2

2.1

2.1.1

()
common law civil law

(obligation of promise) Pacta Sunt Servanda

1
(city state) (empire)
(social control)

1
J.F OCornor, Good Faith in International Law (Aldershot: Dartmouth
Publishing Company Limited, 1991), pp. 6-7.
6
 7

Pacta Sunnt Servanda
(faith) (good
faith)2

Fides Dius Fidus (trust)

12
magistrate



(informally) magistrate
(the principle of contractual
good faith ex bona fide) (a group of good
faith actions)

praetor (highly generalizd
standard) (moral ideas)
(equity)
(jurist) (the

2
Ibid., pp. 8-9.
 8

rules of good faith)

(the ultimate meaning of Good)
Stoic (ethical dimension)

(positive legal rules) 3



(Roman bona fide) (the idea of
good conscience)
(cannon law)
Roman Catholic Church ()
4
(universal
ethical principle)
(the natural light of reasons)

(positive law ) common law civil law
(fairness) (equitable dealing)
(reasonableness) 5 common law
() 2.1.3

3
Ibid., pp.17-20.
4
Ibid., pp. 25, 26.
5
Ibid., p. 30.
 9

2.1.2

6

good faith Blacks Law Dictionary 18th Edition
7 (1)
(2) (3)
(4)

.. 1900 157 242
Treu und Glauben Treue
(faithfulness, loyalty, fidelity, reliability)
Glaube (believe in sense faith or reliance)8
. 9

6
, :
4-14, 3 (: , 2548), . 65.
7
A state of mind consisting in (1) honesty in believe or purpose (2)
faithfulness to ones duty or obligation (3)observance of reasonable commercial
standard of fair dealing in agiven trade or business, or (4) absence of intent to defraud
or to seek unconscionable advantage
8
Simon Whittaker and Reinhard Zimmermann, Good faith in European
contract law: Surveying the legal landscape, in Good Faith in European Contract Law,
ed. Reinhard Zimmermann and Simon Whittaker (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2000), p. 30.
9
, ,
. (..., 2526).
 10

(conceptual entity)

(abuse of right) (estoppel) (culpa in
contrahendo)
2
(subjective)
(objective)



550/2490
1012/2504
10
.

412 , 413, 1299, 1300, 1303, 1310, 1311, 1312,
1329, 1330, 1331, 1332 11

(honesty)
(fairness) (reasonableness) (protection of reasonable
reliance) (due regard for the interest of other party)
(considerate behavior)12 .

10
, ,
7,1 ( 2525):52.
11
, 9.
12
J.F OCornor, supra note 1, p.124, Simon Whittaker and Reinhard
Zimmermann, supra note 8 , p. 31.
 11

5 368 13

5 14
1. (jus aequum)


(jus strictum)

2. (jus cogens)
(jus
dispositivum)

13
, 9.
14
, , :, 5 (:
, 2526), . 26, 52-57, , 6,
. 89, ,: 1,
11 (:, 2548), . 120-121, 123, 152-156,
, , 12 (:
, 2538), . 89,90.
 12

373

3. (Unbestimmter Rechtsbegriff)

4. (general principle)

(jus generale)
(jus speciale)
5. (Generaklauseln)

2.1.3 common law Equity

civil law

157 224
1334
common law




1980-1989
Bangue Financiere de la Cite SA v
Westgate Insurance Co Ltd [1989] 2 All ER 923 Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v
 13

Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd [1989]QB433 EC Directives on

Commercial Agents15 Unfair terms in Consumer conracts16
17
common law
3 18
:
(1)
(adversarial self-interested dealing)
(good faith dealing)
(2)

(3)
(state of mind)
(4)

15
Directive 86/653/EEC, implemented by Commercial Agents (Council Directive)
Regulations 1993 (SI 1993/3053) Regulations 3(1) 4 (1)

16
Directive 93/13/EEC, implemented by Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts
Regulations 1994 (SI 1994/3159) Article 3 (1) Regulations 4 (1)


17
Roger Brownsword, Positive, Negetive, Neutral: the Reception of Good
Faith in English Contract Law, in Good Faith in Contract : Concept and Context,ed.
Roger Brownsword,Norma J.Hird and Geraint Howells (Aldershot; Ashgate/Dartmouth,
1999), pp.13-14.
18
Ibid., pp. 17, 21-27, 31-32.
 14

(5) (general doctrine)

:
(piecemeal provision)

( frustration)
(estoppel by conduct)

