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Xử lý nước thải giàu hợp chất nitơ và photpho PDF
Xử lý nước thải giàu hợp chất nitơ và photpho PDF
~1~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
gim ngun thc n ca thu ng vt, lm gim nng oxy ho tan trong
nc do qu trnh quang hp ca thc vt b hn ch, gy kh khn cho hot
ng ca ng vt thu sinh.
Hp cht hu c giu thnh phn carbon c kh nng sinh hu (BOD) khi
tn ti trong nc vi nng ln l ngun c cht cho cc loi vi sinh vt
pht trin. Vi cc loi vi sinh vt hiu kh, trong qu trnh pht trin v hot
ng chng tiu th mt lng oxy tan kh ln, vi mt cao s gy c
nc v khi cht chng lng xung lp bn y. Trong iu kin thiu oxy cc
loi vi sinh vt ym kh pht trin, to ra nhiu dng hp cht c mi hi (cc
cht c tnh kh cao nh H2S, metan, axit hu c d bay hi) u c mi
trng nc v khng kh vng xung quanh.
Nit v photpho l hai nguyn t c bn ca s sng, c mt tt c cc
hot ng lin quan n s sng v trong rt nhiu ngnh ngh sn xut cng
nghip, nng nghip. Hp cht ho hc cha nit, photpho c gi l thnh
phn dinh dng trong phm tr nc thi v l i tng gy nhim kh
trm trng cho mi trng. Khi thi 1 kg nit di dng hp cht ho hc vo
mi trng nc s sinh ra c 20 kg COD, cng tng t nh vy 1 kg
photpho s sinh ra c 138 kg COD di dng to cht [1].
Trong ngun nc nhn giu cht dinh dng (N, P) thng xy ra cc hin
tng: to v thy thc vt khc pht trin rt nhanh to nn mt ln. Vo
ban ngy hoc khi nhiu nng, qu trnh quang hp ca to din ra mnh lit.
Khi quang hp to hp th kh CO2 hoc bicarbonat (HCO3-) trong nc v
nh ra kh oxy. pH ca nc tng nhanh, nht l khi ngun nc nhn c
kim thp (tnh m thp do cn bng ca h H2CO3 - HCO3- - CO32-), vo
thi im cui bui chiu, pH ca mt s ao, h giu dinh dng c th t gi
tr trn 10. Nng oxy tan trong nc thng mc siu bo ho, c th ti
20 mg/l.
Song song vi qu trnh quang hp l qu trnh h hp (phn hu cht hu
c to ra nng lng, ngc vi qu trnh quang hp) xy ra. Trong khi h
hp, to thi ra kh CO2, tc nhn lm gim pH ca nc. Vo ban m hoc
nhng ngy t nng, qu trnh h hp din ra mnh m gy tnh trng thiu oxy
v lm gim pH trong nc. Trong cc ngun nc giu dinh dng vo bui
sng sm, trc lc bnh minh, lng oxy trong nc hu nh cn kit v pH
c th thp hn 5,5.
~2~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hin tng nu trn c gi l ph dng - lng dinh dng cho thc
vt (phn bn N, P) qu cao trong mi trng nc.
Trong mi trng ph dng, iu kin sng (pH, oxy tan) bin ng lin
tc v mnh l nhng tc nhn gy kh khn, thm ch l mi trng khng
th sng i vi thu ng vt.
Thi gian hay chu k sng ca to c gii hn, sau khi pht trin mnh
(bng n to hay cn gi l nc n hoa) to cht lng xung lp y v tip
tc b phn hu trong iu kin ym kh. Ging loi to rt phong ph, trong
c loi to c (tit ra c t), trong iu kin ph dng t l thnh phn
to thng thay i theo chiu hng bt li, hnh thnh nhiu loi to c [2].
Tc dng xu ca nc thi ln mi trng c con ngi nhn bit t lu
v lun tm cch hn ch. K thut hay cng ngh x l nc thi c th c
c trng bi trnh pht trin qua cc giai on: x l s cp, th cp v
bc ba (phng php tin tin).
X l s cp l p dng cc gii php k thut loi b cc tc nhn gy
nhim c th cm nhn c nh cht gy c, gy mi, gy mu hoc nhng
vt c kch thc ln c th tch ra khi nc bng cc bin php c hc. Cc
k thut p dng trong x l s cp thng l n gin c gi thnh vn hnh
khng cao: vt rc, chn rc, lng ct (h ga), lng, lc, keo t, sc kh
gim bt mi.
X l th cp l p dng cc gii php k thut n gin loi b cht
hu c giu hm lng carbon dng tan, ch yu l phng php x l vi
sinh trong iu kin ym kh v hiu kh.
Phng php x l hiu kh l s dng cc tp on vi sinh vt hiu kh -
loi hot ng trong mi trng c oxy phn t phn hu cc cht hu c
thnh dng khng c hi nh CO2 v H2O, mt phn ln (40 - 60%) cht hu
c c vi sinh vt s dng lm c cht pht trin thnh sinh khi (t bo)
dng rn, c th d dng tch khi nc bng cc bin php thch hp nh
lng (th cp), lc, ly tm.
vi sinh vt pht trin, chng cn c thm dinh dng (N, P), nu ngun
ny trong nc thi thiu so vi nhu cu pht trin ca chng (v d theo t l
BOD: N: P = 100: 5: 1), th ngun dinh dng c b sung ch ng t
ngoi vo. Khi ngun dinh dng d tha, chng tn ti dng tan hay khng
tan trong nc s ng vai tr phn bn cho thy thc vt.
~3~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
X l ym kh l hin tng c bit n t rt lu, tuy vy ch c s
dng rng ri x l nc thi vo cui thp k 70 v 80 ca th k 20 sau
cuc khng hong nng lng vo nm 1973. X l ym kh c gi thnh vn
hnh r, thch hp cho cc loi nc thi c nhim cao, ph hp vi iu
kin m nng. Do lng vi sinh hnh thnh (hiu sut sinh khi) thp nn chi
ph cho x l bn (vi sinh) khng ln. Ngoi ra, c th thu c mt lng
nhin liu kh cao di dng kh metan hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men
cht hu c.
Tuy c nhng u vit trn nhng nc thi sau x l ym kh cn cha rt
nhiu tp cht c tnh kh (ho hc) cao, khng p ng c tiu chun thi
ra mi trng. V l do nn nhiu nh nghin cu xem bc x l ym kh
l giai on x l s cp, nc thi sau cn c tip tc x l theo phng
php hiu kh.
Rt nhiu cc phng n k thut c s dng x l nc thi: k thut
huyn ph, c nh vi sinh trn cht mang, k thut bn hot tnh, a quay,
lc nh git, tng c nh, tng gin n, tng linh ng (lu th) hoc t hp
(lai ghp) ca cc k thut trn.
Vo u thp k 20, k thut bn hot tnh c pht trin v p dng kh
rng ri x l nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot, c bit i vi
cc khu vc dn c c ng dn s.
Nhn bit c mc gy hi ca thnh phn dinh dng trong nc thi,
vo thp k 90, mt lot cc nc cng nghip ra chin lc v qui nh
kim sot cc yu t trn. Do lut nh v cc yu t trn kh ngt ngho v
ngy cng tr nn kht khe hn nn cc nghin cu c bn v pht trin cng
ngh tp trung vo cc i tng: xy dng cc h thng mi p ng tiu
chun thi, ci to cc h thng c ang hot ng nng cp v t tiu
chun thi mi.
Mt h thng x l t tiu chun thi v phng din dinh dng c coi
l h x l bc ba hay tin tin v ng nhin t trnh x l s cp v
bc hai. Cng ngh x l bc ba phc tp hn nhiu so vi hai bc trc v gi
thnh (xy dng, vn hnh) cng cao hn nhiu (vi ln). Do vy vic ci to
cc h thng c cng khng d thc hin. V d h thng x l nc thi sinh
hot ti thnh ph Leipzig (CHLB c) c xy dng v hot ng c
khong 80 nm, n c quyt nh nng cp t tiu chun thi v phng
din tp cht dinh dng. T nm 1996 - 2001 vic tin hnh nng cp mi ch
~4~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
t c 50% cng sut x l (cng sut x l tng l 300.000 m3/ngy). D
kin phi mt thm 5 nm tip mi hon chnh c d n nng cp ton b h
thng. Sa cha nng cp mt h ang hot ng thng kh khn v tn
km hn so vi xy dng hon chnh ngay t u.
Bo v cc ngun nc v phng din nhim tr thnh vn cp
bch ca tng quc gia.
Cc nc ln hoc cc nhm nc u c chin lc bo v ngun nc
(nc mt, nc ngm, nc ven b bin) tng ng vi nhu cu i hi, lch
s pht trin, hon cnh kinh t, tnh a phng v tim nng khoa hc, cng
ngh c th [5].
Trc nm 1980 cng ng chu u ban hnh mt lot cc lut lin
quan n nc, c gi l ln sng th nht: hng dn v tiu chun nc
b mt (1973), lut v cht lng nc sinh hot (1980). Cc iu lut v nc
ca EU trc nm 1990 ch tp trung vo tiu chun cho nc sinh hot,
khng ch ti tiu chun ca cc cht dinh dng (N, P) tr tiu chun v
nitrat. Cng trong thi gian , do vic khai thc, s dng nc qu mc, mc
nhim trm trng cng vi tm nhn ngn ca cc d n qun l nc nn
xut hin cc ngun nc ph dng, h sinh thi b ph hu, s bin mt
ca cc vng ngp nc, nc ngm vng ven bin b nhim mn. Cc kt
qu nh gi h thng cho thy: tng nc ngm b ph hu, h sinh thi nc
v cht lng nc b xu i rt nhanh trong giai on ca thp k 80 v u
thp k 90 ca th k XX.
nhim v suy thoi ngun nc buc cc nh lm chnh sch phi cn
nhc v sa i cc ni dung v lut m ni dung quan trng nht l kim sot
cc ch tiu nhim do cc cht dinh dng gy ra (ln sng th hai).
Trong nm 1991 cc iu lut sau c thng qua:
- iu lut nc thi th (1991) tp trung vo nc thi ca cc khu dn c
(khng bao gm cc lng nh) cng nh nc thi cng nghip cha tp cht
sinh hu.
- Qui nh v kim sot nitrat t hot ng nng nghip.
Ngoi ra u ban chu u cn a ra d tho v ngn nga nhim mang
tnh tng hp ca EU (1996), tiu chun mi v cht lng nc sinh hot
(1998).
iu lut nc thi th ra cc mc tiu tham vng:
~5~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Tt c cc khu dn c trn 2000 ngi u c h thng thu gom v x l
nc thi.
- Cc h thng x l nc thi phi t trnh bc hai v x l dinh dng
nu nc thi sau x l bc hai cha nng nitrat cao hoc c du hiu gy
ra hin tng ph dng.
Thi hn cui t cc mc tiu trn l vo 1998, 2000, 2005 tng hp
vi qui m ca h x l v ngun nc nhn.
T ni dung qui nh ca cc iu lut trn cho thy tm quan trng ca
vic kim sot cht dinh dng trong nc thi v s cp bch ca n (ch c
7,5 nm thc hin cho cc h x l phc v cho 10.000 ngi.
thc hin iu lut chung, cc thnh vin ca cng ng EU t la chn
cc vng thi nhy cm trong nc mnh, vng nhy cm chung s c hi
ng EU quyt nh. Cc nc thnh vin cng c quyn t la chn tiu
chun thi: mc gim thiu dinh dng (%) hoc nng cht thi sau x
l trong qu trnh kim sot.
Theo , hiu qu x l ca cc h thng cn t cc tiu chun c ghi
trong bng 1. 1.
~6~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Chin lc kim sot nhim dinh dng trong nc ca mi quc gia u
da vo cc qui nh chung ca quc t (v d theo vn bn khuyn co
9/2/1988 ti Helcom), ca cc vng lnh th (v d EU) v tiu vng (v d
vng bin Baltic, vnh Phn Lan, lu vc ca cc sng ln, cc bi bin) cng
vi cc c th ring ca tng quc gia.
Lut, bin php thc thi lut v chng trnh hnh ng ca tng quc gia
trong EU c t ra v thc hin.
bo v ngun nc, ngn nga s hnh thnh cc ngun nc ph
dng v ph hp vi lut ca cng ng chu u, chnh ph Phn Lan qui
nh: Tt c cc h thng x l nc thi sinh hot phc v khu dn c trn
10.000 ngi cn phi gim thiu 70% lng nit trong nc thi nu ngun
nc nhn n c nguy c tr nn ph dng v nu nc c nhit cao hn
12oC i vi cc h thng x l phc v trn 100.000 ngi.
Trong chin lc bo v ngun nc ca mnh trong cc giai on 1995 -
2005, da trn cc kt qu nghin cu ton din v nhiu kha cnh khc nhau,
chnh ph cng a ra mt s khuyn co khc:
- Tt c cc h thng x l nc thi cn phi loi b c hp cht nit khi
cc ngun nhn nc trong ni a c nguy c b thiu oxy do nhim
amoniac hoc c tc ng xu n cht lng nc cp hay i sng ca
thu ng vt.
- Tt c cc h thng x l nc thi phc v trn 10.000 ngi ra vnh
Phn Lan, bin Archipelago, hoc cc sng vng ven bin Bothnia u cn
loi b nit . Trong giai on 1988 - 2004 cn phi gim 60 - 65% lng
nit trong nc thi.
Vi cc qui nh trn s c khong 30 h thng x l nc sinh hot Phn
Lan cn phi tin hnh x l nit . Mc tiu hoc nhu cu l gim 85 - 90%
tng lng amoniac trong nc thi hoc nng amoniac sau khi x l, tnh
trung bnh theo nm l 4 mg/l [3].
Ti an Mch chng trnh hnh ng gim thiu nhim cht dinh dng
c quc hi thng qua vo nm 1987 v c hiu lc thi hnh i vi cc h
thng x l t 1. 1993 [4].
Chng trnh hnh ng ca an Mch qui nh ch tiu thi chung cho
nc thi sinh hot v BOD, tng nit v tng photpho. Cc ch tiu thi lin
quan n qui m ca h thng x l tnh theo s ngi c phc v, h thng
xy mi v cc h thng ang tn ti (bng 1. 2).
~7~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong chng trnh hnh ng c ti 289 h thng x l nc thi phi h
thp nng photpho xung di 1,5 mg/l, 165 h x l phi gim nng
nit xung di 8 mg/l. Thi gian dnh cho chng trnh hnh ng khng
di: 138 h x l phi hon thnh ngay trong nm 1993, 25 h c php hon
thnh chm hn mt nm, 25 h khc c php hon thnh chm hn hai
nm, ch duy nht mt h x l (ln nht ti Lynetten) c php ko di 4
nm.
Bng 1. 2. Tiu chun thi chung i vi nc thi sinh hot ca an
Mch.
Qui m h x l T-N T-P BOD
(s ngi c phc v) mg/l mg/l mg O2/l
< 5000 - - -
H mi, > 5000 8 1,5 15
H tn ti
5000 - 15.000 - 1,5 -
>15.000 8 1,5 15
thc hin chin lc gim thiu nhim do cht dinh dng, chnh ph
Na Uy chi 9 triu NOK cho chng trnh nghin cu trn. Mc ch chnh
ca d n nghin cu l tm cc bin php x l dinh dng thch hp vi iu
kin ca Na Uy l c kh hu lnh v nc thi b pha long, sao cho c th
gim 50 - 80% hm lng dinh dng trong nc thi sinh hot vi chi ph
xy dng v vn hnh hp l [6].
Nhm thc hin iu lut nc thi th ca EU, vng Flemish B c
lit vo vng nhy cm, nn cc h thng x l nc thi cho hn 10.000
ngi phi p ng tiu chun thi v phng din dinh dng. Do c u
t tho ng, iu lut trn s c thc thi trn vn vo nm 2005 trong tt c
118 h thng x l nc thi sinh hot [7]. t tiu chun cht lng thi,
cc h thng x l phi gim thiu t nht 75% nng cc cht dinh dng.
T nm 1990 chnh quyn Flemish thc hin mt chng trnh khn cp
nng cao hiu qu x l ca cc h thng c vi hiu sut x l ch t khong
33%. Hng Aquafin Ltd c thnh lp v c ch nh nhim v: tu sa,
xy dng v vn hnh nhng c s h tng cn thit phc v x l nc
thi. Nhm phc v tt h thng x l nc thi ngy cng tng, Aquafin Ltd
thc hin tiu chun ho cc cng ngh p dng thch hp cho cc qui m
~8~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
khc nhau trn c s nghin cu so snh v cc ch tiu kinh t v mi trng.
Tiu chun ho chng nhng c xc lp cho tng th qu trnh x l nc
thi, bn thi m cn cho tng n v cng ngh ca h thng. Tiu chun ho
cn p dng cho c cc s cng ngh chun, phng php tnh ton v
kim sot h thng hot ng. Tt c cc tiu chun trn c xut bn thnh
ti liu thc y nhanh cng vic thit k, xy dng v vn hnh h thng
x l nc thi. Tu theo qui m ca h thng x l, tiu chun k thut c
n nh tng ng (bng 1. 3, 1. 4).
~9~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
do nc thi sinh hot tiu tn 2 t Mark. Lu vc trn c din tch 4488 km2
vi dn s khong 2,2 triu ngi. Vng nc c hin tng ph dng do
ngun nc thi cha nhiu cht dinh dng, hiu qu x l ca cc h thng
ch t khong 25% i vi hp cht nit v 10% i vi photpho. Sau nhiu
nm thc hin, cho n nm 1999 nng amoniac gim xung cn 2,3 mg/l
(nm 1972 l 20 mg/l), ca photpho l 0,15 mg/l (vo nhng nm 70 l 0,8
mg/l) [9].
~ 10 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
y s pht trin t ca to. Khi pht trin mnh, to che chn nh sng
khng cho thc vt sng lp di pht trin, lm mt ngun thc n cho
thu ng vt. Khi cht to lng xung y, b vi sinh vt v nm phn hu
lm cn kit ngun oxy ho tan cung cp cho cc loi ng vt khc. Trong
khi phn hu to, cc cht dinh dng v hu c li c chit ra mi trng
nc t trm tch, cc yu t trn li thc y vi sinh vt pht trin. Vi sinh vt
pht trin s bm vo thn, l thc vt lm gim kh nng quang hp ca thc
vt. l qu trnh gy ra gim cht lng nc ca vng vnh.
Mt chng trnh phc hi vnh Chesapeake rng ln c thc hin bi
nhiu t chc (26 t chc tham gia k kt). Ngoi mt s bin php mang tnh
qun l, truyn thng, mc tiu chnh ca chng trnh phc hi (tho thun
1987) l gim lng dinh dng vo vnh 40% vo nm 2000 so vi nm
1985. Ch tiu trn tng ng vi cht lng nc thi khi vo vnh l 6
mg N/l v 1 mg P/l ca tt c cc h thng x l trong vng.
Cho ti nm 1992 ni dung trn c xem xt v nh gi li, kt qu cho
thy mc tiu t ra l kh thi v m rng qui nh trn cho tt c cc vnh.
Ti cn thi im nm 2000, kt qu thc hin chng trnh c tip tc
nh gi v cho thy mc tiu gim hm lng photpho thp hn ch tiu t
ra t 1 - 2%, gim hm lng nit khng t yu cu, ch khong 10 - 20%
(so vi 40%). V vy mt chng trnh mi li c tho thun s thc hin
tip trong 10 nm ti nhm phc hi vng vnh Chesapeake [10].
Qua nhng trnh by trn cho thy, chng nhng cc nh nghin cu khoa
hc, cng ngh a ra cnh bo v nguy c nhim do cc cht dinh dng
cng vi tc hi ca n m ngay cc c quan lp php, hnh php, cng
nghip, thng mi cng tch cc tham gia vo cc cng vic trn nhm
duy tr mt mi trng sng n nh, bn vng.
Ph hp vi hon cnh thc t ca mnh, mi quc gia u c chin lc v
cc gii php ph hp nhm ngn chn nhim do cc cht dinh dng.
Vit Nam, cng ngh x l nc thi, c bit l x l hp cht dinh
dng mi ch giai on u, ch yu khu vc sn xut cng nghip, hu
nh cha ng chm n nc thi sinh hot.
Cc qui nh v tiu chun thi ca Vit Nam cng cha cp ti cc cht
dinh dng v cn mc chung chung.
Nu kp thi ra cc tiu chun thi c th ngay giai on ban u nh
hin nay th s rt thun li cho cc h thng x l nc thi s c tip tc
~ 11 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
xy dng v vn hnh trong thi gian ti v s t tn km hn so vi khi cn
b sung nng cp.
Ni dung trnh by trn lin quan n qu trnh phn hu, loi b cc cht
dinh dng trong nc thi nhm mc ch bo v cc ngun nc. Thc hin
mc tiu rt tn km, khng phi nc no cng c kh nng, v d nh
M trong trng hp x l vng vnh Chesapeake cng khng d p ng v
kinh ph [11]. Trong khi x l (phn hu) cht dinh dng phi dng n nng
lng v ho cht vi chi ph khng thp. Mt khc cc cht dinh dng chnh
l ngun nguyn liu qu ca con ngi m nhiu ni trn th gii (nhng
nc ngho) cn ang thiu v mt s trong (P, S, K) khng c kh nng
ti to v c lng d tr hn ch. Do vy, cc nh khoa hc hin nay ang
khi ng cc nghin cu hng vo vic thu hi v ti s dng cc cht dinh
dng t ph thi song song vi cc nghin cu ph hy (x l) chng.
Trn c s nh hng ti s dng v thu hi cht dinh dng t ph thi,
cc nh khoa hc tp trung vo nghin cu vn trn. Ti Amsterdam, 10.
2002, t chc hi ngh vi chuyn from nutrient removal to recovery
(bc tin t phn hy cht dinh dng n thu hi chng) bn bc v
chin lc v tho lun mt s kt qu ban u.
Protein l ngun dinh dng quan trng ca con ngi. Ngun protein thu
c t hot ng sn xut nng nghip hin nay ch yu i t phn tng hp.
Sn lng phn m tng hp ca th gii vo nm 1960 l 10 triu tn, tng
ln 90 triu tn vo nm 1998. Ngoi lng phn m tng hp, qu trnh c
nh m ca vi sinh vt c c tnh l 200 - 240 triu tn [13].
Phn ln c sn xut ch yu t qung appatit, vi mc tiu th nh
hin nay, ngun nguyn liu cn p ng cho khong 300 nm ti [12].
Thu hi, ti s dng cc cht dinh dng va p ng c mc tiu bo
v ngun nc, tit kim nng lng, ho cht va thu nhn v tit kim c
ngun ti nguyn, ph hp vi phng php lun cng ngh xanh (green
engineering). Ni dung ch yu ca phng hng trn l kt hp vic x l
nhim do dinh dng, qun l cht lng mi trng kt hp vi sn xut.
