf vltcGifhta&;azmufzsufr_a=umifh uJGtufae&aom vltzJGtpnf;rsm;tay:Y
avmif;&dyfxdk;vsuf&Sdygonf? Todkaom vltzJGtpnf;rsm;wGif jzpfay:aeaom emusnf;csuf'%f&mrsm;udk
aysmufuif;atmif uko&mwGif jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;onf t"duyifjzpfygonf? TodkyvkyfEkdif&ef
wjynfvHk;. csrf;ajrom,ma&;udk yk*~vduESifh tkyfpkwdk. usOf;ajrmif;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;wdkxuf a&Swef;rS
xm;vdkaom jzLpifaomapwem &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? wOD;ESifhwOD; ydkI tjyeftvSef ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aom
tajctaevnf; &Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?
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ay:aygufapaom tytrlrsm;/ pdwfoabmxm;rsm;/ cHpm;csufrsm;udk "rR"dXmefusus trSefudk trSeftwdkif;
oHk;oyfqifjcif&ygvdrfhrnf? trSefw&m;udk &ifqkdif&aomtvkyfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? owWd&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf?
oefpifaomapwemESifh dk;ajzmifhaompdwfxm;rsm; arG;jrLjcif;tm;jzifh aemufqHk;wGif rvdkrkef;wD;r_ESifh
vdrfvnfr_wdkrS jzpfay:vmaom aysmufcJvSaomtusK;d qufrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm ausmfv$m;Ekdifrnf[k
,Hk=unfaom o'<gpdwfudkvnf; arG;&efvdkygonf?
trSefw&m;udk OD;wnfIvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfa=umif; vufcHvdkufjcif;onf ac|;odyfjcif;r#omjzpfaom
tay:,Ha=umoufouf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ausmfvGefI udk,fpdwfESvHk;yg nDnGwfpGmjzifh
bHkjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifaprnfh ppfrSefaom jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;vrf;udk yGifhapEkdifygonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOft&yf&yfwGif jynfh0pGm yg0ifqifEJ$ydkifcGifh
&Sd r&Sd/ vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJGrSwqifh jyocJhaom vlxkqENudk wu,fav;pm;r_ &Sd/ r&Sd?
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk jrifhwifjcif;jzifhif;/ vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; rKdifwnfaxmifjcif;jzifhif;/
vltcGifhta&;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm tumtuG,af y;jcif; &Sd/ r&Sd ponfwdkudk urBmu ,ae
apmifh=unfhavhvmaeygonf?
trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwf aygif;pnf;nDnGwfoGm;aomtcgY jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;wdkonf
vdkvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k usr tpOft+rJ
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tajymif;tvJrsm; vsifjrefpGm jzpfajrmufEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usr ar#mfvifhygonf?
vltcGifhta&; odkr[kwf 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh oufqkdifaom qkcsD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf[k
od&Sd&onfhtcgwdkif;Y csufcsif;qdkovdkyif usr. tawG;rsm;onf rdrdwdk,Hk=unfcsufrsm;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;
tepfemcH=u/ pGefv$wfcJhaom &J&ifhwnf=unfvSonfh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;xHodk a&muf&SdoGm;wwfygonf?
rdrdwdkEdkifiH. uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf ud;yrf;aeaom jynfolvlxkudkvnf;
tpOfrjywf owd&vsuf&Sdygonf? ,ae csD;jrifhaomqkudk jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;ESifh
vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHygonf?
usr. wkdif;jynfESifh usrudk TuJhodk *k%fyvkdufaom tjynfjynfqkdif&m
vltcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk vGefpGm av;pm;csD;rGrf;rdyga=umif; ajym=um;&if;
ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf
&efukef 12 arv 1992
12
pydeftdkvHypfrdefcGef;
("gwfyHkvmonf)
tdkvHypfrD;_; pydefEdkifiHodk a&muf&Sdvmonfudk udqdkaom atmifqef;pk=unf.
rdefcGef;tm; om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u
1992 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &ufaeY zwf=um;aepOf
(aqmif;yg;tqufjyefvmonf)
arG;&myg t&nftaoG;rsm;udk txl;c|efqHk;tqifhwkdif zHGzd;apEdkifrnfh b0rsKd;twGuf
pdwftcs&qHk;aom tajccHtkwfjrpfrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;yif jzpfygonf? zdESdyfr_a=umifh ydjym;pdwf+idrfaejcif;/
wzufowf w,loeftawG;tac:rsm; ydkufzufxm;onfh acgif;aqmifydkif;Y ya,m*a=umifh rv_yfr&Sm;
+idrfoufaeonfh pdwftajctae[lonfh okyfysuftwkta,mif +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkonfr[kwfyg?
w&m;r#wr_/ *k%mpdwf/ nDnmoifhjrwfr_/ yk*~vdu vGwfvyfr_/ trsm;jynfol xdef;odrf;tyfaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; &Sdoifh&Sdxdkufaom nDr#r_/ rdrdEkdifiHtay: xm;tyfaom wm0efodpdwfESifh
tjynfjynfqkdif&m todtjrifem;vnfr_rsm;udk r#watmifjrifatmif yvkyfr_ ponfwdktay:wGif
tajccHaom +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkygonf?
tdkvHypfrD;_;wdkifonf trGefjrwfqHk;aom pHxm;csufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; jyefvnfqef;opfr_ESifh
pdwf"mwfjyefvnfoefpifjrifhrm;apr_wdk. oauFwjzpfygonf? aemufwv=umaomtcgwGif ESpfaygif;
ESpfaxmifausmfu vlom;wdk. ud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_udk *k%fyonfhtaejzifh pwifusif;ycJhaom
tm;upm;yJGawmf}uD;udk Tae&mY acwfopftoGifjzifh usi;f yygawmhrnf? 1992 ckESpf tdkvHypfyJGawmf}uD;Y
EkdifiHwumtm;upm;pdwf"mwfrsm;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&m em;vnfr_pdwf"mwfrsm; tjrifhqHk;tqifhodk
a&mufEkdifygap[k qkrGefaumif;ydkovdkufygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh csrf;omokc&&Sda&;[laom
ydkrdkus,fjyefonfh kef;uefr_}uD;Yvnf; urBmolurBmom;tm;vHk; atmifyJGo&zlaqmif;Ekdif=uygap[lonfh
tvGefwefzdk;xm;&ygaom ar#mfvifhcsufudk azmfjyvdkuf&ygonf?
atmifqef;pk=unf
&efukef
8-6-1992
13
ppfrSefaom vHkcH&modk
(pmrsufESmwckvHk; wif&rnfacgif;pOf)
tydkif;-c
1988 =o*kwfvrS 1989 Zlvkdifvtxd
ajym=um;cJhaom
rdefcGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;
14
* * *
(rdefcGef;tqufvmygonf)
'DudpPrSm usr tcef;uudkvnf; eJeJ&Sif;jyyg&ap? bmjzpfvdkvJqdkawmh vltaygif;u
usrta=umif; odyf+yD;awmh rod=uygbl;? rod=uwJhtcgusawmh odcsifwJhqENawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? 'guvnf;
rSefwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? odawmhvnf; odxdkufygw,f? tJh'Dawmh wcsKduvnf; ajym=uw,f? usr[m EdkifiHjcm;rSm
aew,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;eJ tdrfaxmifusaew,f? ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;ta=umif; bmodovJvdk ajym=uygw,f?
yxr usr 'Duaep+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHyg&ap? usr EkdifiHjcm;rSm
aecJhw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;om;eJ tdrfaxmifusw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh
'gav;twGufa=umifheJ usr wkdif;jynftay:rSmxm;wJh arwWm[m b,fvdkeJrS usqif;roGm;Ekdifygbl;?
aemufwck ajymcsifwmuawmh usr[m ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ta=umif; bmrS em;rvnfbl;wJh?
wu,fawmh em;vnfvGef;vdk cufaewmyJ? ArmEdkifiHa&; b,favmuf_yfaxG;w,f/ 'D_yfaxG;r_'%fudk azaz
b,favmufcHcJh&w,fqdkwm usrwdk rdom;pk todqHk;ygyJ? azaz[m pdwfyef;udk,fyef;eJ 'DEkdifiHa&;udk
vkyfaqmifvmwm[m bmtusKd;pnf;pdrfrS rcHpm;cJh&ygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdkvdkvnf;
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhtcgusvdk&Sd&if xyf+yD;awmh tm%mvkwJh EdkifiHa&;rsKd;udk qufrvkyfbl;qdkwm azaz
twdtvif; ajymoGm;ygw,f?
'Dvdk ajymoGm;wmrsKd;a=umifhrdkvdk usrvnf; EkdifiHa&;avmueJ a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifygw,f?
tJh'Dvdk a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJhvsufom;eJ tckrS 'Dta&;tcif;rSm yg0ifaeovJvdk ar;p&m&Sdygw,f?
tJh'D[muawmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m wwdkif;jynfvHk;eJqdkifwJh ta&;tcif;jzpfaeygw,f? usrrSmvnf;
azazh&JorD;vkyf+yD;awmh acgif;a&Smif+yD;awmh aevdkrjzpfawmhbl;? 'Dta&;tcif;[m wu,fawmh
'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJG}uD;vdk ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfa&;udk wrsKd;om;vHk;
vdkcsifwJhqEN jyif;jyvGef;vdk jzpfay:vmwJh wdkufyJG}uD; jzpfygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDeJywfouf&if azazajymcJhwJh tcsufuav;wckudk usr zwfjycsifygw,f?
'Dtcsufuawmh usaemfwdk[m 'Drdkua&pD0g'udo k m acwfpm;atmifvkyf&r,f? tJh'D 0g'rsKd;t&om
vGwfvyfwJh ArmEkdifiH xlaxmifEkdifatmif ud;pm;&r,f? 'grsKd;rvkyfEkdif&if usaemfwdkjrefrmjynfu
vlawGvnf; epfemr,f? usaemfwdkjynfudkvnf; urBmu =unfhaevdk r&wJhwae *syefeJ *smr%D 0dkif;+yD;
tESdrfcH&ovdk tESdrfcH&r,fqdkwmudk owd&Sd=u&r,f? 'Drdkua&pD0g'uom vGwfvyfa&;eJ qDavsmfw,f? 'D
0g'om +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f tJh'g[m azazajymcJhwJh pum;awGyg?
("gwfyHkvmygonf)
1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 26 &ufae a&$wd*HkapwDawmfY rdefcGef;ajym=um;pOf
(rdefcGef;tqufvmygonf)
'ga=umifhrdkvdk usr[m usr&Jtaz tpOftvmtwdkif; 'Drdkua&pD vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGudk
0ifvdkEJ$cJh&ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drkdua&pD&zdk&ef jynfolvlxktm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwzf dk vdkygw,f? nDnGwf&if
bmrqdk jzpfEkdifygw,f? rnDnGwf&if bmrS rwwfEkdifbl;?
jynfolvlxk[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ r&SdEkdifvkd&Sd&if b,f0g'yJjzpfjzpf wkdif;jynfudk tusKd;ray;Ekdifbl;?
tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;pJGrSwfxm;zdk vdkygw,f? pnf;urf;r&Sdvdk&Sd&ifvnf; b,f0g'rS ratmifEkdifygbl;? tJh'Dawmh
usrwdk wkdif;oljynfom;awG[m nDnGwfzdk/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk t+rJvdkygw,f?