:
(1) (bad faith)

(2) (unfair
dealing)

(3)
(protection of reasonable expectation)
(4)

EC Directives


 15

19
equity

common law equity

(general rules)


20 civil law
21
common law equity equity
(moral standard of justice)

22


23

19
Ewan McKendrick, Good Faith:A Matter of Principle? in Good Faith in
Contract and Property, ed. A.D.M. Forte (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1999), p. 59.
20
Edmund Henry Turner, Snell, Robert Edgar, Megarry and Paul Vivian, Baker,
Principles of Equity, 26th edition (London: Sweet&Maxwell, 1966), p. 6.
21
Ramond Youngs, English, French and German Comparative Law (London:
Cavendish Publishing Limited, 1998), pp. 54-55.
22
Henry L. McClintock, Handbook of the Principles of Equity, (St.Paul, Min:
West Publishing Co., 1948.), p.1.
23
Edmund Henry Turner, Snell, Robert Edgar, Megarry and Paul Vivian,
Baker, supra note 20, p. 6.
 16

equity
24
- equity

- equity
(justice) (fairness)

equity
(uncertain) (vague)
- equity
equity
(promissory estoppel)
(undue influence)
157 242

(doctrine of the
destruction of the foundation of contract) (frustration of
purpose) (culpa in contrahendo)
(impracticability)
equity
equity
(universal application to contracts)
equitable right remedy

24
Scott Crichton Styles, Good Faith:A Principled Matter, in Good Faith in
Contract and Property, ed.A.D.M.Forte (Oxford:Hart Publishing,1999), pp. 174-175,
Daniel Friedmann, The Transformation of Good Faith in Insurane Law in Good Faith in
Contract : Concept and Context,ed. Roger Brownsword,Norma J.Hird and Geraint
Howells (Aldershot; Ashgate/Dartmouth, 1999), p. 313.
 17

equity 25

2.2

2.2.1

interpretation
interpretatio

26


27
28

29

25
Jill E. Martin and Harold Greville, Hanbury, Modern Equity,14th edition,
(London: Sweet&Maxwell, 1993), p.3, Edmund Henry Turner, Snell, Robert Edgar,
Megarry and Paul Vivian, Baker, supra note 20, pp. 6-7.
26
, , 3 (:
, 2548 ), .131.
27
Konrad Zweigert and Hein Ktz, An Introduction to Comparative Law, trans.
Tony Weir (New York: Oxford University Press Inc.,1998), p. 430.
28
Tom W. Bell, Finding the Law of Contract, <http://www.tombell.com/
teaching/KFindLaw.html> 5 February 2004.
29
Bianca C.M., Dritto Civile:II Contratto, (Giufffe: Milano,1984), p.377. quoted
in ( ) , , 11 (:
, 2549), . 319.
 18

30
(ascertainment of words used
by the parties) (determination of
legal effect of the words) 31

interpretation of contract construction of contract

2

interpretation
(language) (words) (acts)


. . . . 40,000
. 3 5 . 2 5
interpretation . 24,000 .
16,000 32
(legal effect)
(legal operation) construction
. 40,000 . .
. .

30
, (:
, 2525), . 69.
31
Kim Lewison,The Interpretation of Contract (London: Sweet&Maxwell, 1989),
p.1.
32
Arthur Linton Corbin , Corbin on Contract;a comprehensive treatise on the
rule of contract law, (St.Paul: West Publishing Co.,1950-51), pp. 492-493.
 19

construction

33
2
construction
interpretation
34

(expressions)

2
1.

3 3.1
2.

33
Ibid., pp. 492-494.
34
Ibid., p. 494.
 20

367



4 4.2

2.2.2

2,000

10


30 1 30

30 30

 21

2
35


1.

2.
(falsa demonstration non nocet )

35
, ,
.101, . 5-8.
 22

36

2
30 30 (
)







171


30 1

36
Reinhard Zimmermann, The Law of Obligation: Roman Foundation of the
Civil Tradition (Cape Town: Juta & Co, Ltd., 1992), p. 621.
 23

3.2

2.2.3

37 (

37
() , 29, . 99.
 24

Reinhard Simmermann

2,000
38



39
40




41

Reinhard Simmermann

38
Reinhard Zimmermann, supra note 36, p. 621.
39
,
(: , 2517), . 36-37.
40
,
, 8 (: , 2547), . 144.
41
, . 233, , (
,2545), . 11.
 25

4 42
1.


2.