Thu hi cc cht dinh dng c th thc hin trn nhiu i tng t cht
thi rn (phn, ph liu nng nghip, sinh khi, to, bo...) hoc t cht thi
lng m ch yu l nc thi, trc tin l lng nc thi sinh hot (ngun
ln nht).
~ 12 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vo cui th k 20, lng hp cht nit tham gia vo chui thc n ca
con ngi trn th gii l 15 kg/u ngi/nm. Mt phn lng nit trn
nm dng protein trong t bo ng, thc vt, lng protein tiu th dao
ng 20 - 100 g/u ngi/ngy. Mt phn ln protein b thi loi khi c th
ngi trong cht thi, khong t 5 - 16 g tnh theo nit/ngy. Nh vy hng
nm mi ngi thi ra 4,75 kg N (ly s trung bnh l 13 gN/ngi/ngy).
Lng nit thi ra trong nc thi chim khong 30% so vi lng tiu th.
Lng thi nit t phn thp hn so vi nc tiu (1,5 g so vi 12,2 g trn u
ngi mi ngy) [13].
Lng hp cht nit, photpho t nc tiu, phn b pha long ti trm ln
khi thi ra ti cng rnh, tc l trc khi c x l v vy thu hi m t
nc tiu l i tng u tin c quan tm.
C nhiu phng php thu hi cc cht dinh dng t nc thi nhng
bin php u tin quan trng nht l trnh pha long. Tch ring nc tiu l
bin php thu hi trc tip c hiu qu v 80% N, 50% P v 70% K trong nc
thi sinh hot c ngun gc t nc tiu. Sn xut phn bn trc tip t nc
tiu c sn sng chp nhn min l n p ng c nhu cu dinh dng
cho cy trng nh phn tng hp, khng gy mi v s c [12, 14, 15, 16].
Hp cht photpho cng c th thu hi t nc thi, tuy nhin vi gi thnh
cao, v vy thc hin cn c cc ng lc (chnh tr) khc. C quan mi
trng ca Thu in ngh s thu hi 25% P vo nm 2015 v 40% vo
nm 2025 [12].
X l hoc thu hi theo cc phng php n l thng tn km v t
hiu qu khng cao nn cc nh khoa hc ang tm cch phi hp cc gii
php trong mt h tng th. Cc hot ng nghin cu theo hng ny c
chia lm ba mc theo qui m ca ni dung:
- Phi hp cc h thng khc nhau c lin quan n ngun ti nguyn (trong
qun l cht thi ch l mt b phn) khi xem xt mt chu trnh tng th.
- Nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca cc qu trnh, to ra c cc m hnh sn
c hiu qu (v d kt hp gia tch ring nc tiu v x l nc thi hoc
kt hp x l vi thu hi, x l nc thi khai thc m vi thu hi cc sn
phm c trong nc thi).
- Hon chnh v nng cao hiu qu ca tng n v cng ngh, nghin cu k
thut mi c hiu qu tt hn p dng vo thc t (v d cc qu trnh kt
ta amoniac v photphat di dng struvite, qu trnh Sharon/Anamox, oxy
~ 13 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
ho khng hon ton nc tiu, oxy ho tng cng bn vi sinh, sn xut
phn bn t cht dinh dng trong nc thi.
Mt trong nhng v d v ci tin v phi hp cc n v cng ngh khc
nhau c thc hin M (Virginia) l thu hi photpho t h thng x l
nc thi sinh hot. Sinh khi thi t qu trnh x l hiu kh c phn hu
ym kh, khi photpho trong sinh khi v amoniac c thi ra vo nc vi
nng cao (73% trong sinh khi). Amoniac v photphat c thu hi di
dng cht kt ta struvite (MgNH4PO4). S c mt ca struvite v canxi
photphat lm tng gi tr s dng ca phn vi sinh. Sinh khi qua x l nh
trn c dng lm phn bn, ng thnh gi 18,2 kg vi tn thng phm
Nutra Green vi gi thnh 1 USD hoc bn dng ri vi gi 14 USD cho
18,31 m3 [11].
Tm li, ngn nga nhim cc ngun nc do cc cht dinh dng, t
thp k 90 cc quc gia ban hnh v thc hin nhiu lut lin quan n tiu
chun thi, cng ngh x l v qun l cc ngun nc.
Tuy nhin, cc cht dinh dng l ngun nguyn liu qu gi ca con ngi
v khng phi l v tn nn cc nh khoa hc ng thi nghin cu kh nng
thu hi chng. V nguyn tc c th thu hi cc cht dinh dng t cc ngun
thi nhng vi gi thnh cao. Phng hng nghin cu chnh l kt hp cc
qu trnh qun l ti nguyn, nng cao hiu qu x l ca t hp h thng v
tng n v cng ngh v sn xut ra sn phm.
~ 14 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Ngun gc v chu trnh trong t nhin.
2 2. 1. Ngun gc.
Amoni/amoniac NH4+/NH3 -3
Kh nit N2 0
Nit oxit NO +2
Nitrit NO2--N +3
Nitrat NO3--N +5
~ 15 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong nc thi, photpho tn ti ch mt dng ho tr l +5 v do vy hp
cht photpho tn ti trong t nhin khng nhiu: hp cht mui v este ca
axit photphoric. Axit photphoric, H3PO4 l mt axit yu vi ba bc phn li,
ng vi cc hng s axit pKA l 2,16, 7,16 v 12,4. Khi phn li, gc photphat
hnh thnh l thnh phn tham gia vo cc qu trnh sinh ho ca t bo ng,
thc vt. Vi sinh vt v nhiu c th sng s dng photphat n (ortho -
photphat) ny to ra cc hp cht hu c cha photphat trong cc t bo:
trong axit nucleic, photpho lipit, adenosin triphotphat, hormon. Canxi photphat
l thnh phn c bn ca xng.
Ngoi dng photphat n v photphat hu c, polyphotphat l dng tn ti
khc hay gp trong nc thi. Polyphotphat l hp cht to thnh do qu trnh
trng ngng ca axit photphoric. Ph thuc vo cch sp xp ca gc photphat
c th to ra polyphotphat mch thng hoc mch vng (polymetaphotphat)
[3]. Chng c tan thp.
Trong mi trng nc, tt c cc dng polyphotphat u c th b thu
phn to thnh photphat n.
Photphat l hp cht khng bay hi, d to thnh cc hp cht c tnh tan
thp (vi Al3+, Fe2+, Ca2+) nn chng ch tn ti trong mi trng nc v
trong t, trm tch. Trong cc trm tch do hot ng ca cc loi vi sinh vt
ym kh, photphat dng khng tan li c tit ra di dng photphat n tan
vo nc, chng li c to v vi sinh hp thu.
Photpho trong nc thi ch yu c t ngun gc: phn ngi, nc tiu,
thi thc n, cht ty ra tng hp, cht thi t sn xut cng nghip, cht
chng n mn trong cc ng ng dn nc.
~ 16 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
thnh phn khc trong cht thi rn v lng. Mi ngi hng ngy tiu th 5-
16 g nit di dng protein v thi ra khong 30% trong s . Hm lng
nit thi qua nc tiu ln hn trong phn khong 8 ln [18]. Cc hp cht
cha nit , c bit l protein, v urin trong nc tiu b thu phn rt nhanh
to thnh amoni/amoniac. Trong cc b pht xy ra qu trnh phn hu ym
kh cc cht thi, qu trnh phn hu ny lm gim ng k lng cht hu c
dng carbon nhng tc dng gim hp cht nit khng ng k, tr mt phn
nh tham gia vo cu trc t bo vi sinh vt. Hm lng hp cht nit trong
nc thi t cc b pht cao hn so vi cc ngun thi cha qua phn hu ym
kh.
Trong nc thi sinh hot, nitrat v nitrit c hm lng rt thp do lng
oxy ho tan v mt vi sinh t dng (tp on vi sinh c kh nng oxy ho
amoni) thp. Thnh phn amoni chim 60 - 80% hm lng nit tng trong
nc thi sinh hot [1, 2].
Ngun pht thi photpho quan trng nht trong nc thi sinh hot l phn,
thc n tha, cht ty ra tng hp. Lng photpho c ngun gc t phn
c c tnh l 0,2 - 1,0 kg P/ngi/nm hoc trung bnh l 0,6 kg. Lng
photpho t ngun cht ty ra tng hp c c tnh l 0,3 kg/ngi/nm.
Sau khi hn ch hoc cm s dng photpho trong thnh phn cht ty ra,
lng photpho trn gim xung, cn khong 0,1 kg/ngi/nm.
Thc n tha: sa, tht, c hoc dng c nu n, ng cc loi trn khi vo
nc cng thi ra mt lng photpho ng k.
Nng hp cht nit, photpho trong nc thi sinh hot bin ng theo
lu lng ngun nc thi: mc s dng nc ca c dn, mc tp
trung cc dch v cng cng, thi tit, kh hu trong vng, tp qun n ung
sinh hot (thc n ngui, t nu nng), thay i mnh theo chu k thi gian
ngy thng cng nh mc sng v tin nghi ca cng ng. Lng cht thi v
vy thng c tnh theo u ngi (khi lng kh) hoc nng sau khi
c pha long vi mc nc s dng trn u ngi ( cc nc cng
nghip khong 190 lt/ngi/ngy) hoc trong cc cng rnh thi (450
lt/ngi/ngy). Nng pha long c gi l nng ti im x hoc trong
cng thi.
Rt ng tic l Vit Nam chng ta khng c cc s liu nu. Bng 2.
2 ghi c im nc thi sinh hot kh c trng ca cc thnh ph M [1,
2].
~ 17 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 2. 2. Mc nhim nc thi sinh hot, tnh theo khi lng kh trn
u ngi trong ngy ti im x C(x) v ti cng rnh C(R).
~ 18 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
BOD mg/l 110 - 400 210
TOC mg/l 80 - 240 160
COD mg/l 250 - 1000 500
Nit tng (N) mg/l 20 - 85 35
NH3-N mg/l 12 - 50 22
P-tng (P) mg/l 4 - 15 7
P-hu c mg/l 1-5 2
P-v c mg/l 3 - 10 5
~ 19 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
m c kch thc nh (gia cm) thi ra mt lng nc ln v nhim cao
hn so vi loi kch thc ln (b, ln) khi tnh theo n v khi lng [6,
7].
Ch bin sa, sn xut b, pho mt, ch bin nm, m t cng thi ra mt
lng nc thi ng k cha hp cht nit [8, 9, 10].
Qu trnh sn xut mt s loi ho cht, phn bn, si tng hp thi ra
lng kh ln hp cht hu c cha nit, cc hp cht ny d b thu phn
trong mi trng v to ra amoniac [6, 8].
Nng hp cht nit, photpho trong nc thi cng nghip cng bin
ng rt mnh, khng ch theo ma v m c trong tng ngy, nht l i vi
cc c s ch bin thc phm sn xut ng thi nhiu loi sn phm. V l do
cc s liu phn tch v nhim ni chung hay v nit, photpho ni ring
ch mang tnh cht khi qut, khng th s dng trc tip lm s liu cho tnh
ton thit k h thng x l. V d ti x nghip ch bin thu sn F 10,
Nng vo thi im thng 2 - 3 nm 1999, trong cng ngy mc dao ng
ca COD nm trong khong 600 - 2700 mg/l, ca hp cht nit t 40 - 180
mg N/l cn ca photpho t 16 n 58 mg P/l. S dao ng ln l do ng thi
ch bin cc mt hng ng lnh: c, tm, mc.
Bng 2. 4 ghi mc nhim hp cht nit trong mt vi ngun thi [2, 8].
c s liu thit k, cch duy nht cn thc hin l nh gi ti ch, thu
thp s liu mang tnh i din, cc s liu khc ch mang tnh tham kho.
~ 20 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Ha cht, phn bn
+ NH3-N 1270
+ NO3--N 550
~ 21 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nc thi chung tri ca cc loi nui khc nhau c nhim khc nhau
v cc thnh phn dinh dng trong phn khc nhau [15, 16]. Bng 2. 5 ghi
mt s thnh phn chnh trong phn ca cc loi vt nui khc nhau.
Nng hp cht nit, photpho tng dn theo thi gian lu gi nc thi
do lng cht hu c c kh nng sinh hu rt ln (BOD: 2300 - 49.000 mg/l),
trong thi gian lu gi chng b phn hu ym kh to ra kh metan v
carbonic trong khi hp cht nit, photpho hu nh khng bin ng, trong khi
cc vi sinh b cht cng tip tc phn hu thi ra hp cht nit, photpho.
~ 22 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
8% N). To l ngun thc n trc tip cho vt nui (c chp trng, r phi, c
trm... tm...) v ca cc loi ng vt ph du (nh), ng vt ph du l thc
n ca loi nui. Khi h sinh thi trn n nh th mc nhim trong h
nui khng ln, khi mt cn bng th gy nhim ln, gy ra nhiu s c bt
li. V d do s dng qu nhiu thc n dn n mt to cao, mt s loi
to lam pht trin t (nc n hoa) v cht hng lot. Khi to cht b phn
hu s thi ra mt lng ln amoniac u c vt nui.
Hm lng photpho trong nc nui thu sn khng cao do b to hp thu
hoc nm dng sa lng di lp bn ao.
Mc nhim hp cht nit, photpho trong cc ao nui ph thuc vo vt
nui, mt nui, ma v ch thay nc (xem cc bng 2. 6, 2. 7).
Vo cui v nui, trc khi thu hoch (4 - 5 thng nui/v) ao nui i khi
c tho cn v phi. Nc thi t cc ao nui tm, c thm canh c
nhim kh cao v mc nhim dao ng ln, v d i vi photpho nm
trong khong 0,05 - 0,40 mg P/l, amoniac: 0,15 - 1,0 mg N/l, tng nit : 0,5 -
5,0 mg N/l v BOD: 5 - 20 mg/l [15].
P-tng (mg/l) 0,16 (0,00-0,57) 0,19 (0-0,39) 0,28 (0,01-0,71) 0,35 (0,05-1,48)
TNK (mg/l) 2,78 (0,58-9,19) 3,95 (1,47-10,64) 4,7 (1,57-11,26) 6,23 (1,98-14,04)
NH3-N (mg/l) 0,48 (0,03-2,48) 0,92 (0,01-4,08) 1,32 (0,05-4,71) 1,81 (0,09-7,71)
NO2--N (mg/l) 0,03 (0,01-0,11) 0,19 (0,01-1,37) 0,08 (0,02-0,53) 0,06 (0,01-0,30)
NO3--N (mg/l) 0,94 (0,18-6,31) 0,74 (2,90-13,40) 0,47 (2,60-13,00) 0,63 (4,30-16,80)
~ 23 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
NH3-N (mg/l) 0,98 0,98 6,36 7,87 6,50
N-tng (mg/l) 3,55 4,04 14,9 20,9 17,1
P-tng (mg/l) 0,18 0,25 0,53 0,49 0,32
BOD (mg/l) 10,0 11,4 28,9 33,9 28,8
2. 1. 4. Nc rc.
~ 24 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bi chn rc l l vi sinh ym kh, trong mt tp on vi sinh vt hot
ng phn hu mt phn cht hu c trong cht rn. Tc phn hu cht hu
c ca chng trc ht ph thuc vo nhit v m ca bi chn rc.
Qu trnh phn hu cht hu c ca vi sinh ym kh gm c ba giai on
ni tip nhau. Thu phn (b gy) cc phn t hu c ln nh polyme, lipit,
protein, hydrat carbon thnh cc phn t nh nh monosacharit, axit amin,
chng l nhng nguyn vt liu thch hp cho qu trnh tng hp t bo v trao
i cht ca loi vi sinh to axit thuc nhm acidogens giai on th hai.
Giai on th hai l giai on chuyn ho cc sn phm thu phn thnh
axit (loi vi sinh acidogens nh Clotridium spp, Peptococus anaerobus,
Difidobacterium spp, Desulphovibrio spp...). Sn phm chnh c to ra l
axit axetic v mt lot axit khc nh crotonic, adipic, pyruvic, phthalic,
fumaric, lactic, succinic, mallonic, gallic, aconitic, oxaclic v kh hydro.
Giai on to kh metan v carbon dioxit c thc hin bi nhm vi sinh
methanogens (to ra metan). Loi vi sinh ng quan tm nht l loi s dng
axit axetic v hydro, chng c tc pht trin chm v vy giai on hnh
thnh kh metan thng l bc chm nht. Ngoi axit axetic, loi vi sinh to
metan ch c kh nng s dng mt s loi hn ch cc c cht khc nh
format, acetat methanol, methylamin. Chng vi sinh to metan v axit c
chung li ch v tn ti, nng ta nhau trong th cn bng ng. duy tr
trng thi ng ti u cn c cc iu kin thch hp v pH, nhit ,
kim, hm lng axit d bay hi, thnh phn dinh dng. Trng thi ng ti
u gip cho kh nng phn hu cht hu c c hiu qu cao.
Thnh phn ho hc ca nc rc trc ht ph thuc vo mc phn hu
ca rc (nhit , m, tui, iu kin mi trng), chng khc nhau rt r
rt i vi tng bi c th. Nc thi t cc bi rc vi mc phn hu thp
(mi, ma kh, lnh) ang trong giai on axit ho th 80 - 90% cht hu c
trong l cc axit hu c d bay hi c kh nng sinh hu cao. Ngc li
nc thi t bi rc c phn hu su (giai on to kh metan ang v sp
kt thc) th cc cht hu c trong ch yu l cc cht tr, kh sinh hu nh
axit humic, fulvic, tannin, lignin v amoni vi hm lng rt cao.
Rc thi hu c c thnh phn ho hc c trng nh sau: 25,2% nc,
25,5% carbon, 3,4% hydro, 20,3% oxy, 0,5% nit , 0,2% lu hunh, 0,5% clo
v 24,4% cht v c khc (tnh theo khi lng). Theo t l trn th t l gia
C/N trong rc thi l 50 : 1, tuy vy t l ny trong nc thi rc l nh hn do
~ 25 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nhiu hp cht giu carbon khng phn hu c trong iu kin ym kh, v
d cc dng polyme ca g nh lignin, chng c th chim ti 6,8% ca khi
lng rc. Gi tr C/N v vy nm trong khong 22 : 1 n 33,5 : 1 [17].
Thnh phn hu c cha nit trong rc ch yu l protein v mt lng
nh hn cc hp cht axit nucleic, chitin, ure, phospholipit, cc sn phm phn
hu t thc n, xc ng vt.
Trong qu trnh phn hu ym kh, protein v cc hp cht cha nit b
thu phn bi enzym do vi sinh ym kh v mt phn hiu kh to ra axit amin
v tip tc thnh amoni v carbon dioxit cng vi axit d bay hi. Mt lng
khng ln axit amin, amoni c vi sinh vt s dng cu to t bo, lng
cn d li tn ti trong nc rc. Sau mt chu k hot ng, cc vi sinh ym
kh cht v b phn hu nh xc ng vt.
Theo Robinson v Gronow th nng amoni trong nc rc nm trong
khong 194 - 3610 mg/l khi rc phn hu trong giai on axit ho v 283 -
2040 mg/l trong giai on metan ho [17, 19].
Chu trnh bin i hp cht carbon v nit trong cc h cha nc thi rc
din ra nh sau:
Nc rc c tch ra khi bi chn v thng c gom v cc h cha
trc khi c x l v thi ra mi trng. S bin ng v nng cht hu
c (BOD, COD) v hp cht nit trong nc thi di s tng tc ca vi
sinh vt, iu kin vt l (gi, ma, kh, hanh, nng, lnh) v thc vt l i
tng ng quan tm khi nh gi c trng ca nc rc.
Nng cht hu c c c trng bi cc ch s nh BOD, COD, tng
carbon (TOC) hoc cc ch s khc nhng thng dng hn c l BOD v
COD.
T l COD v BOD ph thuc vo mc phn hu ca rc v nc rc,
phn hu cng cao th t l ny cng ln.
Nng cht hu c trong nc rc trc ht ph thuc vo lng nc
pha long trong ng rc . Ma ma nc thm nhiu, nng thp v ngc
li v ma kh, chng khc nhau ti c chc ln.
Khi c cha trong h, ph thuc vo iu kin nng oxy trong nc
(th oxy ho kh) s xy ra cc din bin sau:
Trong cc h ym kh (mt thong nh, lp nc su) lng oxy ho tan
thp, gi tr th oxy ho kh thp (< -300mV) th ch c loi vi sinh ym kh
hot ng. S thay i nng cht hu c trong nc l do hot ng ca vi
~ 26 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
sinh ym kh nh trong ng rc nhng thun li hn do kh nng tip xc
gia vi sinh vt vi cht gy nhim tt hn nhiu so vi trong ng rc.
Ngun cht hu c gim i ch yu do to thnh sinh khi (10%) v do trao
i cht (to nng lng) (90%). Nu sinh khi khng c tch ra chng s
cht, lng xung y h v tip tc phn hu to ra ngun cht hu c mi. T
l BOD/COD ca nc thi (v nng axit d bay hi) rt thp. Hm lng
cht hu c d ch yu l loi tr, kh phn hu. Tc ng ca cc iu kin
vt l ln bin ng nng cht hu c khng nhiu ngoi tr hiu ng pha
long (ma) v c c (bc hi).
Trong cc h ty nghi, ni ng thi tn ti c dng vi sinh hiu kh v ym
kh cng hot ng v to c iu kin pht trin th s tng tc gia chng
c nh hng rt ln ti s bin ng nng cht hu c. lp nc su, vi
sinh vt ym kh hot ng ging nh trong cc h ym kh. lp nc tng
trn s din ra tng tc gia cc vi sinh hiu kh v to.
To l loi thc vt n hoc a bo, c kch thc t vi chc ti mt trm
m vi bn nhm to chnh l to lc, to mt, to vng v to lam. To l loi
thc vt t dng (dng ngun carbon v c) v nng lng quang ho.
Chng pht trin theo ma v c th t ti 200 mg/l v mt .
Kh nng pht trin ca to ph thuc vo ngun dinh dng (N, P), c
cht (carbon v c, CO2, HCO3-) nh sng v nhit . Trong qu trnh quang
hp chng nh ra oxy v OH- (lm tng pH), khi h hp chng li nh ra kh
CO2. Ngun nh sng l nng lng m chng hp thu trc ht ph thuc vo
trong ca nc. Vi sinh hiu kh tng tc cng sinh vi to: sn phm thi
ca qu trnh vi sinh hiu kh (CO2) l nguyn liu to pht trin, kh oxy
sinh ra do qu trnh quang hp l iu kin cn thit vi sinh hiu kh hot
ng. Do hiu sut to sinh khi ca vi sinh hiu kh cao (1kg BOD to ra
khong 0,4kg sinh khi, phn cn li chuyn ho thnh CO2 v nc) nn s
suy gim COD cng v sau cng chm do s phn hu tip theo ca vi sinh
hiu kh (phn hy ni sinh) v to trong iu kin ym kh tng y.