'DnDnGwfzdkta=umif;awG ajymaewkef;rSm usrwdk wckyJajymcsifygw,f? ,ck
usrajymoGm;wJhpum;awGxJrSm wcsKduvnf; oabmusr,fhpum;vnf; ygr,f/ rusr,fh pum;awGvnf;
ygr,f? 'gayr,fh usrtaeeJuawmh jynfolvlxkudk rSefrSefuefuefajymoifhw,fvdk ,Hk=unfw,f?
usrpdwfxJrSm&Sdovdk rSefrSefuefuef ajymoGm;rSmyJ? uduf&ifvnf; axmufcH=uyg/ ruduf&ifvnf;
usrpdwfxJrSm rSefwJhtwdkif;vkyfwmyJ? rudufwmawmh b,fvdkrS rwwfEkdifbl;? usr wckajymcsifwm[m
tcktcsdefrSm wyfrawmfeJ jynfolvlxkt=um;xJrSm pdwf0rf;uJGae=uygw,f? 'Dpdwf0rf;uJGr_}uD;[m
aemifwkdif;jynftwGuf tEW&m,ftrsKd;rsKd; jzpfEdkifygw,f? Armhwyfrawmfqdkwm usrtaz ypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh
wyfrawmfyg?
azaz ypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfqdkwm pum;t&om r[kwfygbl;? tppftrSefygyJ?
azazudk,fwkdif ca&aphwGif;us atmufajcuaep+yD;awmh 'Dwyfrawmfudk b,fvdkxlaxmif&r,fqdkwm
olvufa&;eJ a&;xm;wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f? azazu wyfrawmftwGuf
bm&nfrSef;csufawG &SdcJhovJ? tJh'D &nfrSef;csufwckavmuf usr zwfjyyg&ap?
'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEdkifiH/ 'DvlrsKd;twGuf/ 'DvlrsKd;awG udk;uG,f&m/ vJavsmif;&m/ qnf;uyf&mqdkwJh
taersKd; jzpf&r,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ wyfrawmfu EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awG&J pdwfxJrSm
atmhESvHk;emp&mjzpfr,fqdk&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsufawG[m tvum;
jzpfoGm;awmhrSmyJ?
usr rSefrSefyJ ajymyg&ap? usr[m wyfrawmftay:rSm tifrwef oHa,mZOf}uD;ygw,f?
azazwnfaxmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfvnf;jzpfw,f? usrwdkqdkwmvnf; i,fi,fuwnf;u
&JabmfawGvufxJrSm }uD;vmwmygyJ? jynfolvlxk}uD;uvnf; azazhtay:rSm tifrwef
arwWm&Sdw,fqdkwm usr odygw,f? 'DarwWmawGtwGufvnf; usr tifrwef aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
azazypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfeJ azazhtay:rSm tifrwefarwWm&SdwJh vlxk}uD;xJrSm ydyuQ
rjzpfapcsifygbl;? wyfrawmfom;awGudkvnf; usr 'DuaeyJ arwWm&yfcHyg&ap? vlxktm;udk;EkdifwJh
wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap? wkdif;jynf&J *k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;EdkifwJh wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap?
jynfolvlxkuvnf; jzpf+yD;cJhwJh[mawGudk ud;pm;cGifhv$wf+yD;awmh wyfrawmftay:rSm
arwWmrysufygapeJvdk awmif;yefyg&ap? usrwdktm;vHk;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ qufvufoGm;rSom
wnfwHhckdif+rJwJh jynfaxmifpkyef;wkdif}uD;udk a&mufEdkifrSmyg? tck ra&mufao;ygbl;?
'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudkawmif ra&mufao;ygbl;? ra&mufcifu uJGuJGjym;jym; r&SdygeJ? tm;vHk;
wnDwnGwfwnf; 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk OD;wnf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uyg? tJh'Dvdk csDwufoGm;wJhae&mrSm
+idrf;csrf;wJhenf;vrf;udk oHk;apcsifygw,f? vlrsKd;wrsKd;[m EdkifiHol/ EdkifiHom;taygif;wdk[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ/
+idrf;csrf;wJhenf;awGeJ udk,fvdkwJhqENawGudk jznfhpGrf;Ekdifw,fqdkwm tifrwef*k%foduQmeJjynfhpHkwJh
tytrljzpfygw,f?
'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh ausmif;om;awGeJywfoufvdk usr ajymp&mav;awG&Sdygw,f?
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tifrwefrS awmfygw,f? olwdk&J vufHk;&nfudkvnf; jy+yD;yg+yD/ tckvnf;
quf+yD;awmh olwdk&J ESvHk;&nfudk jyr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f?
'Dausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; tcsif;csif; nDnn D GwfnGwfeJ quf+yD; vufwJGoGm;zdk usr
arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? tckqdk&if ausmif;om;awGxJrSmvnf; tzJGtpnf;awG &Sd=uygw,f?
'DtzJGtpnf;awG[m tm;vHk;pkHk;+yD;awmh wnDwnGwfwnf; jzpfoGm;apcsifygw,f? tJh'D[mtwGufvnf;
ausmif;om;nDvmcHwck ac:r,fvdk usr =um;aeygw,f? 'DnDvmcH}uD; jzpfay:wJhtcgus&if
ausmif;om;awGtm;vHk; wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfoGm;ygapvdk usr qkawmif;vdkufygw,f?
ausmif;om;av;awGu usrudk ar;=uw,f? usr&JaemufrSm b,fEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; &SdaeovJ/
'DEkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m usrudk ud;qJG+yD;awmh olwdkudk eif;oGm;rSm pdk;&drfw,fvdk ajym=uygw,f? tJ'Dvdk
yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymwm usr tifrwef0rf;omw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tifrwef yGifhvif;w,f?
oG,f0dkufwJh pum;awG rajymwwfbl;? usruvnf; rSefwJhtwdkif;yJ jyef+yD;awmh ajymvdkufygw,f?
usraemufrSm b,fEkdifiHa&;orm;rS r&Sdygbl;? usr tckvkyfaewJh vkyfief;[mawmh jynfolvlxkvdkcsifwJh
'Drdkua&pDjzpfajrmufa&; vkyfief;ygyJ? 'Drdkua&pD jzpfajrmufa&;twGufudk 0dkif;+yD;awmh ulnDcsifygw,fqdkwJh
EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awG &Sdygw,f? tJh'D EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGudk usruawmh &Sif;&Sif;yJ
ajymxm;ygw,f? 'DvdkulnDvdk aemif EkdifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfr,fqdk&if usr vHk;vHk;raxmufcHbl;qdkwm
tckuwnf;u usr ajymxm;ygw,f?
jynfolvlxka&SrSm usr jyef+yD;awmh ajymygr,f? 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;ulnDwJh
EdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;awG[m aemifEdkifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfzdk ud;yrf;&if usrudk,fwkdif wuf+yD;awmh 'Dvl}uD;awGudk
_wfcsay;yghr,f?
aemufwckuawmh usrwdkwdkif;jynfrSm vl}uD;eJvli,f =um;xJrSm uGJuGmr_awG &Sdygw,f?
tJh'DuJGuGmr_awGudkvnf; ajz&Sif;zdkvdkygw,f? vli,fawGu vli,fawG/ vl}uD;awGu vl}uD;awG qdkwJh
pdwfxm;awG jzpfaeygw,f? jynfolvlxk&J tiftm;[m waexufwae }uD;vmyg+yD? 'Dvdk}uD;vmvdkvnf;
ydk+yD;awmh pnf;eJurf;eJ xdef;zdkvdkygw,f? pnf;r&SdwJh tiftm;/ trSefw&m;eJ rudkufnDwJh tiftm;qdkwm
b,fawmhrS aumif;usKd; ray;Ekdifygbl;?
trsm;twGufyg tEW&m,fjzpfEkdifygw,f? tJh'ga=umifhrdkvdk trSefw&m;eJ udkufnDwJh pGrf;tm;udkyJ
quf+yD;awmh oHk;=uyg? trSefw&m;eJ rudkufnDwJh pGrf;tm;udk roHk;ygeJ? tckvlxkbufuae
tm;}uD;aewJhtcsdefrSm tm;i,fwJh tpkt0dkif;udkvnf; EdkifhxufpD;eif; rvkyf=uygeJ? 'Dvdk
EkdifhxufpD;eif;vkyfwm[m tusifhraumif;ygbl;? jynfolvlxk&J *k%foduQmudkvnf; usqif;apygvdrfhr,f?
jynfolvlxkbufuae+yD;awmh cGifhv$wfEkdifwJh oabmxm;&Sdw,fqdkwmudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifay:ygap?
tckqdkvdk&Sd&if usrwdk[m tm;vHk; jynfolvlxktaygif;u bmudk vdkvm;aeovJqdkwm pOf;pm;vdkufvdk&Sd&if
t"dutcsufuawmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vdkvm;ae=uygw,f? wygwDpepfudk zwfcscsif=uygw,f?
aemuf tckqdkvdk&Sd&if orw a'gufwmarmifarmif[m vlxkqENcH,lyJGusif;yzdk/ rusif;yzdk
nDvmcHac:r,fvdk qdkygw,f? usrtaeeJ ajym&&ifawmh 'DvlxkqENcH,lyJG[m rvdkawmhygbl;?
wwdkif;jynfvHk;&J qEN[m uGufuGufuGif;uGif; ay:aeyg+yD? tm;vHk;[m ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkyJ
vdkvm;aew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS ay:vGifaeyg+yD? 'Dpepfudk tjrefqHk;jzpfay:vmEkdifzdk vkyfay;zdk[m ,ck
tm%mydkiftpdk;&awG&J wm0efjzpfygw,f?
yef;wdkifudk ra&mufao;bl;qdkwm rarh=uygeJ ? 'Drkdua&pD&wJh tcgusvdk&Sd&if
b,fvdkjynfaxmifpk}uD;udk wnfwHhckdif+rJatmif b,fvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwmudk pOf;pm;xm;=uygOD;? wkdif;jynf&J
tem*wfudk a&S_=uyg? wkdif;jynf&J tem*wfudk rawG;vdk&Sd&if tckvufiif; jzpfay:vmwJh
yjyifajymif;vJr_awGuvnf; udk,fhwkdif;jynfudk tusKd;ay;EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dawmh azazajymcJhovdk
usrwdk EdkifiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;[m pnf;urf;dkaozdk/ nDnGwfzdkqdkwmudk b,fESpfcgyJajymajym ajymvdkudk
rukefEdkifatmif ajym&r,fhudpP}uD;wck jzpfaeygw,f?
tck usrwdk[m vlxkqENcH,lyJG}udD; rvdkawmhygbl;? ygwDpHk 'Drkdua&pDpepfudkyJ vdkvm;ygw,f?
'D[mudk jrefjrefjzpfatmif vkyfay;=uyg? 'D[m jzpfay:vmatmifvdk w&m;r#wwJh/ oef&Sif;wJh
a&G;aumufyJGudkvnf; jrefjrefqefqef jzpfEkdifatmif vkyfay;=uyg? 'D oef&Sif;wJh/ w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyJGawG jzpfEkdifzdk tajctaeudkvnf; zefwD;ay;zdkvdkygw,f? tckqdkvdk&Sd&if
jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;[m vuf&Sdtpdk;&tay:rSm t,Hkt=unf tifrwefrS ysufaew,f? tJh'Dawmh[m
oef&Sif;pif=u,fwJh/ w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJG jzpfay:vmzdkta&;udk tu,fIrsm; b,fvdkjzpfatmif
vkyf&rvJ/ vkyfay;zdk&m aumif;ygw,f?
t"du&nf&G,fcsufuawmh 'Dtpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/ =um;jzwftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/
aemuftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;? jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJ om,m0ajyma&;twGuf vkyfay;EkdifwJh
tpdk;&ygyJ? 'Dt"duudpPtay:rSm rsufajcrjywfygapeJ? wkdif;jynf&J tem*wfta&;udk rarhygeJ?
arhoGm;vdk&Sd&if tck&&SdwJh atmifjrifr_[m aemifus qHk;_H;r_ jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f? tck usrwdk
b,ftajctaerSm a&mufae+yDvJ/ yef;wdkifudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; jrifaeyg+yD? jrifaewJh yef;wdkifudk tm;vHk;
vufwJG+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uygpdk/ pdwf0rf;ruJG=uygeJ? ausmif;om;av;awGbufu txl; pdwf0rf;ruJGzdk
vdkygw,f? ausmif;om;av;awGudk pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvnf; xdk;qGray;=uygeJ? ausmif;om;av;awG[m
wkdif;jynf&J tem*wf acgif;aqmifay;r,fh vli,fav;awG jzpf=uygw,f? 'Dausmif;om;av;awG&J pdwf"mwf
usatmifvkyfvdkufr,fqdk&if aemif wkdif;jynf nDnGwfa&;twGufvnf; xdyg;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f?
nDnGwfa&;ta=umif; ajymaewJhtcsdefrSm jynfaxmifpkta=umif; c%avmuf ajymvdkufyg&ap?
vlrsKd;pkawGtm;vHk;[m nDnGwfzdk vdkygw,f? tck vlrsm;pk/ vlrsm;pkuawmh jrefrmvlrsKd;awG jzpfygw,f?
vlrsm;pk jrefrmawG[m vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh wkdif;&if;om;awGeJ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;jzpfzdk tvGefud;pm;zdk
vdkygw,f? ukd,fu tm;&SdaewJhvl/ udk,fu tm;rsm;aewJhvlrdkvdk ydk+yD;awmh ud;pm;zdkvdkygw,f?
tm;rsm;aewJhvlqdkwm tm;enf;aewJhvludk tpOft+rJav#mh+yD;awmh nmay;zdkvdkygw,f? tJh'Dae&mrSm
'DwygwDpepfudk axmufcHaewJhvlawGeJ ywfoufvdkvnf; usr wckajymyg&ap? ygwD0ifaygif;
tajrmuftjrm; 'DygwDtay:rSm t,Hkt=unfr&Sdawmhbl;qdkwm usr odygw,f?