3.


4.

- 154

2 4
- 155
1
- 156
1

42
() , 29 , . 99-101.
 26

158
3


(consensus ad idem)
43

2.2.4

2.2.4 common law civil law

2 2 44
1.
(private autonomy)
(free will)
(subjective interpretation) will theory
2.

(objective interpretation)
common law civil law
2

43
Reinhard Zimmermann, supra note 36, p. 621.
44
Hughe Beale, Arthur Hartkamp, Hein Kotz and Denis Tallon, Cases,
Materials and Text on Contract Law (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2002), p. 556.
 27

common law
2

(external phenomenon of
expression) (subjective intention)45


3 3.3.1

parol evidence rule

2.3.4
civil law
46
civil law
-


1156

(hypothetical intention)

1156

45
Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kotz, supra note 27, p. 406. Ramond Youngs,
supra note 21, p. 510.
46
Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kotz, ibid., pp. 406-407.
 28

(objective factor)
(custom) (equity)



the Court of Cassation
47 3 3.3.2*
-
2

133

157
48
( 2 171
368 )





157

47
Ibid., pp. 402-403.
* 66.
48
Ibid., pp. 403-404.
 29

49
3 3.3.2
157

50



Vienna Convention UNIDROIT Principles of
International Commercial Contracts

2.3

2.3.1

5 368

2.1.2
5
368

49
Ibid., p. 404.
50
Ibid., p. 408.
 30

51

52

24

22
23 24
1

38753

51
, 6, . 77.
52
, , (
, 2541), . 158-159,168. (
343/2494 2231-2232/2525).
53
452/2549
 31

54




55
56

2.2.1
(expressions)

54
, 41, . 124 ( 1538/
2508)
55
... ,
1 (1-2), .. 2478 ..2505 (:
, 2527), . 277, ,
, 15 (: ,
2548), . 190-191.
56
,
, 4 (: , 2526), . 8.
 32

5
368

2591/2543

2 8

15 2542

2 368

15 2542

2537
93,012.18
2 8 18

5

368 5
1
157 (
368)
 33

242 ( 5)57
157 242
58

2.3.2

(public policy)
(good morals)

common law civil law
6

138

150

.
59

57
Simon Whittaker and Reinhard Zimmermann,supra note 8, p.29.
58
Nigel G. Foster and Satish Sule, German Legal System and Laws (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2002), p.388.
59
, 56, . 16-18., ,
: , 2
(: , 2542), . 64.
 34

common law
unconscionability
Wachtler Jones v. Star Credit Corporation (Supreme Court of New York,
Nassau County,1969.59 Misc,2d 189,289 N.Y.S.2D 264) Section 2-203
Uniform Commercial Code


60

civil law

(proper goals)
(general habits and standard)


(the state and community defend their goals against the parties)61

60
Udo Reifner, Good Faith: Interpretation or Limitation of Contracts? The
power of German Judges in Financial Services Law in Good Faith in Contract :
Concept and Context, ed. Roger Brownsword, Norma J. Hird and Geriant Howells
(Aldershot; Ashgate/Dartmouth, 1999), p. 279.
61
Ibid., pp. 277-278.
 35

common law
(decent habits)

unconscionability
62

Wachtler

138
(subjective elements)
(bad intention)
(unconscionable result) 63

5738/2545 2 5
1
1 5
1


(
)

62
Ibid., p. 280.
63
Ibid.
 36

2.3.3

157

242 242
157



64

65

64
,
, 15, 1 (, 2528):47,
49-50.
65
, 59, . 82.
 37

(contra proferentem rule)

(fundamental breach)66 ...

5 171 368


67

6053/2531,990/2532,4127/2532 , 2303/2534, 5022/2540,

1780/2542 162/2546 68


78-23
10 1978 4 34

66
, , 15, 1 (
2528):25 .
67
, 59, . 59-60., ,
, 16, 3 (, 2529):137,141.
68
, , .68., ,
, 11 (:
,2548 ) ,. 307-309.
 38

69
308 309

(catch-all rule) 307 (1)70


... Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 The Unfair
Contract Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations 1994 Regulations
4 (1)
Regulations
6
(plain and intelligible language)
(alternative terms)71

69
78-23
10 1978 , , . 147.
70
Nigel G. Foster and Satish Sule,supra note 58, pp. 409-410.
71
Chris Willet, Good Faith in Consumer Contract Terms in Good Faith in
Contract : Concept and Context, ed. Roger Brownsword, Norma J. Hird and Geriant
Howells (Aldershot; Ashgate/Dartmouth, 1999), pp. 67-68,82.
 39