Trong h hiu kh, hot ng ca to v vi sinh hiu kh xy ra mnh hn
so vi h tu nghi, nng oxy ho tan rt ln, thng l trn mc bo ho v
pH cao. Cht hu c d trong ch yu l loi tr, kh sinh hu (BOD thp)
Hp cht nit trong cc h cha gm: cht hu c cha nit, amoni, nitrit,
nitrat dng tan trong nc v trong cu trc t bo ca vi sinh v to.
~ 27 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong h ym kh, hp cht nit tn ti ch yu dng amoni, mt phn
nm trong t bo ca vi sinh ym kh. Do khng tch c sinh khi ra khi
nc nn khi phn hu, amoni c tr li hu nh trn vn vo mi trng
nc.
Trong h tu nghi, mc d vi s c mt thm ca vi sinh hiu kh v to,
s din bin v nng hp cht nit cng c hnh nh tng t nhng vi
tc gim amoni nhanh hn trong giai on u v tng nhanh trong giai
on phn hu. Trong h hiu kh qu trnh chuyn ho cc hp cht nit phc
tp hn do vi sinh d dng (oxy ho cht hu c) trong iu kin c oxy do
to nh ra, do hot ng ca loi vi sinh t dng (oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit
v nitrat) v kh nitrat do loi vi sinh d dng trong iu kin thiu kh.
Trn lp nc b mt, ni hot ng ca to v do oxy thm t khng kh,
vi sinh vt t dng c iu kin pht trin rt tt t b cnh tranh bi loi vi
sinh d dng do mt vi sinh d dng khi ny thp (BOD thp). Suy gim
nng amoni l do vi sinh v to hp thu. Nitrit v nitrat hnh thnh tng
trn khuych tn su xung di y c vi sinh d dng kh thnh kh nit
vi s c mt ca cht hu c phn hu t xc vi sinh v to y. tng
y, nng oxy khng ln do thiu s hot ng ca to v do s phn hu
to v vi sinh. S suy gim nng hp cht nit trong h hiu kh l do qu
trnh nitrat v kh nitrat ha ca cc tp on vi sinh vt.
Kt qu nh gi c trng nhim cc bi rc ti H Ni, Hi Phng,
Qung Ninh v Nam nh trong thi gian t thng 7 - 2003 n thng 12 -
2004 cho thy: Cht hu c c kh nng sinh hu nh axit hu c d bay hi
(VFA), oxy ho thp, ch chim 5 - 10% ca lng hu c tng (COD),
lng COD nm trong khong 54 - 5060 mg/l, gi tr thng gp l 300 - 800
mg/l.
Bng 2. 8 ghi mt s c trng (trung bnh) nhim trong nc rc ca mt
s bi chn lp khu vc min bc Vit Nam.
Amoniac chim 70 - 80% ca tng nit v dao ng trong khong ln, t
40 mg/l n 1600 mg/l tu thuc vo thi im v v tr ly mu.
So vi cc loi hnh nc thi khc, dao ng ca cc c trng nhim
rt ln do iu kin thi tit v mc phn hu ti thi im nh gi.
~ 28 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 2. 8. c trng nhim nc rc ti mt s bi chn lp ti H Ni,
Qung Ninh, Nam nh, Hi Phng, gi tr c trng (a) v khong dao ng
(b) [20].
c trng H Ni Qung Ninh Nam nh Hi Phng
COD (mg/l)
a 400 - 800 500 - 1200 300 - 500 100 - 1600
b 211 - 5060 169 - 3160 46 - 825 22 - 2680
VFA (mg/l)
a 40 - 100 30 - 80 10 - 40 20 - 50
b 11 - 2735 11 - 1158 9 - 368 8 - 570
NH3-N (mg N/l)
a 150 - 500 120 - 350 70 - 250 200 - 600
b 58 - 852 31 - 1022 10 - 598 21 - 1787
TKN (mg N/l)
a 200 - 600 300 - 800 80 - 300 250 - 800
b 61 - 873 55 - 1801 17 - 661 29 - 1980
TP (mg P/l)
a 3-5 5 - 12 3 - 12 5 - 16
b 0,9 - 12,7 1,1 - 31,6 0,5 - 18,9 0,8 - 26,1
~ 29 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
theo s o ln v thi quen sinh hot ca thy ng vt. Phn ln cc loi
nui nh tm, c, nhuyn th khng th sng khi nng oxy tan l 0,5 - 1,0
mg/l. Nng oxy tan mc bo ha (8 - 10 mg/l) cng khng tt hn cho
thy ng vt do kh nng chuyn ti oxy ca cc protein (hemoglobin,
hemocyanin) qua mang t hiu sut ti a ti vng nng oxy di
mc bo ha. Nng oxy cao gy ra gim st kh nng hp th, trong
trng hp nng siu bo ha mc 300% (25 - 40 mg/l ty thuc vo
nhit ) c c th b ng c bi oxy hoc chn thng bt kh [21].
S thng ging pH ko theo s bin ng gy tnh c cho thy ng vt:
ti vng pH cao amoniac tn ti dng trung ha (NH3), ti vng pH thp
hydro sunfua tn ti dng trung ha (H2S), hai hp cht trn l c t.
- Trong qu trnh to pht trin mnh hoc cht v phn hy, mi trng nc
nhn lun c cht lng thp: c, pH thp, cha nhiu c t t qu trnh
phn hy ym kh.
Vo ma h, trong cc ngun nc c su thng xy ra hin tng
phn tng nhit, nhit lp nc mt cao hn lp di. Hin tng ph
dng c nhn bit thng qua vic xc nh nng oxy lp nc y.
Nu lng oxy tan kh cao th ngun nc c tnh bn dng
(oligotrophic), ngc li nu b cn kit th c tnh ph dng.
c th nh gi c tc ng xu ti mi trng ca cc cht gy
nhim t nc thi cn phi xem xt qu trnh vn chuyn v chuyn ha ca
chng trong mi trng t nhin do cc qu trnh ha hc, sinh hc v vt l
gy ra.
Cc qu trnh ny rt phong ph v bin ng ln ph thuc vo iu kin
c th ca mi trng.
S chuyn ha ca cc cht gy nhim c th minh ha qua cc chu trnh
sinh ha c s tham gia ca cc yu t vt l v ha hc khc cng nh c ch
chuyn ha trong mi trng.
Tng chu trnh ca cc nguyn t c bn: carbon, nit, photpho, lu hunh
lun nm trong mi tng quan vi nhau, vi s tham gia ca ng vt, thc
vt, cc yu t vt l, ha hc khc. Cc chu trnh ny c ngha nn tng cho
s sng trn tri t. S hiu bit v din bin ca cc chu trnh trn l nhng
xut pht im cn thit xy dng cc cng ngh x l nc thi c hiu
qu.
~ 30 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
S hnh thnh v phn hy cc hp cht hu c xy ra trong t nhin di
iu kin hiu kh v ym kh. Trong chu trnh hiu kh (hnh 2. 1), oxy phn
t c s dng lm cht oxy ha cc cht hu c.
Cht hu c
1.
Carbonhydrate
Cht trong
ng vt sng Sn phm u ca
qu trnh phn hy
1.
Carbonhydrate 1. CO2
Ngun nhn
nit, oxy v
CO2 trong
khng kh
v nc
Sn phm cui ca
qu trnh phn hy
1. CO2
~ 31 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
trnh hiu kh cng nh ym kh, cc nguyn t N, P, S lun tham gia vo,
chng lun l mt b phn khng tch ri ca hai chu trnh ln trn.
Cht hu c
1.
Carbonhydrate
Cht trong
ng vt sng Sn phm u ca
qu trnh phn hy
1.
Carbonhydrate 1.v 2. CO2. axit
hu c v carbon
Ngun nhn
nit, oxy v
CO2 trong
khng kh
v nc
1. 1v 2. CO2, axit hu
Carbonhydrate c, NH4+, carbon
Sn phm cui ca
qu trnh phn hy
1v 2. CO2, NH4+,
mn, CH4
~ 32 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Chu trnh nit.
Trong t nhin nit tn ti nhiu dng hp cht ha hc, tham gia v
chuyn ha trong nhiu qu trnh nh m t trong cc hnh 2. 1, 2. 2, quan
trng hn c l s chuyn ha gia cc dng hp cht v c v hu c cha
nit. Trong mi trng hiu kh, thc vt cht v protein ng vt b vi sinh
vt phn hy, thi ra amoniac v amoniac b oxy ha thnh nitrit, nitrat. Nitrat,
amoniac t phn hy hiu kh v t qu trnh c nh m tham gia xy dng
t bo thc vt, vi sinh vt nm di dng hp cht hu c. Cht hu c cha
nit trong thc vt, vi sinh vt c ng vt tiu th sn xut protein.
l chu trnh nit tng th. Mc d nhm vi sinh vt c nh m t kh nh
nhng chng c vi tr kh quan trng, ni bt trong trng hp thiu m.
Trong mi trng nc, s chuyn ha ca hp cht nit c nhng nt c
trng ring.
Hp cht nit t c sn trong ngun nc, ch yu l do cht thi t cc
hot ng ca con ngi di dng hp cht hu c cha nit (axit amin,
protein, urin...) cc cht ny d dng b thy phn (phn ng vi nc) to
thnh amoniac.
Trong iu kin nc chy, amoniac s chuyn ha hoc dch chuyn theo
mt trong ba phng thc:
- ng vai tr cht dinh dng cho to v cc loi thy thc vt c r to ra
sinh khi.
- Bay hi vo khng kh di dng kh amoniac nu p sut ring ca n trong
khng kh thp hn mc bo ha (hu nh lun tn ti). Mc bay hi
trc ht ph thuc vo pH ca mi trng. Amoniac l mt baz yu c
cng baz l 9,25. Ti pH = 9,25 th 50% nng tn ti dng trung
ha (NH3) c kh nng bay hi v 50% tn ti dng ion amoni (NH4+)
khng bay hi. Ti pH = 7,2 t l nng gia dng ion v trung ha l
100/1, ngc li ti pH = 11,25 th t l trn l 1/100. pH cao l iu kin cn
amoniac trong nc tn ti dng bay hi. Sc kh v nhit cao thc
y amoniac bc hi (gii hp th).
- S c mt ca amoniac trong nc gy ra nhu cu tiu th oxy do nit
(nitrogeneous oxygen demand, NOD), tc l lng oxy cn thit oxy ha
amoniac thnh nitrit (do vi khun Nitrosomonas) v tip tc thnh nitrat (vi
khun Nitrobacter). oxy ha 1 g amoniac cn 4,5 g oxy. Qu trnh oxy
ha amoniac ph thuc trc tip vo mt ca chng vi sinh Nitrifier v
~ 33 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nng oxy tan trong nc.Trong cc dng chy (sng, sui, mng...) c
lp nc nng qu trnh oxy ha din ra mnh hn so vi cc ngun nc
su.
Mc sinh trng v pht trin ca chng loi vi sinh Nitrifier (oxy ha
amoniac) thp nn mt phn tn ca chng trong nc cng thp, hiu qu
oxy ha amoniac khng cao. Vi sinh Nitrifier thng tp hp li thnh mng
bm vo t ven b v cng chnh cc a im hm lng oxy cc b
cng cao hn gi tr trung bnh ca ngun nc. V l do nn tc oxy
ha amoniac ph thuc vo t l gia din tch tip xc v th tch ca dng
chy, cc ngun chy nng to iu kin tt hn cho qu trnh so vi dng
chy su. Mt khc lp nc trn b mt cng c nhit thng cao hn so
vi di lp nc su.
Trong cc ngun nc lng (ao, h, p...) s bin ng ca hp cht nit,
photpho lun lin quan n to v gy ra hin tng ph dng. Amoniac v
nitrat c to, thc vt hp thu to thnh protein, khi cht b phn hy thnh
amoniac t ngun thc vt v vi sinh vt.
Trong qu trnh x l hp cht nit trong nc thi, s bin i ca hp
cht nit theo chu trnh m t trong hnh 2. 3.
Vi sinh vt s dng amoniac xy dng t bo, mt phn t bo b cht
(phn hy ni sinh) tit ra amoniac v mt phn to ra lng sinh khi thc.
Loi vi sinh t dng thc hin phn ng oxy ha amoniac vi oxy sn
xut nng lng cho mc ch hot ng sng, sinh trng v pht trin. Qu
trnh oxy ha ti nitrit v nitrat gi l qu trnh nitrat ha. Loi vi sinh ty
nghi, d dng kh nitrit v nitrat vi cht hu c (cht cho in t) v to
thnh kh nit. Kh nit l sn phm cui ca qu trnh x l nit bng phng
php sinh hc.
Hp cht nit
(protein, ur)
Phn hy vi sinh
thy phn
Phn hy ni sinh
~ 34 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
NO2-
Kh nitrat Kh nit
NO3-
Cht hu c carbon
~ 35 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
P-c
P-phn
P canxi
Bn
P-hu c P-hu c
P-n
tan khng tan
~ 36 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Khi qut v phng php x l hp cht nit,
3 photpho.
3. 1. X l hp cht nit.
~ 37 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
i vi amoni, dung lng trao i ng thp, b cnh tranh mnh bi cc
ion khc c mt vi nng cao nh canxi, magie. Loi zeolit t nhin
clinoptilolite c kh nng chn lc cao i vi amoni c th c s dng
trong mt s trng hp. Nitrat cng l cu t c chn lc trao i ion
thp hu ht trn cc loi nha tng hp. Trn th trng c mt s anionit
c th dnh cho trao i nitrat.
S dng mt s loi mng thch hp: mng nan, mng thm thu ngc
hay in thm tch cng tch c cc hp cht nit ng thi vi cc hp
cht khc.
Hiu qu x l v gi thnh ca tng phng php rt khc nhau v kh
nng s dng tng phng php cn ph thuc vo nng ca hp cht nit
(amoni) trong nc.
Theo Mulder [3], ph thuc vo nng amoni trong nc thi, cc
phng php sau c th la chn da trn tiu ch v gi thnh:
- Nng amoni trong nc thi khng cao, nh hn 100 mgN/l nh trong
nc thi sinh hot th phng php vi sinh l thch hp.
- Nng amoni nm trong khong 100 - 5000 mg N/l nh trong nc thi t
qu trnh phn hy bn (vi sinh) th phng php c cho l kh d vn l
phng php vi sinh. Kt lun ny c a ra sau rt nhiu cng trnh
nghin cu su sc v ton din. Phng php bc hi hoc kt ta di
dng struvite cng l phng n kh d song gi thnh khng thun li.
- Nc thi c nng amoni cao, ln hn 5000 mg N/l c th x l theo
phng php ha l s thun li c v mt k thut v kinh t. c h
thng cng nghip c xy dng x l nc thi cha 1,5% NH3 bng
phng php sc kh nng bc hi amoni v thu hi NH3 t pha kh. [3].
Cho ti nay gii php x l sinh hc c thc hin rng ri hn cc gii
php khc. Bng 3. 1 ghi mt s c trng ca cc h thng sinh hc dng
x l nc thi giu hp cht nit.
~ 38 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nitrat thng dng
Ghi ch: 1) Tnh theo b hiu kh c su 2m, din tch b chim 25%
din tch mt bng tng; 2) Nng lng s dng cho sc kh v khuy trn,
hiu qu s dng 2 kg O2/kWh; 3) Sinh khi kh; 4) i khi vi ti lng cao
ti 112 kg N/ha.
3. 2. X l hp cht photpho.
~ 39 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 3. 2. Hp cht photpho v kh nng chuyn ha.
Hp cht Kh nng chuyn ha
Photpho hu c Phn hy thnh photphat n v trng ngng
Photphat n Tan, phn ng to mui, tham gia phn ng
sinh ha.
Polyphotphat t tan, c kh nng to mui tham gia phn
ng sinh ho.
Mui photphat Phn ln khng c tan thp hnh thnh t
photphat n.
Photpho trong t bo Thnh phn ca t bo hoc lng d trong t
bo ca mt s vi khun.
~ 40 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
tan, khng c tc ng n dng tan. Hiu qu loi b nit, photpho trong cc
qu trnh n l trn khng cao, t mc [4]:
- Trong qu trnh x l s cp: 5 - 10% N, P.
- Trong x l th cp : 10 - 20% N, P.
- X l th cp + nitrat ha : 20 - 30% N, P.
Kh nng hp thu nit v photpho ca thy thc vt ph thuc trc tip vo
hiu sut sinh khi thc, tc l ph thuc vo iu kin ngoi cnh v loi
thc vt c th.
Mt h thng x l nc thi tin tin l mt t hp ca cc n v cng
ngh x l ym kh, hiu kh, thiu kh c b tr theo mt trt t no ph
thuc vo mc tiu x l t ra. Trt t b tr t hp ym kh - thiu kh - hiu
kh thch hp cho php loi b ng thi hp cht nit, photpho trong qu
trnh x l, v d trong cc qu trnh A2O, Bardenpho nm giai on,
Biodenpho, UCT, VIP. Th t thc hin cc giai on x l hiu kh - thiu
kh - ym kh cng c th thc hin c trong cng mt thit b phn ng
theo k thut m k tip giai on, tc l thc hin phng thc vn hnh theo
thi gian.
ng thi loi b hp cht nit v photphat bng cch kt ta chng vi
ion magie to thnh hp cht c tan thp l struvite, MgNH4PO4. Phng
php ny thch hp cho nc thi c nng cao, v d nc chit ra t qu
trnh phn hy bn (vi sinh) ym kh. Chi tit ca cc qu trnh nu trn s
c trnh by trong cc ni dung tng ng.
~ 41 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
X l hp cht nit v photpho bng phng
4 php ha hc.
4. 1. X l hp cht nit.
~ 42 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
mi trng ln hn 6. Tng t nh vy, cc nhm chc trong anionit l cc
nhm baz yu, v d cc nhm amin bc hai -NR, bc ba -NR2, cc nhm trn
ch tch in dng trong vng pH thp, vng pH cao chng khng tch in
v khng c kh nng trao i.
Mt s vt liu v c cng c tnh nng trao i ion, l cc vt liu oxit
kim loi hoc oxit ca hn hp kim loi v cng c chia thnh cc dng
mnh yu. Vt liu v c c tnh nng trao i ch yu l loi trao i cation.
in hnh ca loi vt liu trao i cationit v c l h zeolit, hp cht
alumosilicat tinh th. Trong mng cu trc zeolit, oxit nhm Al2O3 v silic
(SiO2) c sp xp theo trt t nht nh to ra cc dng zeolit khc nhau nh
zeolit A, X, Y, Mordenit, Chabazit.... Zeolit cng hnh thnh trong t nhin t
cc khong vt di iu kin thy nhit trong t. Zeolit c tnh nng trao i
cation l do khi thay th ng hnh mt nguyn t Si (ha tr +4) bi mt
nguyn t Al (ha tr +3) trong mng oxit s gy ra d tha in tch m trong
ton mng. trung ha s in tch m d tha, cc ion ha tr dng
(thng l Na+) c mt trong cu trc zeolit, ion dng khng b gn vo
mt v tr c nh, n linh ng v ng vai tr trao i ion [1, 2].
Ngoi dung lng trao i ca mt loi vt liu, c trng rt quan trng
khc l tnh chn lc ca qu trnh trao i v trong nc lun tn ti nhiu
loi ion c ha tr v kch thc khc nhau.
Vi mc ch ng dng thc tin chn lc trao i ca cc ion trn vt
liu trao i c so snh vi nhau [3] (xem bng 4. 1).
Bng 4. 1 cho bit chn lc tng i ca nha trao i ion so vi ion
Na+ (nha mnh) v Cl- (anionit mnh). V d chn lc ca canxi so vi
natri trong iu kin nng pha lng bng nhau l 1,9/1,0.
T s liu ca bng 4. 1 cng cho thy chn lc ca ion amoni rt thp,
ch cao hn mt cht so vi ion natri. Mt khc nng amoni trong nc t
nhin v nc thi t khi cao hn so vi natri v canxi, iu c ngha l
vic s dng nha cationit mnh trao i amoni c hiu qu thp, chi ph
cao, c bit i vi qu trnh ti sinh.
Clinoptilolite l mt loi zeolit t nhin, c cng thc ha hc
(Na4K4)Al20O40. 24H2O, ln ca mao qun nm trong khong 3 - 8 Ao,
xp tng khong 34%. chn lc trao i ion ca clinoptilolite i vi
cation tun theo th t:
Cs+>Rb+>K+>NH4+>Ba2+>Na+>Ca2+>Fe2+>Al3+>Mg2+>Li+.
~ 43 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
T dy trn cho thy chn lc trao i ca ion amoni kh cao, hn hn
cc loi nha tng hp. Ngoi Clinoptilolite, chabazite cng l mt loi zeolit
t nhin khc c chn lc vi cation theo:
Tl+>K+>Ag+>NH4+>Pb2+>Na+>Ca2+>Fe2+>Al3+>Mg2+>Li+.
~ 44 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
ln th tch nc chy qua so vi th tch vt liu trao i trong mt gi). Trao
i ion trn clinoptilolite tun theo qui lut trao i ion thng dng, tc l
dung lng trao i cao vng nng cn bng cao. Trao i amoni cng b
cc ion khc cnh tranh v hiu qu tch loi amoni gim ng k i vi cc
ngun nc cha nhiu cc loi ion khc, nht l Na+ v Ca2+.
c th tham gia c vo qu trnh trao i ion,amoniac phi tn ti
dng tch in dng amoni. Do bn cht l mt baz yu, chu s cn bng:
NH3 + H+ NH4+
~ 45 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
amoniac trong dch chit t qu trnh ti sinh ch khng phi vi amoniac
trong zeolit, tuy nhin chng lin quan n nhau theo th cn bng trao i
ion. Qu trnh ny c th m t:
Z-NH4++NaHCO3 Z-Na+NH4++HCO3- (4-1)
~ 46 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
V d khi tng nng sunfat t 43 mg/l ln 310 mg/l trong nc ngun, hiu
qu hot ng ca ct i vi trao i nitrat gim ti 55%. Khi nng clorua
tng 200 mg/l, hiu qu x l nitrat gim ti 34%. Bicarbonat t nh hng
hn (xem bng 3.1): tng thm 340 mg/l HCO3- trong nc ngun, hiu qu
hot ng ca ct ch gim khong 15%. nh hng ca cc anion c tnh
nh tnh ln hiu qu trao i nitrat theo th t: sunfat > nitrat > clorua >
bicarbonat [3]. Hiu qu trao i nitrat ca cc anionit mnh dng 1 v 2 (xem
thm [1,5]) khng khc nhau nhiu trn hu ht cc anionit thng phm. Tuy
vy nu nc ngun c hm lng sunfat cao s d xut hin hin tng nitrat
b y ra khi ct do sunfat. Ch to anionit c tnh c hiu cao i vi nitrat
l mt phng hng c nghin cu rng ri trn c s d bo: tnh chn
lc ca anionit i vi sunfat gim khi khong cch gia cc nhm chc tng
(mt nhm chc thp) tnh chn lc tng i vi nitrat khi cu trc mng
tng v tnh k nc ca cc nhm chc tng.