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdawmhvdk&Sd&ifvnf; 'DygwDu xGufvdkuf=uyg? ygwD0ifu'fjym;awGvnf; jyeftyfvdkuf=uyg?
'gayr,hfvnf; olwdk&J t,Hkt=unft& ygwD0iftaeeJ quf+yD; xrf;aqmifaewJh vlawGudkvnf;
tEW&m,fry=uygeJ? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm rm;rm;rwfrwf udk,fh,Hk=unfcsufudk,f&SdEkdifwJh pepfrsKd; jzpfygw,f?
olwdku quf+yD;,Hk=unfr,fqdkvdk&Sd&if tEW&m,fry=uygeJ? udk,fhbmom udk,fvdkcsifwJh yef;wdkifudkom
nDnDnGwfnGwfwufyg? udk,fu tm;}uD;aevdk tm;enf;wJhvludk jyef+yD; uvJhpm;acswJhudpPrsKd;
rjzpfay:ygapeJ? tckqdkvdk&Sd&if usrwdkrSef;xm;wJh tcsdefxuf trsm;}uD; tcsdefvGefoGm;yg+yD? tJh'Dawmh usr
pOf;pm;xm;wmxuf eJeJ ydk+yD;awmh twdkcsKH;+yD;awmh ajym&r,fh tajctaersKd; jzpfaeyg+yD? 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJGudk
aemufqHk; usr ajymcsifwmuawmh usrwdkvlxk[m nDnGwfzdk vdkygw,f/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk vdkygw,f?
trSefw&m;eJ udkufnDwJhpGrf;tm;udk quf+yD;oHk;oGm;zdk vdkygw,f? tJh'Dvdk oHk;oGm;rSom usrwdkvdkwJh
yef;wdkifudk a&mufEdkifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usr tEl;tnGwf jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udk awmif;yefyg&ap?
jynfolvlxktm;vHk; nDnGwf=uygap? pnf;urf;&Sdygap? trSefw&m;eJudkufnDwJh vlrsKd;w&yfjzpfygap?
jynfolvlxktm;vHk; ab;b,mtjzmjzmrS a0;uGm=uygap? aemufqHk;taeeJ usrwdk&J
auG;a=umfoHuawmh
* qENcH,lyJG rvdkr&Sd
* wygwDpepf zsufodrf;ypf
* ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmuf=u
* w&m;r#waoma&G;aumufyJG tjrefqHk; usif;yay; qdkwJh auG;a=umfoHygyJ?
tcrf;tem;r;
tqdkycsuf (2)
jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhwuG &[ef;&Sifvljynfoltaygif;rS wcJeuf
qENjycJh=u+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh wygwDpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;awmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh
tpm;xkd;wnfaqmuf=u&efom&Sda=umif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tqdkycJhygw,f? 'Dtqdkudk
axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?
(axmufcHygw,f) 3
tqdkycsuf (3)
jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;y&aom jynfoludk,fpm;vS,f tppftrSefrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
a&G;aumufwifajrmufEkdif&ef w&m;r#w oef&Si;f aom taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;udk tjrefqHk;
usif;yEkdifa&;twGuf =um;jzwftpdk;& zJGpnf;ay;&eftqdkukd a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tqdkyygw,f?
jynfolvlxk}uD;u axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?
(axmufcHygw,f) 3
usaemf tck 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;&J auG;a=umfoHudk wdkifay;yghr,f?
* qENcH,lyJG tvdkr&Sd/ tvdkr&Sd
* wygwDpepf zsufodrf;ypf
* ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmufay;
* w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJG tjrefqHk; usif;yay;
* =um;jzwftpdk;& zJGpnf;ay; [laom auG;a=umforH sm;udk tcrf;tem;r; OD;xGef;a0rSwkdifay;I
vlxky&dowf}uD;u wcJeuf auG;a=umfI eHeuf 11 em&D 30 rdepftcsdefwGif tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk
atmifjrifpGm kyfodrf;vdkufygonf?
15
("gwfyHkrsm; vmygonf?)
1989 ckESpfwGif pnf;Hk;a&;qif;aepOf
(rdefcGef;tqufvmygonf)
wdkpdwfxJ pJG+rJpGm ,Hk=unfaom Tvkyfief;}uD;onf wkdif;jynfY vdktyfaom tcsuf}uD;wckudk
xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;yif rnfygonf? Tum; tjcm;r[kwf? trsKd;om;ody`Hausmif;}uD;aywnf;?
xdkausmif;}uD;rS jrefrmEdkifiH. om;orD;rsm;ESifh oifhavsmfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk &Ekdifayonf? tdENd,EkdifiHY
trsKd;om;ausmif;awG tvdktavsmuf ay:aygufvm=uay&m jrefrmEdkifiHuvnf; aemufrus&atmif
jrefrmwdkonf EkdifiHom;ppfI cspfcJhygv#if b,feHa&mtcgr# rwnfaxmifEkdifbJ &Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg?
pdwfygvufygvkyfv#if rkcsjzpfygvdrfhrnf?
'Dwkef;uawmh ajymwmuawmh 'DwuUodkvfudpPeJywfouf+yD;awmh ajymwmyJ? 'gayrJh
ajymoGm;wJhtoHk;tE_ef;awGu tck 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyJGtwGuf oHk;r,fqdk&ifvnf; tifrwef oifhavsmfygw,f?
'D[m aemifb,fvdkjzpfr,f rodayr,fhvnf; udk,fwwfEkdifor# rSefuefa=umif;udk aumif;rGefpGm/ cdkif+rJpGm
od&SdI vkyfygonfqdkwm/ tck 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? aemif b,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwmvnf; rodbl;?
aemifb,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwm rodbJeJ 'DwkdufyJG0if&jcif;[m rSefuefw,f/ oifhavsmfw,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfvdk
tm;vHk;0ifcJh=uwmyJ? 'ga=umifh 'DudpPeJywfoufvdk 'Drdkua&pD&rSmvm;/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG
vkyfrSmvm;vdk ar;&ifvnf; usr 'Dtwdkif;yJ ajymw,f? jzpfrSm/ rjzpfrSmudk rpOf;pm;aeygeJ/ udk,f
rSefwmuefwmudkvkyfwm vkyfvdkufyg? 'D aemuftusK;d qufawG[m olzmomol jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f? tJh'DrSm
udk,fh&Jwm0efuawmh rSefwJhudpPudkvkyfzdkyJ? 'D 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm tm;vHk;0ifvm+yDqdkuwnf;u
usrwdk atmifyJGcHEdkifw,fqdkwJh ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sdvdkom 0ifvmwmyJ? Oyrmtm;jzifhqdkvdk&Sd&if ydifyJGwck
0ifydifwJhvl[m Ekdifr,fxifvdk ydifwmyJ? xDxdk;wJhvlqdkwmvnf; xDaygufEkdifwJhudef; &Sdw,fxifvdk
xdk;vdkufwmyJ? b,folurSawmh rEdkifbl;xifvdk&Sd&if 0ifydifrSmr[kwfbl;? rjzpfEkdifbl;qdkvdk&Sd&if
ud;pm;+yD;vkyfrSmr[kwfbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk 'Drdkua&pD[m atmifjrifEkdifvm;vdkar;&if usruawmh
rSefrSefuefuefyJ atmifjrifEdkifw,fvdk jyefajz&rSmyJ? atmifjrifEdkifw,fxifvdkom 'DwkdufyJGrSm ygaewmyJ?
'Dtwdkif;yJ ausmif;om;vli,ftm;vHk;[mvnf; 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGxJ 0ifaewJhtcgus&if
atmifjrifEkdifr,fqdkwJh pdwfawGxm;+yD;awmh qufvuf+yD; vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? usrwdk quf+yD;awmh
tifrwefrS kef;uefzdk&Sdygao;w,f? ud;pm;zdk &Sdygao;w,f? quf+yD;awmh kef;uefud;pm;&r,fqdkwm[m
tckvydkif;udk ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? ESpfydkif;eJudk quf+yD;awmh kef;uefud;pm;oGm;&rSmyg? 'Da&G;aumufyJGjzpfvdk
a&G;aumufyJG0ifydifvdk 'Drdkua&pDbufu tEkdif&&ifawmifrS 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m r+yD;ao;ygbl;?
kef;uefoGm;&r,fh tcsdef[m rukefao;ygbl;? quf+yD;awmh kef;uefoGm;&rSmygyJ?
tJh'Dausmif;om;vli,frsm;qdkvdk&Sd&if touf (20) 0ef;usif&Sd=urSmaygh? touf (20) 0ef;usif&SdwJh
vlrsm;[m ArmawG&J oufwrf;qdk&if tck 60 avmuf&Sdr,f? usrwdk 'Drkdua&pDpepfatmufrSm
usef;rma&;awGbmawG aumif;oGm;vdk (70) avmuftxd &SdoGm;r,fqdkygawmh/ 'Dvdkqdk&if aemiftESpf (50)
avmufudk quf+yD;awmh kef;uefoGm;&r,f? 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm woufvHk;xdef;odrf;oGm;rS &Sifoefr,fhudpPyg?