72

2.3.4

2


73

2.2.4 common law

(certainty of law)


(exclusiveness)

72
, , . 57.,
, 64 ,.52., ,
66 ,.31., , ADHESION CONTRACT, 13,
1 ( 2526):162.
73
, , 7
(: , 2542), .206-207.
 40

()
(extrinsic evidence) (parol
evidence)74


(validity)




(factual matrix) ( 3 3.3.1)


(ordinary meanng)

(technical terms)
75 Scragg v. United Kingdom Temperance General Provident
Institution76 (a sprint event)
(motor racing) Mocatta J.

74
, , 7
(: , 2547), . 226., Konrad Zweigert and Hein
Ktz,supra note 27 , p. 407.
75
Arthur Linton Corbin .supra note 32,p. 536.,Guenter Heintz Treitel, The Law
of Contract(London:Sweet&Maxwell,1999)p.176,179-180., Konrad Zweigert and Hein
Ktz, An Introduction to Comparative Law, supra note 27, p. 407.
76
[1976]2LloydsRep.227.
76
[1976]2LloydsRep.227. in Kim Lewison, supra note 31,p.71.
 41

(express terms)

(implid terms)

77 Hutton V. Warren 78 Parke B.
(custom) (usage)

common law

79
civil law
1341

77
Arthur Linton Corbin ,supra note 32, p. 537., Guenter Heintz Treitel, supra
note 75, p. 178.
78
(1836) 1M.&W.466. in Kim Lewison, supra note 31, p.108.
79
Guenter Heintz Treitel, supra note 75 , pp. 180-181.
 42

80

94

()

()

(2)
93

81

557/2487

80
Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kotz, supra note 27, p. 407.
81
, 74, . 250-251.
 43

2033/2514
40,000

6474/2541






1375/2505


(
94

)

( 5)

94

 44

2.4

2.4.1

2

171

82

83

82
, 39, . 67.
83
() , 29 , . 27, ,
, 4 (: ,
2548), . 303.
 45

368
84

85


86

87

84
, 35 , . 5, 7-8., ,
,
.101, . 5.
85
, 40, . 385, ,
30 , . 70-71, , (:
, 2517),.63.
86
() , 29, . 320.
87
6474/2541.
 46

1
1 2

1 1
2




133 157 171 368
19 ()
133 157

133
157
88

88
, 132 368
, 9,1 ( 2527):63-34,65-66,69.
 47

2.4.2

2


common law civil law

3 3.3.3 4 4.3.3
common law
Shore v. Wilson89 Tandal C.J.


Hutton v. Warren Parke B. 90

(custom) (usage)
civil law
1135

1159
1160

157

368
157

89
(1842) 9 Cl.&Fin. 335. in Kim Lewison,supra note 31, p.82.
90
(1836) 1 M.&W. 466. in Kim Lewison, ibid., p.108.
 48

)
368

 49

368

2.4.3 10 14

10 14
10 12 13 14

11
91

10
10

10
-
92
6509/2545

91
, 1-2 1
240 (: , 2503), . 59, , 6 , .
300.
92
,, . 57.
 50

19
-


10
93
613/2469

980/2466
5-6




10 1194
2391/2529 2
1 2 1
2
2 1

93
, . 55-57.
94
, 6, . 293 . ,

1 (: , 2471), . 69.
 51

2
1
-
10
. .
.
. .
. . 10
95
5497/2543
2 5


300,000
2 5 2 5

11
11

96



97

95
, 91, . 57-58.
96
, 6, . 295.
97
, 91, . 60-61.
 52

2393/2527 1
2
2


6955/2538
3

11

1470/2492 11


11 11

11

2343/2521 1.
50,000 2.
130,045.75 120
2

1 2

 53

12
12



12
98
1879/2542
104,347
104,347 104,347 (
)


12
13
13

13 11
13
99
14
14

98
, 91, . 62-63.
99
, . 64.
 54

14

100

14

101

1663-1664/2529 14







102

475/2485


10 14

10 14

171

100
, 6, . 305.
101
, 91 , . 66-67.
102
, . 67.
 55

10-14


,
,


171 10-14

550


553




625/2508 10,000
176,649.35 1
1,500
177,045

562

 56

171 10 14

50

50
50

11


368

368 11
 57

800/2529

12 2
2

11
368 11