Trn th trng lu hnh cc sn phm c chn lc cao i vi nitrat,
n ging cc anionit mnh dng 1 cha nhm chc trimethyl amin,
[RN(CH3)3], nhng nhm methyl c thay th bi ethyl, propyl lm tng
khong cch gia cc nhm tch in v tng k nc.
S dng phng php trao i ion x l nc thi bc 3 t thch hp v
trong nc thi cn cha nhiu ha cht, vi sinh vt c kh nng ph hy cht
trao i ion.
K thut trao i ion c th s dng loi b amoni v photphat. Trao i
amoni c tin hnh trn ct cha clinoptilolit v photphat trn ct anionit.
Dung dch cha hn hp mui - kim c s dng ti sinh clinoptilolit,
dung dch mui (NaCl) c s dng ti sinh anionit. Amoni tch t ct
clinoptilolit v photphat t ct anionit trong dung dch sau ti sinh c kt
ta di dng struvite MgNH4PO4 [6, 7, 8].
Phng php trao i ion cng c th s dng thu hi mt s loi cht
hu c t nc thi cng nghip ng thi vi vic s dng cc cht hp ph
polyme c hiu khc, v d thu hi phenol, x l mu, thu hi protein.
Nc thi t cc qu trnh git m gia sc, gia cm, thy sn cha lng
kh ln protein v m. Theo c tnh, trong qu trnh git m, protein ng
vt b hao ht 2 - 5%, nm trong nc thi. Lng protein c th phn hy
bng phng php sinh hc hoc c th thu hi bng phng php kt ta, keo
~ 47 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
t [8] hoc phng php trao i ion [5], trong phng php trao i ion
cho php thu hi protein c kh nng ti s dng c.
Do lng tnh axit - baz, protein tch in dng khi pH ca mi trng
thp hn im ng in (-NH3+) v tch in m vng trn im ng in
(-CO2-). V vy protein c th trao i trn c nha cationit hoc anionit ty
thuc vo pH ca mi trng. Trao i protein trn cationit yu (cha nhm
carboxyl, COOH) t hiu qu rt cao, rt c th do cc phn t protein to
thnh cc tp hp thng qua cc cu ni gia cc nhm axit carboxylic trong
phn t ca chng v c vi nhm carboxylic ca nha di im ng in
(nhm chc khng tch in). Thc hin trao i protein ch nn tin hnh
vng pH cch xa (trn hoc di) im ng in, khng nn st im ng
in.
Thu hi protein t nha trao i b nh hng bi dung dch ti sinh: kim,
axit, mui, mt s loi dung mi nh ru, dung dch ti sinh phi c kh
nng thay i mc phn ly ca nhm chc trong nha v gim lc lin kt
gia protein vi nha trao i ion.
Nha trao i ion thng dng trn c s mng polyme polystyren c dung
lng trao i thp i vi protein c kch thc ln (phn t lng 104 - 106)
do kch thc mao qun ca nha nh. Vt liu trao i ion trn c s xenlulo
c xp ln, kch thc mao qun to thch hp cho trao i protein v chng
c kh nng khuych tn trong . Chng c kh nng hp thu ti 0,5 g
protein/g cht trao i ion. Do bn cao cng vi cc tnh nng c hc khc,
nha c th s dng theo nhiu k thut khc nhau: dng ct hoc tng lu
th.
Cht trao i ion c th s dng gm cationit, anionit mnh hoc yu, vng
lm vic nm trong khong pH: 2 - 12.
Gii hp thu nha trao i c th thc hin vi dung dch mui, dung
dch hn hp mui kim kh thch hp ti sinh nha anionit yu. Cng sut
thit k trao i protein bng khong 50% so vi x l nc thng dng vi
mc nng ti 1000 mg/l.
Phng php trao i ion cng c th s dng tch amoni trong nc
sinh hot. Phn ln cc ngun nc ngm vng ng bng Bc B u b
nhim amoni mc thng gp l 20 - 30 mg/l, c bit c ngun ti 120 mg/l.
S dng cationit mnh c th trao i amoni vi hiu qu ph thuc vo hm
~ 48 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
lng ban u trong nc v cng ca nc do hm lng canxi, magie
kh cao v chn lc trao i cng cao hn so vi amoni.
Kt qu nghin cu trong phng th nghim [9] cho thy: vi nha cationit
mnh dng C100 E, tc trao i nm trong khong 20 - 40 ln th tch cht
trao i ion (th tch nc chy qua ct so vi th tch tng cht trao i trong
mt gi) t nh hng ti hiu qu trao i. Dung lng trao i ng ca
cationit vi cng 100 mg CaCO3/l ph thuc vo nng ban u (khng
phi nng cn bng nh dng ng nhit trao i ion) c th hin trong
hnh 4. 1.
10
9
g/l
i, g/l
8
trao i,
7
lng trao
6
5 y = 3.0738ln(x) - 4.2828
Dung lng
4 R = 0.9863
3
Dung
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80
Nng
Nng amoni
amoni u
u vo, mg N/l
vo, mg N/l
Hnh 4.
1. Dung lng trao i amoni ca nha C100E vi cng 200 mg CaCO3/l.
~ 49 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
900 50 mg CaCO3/l y = 17.69x - 87.6
R = 0.997
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
V=
504,4 91,687 lnA.594,93 83,083 lnB
147
Trong : A l nng amoni ban u (mg/l), B l cng ca nc
ngun (mg CaCO3/l). V l lng nc t tiu chun thu c tnh trn n v
lt cht trao i ion.
~ 50 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
4. 1. 2. Phng php oxy ha kh.
X l amoni
Clo c tnh cht oxy ha, c kh nng thu in t do tch in dng. Cc
hp cht clo: Cl2, Ca(OCl)2, NaOCl, clo dioxit, mt s loi hp cht clo hu
c nh cloamin B, T u c tnh oxy ha.
Trong mi trng nc, cc dng clo c tnh cht oxy ha u c chuyn
v dng axit hypocloro:
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl (4-5)
~ 51 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Gia mono v dicloamin c kh nng chuyn ha ln nhau qua phn ng d
ly:
X l nitrit.
Mt s loi nc thi cha nitrit, c th loi b nitrit bng phng php
oxy ha. Chuyn ha nitrit thnh nitrat c th thc hin vi cht oxy ha l clo
hot ng hoc vi hydro peroxit theo cc phn ng:
NO2- + OCl- NO3- + Cl- (4-14)
~ 52 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
theo s chnh pH vi tc va phi. i vi cht oxy ha l clo hot ng,
nu s dng axit HCl chnh pH th s xut hin kh clo.
Lng cht oxy ha cn thit cho phn ng trn: 1,54 g clo hot ng hoc
0,78 g H2O2 oxy ha 1 g nitrit.
Nitrit cng c th kh v dng kh nit khi phn ng vi axit amidosulfonic
trong iu kin pH <4 nhit thng:
NO2- + NH2SO3- N2 + SO42- + H2O (4-16)
X l cyanua.
Mt s loi nc thi cng nghip: m, chit tch vng, bc, cha xianua
(CN-) vi nng c th ti c phn ngn. Cyanua l mt c cht i vi
ngi v ng vt, nht l trong mi trng axit. Axit cyanic HCN l mt axit
yu (pKA = 9,3) v kh nng bc hi mnh dng trung ha (pH thp). Ion
cyanua, CN- l mt trong nhng hp cht v c c tnh c vo loi cao nht.
c tnh ca cyanua l do n kt hp vi st ca phn t hemoglobin to
thnh phc rt bn, lm mt chc nng vn ti oxy ca mu. Liu gy cht i
vi ngi l 1 mg/kg, vi c hoc vi sinh vt trong ngun nc l 0,1 mg/l.
X l cyanua c th thc hin theo nhiu phng php khc nhau: oxy ha,
kh, to phc [10].
Oxy ha vi clo hot ng xy ra theo bc k tip vi sn phm trung
gian l clocyanua CNCl; trong mi trng kim sau n tip tc chuyn ha
thnh cyanat.
CN- + OCl- + H2O CNCl + 2OH- (4-18)
~ 53 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bc phn ng tip theo ca cyanat xy ra trong mi trng kim, thi
gian phn ng di, c th cn ti 20 gi.
~ 54 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
ng: HCHO/NaCN = 0,9; H2O2/NaCN = 1,1; pH = 10 - 11,7; T = 50 - 55oC.
Thi gian phn ng ko di t 1 n 1,5 gi.
Cng c th oxy ha cyanua vi ozon trong mi trng kim, phn ng xy
ra theo hai bc k tip nhau:
CN- + O3 CNO- + O2 (4-25)
Song song vi qu trnh thy phn cyanat (biu thc 4-22) qu trnh oxy
ha tip tc to thnh CO2 v N2:
2CNO- + 4OH- 2CO2 + N2 + 2H2O + 6e- (4-29)
~ 55 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
phm cyanat l 2,06 Ah/gCN ; n sn phm N2, CO2 l 5,15 Ah/gCN-. Nc
-
4. 2. X l hp cht photpho.
~ 56 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Axit photphoric l mt axit yu, phn li theo ba bc, ty thuc vo pH ca
mi trng [13].
4. 2. 1. Kt ta photphat.
tan, phn li
~ 57 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
AmBn mA + nBm-
n+
(4-35)
Kt ta
~ 58 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
(struvit)
4. 2. 1. 1. Kt ta vi canxi.
apatit
apatit + calcit
apatit
pH
Hnh 4. 2. Nng photphat d trong dung dch sau khi kt ta vi canxi.
~ 59 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
bicarbonat v carbonat khi pH t trn 10 (hng s cn bng cp HCO3- -
CO32- pKA = 8,3). Ch c lng canxi d sau khi to thnh canxi carbonat mi
phn ng vi photphat. Phn ng to ra nhiu sn phm khng tan khc nhau
(xem bng 4. 3) nhng ch yu l hydroxylapatit:
4. 2. 1. 2. Kt ta vi mui st (II).
~ 60 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Phn ng (4-39) xy ra trit nht vng pH = 8, vi nng d l 0,4
mgP/l. Ngoi vng ti u, trn nng photphat d ln hn: 8 mgP/l ti pH =
7,0; 3,5 mgP/l ti pH = 9,0.
Ti pH = 8,0 thi gian phn ng cn ti 2 gi. Lng st(II) tiu th trong
thc t thp hn so vi t l tnh t biu thc (4-39) v trong sn phm kt ta
c mt ca hp cht vivianit, Fe2(PO4)3 [13].
S dng mui st(II) kt ta photphat t c s dng trong thc t do
sn phm kh lng hoc l to phc vi cht hu c c mt trong nc thi
khng c kh nng lng.
Mui st(II) thng c s dng phi hp vi vi, a vo ng thi.
Phn ng ca mui st(II) di dng mui sunfat:
FeSO4 + Ca(HCO3)2 Fe(HCO3)2 + CaSO4 (4-40)
~ 61 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
3+
ion Me vi nguyn t H (tch in dng mt phn) nn nguyn t H ca
nc b y ra khi phn t nc, nhm OH khi to lin kt vi ion dng.
l qu trnh thy phn.
~ 62 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
qu nghin cu (trn cc mu t to) khng nh photphat tan khng th loi
b thng qua cht kt ta AlPO4. Trn c s tnh ton l thuyt v kim
nghim qua th nghim cho thy ti pH=7, s dng phn nhm to kt ta
photphat th lng photphat d trong nc th cn bng vi AlPO4 rn l
2244 mgP/l. V vy c ch tch loi photphat tan l do hp ph trn hydroxit
to thnh, hydroxit to thnh cn c kh nng hp ph c hp cht photpho
dng trng ngng v dng hu c [21].
Mc ch x l photpho l a nng photpho trong nc sau x l phi
t tiu chun thi, tc l nng photphat d khng vt qu mt gi tr no
. Nng d c th o sau khi lm th nghim hoc tnh ton nh hng
cho qu trnh thc hin. Cch tnh ton nng d c th thc hin thng qua
cc phn ng to mui photphat v to hydroxit kim loi [13, 16].
Tnh ton l thuyt, ph hp vi vng pH ca nc thi cho thy, nng
photphat d tan trong nc l do ng gp ca cc tiu phn: H3PO4, HPO4-,
HPO42-, PO43-, MeH2PO42+, MeHPO4+. Khi s dng Al3+lm cht kt ta, hp
cht photphat tan d trong nc ch yu l AlHPO4+, cn khi s dng Fe3+ th
hp cht tan ch yu l FeH2PO42+.
Nng photphat tan do s ng gp ca cc cu t nu trn l gi tr khi
liu lng Fe3+, Al3+ mc cao (d tha) v ph thuc vo pH ca mi
trng.
pH ti u cho qu trnh loi b photpho trong nc thi l xp x 6,8 vi
khong kh rng cho c hai loi tc nhn kt ta [22]. Gi tr pH ti u c th
thay i kh ln cng vi s c mt ca cc tp cht khc trong nc, v d
vi mt ngun nc c pH ti u l 4 khi tng thm 80 mg Ca2+/l th vng pH
ti u kt ta photphat c tri rng ra t 4-8. [16].
Liu lng cht kt ta cn s dng ph thuc trc ht vo thnh phn ha
hc ca hp cht photphat dng kt ta. T l gia Me3+ vi hm lng
photphat tan cn loi b s gn ging vi t l trong hn hp ca cht kt
ta v cc ion kim loi tan sau kt ta thng rt nh (tch s tan ca Al(OH) 3
v Fe(OH)3 l 10-32 v 10-36). Khi t l ion kim loi/photphat thp, sn phm
kt ta thng c thnh phn ha hc n nh, theo mt t lng no , v d
FePO4, khi tng t l trn th nng photphat tan t ti gn mt gii hn no
, lng Me3+ d ra s to thnh hydroxit, khi t l Me3+/P trong sn phm
rn tng cao.
~ 63 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
3+
Lng Me (n) cn s dng c xc nh bi nng photphat tan ban
u trong nc thi, CP,o v nng photpha d sau x l CP,d:
~ 64 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Mt nhm chc hay in tch, tc l s nhm chc theo mt n v quy
c ( di mch, khi lng polyme) ca cng mt loi cng khc nhau ty
thuc vo iu kin ch to.
Cc nhm chc trong cht tr keo t cng c tnh axit, baz vi cng
khc nhau: loi mnh v yu. Loi mnh tch in tng ng trong vng pH
rng, loi yu ch tch in khong pH hp (polyme m tch in m vng
pH cao, loi dng tch in dng vng pH thp).
C ch hot ng ca cht tr keo t l lm cu ni gia cc ht keo hnh
thnh to ra tp hp ht ln v d lng hn. Trong mt s trng hp keo t
dng cn ng thm vai tr kh in tch ht keo, tc l c tnh nng ca
cht keo t [15, 18]. Tc dng cu ni ca cht tr keo t th hin kh nng
hp ph ca tng phn t polyme ng thi trn nhiu ht keo, gip cho cc
ht keo d co cm li thnh tp hp ln hn.
La chn v chng loi hay liu lng cht tr keo t thng c xc nh
thng qua th nghim i vi tng h c th. Bng 4. 4 ghi mt s cht tr
keo t Aronflock (Nht) v mt vi c trng v tnh cht ca chng.
~ 65 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
C402 * // * 500 700
C602 * // * 400 750
TA-25 cao bt trng 0,65 0,05-0,2 900 450 Cht tr
TA-24 *// ** 800 450 keo t,
A-118 *// ** 1200 400 tch nc
A-117 *// ** 1200 420 t bn
trong
A-140 *// ** 1200 450
khong pH
A-104 *// ** 1300 450
trung tnh
A-205 *// ** 1100 420
n kim
A-205L *// ** 600 320
A-351 trung bnh ** 1800 330 Tr keo t.
Tch nc
A-350 * ** 1600 340
t bn thch
A-121 * ** 1300 230
hp trong
A-101 * ** 1300 350 khong pH
A-161 * ** 1600 380 rng t axit
A-102 * ** 1300 300 nh n
kim
A-207 * ** 1400 390
A-106 thp ** 1300 250
A-166 // ** 1600 250
SA-606 // ** 1700 230
A-218 // ** 1600 260
A-268 // ** 1600 300
A-208 // ** 1300 260
N-107 trung ha ** 1600 120 -Tr keo t
-Tch nc
N-101 //* ** 1100 50
t bn
N-110 //* ** 1300 6
khong pH:
N-208 //* ** 1300 200 axit nh n
N-202 //* ** 1300 200 kim nh
N-268 //* ** 1600 230
~ 66 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Cc phng php p dng x l hp cht nit thc cht l p dng gii
php phn hy hp cht m chnh con ngi phi tn cng sc ch to, v
vy vic thu hi ng thi c thnh phn nit v photpho ti s dng l
phng hng rt hp dn.
C th ng thi kt ta photphat v amoni to ra hp cht ha hc
struvite, mt dng phn bn tng hp (N, P) nh chm c cht lng cao. [25,
26, 27].
Struvite to thnh t cc thnh phn:
Mg2++NH4++HPO42-+OH-+5H2O MgNH4PO4.6H2O (4-48)
~ 67 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Kt ta struvite trn c s a mm kt tinh ban u (l struvite) trong k
thut tng lu th cho thy hiu qu x l (tc ) t cao khi tinh th ban u
c kch thc nh, tc l cn duy tr din tch tip xc ln gia mm tinh th
v nhng tiu phn tan trong dung dch, mt khc dng tinh th nh (0,3 mm)
d s dng lm phn bn hn loi c kch thc ln (0,5-1,5 mm) [29].
Thu hi amoni v photphat di dng cht kt ta struvite t ra hp dn v
nhiu phng din, v mt k thut n thch hp cho nc thi cha cc hp
cht trn vi nng cao (v d 100 - 5000 mgN/l) nhng gi thnh x l cao
[30].
Trong qu trnh bn ym kh ti h thng x l nc thi Virginia (sinh
khi d t qu trnh x l bn hot tnh), xc vi sinh b phn hy, tit ra amoni
v photphat. Sau thi gian 9 thng, nng photphat tan tng t 50 ln 300
mgP/l, photpho tng tng t 350 ln 1100 mgP/l, amoni tng t 316 ln 390
mgN/l cho thy hm lng photpho ch yu nm dng lng (v d apatit).
Kt ta thnh phn tan, kt hp vi phn cn lng to ra loi phn bn
NutraGreen lu hnh trn th trng a phng vi gi 1USD/18,2 kg [25].
~ 68 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Tnh chn lc ca photphat thp so vi cc anion khc nh SO42-, HCO3-, Cl-
v trong iu kin pH ca mi trng dng tn ti ch yu ca n l H 2PO4-,
HPO42-.
- Dung lng trao i ion v tc trao i thp.
- Anionit l vt liu c kh nng hp ph kh mnh cc cht hu c dng trung
ha, thnh phn rt sn trong nc thi nn d b nhim bn dn ti mt kh
nng trao i.
- Nc thi thng cha mt lng cn khng tan ln (so vi nc sinh hot
hoc nc cng nghip) cng lm gim hiu qu hot ng ca anionit [1].
khc phc cc kh khn trn, phng hng ch to mt loi cht trao
i ion c chn lc cao i vi photphat l hng i quan trng nht [32].
Anionit c chn lc cao c trng i hc Lehigh (PA. USA) nghin
cu ch to trn c s (nguyn liu) nha anionit yu Dowex M-4195 (Dow
Chemical Co. USA) cha nguyn t ng. Tnh chn lc cao i vi photphat
l do kh nng trao i phi t (ligand) thng qua to phc cng cua (chelat)
ca ion ng trong nhm chc amin (pyridyl) ca nha.
Vi dung dch photphat c pha t nc my, c nng l 4 mgP/l, th
nghim trao i ion c thc hin trong ct vi tc 3 - 20 ln th tch tng
nha/gi. Lng nc x l c nng thp hn 0,1 mgP/l t trn 400 ln
th tch nha.
Dung dch ti sinh l mui NaCl 1 mol/l (58 g/l) c axit ha n pH =
4,3. Lng dung dch ti sinh cn khong 3 ln th tch nha c th hi
phc c ti 95% dung lng trao i ban u ca nha. Dung lng ng
ca ct t 15 gP/l, mc lm giu t trn 100 ln so vi dung dch ban
u.
Tuy vi s liu ng khch l nu trn nhng khi th nghim pilot (qui m
100 lit/ngy) kt qu v dung lng trao i ch t c khong 10% so vi
kt qu t phng th nghim do cnh tranh trao i ca cc ion sunfat,
bicarbonat, nitrat trong nc thi.
Mc d c xy ra hp ph cc cht hu c nhng cha quan st thy hin
tng hng nha do nhim bn cng nh ng b tch ra khi nha.
hnh thnh c mt phng php n nh trong thc t cc nghin cu
lin quan ang c tip tc thc hin.
~ 69 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
4. 2. 3. Tch loi photpho trong h x l nc thi.
~ 70 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
95 2,1:1 - 2,6:1 2,3:1
Kt ta ti giai on x l th cp.
Kt ta photphat vi Al3+, Fe3+ c th thc hin bng cch a ha cht vo
trc b sc kh i vi phng php bn hot tnh hoc khi ra khi b sc kh
trc khi vo b lng th cp. Vi k thut lc nh git cng c th a ha
cht vo trc hoc sau im lc. Photphat c tch ra qua t hp ca cc
qu trnh: kt ta, hp ph, trao i ion, tham gia cu to t bo v cui cng
tch ra di dng bn th cp.
V mt l thuyt tan ca AlPO4 thp nht ti pH = 6,3, ca FePO4 ti pH
= 5,3, tuy vy trong thc t khong pH t 5,5 - 7,0 u cho hiu qu tch
photphat tt v ng thi cng l khong pH thng gp trong x l nc thi
sinh hot.
St(II) t c s dng do chng ch t hiu qu vng pH cao. Vi cc
loi nc thi c kim thp ngi ta s dng aluminat NaAlO2 hoc phn
nhm, mui st c b xung thm vi (PAC t lm gim pH hn so vi phn
nhm) nhm gi cho pH khng thp hn 5,5. a thm cht tr keo t s thc
y qu trnh lng.
Kt ta ti giai on x l bc ba.