vlwa,muf&J usef;rma&;vdkaygh? i,fi,fwkef;u udk,fhtaztaru aumif;aumif;au|;arG;xm;vdk/
aumif;aumif;=unfhxm;vdk usef;usef;rmrm&Sdayr,fh udk,fu touf}uD;vmwJhtcgusawmh
jzpfovdkaer,f/ jzpfovdkpm;r,fqdk&if usef;rma&;u csKdwJhoGm;rSmyJ? tJh'Dawmh
'Drdkua&pDpepf&Sifoefa&;qdkwm woufvHk;vkyfoGm;&rSmyJ? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m udk,fhwoufwmrSm
udk,fhwkdif;jynftusKd; aqmif&GufoGm;r,fqdkwJh pdwf"gwfeJvkyfoGm;r,fqdk&if usrwdkwkdif;jynfrSm
bmrSqkwf,kwfEkdifp&mta=umif; r&Sdygbl;? 'Dvdk 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vufwJGvkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk
usrwdku vufwJG+yD;awmh ac:oGm;csifygw,f? vufwJGw,fqdkwmvnf; rwJGcsif/ wJGcsif wJGenf;rsKd;udk
ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? udk,faygif;pdwfcGmr[kwfygbl;? pdwfwloabmwlvufwJG+yD; csDwufoGm;wJhenf;rsKd;udk
usrwdk ajymvdkygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk 'Daeuaep+yD;awmh 'Dae[m trsKd;om;aejzpfw,f/
trsKdom;aerSm trsKd;om;a&;twGuf tm;vHk;uae aqmif&GufoGm;ygr,fqdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsufudk
csapcsifygw,f? trsKd;om;a&;qdkwm wkdif;jynf&Jaumif;usKd;/ jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;/
jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;&J trsm;pk}uD;&J aumif;usKd; vkyf&r,fhudpPjzpfygw,f? tJh'Dawmh
'DvdktrsKd;om;a&;udk vkyfwJhtcgusvdk&Sd&if 'Dyk*~KdvfpJGwdk/ qENpJGwdk r&Sdzdkqdkwm usrwdk&J
tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'xJrSmvnf; ygygw,f? tJh'Dawmh yk*~KdvfpJGawG rxm;=uygeJ/ 'g aumif;wJh
tpOftvmawG r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk qufoGm;&r,fh c&D;rSm tifrwefrS apwemoefoef/ pdwfoefoefeJ
vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh vlwkdif;udk usrajymw,f? jrifhjrifh}uHyg? tjrifhqHk;}uHyg? ud;pm;&if
bk&m;jzpfEkdifw,fvdk usrwdk qdkdk;&Sdyga&mvm;? bmhvdk r}uHEkdif&rSmvJ? ud;pm;&if kd;kd;omrefvl/
jrwfpGmbk&m;qdkwmvnf; omrefvlygyJ? jrwfpGmbk&m;awmifrS 'Dvdk bk&m;jzpfatmif usifh}uHEkdif&if
vlawG[m jrifhjrifh}uHEdkifygw,f? udk,f[m woufvHk; trSefw&m;t& vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwJhudpP[m
rjzpfEkdifwJhudpP r[kwfygbl;? jzpfEkdifwJhudpPyg? wcsKdu xifw,f? vlyJuGm/ trSm;awmh&SdrSmyg? ykxkZOfyJ?
'gawGudk usrawmh vufrcHbl;? ykxkZOfvlom;rdkvdkudk ud;pm;+yD;awmh trSefw&m;eJ ae&r,f? owW0gawGrS
r[kwfbJ? wd&p>mefawGawmifrS trSm;/ trSefukd odygw,f/ [kwfvm;? opPm&SdwJhae&mrSmqdk&if
acG;vdkwd&p>mefudk vlawGu rvdkufEkdifbl;? acG;[m vlxufydk+yD; opPm&Sdw,fqdkwm vlwkdif;odw,f? acG;vdk
wd&p>mefwaumifawmif opPm&SdEkdifw,fqdk&if vlrsm;[m bmjzpfvdk opPmr&SdEdkif&rSmvJ? opPmrJhwm
vlawGyJ? vlawGxJrSmqdk&if opPmw&m;[m tifrwefeJw,fvdk ajymvdk&Sd&if rSefvnf;rSefw,f/
opPmw&m;[m pOf;pm;=unfh&if opPmqdkwJhpum;[m pum;vHk;u tifrwefvSovdk t"dy`m,fvnf;
tifrwefvSw,f? tJh'Dvdk opPm&Sd&SdeJ tm;vHk;u vkyfoGm;rS usrwdkwdkif;jynf wdk;wufvmrSmyg? 'Dvdk
wdkif;jynfwdk;wufrS aemifvmaemufom;rsm;[m *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ urBmhtv,frSm &yfwnfEkdifr,f?
tJh'Dawmh 'D[mudk ar#mfudk;+yD;awmh 'Daeup+yD;awmh 'Dae (68) }udrfajrmuf trsKd;om;aeup+yD;awmh
usrwdktm;vHk;[m trsKd;om;a&;twGuf udk,fwwfEdkifor# aqmif&GufoGm;=ur,fvdk oEMdmefcs=uygvdk
usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk usrwdku vufwJG+yD;
ac:oGm;csifygw,f?
16
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG trSwf 3
(aqmif;yg;tqufjyefvmygonf?)
r[kwfygbl;qdkwm ajymcJhygw,f? 'gudkvnf; bmrSpHkprf;jcif; r&Sdbl;? bmrS ar;jref;jcif;r&Sdbl;? bmrS
aqG;aEG;jcif;r&Sdbl;? olwdk owif;pmeJ a&'D,dkrSm ajymcsifwmudk ajymoGm;w,f? 'g[m odyf+yD;awmh
rSefuefwJh vrf;r[kwfbl;vdk usrxifygw,f?
usrwdkuae+yD; qlylapcsifvdk vkyfw,fvdkajymw,f? rSefrSefuefuef +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;
vkyfcsifwJhtzJGtpnf;udk qlylatmifv_Haqmfay;ygw,fvdk ajymwmudku +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ rjzpfapcsifwJh
pdwfoabmrsKd;ygovdk jzpfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdktzJGcsKyftaeeJ 'gudk jyif;jyif;xefxef
uefuGufygw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh armifzkef;armfudpP? armifzkef;armfae &ufowWywfa[majymyJGawGeJywfoufvdk
owif;pmxJrSm ygygw,f? b,fae&mawGrSm b,folawGu a[majymoGm;w,f/ wyfrawmfqefusifa&;awG
a[majymoGm;ygw,fayghav? a[majymoGm;wJh ae&mawGxJrSm usrwdk tzJGcsKyfHk;awG ygw,fqdkwm
rSefygw,f? usrwdk 0efcHygw,f? 'g rjiif;ygbl;? usrwdk&J tift,f'Dvli,fxJu
a[majymoGm;w,fqdkwmvnf; rSefw,f? usrwdk rjiif;ygbl;? 'Dvdkvli,frsm;udk usrwdk tzJGcsKyfHk;awGrSm
a[majymcGifhay;wm[m kef;&if;qefcwf rjzpfoGm;atmifvdkqdkwJh qENeJ usrwdk vkyfoGm;wmyg? usrwdkeJ
aqG;aEG;r,fqdk&if tajz[m ay:rSmyg?
armifzkef;armfudpPeJywfoufvdk ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m txdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;rsm;
vkyfcsifw,fqdkuwnf;u usrwdkudk wdkifyifygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; vkyf=uyg/
wwfEkdifor# at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfatmif vkyf=uyg? jyifyrSm qENjyr_awG vkyfvdk&Sd&if kef;&if;qefcwf
jzpfrSmpdk;vdk/ a[majymyJGawG olwdku odyfvkyfcsifw,f/ 'Dawmh uJ 'Dvdkqdk&ifawmh
taqmuftODawGtwGif;rSm vkyfyg? usrwdk xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzpfatmif trsKd;rsKd;ud;pm;cJhygw,f?
'gudkvnf; wu,fyJodcsifw,fqdkvdk&Sd&if odzdk&m rcJ,Of;ygbl;? b,fum;eJ b,fvlawG b,ftcsdefrSm
oGm;w,fqdkwm odEkdifwJholrsm;[m usrwdkb,fvdk xdef;odrf;w,fqdkwm wu,fyJodcsifw,fqdk&if
odEkdifzdkta=umif; trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? wdwdusus odcsifw,fqdk&if usrwdkudk vm+yD;awmh ar;vdk&ygw,f?
usrwdk ajymzdktqifoifhygyJ? vli,fawGudk usrwdk xdef;zdk ud;pm;w,fqdkwm usrwdkudk b,ftcsdefar;ar;
ajymEkdifygw,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh w&m;r0ifwJhtzJGtpnf; Auo u rif;udkEkdifudk usrwdktzJGcsKyfHk;xJrSm
a[majymoGm;w,fvdk ajymygw,f? 'Dawmh usru ar;csifw,f? Auo udk 'Dvdkajymawmh ruo
ua&m w&m;0ifwJh tzJGtpnf;vm;? jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;tzJGcsKyfqdkwJh ruo vnf;
w&m;0ifwJhtzJGtpnf;r[kwfbl;? r[kwfbJeJ Adkvfr;csKyfcifnGef udk,fwkdifac:+yD;awmh awGqHkaqG;aEG;w,f?
pmawGbmawG a&;w,f? 'D[musawmh jzpfEkdifovm;? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;jzpfa&;/
+yD;awmh tzJGcsKyfHk;awGxJrSm ruo udk a[majymcGifhay;wmusawmh tjypf}uD;jzpfoGm;a&mvm;? 'D[m
rSefuefwJhenf;r[kwfbl;vdk usrwdk xifygw,f? usrwdkudk w&m;0iftzJGtpnf;wckxJrSm wckckjzpfaevdk
rauseyfbl;qdk&if ac:+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;wkdifyifygvm;? bmjzpfvdk ruo vdk w&m;0if rSwfyHkwifxm;wJh
tzJGtpnf;r[kwfwJh tzJGtpnf;usawmh aqG;aEG;vJ?
wu,fyJ wkdif;jynfxJrSm +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfapcsifw,f/ EkdifiHa&;tzJGtpnf;awGeJ e0wt=um;
bmrSydyuQ rjzpfapcsifbl;qdk&if tcsdefra&G; usrwdkudk ac:+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;vdk&ygw,f? ndE_dif;wkdifyifvdk
&ygw,f? usrwdk tpuwnf;uvnf; ajymxm;+yD;om;yg? aqG;aEG;zdk usrwdk tqifoifhyg? pum;ajymzdk
tqifoifhyg? usrwdkrSm bmrS ykef;v#Kd;uG,fv#Kd; vkyfp&mta=umif; r&Sdygbl;? usrwdktaeeJ tpuwnf;u
ajymxm;+yD;om;yg? w&m;0if yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymxm;+yD;om;yg?
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJGcsKyf[m ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk b,fawmhrS rypfy,fbl;qdkwmvnf;
usrwdk ajymxm;+yD;om;yg? 'ga=umifh Auo u usrwdkqDrSm vm+yD;awmh awGcsifw,fqdk&if usrwdk
tawGcHw,f? ruo u vm+yD;awmh awGcsifw,fqdk&ifvnf; usrwdk tawGcHwmyJ? usr
tawGrcHbl;qdkwJh ausmif;om;vli,ftzJG&,fvdk r&SdoavmufygbJ? usr tcsdef&Sdvdk&Sd&if
t+rJyJtawGcHygw,f? ndE_dif;w,f/ wkdifyifw,f/ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;vkyfoGm;zdk usr
t+rJtm;ay;ygw,f? 'g usrwifr[kwfygbl;? usrwdktzJGcsKyf&J rlt& tzJGcsKyfu vl}uD;tm;vHk; 'Dtwkdif;yJ
vkyfygw,f? 'gudk ckwifuajymovdk b,fol b,fum;eJ b,feHygwfeJ b,ftcsdef b,fudkoGm;w,fqdkwm
ca&aphwGif;us odwJhvlawG odr,fvdk usr xifygw,f? odvsufom;eJ 'D[mawGusawmh azmfrjybJeJ
tzGJcsKyfudk xdcdkufEkdifr,fhudpPawGudkom uGuf+yD;awmh azmfjywm[m tifrwefrSyJ w&m;rr#wwJhudpPvdk
usr ,lqygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh 'g[m bmoabmvJ? 'g[m bmvkyfcsifvdkvJ/ bmjzpfapcsifvdkvJ? 'Dv (25) &ufaeu
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awmfvSefa&;aetaeeJ vufcHw,fqdkwm usrwdk ajym+yD;om;yg? 'g jynfolvlxk&J awmfvSefa&;aeyg?