Sau x l th cp, nc thi t tiu chun cp hai (BOD) c th c tip
tc tch photphat bng phng php kt ta - lng. Khi x l photphat tan
cng ng thi ci thin trong v mu ca nc sau x l. T l ha cht s
dng cng t 1-3 mol kim loi/mol photpho nu ch cn t ti nng thi l
0,5 mgP/l, c c mc thi cao hn lng s dng s cao hn ng k.
Ha trn cht kt ta cn c khuy trn mnh lc ban u, c th thc
hin theo nhiu phng thc: a vo v tr c tc dng chy mnh nht, s
dng b ha trn ng hoc tnh vi thi gian t 10 - 30 giy sau tc
trn cn phi gim m bo hiu qu lng.
~ 71 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hot ng ca vi sinh v qu trnh sinh ho.
5 5. 1. Phn loi vi sinh vt.
~ 72 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
T bo c nhn in hnh (Eukaryotic) l c trng ca nhm sinh vt c
nhn chun. T bo gm nhn t bo v mng nhn. Nhn t bo cha nhiu
phn t ADN v c bao quanh bi mng nhn. Ngoi ra, trong mng nhn
ca t bo cn c mt s cc thnh phn khc nh mitochondia, chloroplasts.
To, nm, ng vt nguyn sinh c cu trc t bo trn. Tt c cc loi thc
vt bao gm loi c ht, dng x, ru, loi c t, loi trung gian thuc loi
thc vt ln a bo c nhn in hnh.
Vi sinh thuc nhm vi khun in hnh v nhm vi sinh vt c c cu trc
nhn nguyn thu (prokaryotic). Trong t bo, vng nhn ch tn ti mt
phn t ADN v khng b bao bc bi mng nhn.
Siu vi khun (virut) l loi k sinh ni bo, n cn mt t bo ch v sng
k sinh trong . Mc d siu vi khun c thng tin di truyn nhng ch c th
sinh si trong t bo ch, khng c kh nng sinh si c lp. Siu vi khun
cu to t nhn axit nucleic (ARN hoc ADN) v v bc l protein v
glycoprotein. Siu vi khun c xp vo nhm ring ph thuc vo t bo
ch, v d Bateriophages l loi siu vi khun m vt ch l vi khun.
~ 73 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
c nguyn sinh, ng vt
Quang nng hu c Carbon hu c nh sng Vi khun quang hp
T dng
Ha nng v c Carbon v c Oxy ho cht v c Vi khun
T dng quang nng Carbon v c nh sng Thc vt, to, vi
khun quang hp
Qu trnh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc thc cht l tch cc cht
nhim ra khi mi trng nc hoc chuyn ho chng thnh cc cht
khng c hay t c hn. Cc cht gy nhim trng thi khng tan, dng
phn tn, dng nh cng c th x l bng phng php sinh hc nhng hiu
qu x l thng thp hn so vi cc phng php x l ho hc, ho l v c
hc. Cc cht tan trong nc l i tng chnh trong x l sinh hc. Trong
qu trnh x l sinh hc, mt phn cht tan gy nhim c chuyn ho
thnh sinh khi, c tch ra di dng cht rn thng qua cc k thut thch
hp nh lng, lc; mt phn c chuyn ho thnh cc cht khng c thng
qua cc phn ng sinh ho xy ra trong t bo ca vi sinh vt.
Qu trnh sinh ho cung cp nguyn liu v nng lng xy dng t bo
v duy tr hot ng ca vi sinh vt, tc l chng pht trin v tn ti.
~ 74 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
5. 2. 1. Trao i cht.
~ 75 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
E + S (ES) P + E (5-1)
~ 76 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
ta cn nhng cng thc ho hc xc nh c th c trng cho thnh phn ho
hc ca t bo, hoc tnh theo mt sinh khi (tnh bng g chng hn). Thnh
phn nguyn t chnh ca t bo l C, O, N, H, cc nguyn t v c vi hm
lng thp hn nh P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Na, cc nguyn t vi lng nh Zn,
Mn, Mo, Se, Co, Cu, Ni, W. [2].
Thnh phn ho hc theo nguyn t ca t bo vi sinh vt tnh theo khi
lng kh c ghi trong bng 5. 3. [3].
Trong t bo, nc chim khong 80%, 20% khi lng l cht kh, trong
cht kh thnh phn hu c chim khong 90%, cn 10% l cc cht v c.
T thnh phn ho hc bng 5. 3 ngi ta thnh lp cng thc ho hc
gn ng cho t bo, cng thc c dng (ch tnh cho thnh phn hu c)
C5H7O2N. Cng thc trn ch ra rng, hm lng carbon chim 53%, hm
lng nit chim 12% trong t bo. Nu tnh c photpho th cng thc gn
ng s c dng C60H87O23N12P.
tng hp t bo, ngoi c cht l carbon cn cn ti dinh dng (N, P)
v cc nguyn t khc. Khi thiu dinh dng theo t l trong t bo, qu trnh
x l nc thi cn c b xung thm, khi tha cn c cc bin php x l
dinh dng ngoi vic loi b cht hu c (carbon).
~ 77 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
trong h x l nc thi ch yu l t phn ng oxy ho v ln men hoc do
phn ng quang ho.
Phn ng sinh ho l phn ng ho hc xy ra trong t bo, phn ng c
th xy ra th nng lng t do Gibbs ca phn ng phi c gi tr m, tc l
phn ng to nhit. i vi phn ng thu nhit th gi tr nng lng t do
Gibbs mang du dng, tc l phn ng ngc li vi phn ng ang quan st
v ch xy ra khi c cung cp nng lng t ngoi vo.
~ 78 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
0,5O2 + 2e O2
- -
(5-5)
H2 2H+ + 2e-
CH2O+O2CO2 + H2O
~ 79 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Oxy ho mt cht hu c c cng thc tng qut CxHyOz vi cc cht oxy
ho trong cc biu thc (5-10), (5-11), (5-12) c th vit nh sau:
Oxy ha cht hu c:
Hoc:
1 2x z x
CxHyOz+ H2O CO2+H++e-(5-14)
4x y 2z 4x y 2z 4x y 2z
S dng oxy lm cht oxy ho (hiu kh) th phi hp gia biu thc (5-10)
v (5-14):
~ 80 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Axit acetic C2H4O4 865 13,5 36,0
Glycerin C2H2O2 1617 14,4 39,3
Phenol C6H6O 3022 13,5 42,2
Etylen glycol C2H6O2 1174 14,7 48,9
Benzen C6H6 3180 13,3 44,1
Aceton C3H6O 1714 13,4 50,9
Axit palmitic C16H32O2 9731 13,3 50,9
Cyclohexan C6H12 3766 13,0 52,1
Ethylen C2H4 1312 13,7 54,4
Ethanol C2H6O 1304 13,6 54,2
Methanol CH4O 689 14,8 57,5
Etan C2H6 1437 12,8 59,9
Metan CH4 798 12,5 63,4
~ 81 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
in t) c gi tr t 0,6 n 0,72. Phn ng ring r: kh, oxy ho v tng hp
t bo ca h phn ng sinh ho thng gp trong x l nc thi c ghi
trong bng 5. 5.
1 1 1 1 9
CO2+ HCO3-+ NH4++H++e- C5H7O2N+ H2O
5 20 20 20 5
2 S dng nitrat lm ngun nit
1 5 29 + - 1 11
NO3-+ CO2+ H +e C5H7O2N+ H2O
28 28 28 28 28
Phn ng nhn in t (kh) ca cc cht oxy ho (Ra)
3 Oxy
1 1
O2 + H+ + e- = H2O -78,14
4 2
4 Nitrat
1 6 1 5
NO3- + H+ + e- = N2 + H2O -71,67
5 5 10 3
5 Sunfat
1 19 1 1 1
SO42-+ H++e-= H2S+ HS-+ H2O 21,27
8 16 16 16 2
6 Carbon dioxit (metan ho do ln men)
1 1 1
CO2 + H+ + e- = CH4 + H2O 24,11
8 8 4
Phn ng cho in t (oxy ho) ca cc cht kh (Rd)
~ 82 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
9 1 1 1 9 31,80
CO2+ NH4++ HCO3-+H++e- C10H19O3N+ H2O
50 50 50 50 25
8 Protein (axit amin, protein, hu c cha nit)
8 2 31 + - 1 27 32,22
CO2+ NH4++ H +e C16H24O5N+ H2O
33 33 33 66 66
9 Carbonhydrat (cellulose, tinh bt, ng)
1 1 1
CO2 + H+ + e- = CH2O + H2O 41,84
4 4 4
10 Du, m
4 1 15
CO2 + H+ + e- = C8H16O + H2O 27,61
23 46 46
11 Metanol
1 1 1
CO2 + H+ + e- = CH3OH + H2O 37,51
6 6 6
Cht kh v c (phn ng t dng)
12 Fe3+ + e- = Fe2+ -74,40
1 1 1
13 NO3- + H+ + e- = NO2- + H2O -40,15
2 2 2
1 5 1 3
14 NO3- + H+ + e- = NH4+ + H2O -34,50
8 4 4 8
1 4 1 1
15 NO2- + H+ + e- = NH4+ + H2O -32,62
6 3 6 3
1 4 1 3
16 SO42- + H+ + e- = S + H 2O 19,48
6 3 6 2
1 19 1 1 1
17 SO42-+ H+ +e-= H2S+ HS-+ H2O 21,28
8 16 16 16 2
1 5 1 5
18 SO42- + H+ + e- = S2O32- + H2O 21,30
4 4 8 8
1
19 H+ + e- = H2 40,46
2
1
20 SO42- + H+ + e- = SO32- + H2O 44,33
2
S dng bng 5. 5 v biu thc (5-15) c th nh gi mt phn ng sinh
ho trong x l nc thi (tt nhin l s b, mang tnh cht nh tnh).
~ 83 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
V d: xc nh hiu sut hnh thnh sinh khi (lng t bo vi sinh hnh
thnh trong qu trnh x l) trong phn ng oxy ho glucose (carbohydrat).
Gi thit l s dng oxy lm cht oxy ho, amoniac l ngun nit cho tng
hp t bo v fs c gi tr l 0,7.
Bi ton c gii nh sau:
R = fs. Rs + fa. Ra - Rd = 0,7Rs + 0,3Ra - Rd (5-16)
Phn ng d ho do ln men.
Nng lng cng c th thu c qua qu trnh ln men cht hu c, xy ra
khng cn ti cht oxy ho. Khc vi phn ng oxy ho, trong qu trnh ln
men khng c s dch chuyn in t gia cc cu t tham gia phn ng. Phn
hu ym kh nc thi, bn thi l qu trnh ln men c ch c bit trong
cng ngh x l nc thi. Sn phm ca qu trnh l kh metan, hp cht m
carbon trong c ho tr thp nht trong hp cht hu c, metan l sn phm
cui cng ca mt qu trnh ni tip nhau. Cng vi metan, sn phm khc l
CO2 cng hnh thnh, carbon trong CO2 c ho tr cao nht (+ 4). Qu trnh ln
men mt cht hu c CxHyOz c th vit:
~ 84 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
CxHyOz+(x-y/4-z/2)H2O(x/2-y/8+z/4)CO2+(x/2-y/8+z/4)CH4 (5-18)
T hp (5-20) v (5-21) ta c:
~ 85 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
5. 2. 3. Qu trnh ng ho v to thnh sinh khi.
T bo mi
ng
ha pY
Vt liu: c cht,
dinh dng, yu
t khc
D ha
1-pY
Sn phm+nng lng
Phn hy ni sinh
Gia lng sinh khi (t bo) to thnh v lng c cht tiu hao (v d
COD) c tn ti mi quan h t l thun: c cht c s dng nhiu th lng
sinh khi to thnh ln. Nu gi Xv l mt sinh khi o theo lng cht hu
c bay hi (volatile solid VSS, cht hu c trong sinh khi t chy nhit
500 - 550oC) v S l nng ca c cht, ta s c mi quan h:
~ 86 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Y = - dXv/dS (5-22)
Y gi l hiu sut hnh thnh sinh khi. Gi tr Y thay i khng ng k
i vi phn ln cc cht hu c, nhng khc bit ng k i vi cc phn
ng d ha c bn cht khc nhau. Nng lng sinh ra t phn ng d ho trn
c s oxy ho vi oxy hoc nitrat cao hn nhiu so vi d ho ln men. Do vy
lng sinh khi to thnh t c cht tiu hao trong trng hp u ln hn
nhiu. S dng oxy hoc nitrat lm cht oxy ho (cht nhn in t), tr s ca
Y l khong 0,45 gVSS/g COD. Trong qu trnh ln men ym kh, gi tr ca
Y nh hn r rt v trong chng mc no b nh hng bi bn cht ca c
cht. Hiu sut sinh khi ca vi sinh to metan ch nm trong khong 0,02 -
0,03 g VSS/ g COD [7]. Bi l do nn tc pht trin vi sinh trong h x
l nc thi theo phng php hiu kh (bn hot tnh) nhanh hn rt nhiu so
vi x l ym kh.
Gi tr Y cha nh gi phn cht hu c tiu hao cho qu trnh
to thnh sinh khi. t mc ch cn phi bit c tr s COD tng ng
vi mt n v khi lng ca sinh khi tnh theo lng cht hu c bay hi
VSS. Gi tr ny c xc nh bng thc nghim, bng cch o COD v VSS
ca sinh khi. Theo s liu ca nhiu tc gi, gi tr p (t l g COD/g VSS)
nm trong khong 1,42 n 1,51, gi tr thng gp nht l 1,47 - 1,48. [4].
Gi tr p c ngha l lng cht hu c trong sinh khi nu tnh theo COD
th bng 1,48, tnh theo VSS th bng 1,0 n v.
Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh vi Y = 0,45; 1 kg COD b tiu hao s thu
c 0,45 kg sinh khi tnh theo VSS v tnh theo COD s l pY = 1,48x0,45
= 0,67 kg. Lng cht hu c cn li l 1 - pY = 0,33 kg l lng cht hu c
tham gia qu trnh d ho, l lng cht b oxy ho to ra nng lng v cn
mt lng oxy l (1 - pY) kg O2. T s liu trn c th kt lun s b l trong
qu trnh trao i cht do oxy ho (d ho do oxy ho) mt phn ba lng c
cht c s dng cho qu trnh d ho, hai phn ba c s dng cho qu
trnh ng ho.
Trong trng hp x l ym kh, gi tr Y i vi vi khun sinh metan
trong x l nc thi l 0,02 - 0,03, 1kg COD tiu th s hnh thnh 30 g sinh
khi tnh theo VSS hay 45 g tnh theo COD, t l ny thp, chim 4,5%.
Lng COD cn li l 95,5% chuyn ho hu ht thnh metan.
Trong s qu trnh trao i cht c cha ng qu trnh vi sinh t phn
hu do gi ci v ht sc sng. Mt phn vt cht ca t bo cht c kh nng
~ 87 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
sinh hu tr thnh nguyn liu cho qu trnh trao i cht tip theo. Trao i
cht do oxy ho t bo c gi l h hp ni sinh nhm phn bit vi oxy ho
cht hu c t ngoi (nc thi) gi l oxy ho ngoi sinh. Mt phn vt cht
ca t bo cht chuyn ho thnh dng vt cht tr khng c kh nng sinh
hu hoc rt kh sinh hu; cht ny s tch lu trong h thng x l nc thi
di dng bn d.
Tc phn hu vi sinh trong iu kin hiu kh v thiu kh ln hn nhiu
so vi mi trng ym kh. Th nghim nh gi tc phn hu vi sinh vt
hiu kh cho thy, qu trnh phn hu tun theo phn ng bc mt:
dX
= - kX (5-23)
dt
X: nng vi sinh vt ti thi im t, k l hng s tc ca phn ng
phn hu.
Phng trnh (5-23) c vit di dng tng minh vi cc iu kin ban
u thch hp:
Xt = Xo. exp(-kt) (5-24)
~ 88 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
ng hc qu trnh x l nc thi bng
6 phng php vi sinh.
6. 1. Cc qu trnh ng hc c s.
~ 89 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Phng thc sinh trng ch yu ca vi sinh vt l t nhn i t bo, t
mt t bo nhn thnh hai trong mt thi gian nht nh. Thi gian nhn i
t bo c gi l thi gian sinh trng, c gi tr khc nhau i vi tng
chng loi, bin ng t 20 pht n nhiu ngy. Gi s mt loi vi khun c
thi gian sinh trng l 30 pht, trong iu kin khng b hn ch bi bt k
yu t cn thit no s sn sinh ra 16.772.216 t bo trong thi gian 12 gi [1].
Trong mi trng nui cy tnh, s lng vi khun sng c th m c
theo thi gian c din bin nh sau:
- Trong giai on ngn ban u, s lng vi sinh vt tng trng rt chm
chp do chng cn phi thch nghi vi mi trng mi.
- Giai on pht trin t tng ng vi thi gian sinh trng.
- Giai on pht trin n nh, s lng vi sinh sng khng thay i theo thi
gian do hn ch v iu kin dinh dng ( b tiu hao trc ) v hao ht
do b chr ca vi sinh vt c tui cao. Tc sinh trng v hao ht ngang
nhau.
- Giai on suy thoi biu hin s st gim s lng vi sinh sng so vi giai
on n nh. Qu trnh suy gim xy ra ln hn qu trnh sinh trng. Tc
suy gim ph thuc vo mt vi sinh v iu kin mi trng.
Trong cng ngh x l nc thi, mt vi sinh hoc s lng vi sinh
khng c xc nh theo phng php m m thng c nh lng bng
phng php o khi lng, trong bao gm c khi lng ca vi sinh
cht v cc tp cht khc. Quan st s pht trin sinh khi theo thi gian cng
c th nhn bit bn giai on tin trin:
- Giai on thch nghi vi mi trng sng, sinh khi tng chm nhng vi
chu k ngn hn so vi phng php quan st s lng do tng trng c v
kch thc ca tng c th ln s lng.
- Giai on pht trin t lin quan cht ch iu kin d tha dinh dng ca
mi trng, tc tng trng ph thuc vo kh nng trao i cht ca vi
sinh vt.
- Giai on suy gim th hin khi lng vi sinh gim, ch yu l do thiu
iu kin dinh dng.
- Giai on phn hy ni sinh xy ra khi ngun dinh dng cn kit, vi sinh
vt khi tn ti trn c s s dng cht nguyn sinh ca chnh chng m
khng c b p li. Trong giai on ny c th xy ra hin tng phn
~ 90 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
hy vi sinh, cht dinh dng t cc t bo cht c thi ra mi trng
nui dng vi sinh ang cn sng.
S pht trin v phn hy vi sinh vt theo thi gian c th m t theo mt
quy lut ng hc no [1, 2, 3] nhng ph bin hn c l s dng m hnh
ng hc Monod. M hnh ng hc Monod cng chnh l nn tng xy
dng cc m hnh x l bn hot tnh hin i nh ASM1, ASM2, ASM2d,
ASM3 ca nhm khoa hc quc t v m hnh ha h thng x l nc thi
bng phng php sinh hc [4]. Tuy vy cng cn phi nhn nhn rng tt c
cc m hnh ng hc u c nhng hn ch nht nh v tnh n nh v ph
qut so vi cc qu trnh ha hc hay vt l bi s tng tc ng thi ca
nhiu yu t xy ra trong h [4].
Gi X l nng hay mt sinh vt trong mt h x l tnh hay ng
(lin tc), tc sinh trng vi sinh (t bo) vg c nh ngha v c dng:
dX
vg = .X (6-1)
dt
T (6-1) cho thy, tc tng trng mt vi sinh t l thun vi chnh
mt hin c ca chng trong h. l h s tng quan c trng cho tng
chng loi vi sinh, loi pht trin nhanh th gi tr ca ln v ngc li.
c coi l hng s pht trin ring. n v o ca [vg] = g. l-1. d-1, [] = d-1 v
ca [X] = g. l-1 (d l n v thi gian o theo ngy hoc o theo gi (h) hoc
pht (min)).
Trong mt h x l, nhu cu v vt cht vi sinh vt pht trin ph hp
vi biu thc (6-1) rt t khi c tha mn. Khi m mt trong nhng nhu cu
chnh khng p ng c th tc sinh trng s gim. Mc suy gim
c qui v cho s bin i gi tr hng s pht trin ring . Theo Monod,
c th c tnh ton theo:
S
= m. (6-2)
KS S
~ 91 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
T hnh 6.1 cho thy khi nng ca S tha mn, tc pht trin ca vi
sinh vt t mc ti a, gim khi S gim.
0,5
Ks S
m . X .S
vg = (6-3)
Ks S
~ 92 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
ng thi. V d i vi chng vi sinh Nitrosomonas, c cht hn ch ng
thi l DO v amoni, khi :
S N DO
= m. . (6-4)
S N K N DO K DO
Y l hiu sut sinh khi to thnh, mang ngha l khi tiu hao mt lng
c cht s sinh ra c mt lng sinh khi no (g/g). Du (-) ch hai qu
trnh ngc nhau: sinh khi to thnh v c cht suy gim. Hiu sut sinh khi
Y ph thuc vo chng loi vi sinh hin hu v bn cht ca c cht (xem 5.
2. 3)
Mc tiu x l nc thi l lm gim nng cht gy nhim, tc l gim
nng c cht, v vy tc gim c cht l i tng quan tm u tin.
Kt hp cc phng trnh (6-3), (6-5) ta c:
m . X .S
vsu = (6-6)
Y (K s S )
~ 93 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
hiu sut sinh khi Y. Do lin quan n hot tnh ca vi sinh vt, hai i lng
m v Y c kt hp vi nhau theo nh ngha:
k = m/Y (6-7)
k . X .S
vsu = (6-8)
Ks S
m . X .S
vg = vg + vp = - kp.X (6-10)
Ks S
hay
vg = - Y.vsu - kp.X (6-11)
S
= m. - kp (6-12)
Ks S
~ 94 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
,
v
Y =
g
(6-13)
v su
dS k . X .S
vsu = (6-14)
dt KS S
~ 95 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Mc d thiu tnh cht ch v mt tng quan ton hc nhng cc phng
trnh kinh nghim cng gip ch t nht cho vic theo di nh lng mt qu
trnh x l.
6. 1. 4. nh hng ca nhit .
V d:
vT = v20. A(T-20) (6-22)
~ 96 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
i vi loi vi sinh d dng (oxy ha BOD) cc hng s tc Ks, k, kp,
s ph thuc vo nhit theo mi quan h [5]:
V
= (6-25)
Q
~ 97 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
V d trong mt b x l c 100 kg bn (sinh khi), duy tr mt vi sinh
n nh l 3 g/l trong h x l, mi ngy phi thi 20 kg ra khi h thng.Gi
s nc sau khi x l thot ra t b lng khng cha sinh khi th thi gian
lu t bo l 5 ngy. l nh ngha thi gian lu t bo v phng din c
hc hay theo phng thc vn hnh, thc cht l th hin hot tnh ca vi sinh
vt, hot tnh ca vi sinh vt cng ln th tui bn cng nh.
V .X
c = (6-26)
Qw . X r Qe . X e
dX
V Q. X o [Qw . X r Qe . X e ] V .v g, (6-27)
dt
Q: Lu lng u vo (bng Qe).
Xo: Nng vi sinh dng vo.
vg: Xem biu thc (6-10), (6-11).
V: th tch khi phn ng.
Trong trng thi vn hnh n nh vi mt vi sinh X, mt X khng
thay i theo thi gian th dX/dt = 0. Nng Xo ti dng vo thng rt nh
nn Xo = 0.
S dng cc iu kin nu trn, tnh vg t phng trnh (6-11) ta c:
~ 98 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Qw . X r Qe . X e v
Y . su k p (6-28)
V .X X
V tri ca phng trnh (6-28) chnh l i lng nghch o ca tui bn
c.
1 vsu
Y . kp (6-29)
c X
Q S S
vsu (So S ) o (6-30)
V
S, So: nng c cht ban u v ti thi im t.
Kt hp phng trnh (6-8) v (6-30):
k . X .S S S
vsu o (6-31)
Ks S
k .S S S
o (6-32)
Ks S .X
.X Ks 1
(6-33)
So S k .S k
1 So S
Y. kp (6-34)
c X .
~ 99 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
hn 5 gi tr) vi tr s t 1 - 10 ngy). Cc s liu Q, So, S, X, vsu cn c tnh
i din cao (s liu trung bnh ca nhiu ln th nghim).
Phng php xc nh cc hng s tc theo phng php tuyn tnh ha
n gin d thc hin nhng cho chnh xc v mt tnh ton khng cao.
Cng t cc s liu trn c th tnh cc thng s ng hc thng qua phng
php ti u da trn c s nguyn tc bnh phng cc tiu sai s ca s liu
thc nghim v s liu tnh ton. [5].
6. 3. Mt vi so snh v tc x l vi sinh.
~ 100 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
chm nht. V d trong h x l nc thi, vi sinh vt ch c th chuyn ha c
cht c phn t lng thp, c cht c kh nng sinh hy li c chuyn ha
t tp cht c phn t lng ln hn hoc t mt dng cht rn no do qu
trnh thy phn ha hc. Khi giai on chm nht (v d qu trnh thy
phn ha hc) ng vai tr khng ch tc ton b qu trnh. Qu trnh x l
ym kh (b pht) ca vi sinh d dng ym kh bao gm ba giai on ch yu:
thy phn (b gy) cc phn t ln (rn) thnh cc phn t nh, to thnh cc
axit bo d bay hi (volatile fatty acids VFA) v cui cng l giai on to
metan. Giai on to metan thng l chm nht, tuy vy khi nh gi v tc
x l ym kh thng qua cc thng s ng hc th thng ch ni v tc
x l ym kh chung m thi. Trong thc t rt c th giai on thy phn li
l bc chm nht [7, 8].
Trong mt h thng x l nc thi, tp cht (c cht) cn x l l mt hn
hp nhiu thnh phn vi kh nng sinh hy rt khc nhau do bn cht ca
nc thi hay do din bin ca n trc khi ti h thng x l. Do vy hng s
tc cng ch c tnh i din thp khi so snh tc x l ca cc loi nc
thi c bn cht khc nhau (bng 6.1).
Hot tnh ca vi sinh vt cng chng loi trong cng mt h thng x l
cng c th thay i do cc yu t ngoi cnh nh thng ging nhit gia
ngy v m, vn hnh b ngt qung hay do xut hin cc yu t gy c i
vi chng. Ti lng nhim thay i cng nh hng n cc hng s tc
phn ng.
l nhng c im cn ch khi so snh gia cc thng s ng hc
ca cc h khc nhau khi s dng cc thng s ng hc thit k h thng
x l.
~ 101 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
carbon kp d-1 0,025-0,035 0,030
*
Protein Y gSK/gBOD 0,050-0,090 0,075
-1
kp d 0,010-0,020 0,014
*
gSK/gBOD: Khi lng sinh khi hu hiu (thnh phn cht hu c trong
sinh khi) hnh thnh trn khi lng BOD tiu th.
Hng s K n v Khong Gi tr
hiu gi tr c trng
Hng s pht trin cc i =m d-1 0,8-8 4,8
Hng s phn hy ni sinh kp d-1 0,03-0,07 0,06
Hiu sut sinh khi Y gSK/gBOD 0,4-0,8 0,6
Hng s bn bo ha COD KS,COD gCOD/m 3
5-30 -
Hng s bn bo ha oxy KS,O gO2/m3 0,5-1,0 -
Hng s bn bo ha NH4+ KS,N gN/m3 0,1-0,5 -
Hng s bn bo ha photpho KS,P gP/m 3
0,1-0,2 -
~ 102 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
H s tiu th c cht ring k d-1 2-10 -
* d-1= [ngy]-1
Thng s K n v Gi tr ca qu trnh
hiu A B C
Hng s pht trin cc i m d-1 0,6-0,8 0,6-1,0 0,6-0,8
* Lng sinh khi hu hiu tnh theo lng nitrat hnh thnh (NO3--N)
Bng 6. 4. Hng s tc c trng qu trnh kh nitrat (metanol l cht cho
in t), nhit 20oC [9].
Thng s K hiu n v Gi tr
~ 103 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 6. 5. Hng s ng hc qu trnh tch ly photpho ca vi sinh vt, cht
hu c: axit axetic (AA), T = 20oC.
Thng s K hiu n v Gi tr
~ 104 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
K thut phn ng
7
7. 1. Mt s k thut phn ng c bn.
~ 105 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
K thut phn ng lin tc hay dng lin tc l mt qu trnh bt u xy ra
u vo v kt thc khi ra khi h thng. T c trng ca dng chy trong
h phn ng c th chia ra lm hai loi: dng l tng v dng xoy (dng
ri). Dng l tng (plug flow) c c trng l nng ca mt cht no
lun n nh mt v tr khng gian (im x) ti mi thi im t, gi l tnh n
nh (steady state), nng ca cu t nguyn liu gim, nng ca sn
phm tng khi cng cch xa im vo (khi khng xy ra qu trnh chuyn pha).
c trng ca dng y l tng l tc chy chm, chun s Reynold
thp, dng khng b xo trn, thi gian lu thy lc ca mi thnh phn l nh
nhau.
Cng vi k thut dng lin tc nhng khi tc dng ln tnh cht chy
ca dng tr nn ri, dng xoy (eddy, turbulent flow), s phn b nng
khi tr nn u mi v tr ca khi phn ng. Dng xoy c th to ra
bng cch khuy trn vi cng mnh. K thut phn ng trn gi l lin
tc khuy trn u.
Khi ghp ni tip nhiu bnh (b) phn ng lin t khuy trn u vi nhau
th t hp ca chng tim cn tnh nng ca dng y l tng.
S bin thin nng ca mt i tng no theo thi gian v vy ph
thuc vo dng k thut thc hin phn ng, ni cch khc l din bin ca
mt qu trnh ng hc b chi phi bi k thut phn ng.
dC da
vi = k. f (C ) (7-1)
dt dt
k: hng s tc phn ng.
f(C) l hm s nng : f(C) = 1 l phn ng bc khng, f(C) = C l phn
ng bc 1, f(C) = Cn l phn ng bc n.
Tch phn phng trnh (7-1) vi iu kin t = 0 th C = Co hoc t = 0 th a
= 0 ta c:
- f(C) = 1: C = Co - kt (7-2)
~ 106 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
-kt
- f(C) = C: C = Co.e (7-3)
1 1
- f(C) = C2: kt (7-4)
C Co
1 1
- f(C) = Cn: n 1
n1 + (n-1) kt (7-5)
C Co
Hiu sut thc hin phn ng E c th biu din theo mc suy gim nng
ti thi im t so vi nng Co ban u:
Co C
E= =1- C/Co (7-6)
Co
dC
.V Q.Co Q.C vi .V (7-8)
dt
Gi thit phn ng xy ra theo bc 1, vi = -k.C, (7-8) tr thnh:
~ 107 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
dC Q
.C .Co (7-9)
dt V
Vi k + Q/V
Phng trnh vi phn bc 1 (7-9) c th gii theo phng php tng qut v
li gii c dng [3]:
Co .Q
C (1 e .t ) Co .e .t (7-10)
V .
C
Co . 1
k 1
1
1
1 e ( k ).t Co .e ( k ).t (7-11)
E=1-
C 1
1
1
1
1 e ( k ).t e ( k ).t (7-12)
k
1
Co
Q.Co Co Co
C= (7-13)
V . 1 k (V / Q) 1 k . 1
~ 108 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
-1
E = 1 - 1/k. (7-14)
k ln, -1 ln (Q nh hoc V ln) s tng cng hiu sut ca phn ng.
C 2C
D. 2 (7-15)
t x
Trong D l h s khuych tn ca cu t A.
Lng cht c vn chuyn trong trng hp trn l do hai yu t: do
dng chy vi tc thng tuyn tnh v (t s gia lu lng v tit din chy)
v. C / x v do khuych tn phn t D. 2 C / x 2 . Nu trong ct khng xy ra
qu trnh phn ng m s thay i nng ch do hai qu trnh chuyn khi
trn th phng trnh vi phn m t s l:
C C 2C
v. D. 2 (7-16)
t x x
Nu s thay i nng b gy ra bi do c phn ng ha hc:
C C 2C
v. D. 2 + k.f(C) (7-17)
t x x
~ 109 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Thng thng h s khuych tn ca cc phn t trong mi trng nc rt
nh (D = 10-6 - 10-5 cm2/s) nn s ng gp ca qu trnh khuych tn khng
ln, c th b qua, tc l n nh cho qu trnh bng khng, khi (7-17)
c n gin ha thnh:
C C
v. k.f(C) (7-18)
t x
Trong iu kin trng thi n nh, C / t 0 v gi nh phn ng ha hc
l bc 1, f(C) = C ta c:
dC
v. k.C = 0 (7-19)
dx
Do nng trng thi n nh khng ph thuc vo t nn C / t tr thnh
dC/dt, tc l t phng trnh vi phn ring tr thnh phng trnh vi phn
thng.
dC k
C
v
dx (7-20)
Trong nhiu trng hp hiu sut phn ng c tng cng khi s dng
k thut phn ng ni tip nhiu bnh phn ng vi nhau, trong tng bnh u
c khuy trn. Khi u ra ca bnh phn ng trc tr thnh u vo ca
~ 110 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
bnh phn ng sau, nng ca cc cu t nguyn liu gim v ca sn phm
tng cc bnh ni tip nhau.
Gi thit h phn ng bao gm n bnh phn ng vi tng th tch l V, th
tch ca tng bnh l V/n (tt c c cng th tch). Nng ca mt cu t
nguyn liu u vo ca bnh s 1 l Co, u ra l C1. Phng trnh thng
bng cht cho bnh s 2 vi nng u vo l C1 c dng:
V dC2
. Q.C1 Q.C2 (7-22)
n dt
Co
Ci = (n.H ) i 1 .e n.H (7-27)
(i 1)!
~ 111 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Cc dng k thut phn ng tnh, khuy trn u, dng lin tc hoc mc
ni tip u c s dng xy dng cc h thng x l nc thi. Tuy vy
din bin ca qu trnh x l nc thi phc tp hn do trong ng thi xy
ra nhiu qu trnh ng thi lin quan n s pht trin ca vi sinh v cc phn
ng sinh ha.
Vi sinh vt ng vai tr tiu th c cht sinh si v pht trin, c cht
c tiu th to ra sinh khi v mt phn chuyn ha thnh cc hp cht
khng (t) c. l nt c bn nht ca nguyn tc x l nc thi.
Vi sinh vt trong mt h x l tn ti theo hai phng thc: dng phn b
u trong th tch khi phn ng (huyn ph) hoc chng c c nh trn
mt vt liu cht mang to thnh mng v khi nc thi chy qua s c
x l. Hai phng thc trn c tn gi l phng php huyn ph v lc sinh
hc. Trong mt s trng hp khc k thut thc hin l t hp ca c hai
dng trn nh phng php lu th (fluidization) hay tng linh ng: vi sinh
vt bm vo cht mang c kch thc nh, trong qu trnh vn hnh cht mang
c gi trng thi phn b u trong khi th tch phn ng.
Trong thnh phn sinh khi, ngoi c th vi sinh cn cha cc tp cht v
c v cht hu c, l cc thnh phn khng tan hoc l cht tan bm (hp
ph) ln chng. Vi sinh vt c xu hng to thnh cc tp hp ln - tp hp
keo t c kh nng lng tuy vi tc chm. Khi lng ring ca chng
thp, ch cao hn ca nc mt cht (1,05 - 1,1 g/ml). i khi do s c mt
ca vi sinh vt dng si di (filaments), cc tp hp keo t tuy c kch thc
ln nhng khi lng ring thp to ra hin tng kh lng.
Bn hot tnh c dng ch sinh khi trong h thng x l dng huyn
ph vi mt s c trng:
- Mt bn (sinh khi) l khi lng bn kh (sy ti 105oC cho n khi
khng i) trong mt lt hn hp nc ang x l.
- Sinh khi hu hiu l khi lng vi sinh c tc dng x l trong tng s bn,
tc l loi tr i phn tp cht khng c tc dng. Sinh khi hu hiu c
xc nh bng cch nung ti 550oC, phn chy (hu c) l phn hu hiu,
phn khng chy (v c) c coi l phn tp cht. Sinh khi hu hiu
chim 70 - 80% ca tng bn hot tnh.
- Ch s bn c nh ngha l trng thi lng sau thi gian 30 pht, 1 g bn
chim bao nhiu th tch (ml) trong hn hp bn-nc. Ch s bn cng nh
th khi lng ring ca chng cng ln, d lng v ngc li. Khi ch s
~ 112 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
bn ti 180 ml/g th c hin tng bn khng lng. Thc nghim c th
xc nh bng cch: ly 1000 ml nc thi ang x l, lng 30 pht, c
th tch phn lng, xc nh khi lng ca n (lc, sy, cn).
Cc qu trnh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc ngoi c trng
v k thut phn ng cn c c trng bi mi trng tn ti ca vi sinh
vt: hiu kh, thiu kh, ym kh, t hp ca hiu kh, thiu kh, ym kh cng
nh cc qu trnh xy ra trong ao h t nhin. Phi hp hai yu t: dng k
thut phn ng v iu kin mi trng hot ng ca vi sinh, cc qu trnh x
l sinh hc c th phn loi theo bng 7. 1. [3, 6].
Ngoi cc qu trnh c trng nu trong bng 7. 1, trong cc h t nhin
cn xy ra ng thi nhiu qu trnh sinh hc, ha hc, quang ha trong mt
h x l, c bit khi c s tham gia ca cc loi thc vt sng trong [1, 7,
8, 9].
~ 113 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
+ Phn hy bn vi sinh hiu kh n nh bn,
S dng khng kh loi BOD
S dng oxy nguyn cht
~ 114 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nh bn (kh
nitrat)
+ Tng dn n Loi BOD, n
nh bn
* T hp hiu + T hp cc qu trnh ym Loi b BOD,
kh-Thiu kh- kh, hiu kh, thiu kh hot N, P
Ym kh ng mt hay nhiu giai on
- Huyn ph trong x l bc 3.
- Mng sinh hc
* Qu trnh t + Ao thong kh Loi BOD, (oxy
nhin (ao h) ha NH3)
+ H nh bng nc Loi BOD, (oxy
ha NH3)
+ Ao ty nghi Loi BOD, (kh
nitrat)
+ Ao ym kh Loi BOD, (n
nh bn
7. 2. 1. H x l bn hot tnh.
~ 115 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hai qu trnh chnh xy ra trong h bn hot tnh l tng hp v phn hy t
bo. Phn ng t lng ca cc phn ng trn c m t qua (7-27), (7-28)
[3, 6] (xem thm phn 5. 2. 3).
- Tng hp t bo v oxy ha cht hu c:
vi sinh
COHNS+O2+dinh dng CO2+NH3+C5H7NO2+s/phm khc(7-28)
Vi sinh vt tng hp sinh khi (sinh sn, sinh trng) trn c s cht hu
c t nc thi (ngun carbon, vi sinh d dng) cng vi cc yu t khc nh
dinh dng (N, P, K), vi lng. sinh sn v pht trin chng cn c nng
lng, nng lng c sinh ra t phn ng oxy ha cht hu c vi oxy. Sn
phm cui cng ca qu trnh oxy ha l H2O v CO2. CO2 sinh ra phn ln
thm nhp vo kh quyn.
Phn hy ni sinh xy ra vi vi sinh cht hoc trong trng hp thiu
ngun dinh dng cho chng. Phn hy ni sinh l qu trnh oxy ha t bo
ca vi sinh vt sn xut nng lng nhm duy tr s sng cho cc vi sinh
cha cht.
Trong biu thc (7-28) cht hu c c qui cho c cng thc ha hc
COHNS, trong mt vi ti liu khc, thnh phn hu c trong nc thi c
qui cho cng thc ha hc l C18H19O9N [6]. Ty thuc vo tnh sinh hy ca
cc tp cht hu c, mt phn cht hu c tr m sinh vt khng th hoc
khng kp hp th s thot ra ngoi h x l. Mt s cht hu c c tc dng
gy c, km hm hoc git cht vi sinh vt vi mt liu lng no nh
phenol, hp cht hu c cha clo [10, 11].
C5H7NO2 l cng thc ha hc (gn ng) ca t bo ch khng phi ch c
th t bo thun li cho tnh ton v mt t lng (xem 5. 2. 1).
~ 116 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
T phng trnh t lng trn, lng oxy tiu th cho 1 kg cht hu c s l
1,42 v 1,59 kgO2. Tuy nhin, nu tnh theo COD (lng oxy tng ng
tiu th oxy ha cht hu c bng ha cht kali cromat) th nhu cu oxy
trong c hai trng hp u l 1,42 kg [6] v khi phn tch COD khng xy ra
qu trnh oxy ha amoni.
Nhu cu v oxy cho x l cng c tnh trn c s lp lun khc: t nhu
cu oxy sinh ha BOD ca ngun nc thi v lng sinh khi d thi ra khi
h thng trong ngy. Nguyn nhn ca lp lun trn l: chuyn ha cht
hu c thnh cc sn phm cn mt lng oxy bng vi BOD c ti mt
h s tng quan c th. l mt phn cht hu c to thnh sinh khi v
tip theo c thi ra khi h di dng bn d. V vy lng oxy cn thit s
l BOD ca nc thi tr bt lng oxy phn hy t bo d thi ra khi b.
Lng oxy cn thit phn hy 1 g sinh khi l 1,42 g/g [biu thc (7-29)].
Lng oxy tnh theo l thuyt v vy l:
~ 117 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
tht c, t tm, nc rc (thiu P), nc chung tri, thuc da. Mt s loi
nc thi ngho thnh phn N, P nh nc thi ch bin ng ma, hoa qu,
tinh bt, bia ru, nc gii kht. Khi cn b xung thm N, P t ngoi vo.
Liu lng dinh dng cn b sung c xc nh da trn thnh phn ha
hc ca t bo (bng 5. 3) trong thnh phn N chim 12 - 16%, thnh phn
P chim 2 - 3% khi lng kh hoc tnh N theo cng thc ca t bo th c
gi tr N l 12,5%, hm lng P c qui cho l bng 20% so vi N.
Mc ch cung cp N, P l cho vi sinh vt pht trin nhng d xc nh
c th tnh thng qua BOD, tht ra l thng qua hiu sut sinh khi (xem 5. 2.
3, 6. 1. 2), v vy cn ch n yu t sinh khi ca cc loi vi sinh vt khc
nhau (xem 6. 1. 6). Hiu sut sinh khi thp cn t dinh dng v ngc li.
i vi loi vi sinh d dng hiu kh trong h x l bn hot tnh t l ca
BOD:N:P thng c khuyn co l 100:5:1. Lng N, P b xung thm l
lng b cho t l trn v trong nc thi ban u c mt phn.
Tnh ton h thng x l bn hot tnh trnh by phn ti da trn m
hnh ng hc, tc l s dng cc thng s ng hc tnh ton cc thng s
thit k cng nh da trn kinh nghim thc t.
Trong mt h x l bn hot tnh ngoi cc khi phn ng lun ghp sau n
l n v cng ngh lng c vai tr tch sinh khi ra khi nc. Phn sinh khi
lng c bm ngc v u vo duy tr mt sinh khi ng bng gi tr
ca n trong b phn ng, phn d tha c x l tip, v d a v b bn.
Khi vn hnh x l nc thi vi cng loi k thut phn ng c th thc hin
hai phng thc l hi lu v khng hi lu bn dn n din bin qu trnh
x l cng khc nhau. Sau y s cp n mt s loi hnh k thut x l
tng th.
Q Q
X, S
So, Xo S, X
~ 118 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hnh 7. 1. H x l bn hot tnh dng khuy trn u khng hi lu bn. Q:
lu lng, S, X l nng c cht v vi sinh.
dX
.V Q. X o Q. X V .v g, (7-33)
dt
Q: lu lng x l (m3.d-1)
Xo , X l nng vi sinh ti u vo v trong khi phn ng. X c nhiu
cch xc nh nh tng bn, bn hu hiu hoc hm lng protein, ADN,
ATP.
V: th tch b phn ng.
vg: tc pht trin thc ca vi sinh xem biu thc (6-10). Thay th vg t
phng trnh (6-10):
dX . X .S
.V Q. X o Q. X V m k p . X (7-34)
dt Ks S
Q 1 .S
m kp (7-35)
V Ks S
~ 119 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
V .X V
c (7-36)
Q. X Q
Ks S
c (7-37)
m .S k p ( K s S )
dS k . X .S
.V Q.S o Q.S V . (7-38)
dt Ks S
k . X .S
Vsu = - (7-39)
Ks S
k . X .S
So- S = (7-40)
Ks S
m .( S o S ) Y .( S o S )
X (7-41)
k (1 k p . ) 1 k p .
K s .(1 .k p )
S (7-42)
.(Y .k k p ) 1
~ 120 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Khi c s liu ng hc Ks, k, Y, kp, m c th tnh c mt sinh khi
X ph thuc vo hiu qu x l c cht (So-S) hoc tnh c hiu qu x l
khi bit thi gian lu thy lc hoc thi gian lu t bo (=c).
Khi bit h s phn hy ni sinh kp c th tnh hiu sut sinh khi thc Y
t Y v kp bng cch: th gi tr X trong phng trnh (7-41) vo vg trong
phng trnh (6-11). S dng nh ngha Y trong phng trnh (6-13) tnh
Y, gi tr (So - S) c mi lin h vi tc suy gim c cht theo phng
trnh (6-31) s nhn c:
Y
Y = (7-43)
1 k p .