1945 ckESpfwkef;u jrefrmEkdifiH[m jynfolvlxku tm;vHk;uGvm+yD;awmh zufqpf0g'udk rvdkcsifvdk
awmfvSefa&;udk pwifcJhwJhae jzpfygw,f?
usrwdktzJGcsKyftaeeJawmh (27) &uf rwfv[m awmfvSefa&;aevdk vufcHygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;aetaeeJvnf; azazu todtrSwfycJhw,f? usrvnf; awmfvSefa&;aetaeeJyJ
quf+yD;awmh todtrSwfyygw,f? usrwdk tzJGcsKyfuvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? jynfolvlxkuvnf;
jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufwJhzufqpf0g'udk awmfvSefwJhaetjzpf todtrSwfyygw,f?
usrwdktaeeJ tm;vHk;udk ajyajyvnfvnf jzpfapcsifw,f? +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfapcsifw,f? e0w
eJ ndE_dif;wkdifyif&rvm;? ndE_dif;wdkifyifr,f? wyfrawmfeJ aqG;aEG;&rvm;/ aqG;aEG;r,f? tqifoifhyJqdkwm
usr xyfwvJvJ ajymygw,f? 'DvdkajymaewJhtxJu bmrS aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_r&SdbJeJ tzJGcsKyfudk oufouf
vufndK;xdk;vmwmuawmh usrwdkudk jynfolvlxku axmufcHwmudk r_pdrfhvdkvm;qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk
ar;&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm usrwdk trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyfudk wdkufcdkufw,fqdkwm[m
jynfolvlxk&J 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udkvnf; wdkufcdkufwmeJ twlwlygyJ? wu,fyJ ppfrSefwJh/ w&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyJGawG jzpfapcsifw,f qdkvdk&Sd&ifawmh 'Dvdkrawmfrw&m; wkdufcdkufr_awGudk &yfwef;u
&yfzdkvdkr,fvdk usr xifygw,f? 'g usrtaeeJ ajymcsifwmuawmh 'gygyJ? ar;p&m&Sdvdk &Sd&if ar;=uyg?
17
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;
* * *
wem&Davmuf apma&mufzdkyg? cyfcsKduxGufwm aemufuswm awmif;yefygw,f?
pnf;Hk;a&;c&D;xGufwJhtcg wcgwav usrwdk tpDtpOftwdkif;rjzpfygbl;? vrf;rSmqdkvdk&Sd&ifvnf;
wcgwav tcuftcJav;awG awGwwfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk 'Dvdk aemufus&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
jrpf}uD;em;udk rvmcifwkef;uqdk&if =um;&wmawmh jrpf}uD;em;rSm 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_&J tajctae
odyfraumif;bl;vdk ajym=uygw,f? jynfolvlxku odyf+yD; wufwufuGuG r&Sd=ubl;vdk qdkygw,f?
tJh'Dawmh usru enf;enf;tm;i,frdygw,f? 'gayrJh tckvmwJhtcgusawmhvnf; jynfolvlxku
ydk+yD;wufuGw,fqdkwmjrif&vdk trsm;}uD;yJ tm;&SdoGm;ygw,f? *k%fvnf; *k%fyygw,f?
ucsifjynfe,frSm&SdwJh awmifwef;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;[m owWd&Sdw,fqdkwm usrwdktm;vHk;yJ tpu
odxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk 'DvdkowWd&Sd&SdeJ quf+yD;awmh trsKd;om;a&;twGuf
vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk ,Hk=unfygw,f? i,fi,fuwnf;u usrwdk em;vnfwmuawmh
awmifwef;om;rsm;[m tifrwefrS owWd&Sdw,f/ tifrwefrS dk;om;ajzmifhrwfw,f/ vkyf&nfudkif&nf
&Sdw,fvdk em;vnfcJhygw,f?
tck 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ kd;dk;om;om;/ ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf/ owdW&Sd&SdeJ
quf+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;=ur,fqdkvdk&Sd&if usrwdkvdkcsifwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;&EdkifrSmyg?
tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk&Sd&if wkdif;&if;om;vlrsm;pk trsm;pk}uD;[m awmfawmfrSyJ yifyifyef;yef;/ qif;qif;&J&J
ae=u&ygw,f?
'Dvdktajctaeuae+yD;awmh wdk;wuf+yD; csrf;omwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;wck xlaxmifzdkqdkwm
tm;vHk;&J wm0efjzpfygw,f? wcgwavusvdk&Sd&if usrwdkudk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;u ar;ygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& &vdk&Sd&if usaemfwdkvlrsK;d pkawGtwGuf bmvkyfay;rSmvJ/ jynfaxmifpktwGuf
bmvkyfay;rSmvJ qdk+yD;awmh ar;ygw,f? usrwdk trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJGcsKyf taeeJuawmh
a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&vdk&Sd&if ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmifa&;twGuf
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;eJ wkdifyifndE_dif;+yD;awmh usrwdk[m tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'[m jynfaxmifpk
wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;twGufvnf; vkyf&r,f/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&J arG;&mygtcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf;
todtrSwfy&r,f? vlwkdif;vlwdkif; vltcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;ydkifcGifhvnf; OD;wnf&r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk
a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpkxlaxmifzdkqdkwm[m usrwdk
tzJGcsKyfwckwnf;&J wm0efvnf; r[kwfygbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;&J wm0efjzpfygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifzdkqdkwm[m vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&J wm0efjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk usr c%c%
ajym&ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&zdkqdk&if usaemfwdkudk bmtcGifhta&;awG ay;rvJvdk ar;r,fhtpm;
'Drkdua&pD&zdktwGuf usaemfwdk b,fvdk0dkif;0ef;ulnD&rvJqdkwm tcktcsdefrSm ar;&r,fhar;cGef;jzpfygw,f?
'Dar;cGef;udk ar;+yD;awmh rSefuefwJh tajzudk &SmEkdifr,fqdkrS udk,fvdkcsifwJh 'Drkdua&pDudk &r,f/
'Drdkua&pD&w,fqdkrS vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&J tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh pepfwckudk xlaxmifEkdifr,f? 'Dvdk
vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&J vltcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh tkyfcsKyfr_pepfwckudk tajccH+yD;rS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;
auseyfr_&Ekdifr,fh jynfaxmifpkyHkomefudk usrwdk azmfxkwf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk jynfaxmifpkyHkomef
azmfxkwfzdkqdkwm[m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u oabmxm;}uD;}uD; xm;&r,f/ tjrifus,fus,f
&Sd&r,f?
jynfaxmifpktusKd;udk udk,fha'otusKd;xuf ydkxm;&r,f? Armrsm;[m ArmtusKd;twGuf
r[kwfbl;? ucsifrsm;[m ucsifawG&JtusKd;twGuf r[kwfbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u
jynfaxmifpktusKd;twGufqdkwJh pdwf"mwfawGeJ vkyfzdkvdkygw,f? usrwdk vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhacwfrSm
'Dwkdif;jynf rwdk;wufwm[m nDnGwfr_ r&SdvdkbJ? usrwdkrSm&SdwJh EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;[m udk,fhtusKd;xuf
wkdif;jynftusKd;udk a&Srxm;vdk usrwdk wkd;wufr_ r&SdcJhbl;vdk xifygw,f?
wygwD tm%m&Sifpepf pdk;rdk;oGm;&w,fqdkwmvnf; jynfolvlxk[m rSefuefwJh
EdkifiHa&;todtjrifawG r&SdvdkbJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh aemufwcg xyf+yD;awmh tm%m&Sif rjzpfapcsifbl;?
usrwdkEkdifiHudk 'Drdkua&pDpepft& tm;vHk; pdwfcsrf;oma&;twGuf xlaxmifapcsifw,fqdkvdk&Sd&if
EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;[m udk,fhrSm&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifzdk vdkygw,f?
("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf?)
tay:
ucsifwkdif;&if;om;
0wfpHkwrsKd;udk
0wfqifxm;pOf
atmuf
yifvHkY 1989 ckESpfwGif
pnf;Hk;a&;qif;cJhpOfu
tay: - ucsifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhtwl
atmuf - u&ifacgif;aqmifwOD;ESifhtwl
18
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; nDnGwfa&;
(tquf jyefvmygonf)
bmudk =unfh&rvJ? b,fvdkpOf;pm;&rvJ? tcktcsdefrSmvnf; usr xyfwvJvJajymaeovdkyJ OD;ae0if;&J
trdeftm%mt& usrwdk wkdif;jynfudk qufvuf+yD;awmh tkyfcsKyfaeygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk
a&Smifvdkrjzpfygbl;? usrwdk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;wdk[m 'gudk rsufESmcsif;qdkif&ygvdrfhr,f?
1962 ckESpfu ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk owfjzwfcJhw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtaqmuftODjzpfcJhwJh
ausmif;om;or*~udkvnf; zdcJGcJhw,f? tJ'Dvdk zdcJGcJhwm/ owfjzwfcJhwm[m OD;ae0if;&J trdeft&yJ?
OD;ae0if;&J trdeft&/ OD;ae0if;&J oabmxm;t& ndE_dif;aqG;aEG;r_qdkwmvnf; rjzpfcJhbl;? OD;ae0if;&J
oabmxm;t&/ OD;ae0if;&J trdeft& Aid to Civil Power qdkwmudkvnf; oHk;cGifhr&bJeJ
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udkvnf; owfjzwfcJhw,f? tckqdkvdk&Sd&ifvnf; (2) &ufavmufuae+yD;awmh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m Aid to Civil Power t& vkyfwm[m u|ef oabmxm;a&mufw,f
qkdovdkyJ ajymcJhygw,f? 'DvdkajymcJhwJhtjyif ndE_dif;aqG;aEG;zdkqdkwmvnf; rjzpfbl;qdkwJh oabmxm;udkvnf;
ajymcJhygw,f? 'Dawmh 'g[m b,foloabmxm;awGvJ? usrtaeeJawmh OD;ae0if; oabmxm;awGvdk
jrifygw,f? usr 'Dvdkajym&wJhta=umif;[m orkdif;[m usrwdkEkdifiHrSm (62) ESpfuae p+yD;awmh tckxd
jzpfcJh&wJh 'kuQaygif;rsm;pGm[m OD;ae0if;&J tjypfrsm;omjzpfw,fvdk qHk;jzwfcsufcsrvm;qdkwm
tckuwnf;u usr ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gudk usr AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifa&m/ OD;ae0if;a&m odatmifvdk 'Duae
ajymoGm;csifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ OD;ae0if;udk b,favmufyJ umuG,fay;ay;/ umuG,fvdk
r&ygbl;? orkdif;u qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSmyg? tck oHk;aewJh enf;vrf;rsm;[m OD;ae0if;&J enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdkvdk usrtaeeJ OD;ae0if;&J trdeftm%m[m qufvuf+yD;awmh &Sifoefaew,fvdk ajym&wmyg?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ OD;ae0if;&J trdeftm%m[m qufvuf&Sifoefjcif; r&Sdygbl;qdkwm jycsifvkd&Sd&if
'Denf;'Dvrf;awGawmh quf+yD;awmh oHk;vdkrjzpfygbl;? ndE_dif;aqG;aEG;jcif;udk vufrcHwm[m OD;ae0if;&J
enf;awGyg? jynfolvlxkudk vufeufenf;eJ ESdrfeif;wm[m OD;ae0if;&J enf;awGyg? ppfwyfqdkwm
rdk;ay:axmif+yD;awmh rypfbl;? wnfhwnfhypfr,f vdk ajymoGm;wm[mvnf; OD;ae0if;yJ jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh usrwdk 'DtcsdefrSm trsm;}uD;yJ owdxm;&r,f? OD;ae0if;&J avoHudk
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuwqifh v$ifhaejyef+yD? 'Dvdkv$ifhaewJhtcsdefrSm usrwdk twdwfu jzpf&yfawGudk
jyefpOf;pm;+yD;awmh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m tifrwefrS owdxm;&r,f? pOf;pm;qifjcif&r,fhtcsdefrSm
a&mufaew,fqdkwm usrwdk odzdkvdkygw,f? aemufwcg tidkufrdvdkawmh rjzpfygbl;? usrwdktm;vHk;[m
tEW&m,f&Sdw,fqdkwm em;vnf&r,f? 'DtEW&m,f[m b,fuvmw,fqdkwm usrwdktm;vHk;vnf;
od&r,f? todtrSwfy&rSmjzpfygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if usrwdk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;awG[m
waexufwae ydk+yD;awmh xkd;ESufcsufawG cHae&ygw,f?