Q, So V, S, X
Qe, Xe, S
Qw, Xr, S
Qr, Xr, S
~ 121 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Do h x l bao gm thm c n v lng th cp c chc nng tch sinh
khi, nn tnh ton cc thng s thit k cn a thm hai gi thit:
- Qu trnh phn ng (x l) ch xy ra trong khi phn ng, khng xy ra
b lng. Thc cht qu trnh phn ng vn tip din trong b lng, v d qu
trnh kh nitrat xy ra ti gy ra hin tng bn ni.
- Thi gian lu t bo cng ch c tnh cho th tch ca khi phn ng.
- Ph hp vi nh ngha thi gian lu t bo [xem 6. 1. 5, biu thc (6-26)],
trong trng hp s dng k thut phn ng trn u c hi lu bn:
V .X V .X
c (7-44)
Qw . X r Qe . X e Qw . X r
.V Q. X o Qw . X Qe . X e V .v g,
dX
(7-45)
dt
Th vg t phng trnh (6-11), gi thit Xo = 0, dX/dt = 0 s thu c
phng trnh:
Qw . X r Qe . X e Y .v
su k p (7-46)
V .X X
V tri ca phng trnh (7-46) chnh l nghch o ca thi gian lu t
bo:
1 Y .vsu
kp (7-47)
c X
Tc suy gim c cht vsu c tnh theo:
Q S S
vsu = (So S ) o (7-48)
V
S, So l nng c cht (BOD) ti u vo v ra.
Nng vi sinh vt X trong b phn ng c tnh bng cch: thay v su
trong phng trnh (7-47) bi vsu trong phng trnh (7-48) v tnh c X:
c .Y .( S o S )
X (7-49)
.(1 k p . c )
~ 122 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tng t nh trnh by trong 7. 2. 1. 1, c th xc nh nng c cht
S ti u ra:
K s .(1 c .k p )
S (7-50)
c .(Y .k k p ) 1
Y
Y, (7-51)
1 k p . c
vsu S S o Q S o S
U= . (7-52)
X .X V X
1
Y .U k p (7-53)
c
~ 123 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
qu qui nh, thi gian lu t bo c xc nh l 5 ngy, vy kim sot
qu trnh mi ngy cn thi 20% lng sinh khi ang c trong h x l.
Trong mt h khuy trn u c b lng tch bn, lng dung dch bn thi
cn thit ph hp vi c c tnh t phng trnh (7-44):
V .X
Qw (7-54)
c .X r
So Q.S o
F/M = (7-55)
.X V .X
Nng tp cht (c cht) trong nc thi ln ng ngha vi lng thc
n di do cung cp cho vi sinh vt vi mt l X trong h thng x l. Nu
lng thc n (Q.So) nh (nc thi c nhim thp) m lng vi sinh X
ln th chng c cung cp t thc n, dn n pht trin chm.
Gia U v F/M c mi lin h:
( F / M ).E
U= (7-56)
100
Trong E l hiu sut ca qu trnh x l (%):
So S
E= .100 (7-57)
S
Phng trnh (7-53) ch r mi tng quan gia hot tnh vi sinh (1/c) v
tc suy gim c cht ca mt h x l. U cng c th tch theo cc hng s
ng hc trn c s kt hp phng trnh (7-52) v (7-39):
k .S
U= (7-58)
Ks S
U .K s
S= (7-59)
k U
~ 124 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vi mt h x l nc thi v tp on vi sinh xc nh, cc hng s tc
Y, k, Ks, kp c th coi l c tr s xc nh, v vy nng c cht ra khi h
thng x l S l hm s trc tip ca U hoc ca c th hin trong phng
trnh:
K s .(1 c k p )
S= (7-60)
c .(Y .k k p ) 1
hiu qu E
Hiu qu x l
c,t c
1 Y .k .S o
kp (7-61)
c ,t K s So
~ 125 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Khi c c,t, hiu qu x l bng khng, khi nng c cht ti u vo
v u ra bng nhau, S = So. Trong thc t gi tr Ks thng l nh hn nhiu
so vi So (xem bng 6. 2, 6. 3, 6. 4) nn (7-61) c th vit thnh:
1
Y .k k p (7-62)
c ,t
A = c/c,t (7-63)
Li gii.
Tra bng 6. 2 tm c Y = 0,6 gSK/gBOD, kp = 0,06d-1, k = 5d-1
Ks = 60 mg BOD [3]. Cc gi tr ny u cho nhit 20oC.
Tnh ton c thc hin theo cc bc:
- Hiu chnh h s ng hc tng ng vi 25oC.
p dng cc cng thc (6-23), (6-24), (6-25) hiu chnh kp, k v Ks v
o
25 C nhn c:
kp = 0,07d-1, k = 7,7d-1, Ks = 93 mg BOD.
~ 126 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- T kp, k, Ks v Y tnh c,t ti 25 C (biu thc 7-61):
o
c,t = 0,26d.
- S dng h s an ton qu trnh A = 10 (biu thc 7-62) tnh thi gian lu
t bo c:
c = 10c,t = 10. 0,26d = 2,6d.
- Tnh ton th tch b phn ng bng cch s dng phng trnh (8-49), thay
i thi gian lu thy lc = V/Q.
Y .Q. c .( S o S ) 0,6 g / g.500m 3 .d 1.2,6d .(450 50)mg.l 1
V=
X .(1 k p . c ) 3000mg.l 1 (1 0,07.2,6)
~ 127 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
1
So 450mg.l
F/M = 0,852(mgBOD / mgSK ) / d .
. X 0,176d .3000mg.l 1
(trong mt ngy, 1g sinh khi c cung cp 0,852g thc n BOD)
- Ti lng BOD tnh theo th tch (mt n v th tch ca b phn ng chu
ti mt khi lng c cht):
S o .Q 450 g.m 3 .500m 3 .d 1
TL = 3
2557 g.m 3 .d 1
V 88m
- Tnh ton lng oxy: s dng hai cch tnh khc nhau bng cch p dng
phng trnh (7-32) v tnh theo kinh nghim l 1,1 kgO2/kg BOD.
+ Tnh theo phng trnh (7-32)
Q.( BODo BOD)
mO2 / d 1,42.P( x)
f
500m 3 .d 1 .(450 50) g.m 3
1,42.101000 g.d 1 151kgO2 / d
0,68
+ Tnh theo kinh nghim
mO2 / d =Q.(BODo - BOD). 1,1 = 220kgO2/d.
Qua v d tnh ton trn cho thy, tnh khng cht ch trong qu trnh tnh
ton mt h x l l kh ln, th hin vic chn la cc hng s ng hc,
la chn h s an ton, cch tnh lng oxy cn thit ph thuc vo hiu sut
hp th oxy ca h phn phi kh. xy dng c h thng x l t hiu
qu v vn hnh n nh, v vy ngoi kin thc c bn cn rt nhiu kinh
nghim thc t.
~ 128 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Dng k thut phn ng theo kiu dng l tng thng c s dng cho
h x l cng sut ln vi c trng cu hnh b phn ng c di ln, chiu
rng hp. S h phn ng y l tng c hi lu bn c trnh by trong
hnh 7. 4.
Q, So
V, X Qe, Xe, S
S, X
Qw, Xr
Qr, Xr, S
~ 129 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Nng c cht gim dn dc theo chiu di ca b phn ng, cao nht
u vo v nh nht ti u ra.
- Mc tiu th oxy cng gim dn dc theo chiu di ca b phn ng.
- Tc pht trin ca vi sinh gim v giai on cui.
M hnh ng hc m t qu trnh x l theo dng y l tng kh phc tp,
ch c th gii c khi c n gin ha vi cc gi thit:
- Nng vi sinh vt c gi tr ng u trong ton b th tch b phn ng
vi gi tr trung bnh l X , gi thit trn ch c c khi c/ >5 [11].
- Tc suy gim c cht v vy c dng [xem biu thc (6-8)]:
dS k .S . X
v su (7-64)
dt K s S
Ly tch phn phng trnh (7-64) theo thi gian lu thy lc, thc hin
mt lot cc thao tc n gin ha v mt ton hc s nhn c mi tng
quan:
1 Y .k .( S o S )
kp (7-65)
c ( S o S ) (1 ).K s . ln( S i / S )
~ 130 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong h phn ng dng y l tng mc tiu th oxy vng u b
rt ln, rt kh p ng tha mn c v vy mt s bin hnh c xy dng
khc phc kh khn trn: k thut chia dng v sc kh nh dn.
Bin hnh chia dng u vo c thc hin bng cch phn b nc thi
th vo nhiu v tr dc theo chiu di ca b phn ng to ra gi tr F/M
u nhau mi v tr, qua lm gim nhu cu oxy tng t bin vng u
vo. Thng thng ngi ta thng s dng ba hoc nhiu hn im phn b
dng u vo. Bin hnh chia dng u vo c li th v tnh linh hot trong
vn hnh.
Sc kh nh dn l phng thc thay i cng sc kh dc theo chiu
di ca b: mnh pha u vo v gim dn v pha u ra.
Ch
Vf
Vd
Vo
~ 131 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nc thi
Bn thi
Cc pha c thc hin k tip nhau v c thc hin trong mt thi gian
nht nh. Bc thi bn c th thc hin sau pha lng hoc vo cui giai on
phn ng hoc trong khi lng. Thi bn c th thc hin theo chu k tun,
ngy hoc sau mi m. Pha ch c th b qua nu nh h c thit k b
iu ha hay b tch tr nc d cha x l kp.
Pha np liu v pha phn ng c th c phi hp da trn vic s dng
nng lng thng qua sc kh hay khuy trn c hc. l cc k thut: np
liu tnh, np liu khuy trn, np liu sc kh, phn ng khuy trn, phn ng
sc kh.
Np liu tnh khng cn s dng nng lng, li dng p lc thy tnh ca
dng chy a nc vo b phn ng, tch ly c cht trong b.
Np liu khuy trn bng c hc hoc do i lu to ra mi trng thiu
kh hoc ym kh trong b (thc hin kh nitrat hoc x l photpho).
Np liu sc kh l s dng dng kh khuy trn trong khi np liu to ra
mi trng hiu kh. Trong iu kin c th xy ra c cc qu trnh thiu
kh (do hm lng oxy cha qu ln). Phn ng c khuy trn hn ch cc
qu trnh hiu kh xy ra, qu trnh thiu kh v mt phn qu trnh ym kh
c thc y. Phn ng c sc kh to iu kin cho cc qu trnh hiu kh
c thc hin.
Mt m c thc hin k t giai on np liu v kt thc giai on ch
hoc sau khi x.
Th tch nc thi np vo bnh phn ng ca mt m (chu k) l Vf cng
vi th tch nc v sinh khi d li ca chu k trc l Vo. Tng th tch sau
khi np liu V = Vo + Vf. Khi phn ng kt thc, sinh khi lng, thi bn d
v th tch nc trong Vf, h li c th tip tc mt chu k mi.
Cc thng s c bn ca k thut m k tip giai on gm:
- ti: thi gian phn ng vi pha i.
- tc: thi gian cho mt chu k, tc = ti.
~ 132 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- T l thi gian np liu FTR = tf / tc (fil time ratio)
- T l thay nc VER = Vf /V.
- Thi gian lu thy lc = n.V/Q, n l s bnh phn ng, V l th tch lm
vic ca tng bnh, Q l lu lng nc vo h thng x l. Thi gian lu
thy lc ca tng bnh i = tf. VER-1.
Ngoi cc thng s mang tnh c th nu trn, cc thng s thng dng
khc nh thi gian lu t bo, ti lng hu c cng c s dng nh trong
thit k v vn hnh i vi h lin tc hoc lc sinh hc.
Do pha np liu chim mt phn thi gian ca mt chu k nn cn thit
phi c nhiu hn mt bnh phn ng p ng x l mt dng thi lin tc
hoc l phi c b d tr nc th.
S lng bnh phn ng ca mt h s xc nh thi gian np liu v thi
gian cho c chu k cng nh t l thi gian np liu.
Khi so snh k thut m k tip giai on vi k thut dng lin tc cho
thy: Trong giai on phn ng, din bin ca qu trnh x l ging vi din
bin trong dng y l tng trng thi n nh. S khc nhau l ch duy
tr c tnh l tng trong k thut m gin on, iu khng th thc hin
trong dng y l tng. c trng trn ch c c khi bc np liu l tc
thi hoc rt nhanh. S phn b nng c cht dc theo chiu di ca b
phn ng dng l tng ging s phn b nng theo thi gian trong bnh
phn ng m k tip giai on (xem phn 7. 1. 1, 7. 1. 3).
Nu bc np liu chm (np liu c sc kh hoc khuy trn) th giai on
ban u (ang np) din bin ging nh trong k thut phn ng lin tc
khuy trn u, sau (chm dt np liu) din bin tng t nh trong dng
y l tng [1].
K thut m k tip giai on cng c th vn hnh theo phng thc lin
tc. Phng thc vn hnh lin tc c m t nh trong hnh 7. 7. H x l
bao gm 4 b, tng b c th vn hnh p ng tng chc nng ring bit
trong tng chu k.
1 2
4 3
~ 133 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 134 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Cc nguyn tc x l sinh hc i vi nc thi khng c s khc bit khi s
dng k thut dng lin tc hay gin on. V vy cc thng s thit k p
dng cho h lin tc cng p dng c cho k thut gin on (hng dn
k thut bn hot tnh, Guideline ATV-A131).
- Thit k h phn ng m k tip giai on bao gm 6 bc: 1) Xc nh
thng s u vo, 2) Cu hnh ca qu trnh (c hoc khng c b iu ha,
3) Xc nh cch thc np liu, thit k chu trnh (thi gian lu t bo, t l
thay nc, thi gian ca mt chu k v tng pha, khi ng v kt thc tng
b phn ng ring l, 4) Thit k thy lc (s b phn ng, dung tch tng
b, cc b ph tr, 5) Tnh ton thit b (my sc kh, bm, khuy c hc, 6)
Thm tra, kim nh (cn bng nit, m phng, th pilot).
Thng s quan trng nht trong thit k l thi gian lu t bo, theo ATV-
M 210 c nh ngha:
n.V . X .t r
c (7-66)
t c .P( x)
0,65
vs = (7-67)
X .SVI
Giai on gn thng c bt u khi qu trnh lng cha kt thc vi tc
kh n nh nhm tit kim thi gian. Vi phng thc vn hnh trn rt d
xy ra qu trnh tri bn theo dng gn. phng trnh, trong giai on gn
cn phi m bo lp bn phi lun nm di mt nc t nht l 0,25m.
~ 135 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
K thut m k tip giai on c nhiu u im: rt linh hot trong vn
hnh, d p ng s dao ng v mc nhim, d t ng ha khu vn
hnh v v vy n c tc pht trin nhanh nht trong thi gian gn y so
vi cc loi hnh k thut khc, c bit trong x l nc thi sinh hot qui m
nh v nc thi cng nghip. K thut m k tip giai on thng c p
dng cho qui m 100 n 25000 ngi (200 l/ngi), thng dng cho qui m
nh hn 5000 ngi. Tc pht trin nhanh ca k thut m k tip giai on
cn c nguyn nhn khc l gi thnh xy dng khng cao, din tch s dng
thp [13].
~ 136 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hiu sut sinh khi Y [biu thc (6-13), (7-43), (7-51)] t c s dng do
cc thnh phn hu c sinh hy khng tan trong nc thi, cn hp cht v c
trong dng vo khng c bao qut.
Ti lng hu c tnh theo th tch th hin mc chu ti ca mt n v
th tch ca khi phn ng i vi cht hu c trong mt ngy, tnh theo khi
lng BOD hoc COD hoc mt loi c cht no trn mt m3 trong mt
ngy.
T kinh nghim hot ng thc t, cc gi tr c trng nu trn c th s
dng thit k mt h thng x l.
Khi la chn c cc thng s trn vic tnh ton cc thng s thit k
gm: la chn cu hnh v th tch b phn ng, tnh ton tc quay vng
bn, tnh lng bn d, nhu cu cp oxy, tnh ton b lng s cp, x l bn
thi.
~ 137 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Qu trnh c (d) F/M L gBOD/ X (g/m3) Qr/Q
3
gBOD/ (m .d) (h)
(gSK/d)
-Dng l tng 3-15 0,2-0,6 320-640 1000-3000 4-8 0,25-0,75
thng dng
-Trn u 0,75-15 0,2-1,0 800-1900 860-6500 3-5 0,25-1,0
-Dng l tng 3-15 0,2-0,5 640-960 1500-3500 3-5 0,25-0,75
chia dng u
vo
-Nitrat ha mt 8-20 0,05-0,2 80,320 1500-3500 6-15 0,5-1,5
giai on
-Nitrat ha tch 15-100 0,05-0,2 50-140 1500-3500 3-6 0,5-2,0
ring
-Sc kh tng 20-40 0,04-0,1 80-240 2000-8000 18-36 0,5-1,5
cng
-Mng oxy ha 15-30 0,04-0,1 80-240 2000-8000 8-36 0,5-1,5
M k tip giai 10-30 0,04-0,10 80-240 2000-8000 15-20 -
on
Ghi ch: Qr/Q l t l dng hi lu bn so vi dng vo. Thng s c trng
cho nc thi sinh hot.
~ 138 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
S dng thi gian lu t bo cho cc qu trnh x l hiu kh nhn chung
thch hp cho phn ln cc trng hp x l trong thc t.
Do cch tnh ton da trn rt nhiu c trng khng n nh nh theo
BOD v COD (t l khc nhau trong tng loi nc thi), hoc theo nng
sinh khi tng X, hoc nng sinh khi hu hiu (xem phn 7. 2) Xh m t l
Xh/X lun thay i trong tng h thng nn khi s dng cc thng s trn cn
c cn nhc thn trng.
Bng 7. 3 ghi mi quan h gia cc thng s thit k v hiu qu x l
BOD, COD vi t l F/M khc nhau [6].
Thng s K n v T l F/M
hiu (kgBOD/kgSK)
0,05-0,1 0,2-0,3 0,5-0,6
3
Nng bn tng X kgSK/m 4,0-7,0 3,0-5,0 3,0-5,0
3
Nng bn hu Xh kgSHHH/m 2,5-4,5 2,0-3,5 2,0-3,5
hiu
~ 139 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nng bn tnh XCOD kgCOD/m3 3,5-6,5 3,0-5,0 3,0-5,0
theo COD
T l Xh/X - % 65-70 70-75 70-75
3
Ti lng hu c L kgBOD/(m .d) 0,2-0,6 0,6-1,5 1,5-3,0
Thc n/vi sinh F/M kgBOD/(kgSKHH.d) 0,08-0,15 0,3-0,45 0,7-0,85
Hiu sut sinh khi YBOD kgSK/kgBOD 0,6-0,9 0,9-1,1 0,9-1,2
tnh theo BOD
Hiu sut sinh khi YCOD kgSK/kgCOD 0,3-0,5 0,4-0,6 0,4-0,6
tnh theo COD
Hiu qu x l theo E(BOD) % 90-95 85-90 80-90
BOD
Hiu qu x l theo E(COD) % 75-85 70-80 65-80
COD
Thi gian lu t c d 15-20 3-6 1-3
bo
* Ghi ch: s liu trong bng l ca nc thi sinh hot. Nng ca dng
vo: BOD = 200 - 400 mg/l, COD = 400 - 800 mg/l, T= 10oC, SK = khi
lng sinh khi, SKHH: sinh khi hu hiu (thnh phn hu c trong sinh
khi cn c tn l cht rn l lng bay hi do t).
~ 140 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hiu qu s dng oxy ph thuc rt nhiu vo loi h phn phi kh, vi
cc h th (tit din u phun ln) hiu qu t thp, nm trong khong 4-6%,
loi c u phun mn t 8-12%, loi cc mn c th t ti 10-16%.
Vi cc thit b tt nht, trong iu kin thun li nng lng tiu tn cho 1
kg oxy c s dng l 2kW [15].
Lng th cp.
B lng th cp c nhim v tch sinh khi ra khi nc, tch cng trit
cng tt v phn d s tip tc phn hy trong mi trng nc nhn. B lng
th cp c hai nhim v: lm trong nc v c c bn v vy khi thit k phi
ch c hai mc tiu trn.
c trng quan trng nht ca qu trnh lng l ti lng b mt: mt n
v din tch ca b lng chu ti bao nhiu th tch nc cn lng trong mt
gi. Thng s ti lng b mt ph thuc vo c trng ca bn thng qua hai
ch tiu c bn l ch s bn v tc lng.
Ch s bn (xem phn 7. 2) c xc nh t thc nghim bng cch o th
tch bn lng sau thi gian 30 pht, sau xc nh khi lng ca bn lng
(sy 105oC). Ch s bn SVI c tnh:
Bn c kh nng lng tt c tr s SVI thp (SVI < 100), khi gi tr SVI >
150 l hin tng mt vi sinh dng si filaments kh cao, bn rt kh
lng.
Qu trnh lng trong b lng th cp tun theo c ch lng vng. Tc
lng c th xc nh t thc nghim [3, 16]. Tc lng c s dng tnh
ti trng b mt lng:
vi
vs (7-72)
A
vi: tc lng ca bn [m.h-1].
vs: Ti trng b mt lng [m3.m-2.h-1] (nu tnh theo ngy th nhn vi 24
(24gi/ngy)).
A: h s an ton (thng t 1,75 n 2,5).
~ 141 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Khi khng c s liu vi c th p dng cng thc Wilson tnh tc lng
[6]:
~ 142 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
phn ng cn duy tr l Xm tnh theo % (v d 2500 mg/l = 0,25%). T s Os/X
chnh l ch s bn (khng cha n v) SVI. Tc bn hi lu so vi dng
vo Qr/Q (%) chnh l Os/(100%-Os) v Os = Xm. SVI.
Vy Qr/Q(%) = Xm. SVI/(100-Xm. SVI). V d t l th tch bn sau lng
chim 30%, mt sinh khi trong b phn ng c duy tr l 2500 mg/l (=
0,25%). Vy SVI = 120 (ml.g-1) v
Qr/Q = (0,25. 120)/(100-0,25. 120) =0,428 = 42,8%.
Quan trc chiu cao ca lp bn lng cng l bin php kim sot tc
hi lu bn. Kinh nghim thc t ch ra rng chiu cao lp bn ti u l 0,3-
0,9m, vi chiu cao ny nc c lm trong tt hn v mt bn cao. C
nhiu phng php v cng c c th s dng quan trc chiu cao lp bn.
Phng php ny i hi s ch quan st khi vn hnh.