apmapmu obmywd}uD; OD;wifOD; ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif; usrwdk tzJGcsKyfxJu acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
zrf;yHkqD;yHk[m w&m;Oya'eJ rnDnGwfbl;? 'Dhtjyifvnf; OD;wifarmif0if; ajymoGm;wJhtwdkif;yJ/ t&ifwkef;u
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfwJh a'gufwmarmifarmifausmfwdk/ OD;vSa&$wdkudkvnf; zrf;qD;xm;ygw,f?
zrf;qD;xm;yHkawGuvnf; wckrS w&m;Oya'eJ rudkufnDygbl;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkwm 'DEdkifiHrSm
vHk;vHk;r&Sdygbl;? e0w tpdk;&taeeJ wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfxJrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; ygayr,fhvnf;
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;twGuf vHk;vHk;rxrf;aqmifcJhbl;qdkwmawmh tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? 'Dvdk
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; r&SdwJh EkdifiHrSm jynfolvlxkudk umuG,fzdkwm0ef[m usrwdk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGrSm
&Sdygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;[m jynfolvlxkudk tumtuG,fay;&r,f/
tajccHvltcGifhta&;awGomru jynfolvlxk 'kuQqif;&Ja&mufrSm/ xdrSm/ emrSmtwGuf usrwdk tifrwefrS
pdk;&drfygw,f? 'D[mawGtwGuf tumtuG,fawG ay;&r,f? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk usrwdk[m rw&m;wJh
trdeftm%mudk zDqef&r,fvdk ajymaewmyJ? qlylr_vdkcsifvdk r[kwfygbl;? qlylr_qdkwm[m usrwdktwGuf
vdkvm;oifhwJhudpPvnf; r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf tusKd;jzpfr,fhudpPvnf; r[kwfbl;? 'gayrJh
'DtcsdefrSm rw&m;wJhtrdeftm%mudk/ w&m;Oya'udk csKd;azmufaewJh trdeftm%mawGudk usrwdk
rwGef;vSef rzDqef&ifawmh jynfolvlxk aemufxyf 'kuQa&mufvdrfhr,fqdkwJh todtjrifawGeJ usrwdk
'Dtm%mawGudk zDqefae&wmjzpfygw,f? 'gha=umifh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ
quf+yD;awmh zDqefoGm;zdk tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;ygw,f? urBmhorkdif;rSm tajccHvltcGifhta&;rsm;&J
&Jabmf}uD;wa,mufjzpfwJh rmwifvlomuif; u wcgwkef;u ajymoGm;ygw,f? olwdkrSm
tdyfrufwck&Sdw,fwJh? 'Dawmh usrwdktm;vHk;rSmvnf; tdyfrufwck&Sd&r,f? b,fvdktdyfrufvJ? 'Drdkua&pD
tajccHvltcGifhta&;awG jrefrmEkdifiHrSm xGef;um;a&;twGufyJ? 'gayrJh tdyfrufrufaevdk r+yD;bl;?
'Dtdyfrufudk usrwdk taumiftxnfazmfEkdif&r,f? 'Dtdyfrufudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdifzdk[m
usrwdktm;vHk;&J wm0efjzpfygw,f? tm;vHk;&J wm0efrdkvdk tm;vHk;uae+yD;awmh nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ
xrf;aqmif&r,f? 'DudpPtwGuf usr yxrOD;qHk; 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJ yg0ifvmuwnf;u
aqmf=ocJhygw,f? nDnGwf=uyg/ nDnGwf=uyg? tJh'Dtcsdefwkef;u ta&;tcif;umvtwGif;wkef;u qdkvdk&Sd&if
ygwDzJGpnf;a&;twGuf usrudk ajymwJh/ ar;jref;cJhwJhvlawG &Sdygw,f? usr ajymcJhygw,f?
nDnGwfr_yduJGrSmpdk;vdk ygwDawGawmh raxmifhoifhbl;xifw,fvdk ajymcJhygw,f? tJh'Dwkef;u 'g[m usrwdk
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ordkif;udk jyef+yD;awmh =unfhvdkufvdk&Sd&if xif&Sm;ygw,f? ygwDrsm;axmifvdk&Sd&if usrwdk[m
pdwf0rf;uJGwwfw,f? 'g usrwdkwkdif;jynf&J tm;enf;csufyJ? nDnGwfr_bufrSm odyf+yD;awmh tm;roefbl;?
nDnGwfr_rSm tm;roefvdk/ nDnGwfr_yduJGrSm pdk;&drfvGef;vdk usr[m ygwDtzJGtpnf;rsm; raxmifcsifbl;?
'gayrJhvnf; (18) &ufae pufwifbmaemufydkif;usawmh EkdifiHa&;t& v_yf&Sm;ydkifcGifh twkdif;twmwcktxd
&Sdatmifvdkqdk+yD;awmh ygwDtzJGtpnf;rsm; w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwif+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;
v_yf&Sm;vmcJh&ygw,f? 'Dvdk ygwDrsm;axmif+yD;awmh v_yf&Sm;cJh&ayr,fhvnf; trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wck
jzpfw,fqdkwmvnf; tm;vHk;od+yD;om;yJ? trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfeJomvkyfzdk ta&;}uD;ygw,f? usrwdk&J
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m wufwufuGuG/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ 1988 u EkdifiH&J tpOftvmtwdkif; v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm
yg0ifcJhw,f? 'Dvdkyg0ifcJhwJh ausmif;om;rsm;a&Sa&;twGuf usrwdk[m kef;uef&r,f? 'Dvdkyg0ifcJhwJh
ausmif;om;rsm;[m aemifjyef+yD;awmh ynmudk at;at;aq;aq;eJ qufvufoif+yD;awmh
ynmjynfhpHkwJhtcgusawmh wkdif;jynftusKd;udk xrf;aqmifvmEkdifr,fh tajctaea&mufoGm;atmifvdk
usrwdktm;vHk; ulnDay;&r,f? vli,frsm; a&SwufEkdifzdktwGuf vlvwfrsm;/ vl}uD;rsm;uae+yD;awmh a&Su
vrf;cif;ay;&rSmjzpfygw,f? tckqdkvdk&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDvrf;udk usrwdktm;vHk; 0dkif;+yD;cif;aeygw,f? 'Dvdk
tm;vHk;0dkif;+yD;awmh cif;aewJhae&mrSm wa,muftay:wa,muf apwem&Sd&Sd/ wa,muftay:wa,muf
em;vnfr_&Sd&SdeJ ulnDoGm;r,fqdkvdk&Sd&if vrf;}uD;[m jrefjrefqefqef +yD;oGm;rSmyg? 'Dvrf;}uD;cif;w,fqdkwm
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm; at;at;csrf;csrf;/ omom,m,m/ uGuG&G&GeJ av#mufoGm;zdk r[kwfygbl;?
jynfolvlxk at;at;csrf;csrf;/ omom,m,m/ *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ av#mufoGm;zdkjzpfygw,f? usrwdk[m
vrf;cif;orm;rsm;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfxm;zdk vdkygw,f? jrefrmjynfw0Srf;vHk;rSm av#muf+yD;awmh
=unfhvdkufvdkqdkvdk&Sd&if vrf;tvkyform;rsm;[m tyifyef;qHk;yJqdkwm tm;vHk; jrifygvdrfhr,f?
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tm%mqufoHk;r,fqdk+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufaewm[m tifrwefrS &Sufp&maumif;ygw,f?
usr =um;wkdif;/ =um;wkdif; e0wtwGufvnf; &Sufw,f? usrwdkEkdifiHtwGufvnf; &Sufw,f?
'DvdktkyfcsKyfaewJh vlwpk[m vufeufudkvnf; udkifxm;w,f/ tm%mudkvnf; udkifxm;w,f?
ajymifajymifwif;wif; vufeufrJhwJh jynfolvlxkudk tm%mqufoHk;r,fvdk ajymaewm[m tifrwefrS
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tzJGtpnf;awGqdkwm todtrSwfyxm;wmeJ twlwlyJ? 'Dawmh jynfolvlxk (39) oef;eJaqG;aEG;zdk/
ndE_dif;zdk/ wkdifyifzdkqdkwm rvG,fwma=umifhrdkvdk 'DEkdifiHa&;tzJGtpnf;awGeJawmh aqG;aEG;oifhw,f/
ndE_dif;oifhw,f/ wkdifyifoifhw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;uvnf; odrSmjzpfygw,f? 'gwifruao;bl;? 'D (200)
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ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk;u vkyfrSjzpfwmyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ ordkif;&J tjypfwifcHjcif;udk
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jynfolvlxkeJ b,fvkdvkyfndE_dif;/ wkdifyifEkdifrvJ? jynfolvlxkeJ b,fvdkvkyfem;vnfr_ ,lEkdifrvJ? (200)
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ajymif;vJaeygvdfrfhr,f? usrwdk[m wkdif;jynftajctaeawG ajymif;vJovdk vdkuf+yD;awmh ajymif;vJEdkifwJh
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'Drdkua&pDwm0efudk usrwdktm;vHk; 0kdif;+yD;awmh nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ xrf;aqmif=uyg? 'Dor*~}uD;udk
waeusvdk&Sd&if usrwdk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;[m aemifryduJGEkdifatmifvdk jyef+yD;awmh
wnfaqmuf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'DvdkwnfaqmufwJhtcgrSm or*~}uD;[m ausmif;om;or*~wifr[kwfbl;?
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usrwdkudk zsufqD;zdk/ xdk;ESufzdk ud;pm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk[m owdeJ 0d&d,eJ pl;pl;prf;prf;/
qifqifjcifjcif wa,mufeJwa,muf wkdifyif+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;zdk vdkygw,f? aemif qufvmr,fh
vawGxJrSmqdkvdk&Sd&if usrwdk&J 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m wa,mufeJwa,muf em;vnfrvJGatmifvdk
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tiftm;awGudk pk=uyg? usrwdktaeeJvnf; 'Dvdktiftm;pkawGudk pk+yD;awmh wkdif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGuf
jynfolaumif;usKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJhqENawG &Sdygw,f? usrudk 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG&J
udk,fpm;vS,ftaeeJ wifajrmufvdkufwJhtxJrSm usr[m azazhorD;jzpfvdkqdkwJh ta=umif;[m
t"duyJqdkwm usr odygw,f? usrudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;orD;taeeJ wkdif;jynfu vufcHwmr[kwfvm;vdk
ar;vdk&Sd&if usr [kwfygw,fvdkyJ ajymygw,f? 'g[m usrtwGuf emusifp&mr[kwfygbl;? 'g[m
*k%f,lp&myg? usrtaeeJ azazhorD;rdkvdk ae&may;wmqdkvdk remygbl;? 'g[m usr&J pdwf"mwf/
pdwf"mwftm;jzifh tifrwefrS *k%f,lp&mudpPyJvdk usr xifygw,f? 'ga=umifh azazvdkcsifwJh
jynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmifzdk qdk+yD;awmh usr tifrwefrS pdwfoefygw,f? azaz[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ
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'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGudk usr uwday;Ekdifygw,f? azaz&J pdwf"mwftay:awmh usr b,fawmhrS
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qufvuf+yD;awmh xrf;aqmifoGm;yghr,f? ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfeJ usrtay:rSm wm0efay;vdk&Sd&if usr
wwfEkdifoa&G opPm&Sd&SdeJ xrf;aqmifoGm;ygr,f? wkdif;jynf&J wm0ef/ jynfol&J wm0ef/
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&J wm0efudk tpOft+rJyJ xrf;aqmifoGm;&if;eJ usrwdktm;vHk;
'Drkdua&pDyef;wdkif}uD;udk a&mufr,fvdk usr ,Hk=unfygw,f?
ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh ajym&r,fvdk&Sd&if 'Dae'D&uf[m ausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;oGm;&wJh
aevnf;jzpfw,f? 'Dvdkausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;oGm;&vdk usrwdkwkdif;jynf&J tem*wfta&;twGuf
tifrwefrS epfemoGm;ygw,f? tck usrwdkvkyfaewm[m wkdif;jynf&J tem*wfudk jyefvnf+yD;awmh
wnfaqmufzdkyJ? wkdif;jynf&J tem*wfrdkvdk vkyfaewmjzpfwma=umifhrdkvdk tem*wftwGuf ypPKy`efrSm
bmyJ pGefpm;& pGefpm;&/ bmyJ pGefv$wf& pGefv$wf& pGefv$wfygr,f? pGefpm;ygr,fqdkwJh pdwf"mwfeJ
qufvuf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uygvdk usr awmif;yef&if;eJ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?
19
Zlvkdif ckepf&ufae
* * *
usrwdk Zlvkdifv (7) &ufae[m or*~yduJGwJhaevnf; jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;
usqHk;wJhaevnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dae[m ynma&;eJvnf; oufqdkifw,f? EkdifiHa&;eJvnf;
oufqkdifygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'DaeeJywfoufvdk EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;/ ynma&;udpPrsm; ajymwJhtcg twdwf/
ypPKy`efeJ tem*wf[m qufpyfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk owdxm;zdkvdkygw,f? 'Dawmh twdwfu jzpfcJhwJh
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ausmif;om;or*~udk bmjzpfvdkzdcJGoGm;ovJ? b,folu zdcJGoGm;ovJ?
b,fvdkta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umifh zdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&rSmyJ?
b,fvdkenf;awGeJ zdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&ygvdrfhr,f?
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'Dppftm%mydkifrsm;[m ausmif;om;rsm;eJ ausmif;om;or*~ta&;udk ajz&Sif;wJhae&mrSm Aid to Civil
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ajz&Sif;wJhenf;/ ndE_dif;wkdifyifwJhenf;udk jiif;qefcJhwJh Aid to civil Power qkdwJh wyfrawmfwcktaeeJ
xdef;oifhxdef;xdkufwJh pnf;rsOf;awGudk rxdef;cJhwmuawmh OD;ae0if;yJ? tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;&ifqkdif&r,f?
usr 'Dvdkajymae&jcif;ta=umif;[m OD;ae0if;udk oufouf yk*~Kdvft& wkdufcdkufcsifvdkr[kwfbl;?
tck ypPKy`efjzpfaewJh udpPawGeJ qufEG,faevdk yg? waewkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m
rdefcGef;ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJ'DrdefcGef;xJrSm Aid to Civil Power qdw k m ol
t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;qdkwmudkvnf; ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'Dhtjyif ndE_dif;aqG;aEG;wkdifyifjcif;udk rvkdvm;bl;qdkwJh
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wxyfxJygyJ? OD;ae0if;&J oabmxm;awGeJ wxyfxJrdk vdk tckxdwdkifatmif OD;ae0if;&J =oZmtm%m[m
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EdkifiHa&;t&jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;t& EkdifiHa&;jy\ersm;udk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ ajz&Sif;w,fqdkwm
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wkdifyif&r,f? trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf aqG;aEG;&rSm/ ndE_dif;&rSm/ wkdifyif&rSmjzpfygw,f? ndE_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/
wkdifyifw,fqdkwm pum;&nfvkyJGr[kwfygbl;? t_H;tEkdif&SmwJhyJGr[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf
taumif;qHk; tajz&SmwJhyJG jzpfygw,f? 'gudk usrwdktm;vHk; OD;wnf&r,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m
vGwfvyfa&;r&cifuwnf;u EdkifiHa&;rSm yg0ifcJhw,f/ ygvnf; yg0ifoifhygw,f? usrwdktm;vHk;rSm
wm0ef&Sdygw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;[m EkdifiHa&;wm0efrsm;vnf; &Sdw,f? ynma&;wm0efvnf; &Sdw,f?
ynma&;wm0efqdkawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynm&SmzdkyJ? 'gayrJh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm bmvJ?
usrtjrifawmh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf oHk;EdkifwJh ynmomjzpf&r,f?
trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf roHk;EkdifwJh ynm[m wefzdk;r&SdEkdifbl;? 'ga=umifh usrwdk
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf oHk;EkdifwJh ynmrsKd;udk &Sm&r,f? 'Dvdk&SmwJhae&mrSm
ynmrmefwufzdk r[kwfygbl;? ausmif;om;or*~ zdcJGa&;udpPeJywfoufvdk reufwkef;u tcrf;tem;rSm
yg0ifcJhwhJ t&ifwkef;u ausmif;om;a[mif; OD;wifarmif0if;[m ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJh'Dtcsdeftcgwkef;u
tjyifrSm wyfawGu&Sdw,f/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ twGif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ tJovdk
wyfrawmfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfawGeJ csdefxm;wJhtcgusawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m
a'gojzpf+yD;awmh atmfvdkuf=uw,fwJh? rif;wdk oHk;a,mufaygif;vdkrS (7) wef;atmif&Jvm;vdk
ajymvdkuf=uw,fwJh? (=obmoHrsm;) usreJ em;vnfr_vJG+yDvdk xifygw,f? usr rajymoifhbl;vdk ajymrvdk/
'Dvdk[m rajymoifhygbl;? 'Dvdk (ajymwm[m) ynmrmefygw,fvdk usr xifygw,f? &Jabmfrsm;/
wyfrawmfom;[mvnf; usrwdk&J EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;tcsif;csif;yJ? 'DvdkwyfrawmfxJudk 0ifoGm;&wJh
wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m b,fvkdtajctaeu vmvJqdkwm usrwdk jyef+yD;awmh pOf;pm;&r,f?
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh rdom;pkxJu vmwmyg? usrwdkwkdif;jynf qif;&Jaevdk tJh'Dvdk
qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh rdom;pkawG &SdaewmyJ? tJh'Dvdk rdom;pkxJu vlawG[m wyfrawmfxJudk 0if=uw,f?
wyfrawmfxJrSm wm0efxrf;aqmif=uw,f? tJ'Dawmh ynmqdkwmeJywfoufvdk wcgxJ ajymoGm;r,f?
'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m [kwfw,f/ oHk;a,mufaygif;vdk (7) wef;atmifcsifrSvnf; atmifr,f? 'gayrJh
'ga=umifhrdkvdk usrwdk[m ESdrfzdkrvdkygbl;? ta&;tcif;wkef;u jynfolvlxkatmfoGm;wJh
auG;a=umfoHwck&Sdw,f? AdkvfcsKyfay;wJh ppfynm/ ausmif;om;jynfol owfzdk r[kwfbl;wJh? tJ'Dawmh
wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ppfynmay;xm;w,f? ppfynmqdkwm bmvJ? jynfolvlxkudk umuG,fzdk/
jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifwJhynmyJ? tJh'Dvdk jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifwJh ynmr&Sdvdkom
wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ynmr&Sdbl;vdk usrwdk ajym&rSmyJ? (7) wef;ratmifvdk r[kwfbl;/
q,fwef;ratmifvdk r[kwfbl;? wuUodkvfra&mufvdk r[kwfbl;? rSefrSefuefuef jynfolvlxktusKd;
xrf;aqmifzdk ay;xm;wJhynmukd tvJGoHk;pm; vkyfvdkomjzpfw,f? 'Dawmh ynmqdkwm[m
wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;om ydkifqkdifwmr[kwfygbl;? wyfrawmfom;rsm;vnf; ydkifqdkifEkdifw,f? rSefuefwJh
ppfynmudk ydkifqdkifEdkifw,f? 'gayrJh usrwdk (26) ESpftwGif;rSm ausmif;om;awGudkvnf; rSefuefwJh
awG;ac:wwfwJhynmukd ray;xm;bl;? wyfrawmfom;awGudkvnf; rSefuefwJhppfynmudk ray;xm;bl;?
tJh'Dvdk ray;wmvnf; OD;ae0if;yJ? w&m;cHudkawmh usrwdktm;vHk; od&r,f? rsufESmcsif;qkdif&r,f? 'DvdkvlrsKd;
aemif 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm ray:vmatmif usrwdk vkyf&r,f? OD;ae0if; bmjzpfvdk 'Dwkdif;jynfudk
b,favmuf=um=um tkyfpdk;oGm;vJ? usrwdktm;vHk;a=umifhyJ? jynfolvlxku bmjzpfvdk vlwa,muf&J
=oZmtm%m/ rSefrSefrvkyfEkdifwJh vlwa,muf&J =oZmtm%m/ wefzdk;&SdwJh ynmudk em;rvnfwJh
vlwa,muf&J =oZmtm%mudk 'Dwkdif;jynfay:rSm 'Davmuf=um=um v$rf;rdk;cGifhay;oGm;ovJ? 'g
usrwdktm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f? tck 'DrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;uawmh wm0eftuif;vGwfqHk;yJ?
bmjzpfvdkvnf;qdkawmh tckawmifrS (26) ESpft&G,fr&SdwJh vli,fawG trsm;}uD;ygyJ? i,fi,fav;awGrdkvdk
rvkkyfEkdifbl;vdk ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; tm;vHk;uawmh wm0ef&SdwmyJ? b,fvdkrS usrwdk[m
'Dwm0efatmufu kef;uef+yD;awmh xGufvdkrjzpfygbl;? EdkifiHwEkdifiH&J uH=urRmudk zefwD;wm[m EkdifiHol/
EkdifiHom;taygif;jzpfw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdktm;vHk;[m wm0ef&SdcJh+yD? t&ifwkef;u tjzpftysufawGtwGuf
wm0ef&SdcJh+yD? rSm;wJhEkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfawG/ rSm;wJhynma&;vrf;pOfawGeJ usrwdkwdkif;jynf[m E$JcJh&+yD?
aemifusvdk&Sd&if rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfeJ rSefuefwJh ynma&;vrf;pOfawGom 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm &Sdzdkvdkygw,f?
'Dawmh usrwdk&J ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tcktcsdefrSm ausmif;awGydwfaew,f? ynma&;eJ
uif;uGmaew,fqdkwm ausmif;ynma&;eJ uif;uGmaew,f? avmuxJrSm ynm&Smae&w,f?
avmu}uD;xJrSm ynm&SmaewJhtcg EkdifiHa&;todkif;t0dkif;xJrSm ynm&SmwJhtcgrSmvnf;
wefzdk;&SdwJhynm&Smzdk vdkygw,f? trsm;tusKd;twGufqdkwJh ynm &Sm=uygw,f? trsm;tusKd;twGufqdkwJh
ynm[m ausmif;wcgrS raezl;wJh vlawmifrS &SmEdkifygw,f? 'DvdkynmawG usrwdkEkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awGrSm
tm;vHk;&Sdvdk&Sd&if 'Dwkdif;jynfu EdkifiHa&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f? vlr_a&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f?
vlr_a&;pepf/ EkdifiHa&;pepf/ ynma&;pepf/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkwm tm;vHk; qufEG,faeygw,f? 'gvnf;
tm;vHk;od+yD;om;yJ? 'Dawmh rSefuefwJhynm &Sma&;qdkwm rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vkyfa&;vnf; jzpfygw,f?
wcgxJeJ ausmif;om;rsm;[m EdkifiHa&;a&m/ ynma&;a&m atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Ekdifygw,f?
'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;rsm;ydwfaewmawmifrS atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Edkifygw,f?
tckqdkvdk&Sd&if ckESpf Zlvdkifv (7 Zlvdkif) owd&wJhtcgrSm tifrwefrS 0rf;enf;w,f?
wdk&Jwdkif;jynfrSm tifrwefrS dkif;dkif;pdkif;pdkif; yrloGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckrSm rjzpfoifh/
rjzpfxdkufwJh jzpf&yfawG[m jzpfoGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJhwkdif;jynfwck jyef+yD;awmhjzpfatmif usrwdk
ud;pm;&r,f? 'Dvdk,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckjzpfzdkqdkwmuvnf; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&J vufxJrSm
&Sdygw,f? apmapmu 0d"l&OD;cspfarmif ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif;yJ tem*wfqdkwmuvnf; vli,fawG&J vufxJrSm
trsm;qHk;yJ&Sdygw,f? 'Dtem*wfudk csDwufoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm rSefrSefuefuef csDwufoGm;=uyg?
usrwdkwdkif;jynf&J a&Sa&;udk t+rJyJ=unfhyg? 'ga=umifh usrwdk wrifoufouf wyfrawmfom;rsm;&J
ynma&;udk xnfh+yD;awmh ajymwmyg? wyfrawmfeJ jynfol tpOft+rJuGJaevdkawmh rjzpfygbl;?
'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m tifrwefrS qif;&JwJh todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u vmw,fqdkwm usrwdk owdxm;&r,f?
'ga=umifhrdkvkd usrwdkrSm =uifempdwfawG &Sd&r,f? 'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m usrwdk
wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGvkd ynmoif&wJh tcGifhta&;awG r&SdcJhbl;? wyfrawmfxJrSm OD;ae0if;wdkvkd
yk*~KdvfrsKd;ay;vdkufwJh ppfynmawG/ rrSefruefwJh ppfynmawGom &SdcJhw,f? 'Dawmh 'DvdkrrSefruefwJh
ppfynmawGtpm; rSefuefwJhtrsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfawG usrwdk jyef+yD;awmh oGif;ay;&r,f? 'g tm;vHk;rSm
wm0ef&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHwEdkifiH[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEkdifiHjzpfzdk/ wnfwHhckdif+rJ/ *k%foduQm&SdwJhwyfrawmf
&Sdzdk vdkygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh txl;ojzifh pdwf0rf;uJGaewmuawmh ausmif;om;awGeJ
wyfrawmf=um;xJrSmyJ? bmjzpfvdkvnf;qdkawmh wyfrawmfvufxJrSm tcH&qHk;u ausmif;om;awGyJ?
'ga=umifhrdkvdk ausmif;om;awG&J pdwfxJrSm tifrwefrS emusnf;ae=uw,f? c%c%yJ usrudk ajymygw,f?
ppfqdkvdk a&awmifppfraomufzl;vdk usrudk ajymygw,f? a& ppfraomufvdk&Sd&ifawmh ydk;0ifHkyJ&Sdw,f?
tJ'Dawmh usrwdk 'DvdkpdwfawG xm;vdkrjzpfbl;? ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynmoifwJhvlawGyJ? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk
ydk+yD;awmh oabmxm;}uD;&r,f? ydk}uD;awmh tjrifus,f&r,f? oabmxm;}uD;}uD; tjrifus,fus,feJ
cGifhv$wfEkdifwJh pdwf"mwfawG &Sd&r,f? ynmr&SdwJhvleJ kef;aevdk/ ebrf;owfaevdkvnf; roifhawmfygbl;?
'Dawmh udk,feJ wef;wlnDwljzpfatmif ynmay;+yD;rS ebrf;owfwmrS ebrf;owf&usKd; eyfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
ud;pm;=uyg?
ppfynmrsm; jyef+yD;awmh oifay;Ekdif&r,f/ ppfynmqdkwm jynfoltwGuf/ jynfoludk umuG,fzdk/
jynfoludkowfzdk r[kwfbl;qdkwm usrwdk jyef+yD;awmh oifay;&r,f?
tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk owdxm;&ygvdrfhr,f? raewaewkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifajymoGm;wJh
rdefcGef;xJrSm jynfolvlxkukd +cdrf;ajcmufwJh t&dyfta,mifawG ygw,fvdk usr jrifygw,f? 'Dvdk
+cdfrf;ajcmufwJh t&dyfta,mifqdkwm usr vHk;vkHk;rESpfoufygbl;? 'Dvdk tm%mudk udkif+yD;awmh/ vufeufudk
udkif+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufw,fqdkwm tifrwefrS roifhawmfygbl;? enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ
r[kwfrrSefuefwmawG ajym+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk xdk;ESufaew,f? 'gawGu qdk;vS+yD? ckusawmh
tm%mpufoHk;r,fqdk+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufvmwJhtcgusawmh tifrwefrS vGefaeyg+yD? usrwdkEkdifiHrSm
tm%mpuf quf+yD;awmh oHk;oGm;r,fqdkvdk&Sd&ifawmh b,fvdkrS tzwfq,fEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;?
jynfolvlxkuvnf; b,fawmhrS cGifhv$wfEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tm%mpufoHk;wJh tavhtx}uD;udkawmh
usrwdk 'Duae+yD;awmh &yfqkdif;&awmhr,f? e0w taeeJ EkdifiHtay:rSm apwem&Sd&if/ e0w taeeJ
OD;ae0if;&J trdeftm%mudk vGefqef&JwJh owWd&Sd&if tm%mpufqdkwJh pum;vHk;ukd vHk;vHk; quf+yD;awmh
roHk;ygeJawmh? jynfolvlxkeJ 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkawGeJ ndE_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wdkifyif&JwJh owWdudkom
arG;jrLyg? tJh'grS wu,fhowWdyg? aoewf}uD;&Sdvdk ypf&Jw,fqdkwm[m owWdr[kwfygbl;? bmrS vufxJrSm
r&SdbJeJ trSefw&m;t& tajz&SmcsifwJh owWdrsKd;om usrwdk vkdcsifygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdkvdk usrwdk
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;/ 'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; twdwfujzpf&yfrsm;udk pOf;pm;+yD;awmh
rSefrSefuefuefvkyfzdk oEMdmefcs=uyg? usr 'g xyfwvJvJajymaewJhudpPyg? rSefrSefuefuefvkyf&if usrwdk
waer[kwfwae atmifjrif&r,f? jynfolvlxk&J rSefuefwJhtiftm;/ nDnGwfr_tiftm;udk b,folrS
a&&SnfvGefqefEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? e0w vnf; vGefqefEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? wyfrawmfvnf; vGefqefEkdifrSm
r[kwfbl;? e0wwdk/ wyfrawmfwdkqdkwmuvnf; jynfolvlxku au|;arG;xm;wJh
tzJGtpnf;awGjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh jynfolvlxktay:rSm tifrwefrS aus;Zl;&Sdygw,f? aus;Zl;&Sifudk
aus;Zl;rodwwfvdk&Sd&ifawmh 'kuQa&mufp+rJyJ? 'Dawmh usrwdk&J ausmif;om;vli,frsm;taeeJ
pdwf"mwfrusygeJ? +cdrf;ajcmufwma=umifh ra=umufygeJ? 'gayrJh owWdqdkwmawmh &Sdyg? usrudk
q&mawmf}uD;wyg;uae+yD;awmh rdefvdkufovdkayghav? t&ifwkef;u azazhudkvnf; rdefcJhygw,fqdk+yD; usrudk
xyf+yD;awmh rdefvdkufygw,f? ajcmufwkdif;vnf; ra=umufygeJ/ ra=umufbJvnf; raeygeJayghav?
ajcmufwkdif;vnf; ra=umufygeJ/ ra=umufbJvnf; raeygeJqdkwm[m owdxm;&r,f?
tumtuG,f,l&r,f? 'Dvdk+cdrf;ajcmufaew,fqkdwm em;vnf&r,f? b,fvdkoabmeJ
+cdrf;ajcmufaeovJqdkwm usrwdk em;vnf&r,f? usrwdk&J taumif;qHk;tumtuG,fuawmh
nDnGwfr_tiftm;yJ/ pnf;urf;yJ? usrwdk nDnDnGwfnGwf pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ vkyfoGm;r,fqdkvdk&Sd&if usrwdkudk
&ef&Smzdk tifrwefrS cJ,Of;ygvdrfhr,f? tckvdk ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd wnDwnGwf
tcrf;tem;}uD; usif;yoGm;Ekdifw,fqdkwm[m tifrwefrS tm;wufp&mjzpfygw,f? reufwkef;uvnf;
ygwDaygif;rsm;pGm[m (7) &ufae Zlvkdifv tcrf;tem;rsm;udkvnf; usif;yoGm;ygw,f?
'DvdknDnGwfr_tiftm;[m waexufwae wufvmw,fqdkwm jrifawG&ygw,f? 'DvdkwufvmwJh
nDnGwfr_tiftm;eJyJ usrwdk atmifyef;udk qifEkdifygw,f? udk,fvdkcsifwJhyef;wdkifudk a&mufoGm;rSmyg?
wajz;ajz; r[kwfbJeJ ydk+yD;awmh jrefjrefqefqef a&mufa&;twGuf usrwdk ydk+yD;awmh ud;pm;&r,f?
'Dhaemuf wv/ ESpfvtwGif;rSm qdkvdk&Sd&if tcrf;tem;trsKd;rsKd; usif;y&r,fqdkwm usr
ajymcJhygw,f? 'DudpPeJywfoufvdk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuae+yD;awmh (7) &ufae Zlvkdifv/ (19) &ufae
Zlvdkifvqdk+yD;awmh }udrf;armif;aew,fvdk ajymoGm;ygw,f? usr }udrf;armif;aewm r[kwfygbl;?
owday;aewmyg/ jynfolvlxkudk? 'Dtcrf;tem;awG&Sdw,f? 'Dtjzpftysuftm;vHk;[m usrwdkEkdifiHrSm
EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ ajz&Sif;cJhvdkjzpfw,f? aemifxyf+yD;awmh vufeufenf;eJ
EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm; rajz&Sif;Ekdifatmifvdk usrwdk ud;yrf;oGm;&r,f? pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ
ud;yrf;oGm;&r,f? 'gyJ usr xyfwvJvJ ajymoGm;wmyg? usr pyDumraumif;vdk atmfrdvdk
}udrf;armif;aew,fxifovm;awmh rodygbl;? 'Dawmh usrwdk jynfolvlxku 'gudk pdwfxJrSmxm;yg? aemif
'Dwkdif;jynfrSm EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ rajz&Sif;a&;/ rajz&Sif;Ekdifatmifvdk usrwdk
ud;pm;&r,f? quf+yD; ud;pm;oGm;&rSmyJ? 'D ESpfv/ oHk;v&J jy\emrsm;udk usrwdk atmifatmifjrifjrif
ausmfv$m;Ekdifvdk&Sd&ifawmh 'Drdkua&pDudk jrefjrefqefqef &Ekdifw,fvdk usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? t&ifht&ifwkef;u
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m wkdif;jynf&JtusKd;udk xrf;aqmifcJhovdk tckacwf
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[mvnf; quf+yD;awmh wdkif;jynf&JtusKd;udk xrf;aqmifoGm;Ekdifr,fvdk usr
,Hk=unfygw,f? 'D,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif;yJ tm;vHk; nDnDnGwfnGwf/ owWd&Sd&Sd/ owd&Sd&SdeJ
qufvufcsDwufoGm;=uygvdk awmif;yef&if;eJ usr ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?
20
wyfrawmf[m b,foltwGufvJ
21
e0wESifh &ifqkdifaqG;aEG;a&;
22
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG trSwf 6
23
jynfolvdkcsifwm atmifqef;vrf;pOf
1989 ck ZlvkdifwGif ajym=um;aom tmZmenfae tudrdefcGef;
* * *
usrwdktzJGcsKyfudk 'Dvdktm;ay;wJhtwGuf trsm;}uD;yJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk&Sd&if
usrwdk&J vkyfief;awGudk trsKd;rsKd;yJ wdkufcdkufaew,fqdkwm trsm;od+yD;om; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tck
'Dvdkjynfolvlxk}uD;[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ a&mufvmwmjrifwJhtwGufvnf; usr trsm;}uD;0rf;omw,f?
'DbufrSm vufeufudkifwyfawG r&SdwJhtwGufvnf; usrwdk trsm;}uD;yJ 0rf;omygw,f? usrwdk
t+rJyJajymygw,f? vufeufukdifwyfrsm; r&Sd&if jynfolvlxk[m at;at;csrf;csrf;&Sdygw,f?
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