Tc quay vng bn cng c th tnh ton trn c s cn bng vt cht
trong b lng th cp. Gi thit trong b lng chiu cao (lng bn) c duy
tr mc n nh, lng bn thot ra khi h thng theo nc x l c th
b qua.
Lng bn tch ly (thay i) trong b lng l do: tng t b phn ng chy
sang [(Q+Qr).X] v gim do lng bn hi lu v x lng bn d (xem hnh
7. 2):
X.(Q+Qr) - (Xr.Qr+Xr.Qw) = 0 (7-74)
X .Q X r .Qw
Qr (7-75)
Xr X
X
Qr Q. (7-77)
Xr X
Thi bn d.
Nhm duy tr n nh nng vi sinh trong b phn ng, ti lng hu c
(F/M) v thi gian lu t bo, hng ngy (hoc theo mt chu k) lng sinh
~ 143 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
khi d cn phi thi ra khi h thng. ng thi bn d thng l ng
hi lu bn do mt bn ti cao. Bn ny c a v b c c bn,
tch nc (s dng cht tr keo t, xem bng 4. 4), nn p, sy kh hoc c
a v ym kh (thu hi kh metan) hoc phn hy hiu kh nhm phn hy
thnh phn hu c trong sinh khi. l qu trnh bn vi mc ch l n
nh cht lng bn (khng phn hy tip).
Hn hp bn-nc d cn thi ch yu l nc, sinh khi ch chim 0,8-
1,0% khi lng, v vy thng s khng ch chnh l th tch ca hn hp
kt hp vi nng vi sinh.
Tc thi bn d Qw c tnh trn c s thi gian lu t bo [xem
phng trnh (6-26)]
V .X
c (7-78)
Qw . X r Qe . X e
Gi thit Xe = 0 ta c:
V .X
Qw (7-79)
c .X r
V
Qw (7-80)
c
~ 144 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
lng tt khi khi lng ring biu kin ca cm vi sinh (cm keo t) ln tc l
khong cch gia cc vi sinh vt ngn, mt cao, ni cch khc l chng c
cu trc c, t xp.
Bn kh lng l do cu trc ca cm keo t xp, nh m nguyn nhn c
xc nh l do s c mt ca mt s loi vi sinh dng si di c tn l filament.
ngn chn s pht trin mnh ca vi sinh dng si i hi phi thit k v
vn hnh h thng x l nc thi hp l.
S pht trin ca vi sinh dng si b nh hng bi cc yu t:
- Thnh phn tp cht trong nc thi. Cht nhim d sinh hy h ng
(glucose, maltose, lactose) trong nc thi ma ng, ch bin rau qu, tinh
bt thc y s pht trin ca vi sinh dng si. Tp cht kh sinh hy trong
nc thi ca cng nghip ha cht, ha du, dt nhum, nc thi hn hp
t thc y s pht trin ca chng.
- Nng oxy ha tan: Vi sinh vt nm trong tp hp keo t cng cn c
cung cp oxy, vi sinh vt nm pha bn trong ht keo t t c c hi nhn
c oxy so vi vi sinh vt nm pha ngoi do oxy phi khuych tn qua
mt qung ng di hn t ngoi mi trng nc vo v b tiu hao bi vi
sinh pha ngoi ht keo t. Mc cn kit, thiu oxy cho vi sinh vt
pha trong tng ln khi mt vi sinh cao, nhim thp, tc l ti lng
hu c (F/M) nh. Do di ca vi sinh vt dng si (1 - 4 m), t l din
tch so vi th tch ca chng ln hn cc dng khc nn kh nng hp thu
oxy v c cht tt hn loi c dng khc nh hnh cu, chng vn c kh
nng thu nhn oxy ngay c khi nng oxy mc thp hn 0,1 mg/l trong
khi cc chng loi vi sinh khc khng c kh nng .
Vi sinh vt dng si l loi c sc sng dai trong hon cnh mi trng
khc nghit, thiu thn, v vy nn hin tng bn kh lng xy ra thng
thng trong iu kin thiu c cht hoc thiu oxy. iu chnh l nguyn
nhn xut hin bn kh lng trong cc h x l khuy trn u, t xut hin
trong k thut x l gin on hoc dng y l tng. Trong k thut gin
on giai on u nng c cht cao v gim theo thi gian. Trong k thut
dng l tng, nng c cht cao ti pha u vo v gim v pha cui, cn
trong k thut khuy trn u th nng c cht b pha long ngay t khi
dng thi vo h thng v ngang vi nng ra khi h thng, tc l lun lun
thp.
~ 145 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khc trong x l nc thi cng nghip l do
nc thi thiu ngun dinh dng nit, photpho, v d trong x l nc thi
giy. C nghin cu ch ra rng khng xy ra hin tng bn kh lng cn
nng amoni v photphat tan ti thiu l 1,5 mg/l v 0,5 mg/l trong nc thi
sau x l.
Tnh trng ngho c cht, loi a cng nh vi lng, thiu oxy l nguyn
nhn thc y vi sinh vt dng si trong tp hp keo t pht trin v gy ra
hin tng bn kh lng.
Trong iu kin ngc li, cc chng vi sinh c kh nng keo t tt s pht
trin mnh p o vi sinh dng si.
c ch vi sinh dng si v thc y loi vi sinh c tnh nng keo t tt
cn phi to ra c mt ng lc mnh thc y qu trnh khuych tn ca c
cht (BOD) v oxy vo su trong lng ht keo t. S dng k thut gin on
hoc dng y l tng p ng c mc ch trn giai on u (thi
gian) trong k thut gin on v pha u vo (v tr khng gian) trong k
thut dng l tng.
Vi cc h thng x l theo k thut khuy trn u gii php c p
dng l ghp thm mt h c gi l chn lc vi sinh, n v cng ngh ny
c ghp trc cc n v cng ngh x l sinh hc. Lng bn quay vng
tip xc trc tip vi dng nc th c nhim cao nht sau mt thi gian
nht nh ri mi tin hnh cc qu trnh tip theo.
C s khoa hc ca gii php trn lin quan n hin tng hp ph sinh
hc xy ra trong h x l.
Cht hu c trong nc thi c chuyn ha do to thnh t bo v do
phn ng oxy ha l c ch c bn trong x l nc thi, tuy vy trc khi
xy ra phn ng trn, qu trnh din bin cn c thm mt s giai on khc:
- Khi nc thi cha tp cht nhim tip xc vi sinh khi, cc tp cht dng
huyn ph, khng tan (hu c v v c) b li cun v bm dnh vo vi sinh
khi. Qu trnh ny xy ra nhanh v ph thuc vo iu kin tip xc (khuy
trn) ca h.
- Tp cht dng keo b hp ph trn cc tp hp vi sinh vt.
- Tp cht tan hp ph trn tp hp vi sinh. Hin cn tn ti mt s nghi vn
xung quanh hin tng hp ph trn sinh khi: cht hu c tan to phc cht
dng enzym vi t bo vi sinh vt hoc hp ph trn b mt t bo theo c
ch hp ph vt l, cht hu c tn ti trn b mt hay trong t bo hay
~ 146 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
c hai trng thi vi t cch l cht d tr. Mc hp ph c cht ph
thuc vo nng vi sinh vt, tui bn cng nh bn cht ha hc ca cht
hu c. Tc hp ph sinh hc kh nhanh, t cn bng trong khong thi
gian di 30 pht.
Sinh khi t cc h thng x l gin on v dng y l tng c kh
nng hp ph tt hn loi t h khuy trn u. C ba c ch trn bt u hot
ng ngay t khi vi sinh vt tip xc vi nc thi. Dng hu c khng tan
tip tc b phn hy (thy phn) to thnh cc cht nh hn lm nguyn liu
cho tng hp t bo v oxy ha. Thi gian phn hy ph thuc bn cht ca
cht hu c v hot tnh ca vi sinh vt. Nh c lng c cht d tr do hp
ph trn sinh khi, tc tng hp t bo hu nh khng thay i trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh khi nng c cht tan trong nc gim ng
k.
B chn lc vi sinh hot ng da trn nguyn tc trnh by. Trong b
chn lc, sau khi bn hi lu c trn ln vi nc u vo t mt vi
sinh bng vi mt ca khi phn ng nhng nng c cht th cao hn, t
l F/M ln to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh hp ph vi sinh. S chnh lch
cao ca nng c cht gia pha ngoi v trong ca tp hp vi sinh thc y
dng khuych tn, cung cp nhiu c cht cc loi vi sinh c tnh nng keo
t tt pht trin, ln t loi vi sinh dng si. Vi sinh dng si c kh nng tch
tr c cht thp hn so vi loi kia. Khi dng nc thi t b chn lc thm
nhp vo h x l chnh th nng c cht tan gim i nhiu v l ngun
cung cp cho c hai loi vi sinh: dng si v dng d keo t, dng si c t
trng khng cao trong mi trng nc phn ng.
C nhiu phng php tnh ton thit k b chn lc nhng c bn nht l
da trn t l F/M hoc mc ti ca sinh khi (bn) vi mc tiu l to
thi gian tip xc gia sinh khi v c cht tan sinh khi hp ph ti a c
cht. Nu sinh khi hp ph c 60 -75% c cht tan t nc ngun vo th
qu trnh c ch vi sinh dng si s t hiu qu tt [22]. Nu mt vi sinh
thp, lng c cht tan c hp ph thp hn, nng c cht lt vo h
x l chnh cao hn s thc y vi sinh dng si pht trin.
Thi gian tip xc (thi gian lu thy lc) ca b chn lc nm trong
khong 20 - 60 pht, s dng mt b hoc cc b ni tip nhau (thng l 3)
trong iu kin ym kh, thiu kh hay hiu kh u c tc dng [11].
~ 147 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Khi s dng ba b chn lc ni tip nhau trong iu kin hiu kh, mc
ti bn ca cc b chn lc ng sau nn thp dn, v d [23].
B th 1: 12 kg COD/(kgSK.d)
B th 2: 6 kg COD/(kgSK.d)
B th 3: 3 kg COD/(kgSK.d)
B chn lc di iu kin thiu kh (giai on cng ngh tip ngay sau
l giai on thiu kh - kh nitrat) s dng ti lng thp hn v ngay ti b
chn lc xy ra qu trnh kh nitrat:
B th 1: 6 kg COD/(kgSK.d)
B th 2: 3 kg COD/(kgSK.d)
B th 3: 1,5 kg COD/(kgSK.d)
Ngoi gii php s dng b chn lc vi sinh, hin tng bn kh lng cng
c th x l bng cch s dng ha cht: clo hot ng, hydro peroxit (H2O2),
thay i nng oxy trong b hiu kh, thay i v tr dng vo b hiu kh
thay i t l F/M, b xung thm dinh dng (N, P).
7. 2. 2. H lc sinh hc.
7. 2. 2. 1. Cc qu trnh c bn.
~ 148 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
khi qua mng thy lc l hai qu trnh lin quan cht ch vi hin tng
khuych tn phn t.
Khuych tn phn t.
Khuych tn l hin tng vn chuyn vt cht mc phn t do s
chuyn ng nhit (ng nng) gy nn. Vt cht c chuyn t ni c nng
cao ti ni c nng thp (trong cng pha), ng lc ca qu trnh
khuych tn l s chnh lch nng theo v tr khng gian. Qu trnh
khuych tn c xem l kt thc nu nng ca cht khuych tn ti mi v
tr c gi tr nh nhau di gc v m (quan st v o c) nhng v thc
cht qu trnh khuych tn vn din bin tip tc trong trng thi n nh.
V d, ta hy quan st mt mi thm no trong mt phng rng kn gi:
mi thm m nht l st v tr t n, cng xa mi thm cng gim. T v
tr t n, cc phn t thm ta ra v mi hng, v cc cc phn t ti cc v
tr xa cng ta v pha ngun cht thm. Tuy vy xc sut cc phn t ta v
cc hng l khc nhau. cc v tr gn ngun mt phn t cc cht thm
cao nn s phn t ta ra cc hng ln hn t cc hng ta li ngun do mt
ca chng cng xa cng thp.
Hin tng khuych tn c Fick m t qua hai nh lut khuych tn:
nh lut I v nh lut II [4, 5].
nh lut I m t lng cht c vn chuyn qua khuych tn n (mol) theo
thi gian (t) t l thun vi s chnh lch nng (C) dc theo chiu khuych
tn dC/dx v tit din khuych tn A. Phng trnh m t nh lut I c dng:
dn dC
D. A. (7-81)
dt dt
D l h s khuych tn, n v ca n: din tch/thi gian (cm 2.s-1, m2.h-
1
...). Du (-) ch hin tng vt l l khuych tn din bin v pha nng
thp.
Phng trnh (7-81) c s dng m t cho trng hp n nh, tc l
trong c mt on ng x no , nng C ti tng im trn lun ch
c mt gi tr trong sut thi gian phn ng. iu ng ngha vi dC/dx =
C/x hoc C = Co + k.x (k l hng s).
Phng trnh (7-81) ch c th s dng i vi mt pha ng nht (trong
nc, trong khng kh), i vi mt h cha nhiu pha (rn, lng, kh) th c
ng vi mt pha cn mt phng trnh m t ring, mi trng ranh gii gia
~ 149 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
cc pha cng c m t ring. H s khuych tn c gi thit l khng ph
thuc vo nng .
Trong trng hp nng bin ng theo thi gian trn tng v tr do mt
vi yu t no trn ng khuych tn nh phn ng ha hc, qu trnh
sinh hc (v d ti v tr no , vi sinh vt tiu th nhiu oxy th nng oxy
ti b suy gim) th qu trnh khuych tn c m t qua nh lut th II:
C 2C
D. 2 D.C (7-82)
t x
Phng trnh vi phn ring (7-82) m t s bin ng nng theo hai bin
(ring) l thi gian v ta khng gian. C l ton t Laplace.
Ph thuc vo iu kin ban u v iu kin bin ca bi ton, li gii ca
(7-82) rt a dng v c s dng rng ri trong rt nhiu lnh vc [18, 19].
c im ng ch t li gii ca (7-82) l s suy gim nng do qu
trnh khuych tn b tc ng ng thi bi hai yu t (bin s) l thi gian v
v tr: v tr cng xa ngun th nng cng thp, thi gian cng di th ti mt
v tr nng cng cng gim. Tnh cht trn c th hin:
x12 : x22 : ... : xn2 t1 : t 2 : ... : t n , tc l x2/t = hng s, ngha ca mi quan h
trn c hiu l ti mt thi im t no cc v tr x 1, x2, x3 (x1<x2<x3)
nng ca cht khuych tn tng ng l C1, C2, C3 gim dn. Trn cng
mt v tr x ti cc thi im khc nhau t1, t2, t3 (t1>t2>t3) nng cht
khuych tn tng ng cng gim. Mc tng (gim) ca nng vo t v x
theo tng quan x2/t = hng s. V d ti thi im 1 giy, nng ti cc
im x1 = 1cm, x2 = 4 cm, x3 = 9 cm l C1, C2, C3, trong C1>C2>C3, khi
thi gian khuych tn tng ln, nng ti x2, x3 tng theo v C2 = C1 sau 16
giy, C3 = C1 sau 81 giy, tc l 1:42:92 = 1: 16:81.
Bng l thuyt, Einstein (1905) chng minh c x 2/t = 2D. C ch
khuych tn khc nhau trong tng trng hp l khc nhau: trong pha kh l
do cc phn t va chm ln nhau, trong mi trng nc l do cc phn t
khuych tn dch chuyn (nhy) t l trng n sang l trng khc do ng
nng ca chng. Cht lng ni chung v nc ni ring c cu trc tp hp
khng n nh v trt t, ngoi phn th tch b phn t chim ch cn tn ti
cc l hng, khi nhit tng th phn th tch l hng cng tng theo gy hin
tng tng th tch v tng kh nng ha tan i vi nhiu loi cht rn.
~ 150 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Kh nng vn chuyn cht do khuych tn ph thuc vo tr s ca h s
khuych tn: phn t nh c tc khuych tn cao, cng nh ph thuc vo
tng tc gia cht khuych tn vi mi trng khuych tn: tng tc yu
dng kh, mnh hn mi trng cht lng, c bit mnh trong mi trng
cht rn xp hoc c.
Gi tr h s khuych tn trong pha kh (nhit bnh thng) nm trong
khong 0,1 - 1,0 cm2/s, trong cht rn nm trong khong 10-8 - 10-14 cm2/s [4].
H s khuych tn ph thuc vo nhit mc T0,5 (T l nhit tuyt
i) trong pha kh v dng hm m i vi khuych tn trong pha lng v rn:
D = Do.e-E/RT (7-83)
Do l hng s khng ph thuc vo nhit .
EA: Nng lng hot ha cho qu trnh khuych tn.
R: Hng s kh.
T: Nhit tuyt i.
S thay i D theo nhit ph thuc vo gi tr ca EA, thay i ln trong
cng khong nhit khi EA ln (gi tr ca EA thng t 4 - 10 kcal/mol).
Ngoi c ch chuyn khi do khuych tn cn tn ti hu nh ng thi l
chuyn khi do i lu (t nhin hoc cng bc). V d khi mt ni nc
c un nng t y, nc nng t di c vn chuyn ln pha trn do
nh hn nc lnh (i lu t nhin) hoc dng bm to ra mt dng kh
hay cht lng chuyn ng (i lu cng bc). i lu cng bc thng
c c trng bi tc dng thng.
Trong mt h ng thi xy ra cc qu trnh khuych tn phn t, i lu
v phn ng ha hc th s bin i nng ca mt cht c m t:
C C 2C
v. D. 2 k . f (C ) (7-84)
t x x
[So snh vi cc phng trnh (7-15), (7-16), (7-17)].
Mt h lc sinh hc bao gm nhiu pha v b mt phn cch pha: gia cc
khi cht mang (ht) l pha kh (lc kh) hoc nc (lc ngp nc). Trn b
mt cht mang l mng vi sinh c dy nht nh (0,5-1,0 mm) v kh c.
Pha ngoi lp mng vi sinh l mt lp nc mng gi l mng thy lc, mng
thy lc c tnh nng v phng din chuyn khi khc vi nc, khng kh
hay mng vi sinh. Cc qu trnh chuyn khi xy ra trong nc (kh), qua
mng thy lc, mng vi sinh. Phn ng ha hc (sinh ha) xy ra trong lp
~ 151 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
mng sinh hc. Cc qu trnh chuyn khi s lm chm tc phn ng: tc
chuyn khi nhanh th km hm t, tc chuyn khi chm th km hm
nhiu. Phn tip theo s quan st mt s nh hng ca qu trnh chuyn khi
ln hiu qu x l nc thi khi s dng k thut lc sinh hc.
Gia cc khi (ht cht rn) trong b lc sinh hc l cc khong khng gian
rng, ty thuc vo kch thc vt mang, th tch rng trong b lc c th
chim ti 80 -90% ca b lc. Qu trnh chuyn khi trong vng khng gian
rng ph thuc vo k thut lc l qu trnh khuych tn trong pha kh (lc
kh) hay trong nc (lc ngp nc) v qu trnh chuyn khi cng bc. Tc
chuyn khi do i lu cng bc c tc ln hn nhiu so vi khuych
tn v c th tng cng kh d dng. V vy tr lc do chuyn khi ch yu
giai on khuych tn qua mng thy lc v mng vi sinh vt. Hnh 7. 8. m t
s ca hai lp mng trn v phn b nng ca mt loi c cht no
dc theo chiu dy ca mng.
Trong hnh 7. 8, ti x = 0 l b mt ca cht mang, mng vi sinh vt bm
trn b mt c dy l L1, tip n mng thy lc (nc) c dy l L2,
khong cch tip theo l vng khng gian rng gia cc cht mang. Mt c
cht no nh cht hu c, oxy hoc cht dinh dng (N, P) c a t
nc thi hoc t khng kh (oxy) vo vng khng gian rng, qua mng thy
lc v tip tc vo mng vi sinh. C cht c tiu th trong lp mng vi
sinh, ni cch khc phn ng ch xy ra trong mng vi sinh ch khng xy ra
cc v tr khc.
So
Nng c cht S
S1
~ 152 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
0 L1 L2 x
dC
n s D. .( S o S1 ) (7-85)
dL
~ 153 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Gi s cht mang c dng hnh cu vi bn knh R, khi lng ring th
tit din mt ngoi A ca tng ht l:
3
A (7-86)
R.
~ 154 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Qu trnh xy ra trng thi n nh.
Phng trnh thng bng cht cho mt on dx (ca L1) c xc lp trn
c s:
Tc khuych tn t x+dx - tc khuych tn ti x = tc phn ng
ha hc xy ra trong dx.
im x=0 l ti v tr tip gip vi cht rn, c tn g l mng phng bn
gii hn.
Kt qu thu c m t phng trnh thng bng cht dng vi phn:
d 2S
De. 2 k . f ( S ) vi (7-87)
dx
vi l tc phn ng ha hc.
k.f(S) l tc phn ng. i vi phn ng bc 0, 1, 2 th tc phn ng
c cc dng tng ng k, kS v kS2. (xem 7. 1. 1), k l hng s tc . T (7-
87) ta c:
d 2S k
2
. f (S ) (7-88)
dx De
L k.S n 1 / De (7-89)
d 2S 2
2
2
.S b 2 .S (7-90)
dx L
vi b = /L.
Li gii ca phng trnh tiu chun (7-88) c dng:
S = C1.eb.x + C2.e-b.x (7-91)
~ 155 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
S
cosh(b.x / L1 ) tanh b.sinh(b.x / L1 ) (7-92)
S1
S cosh[b.(1 x / L1 )]
(7-93)
S1 cosh b
(1) L1 k / De (7-95)
S
cosh[ (1) x / L1 ]. cosh (1). (7-96)
S1
dS dS
vi A.De . (7-97)
dt dx x L1
D tanh
vi (b. tanh b).S1 k .L1 . .S1 (7-98)
L1
~ 156 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
T phng trnh (7-98) cho thy, phn ng bc mt trong mng vi sinh
cng c m t nh phn ng bc 1 theo nng pha ngoi mng (S1),
im khc l nng trong mng thp hn do b hn ch bi qu trnh
khuych tn.
Gi s vn chnh phn ng ang quan st xy ra ngoi lp mng vi sinh
vi cng c trng, ch khc duy nht l nng lun duy tr l S 1 ch khng
phi S (S<S1 do khuych tn). Phn ng xy ra trong iu kin l phn ng
ha hc ch thc, vi,s, khng c s tham gia ca qu trnh khuych tn hoc
qu trnh khuych tn nhanh hn tc phn ng ha hc. Khi :
vi,s = k.S1 (7-99)
1,0
0,1
1 10 (1)
~ 157 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
1 De / k
(7-102)
(1) L1
ks = De .k (7-103)
k0,5, k0,5s l hng s tc phn ng tnh theo th tch hoc din tch mng
[20].
~ 158 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong hai qu trnh khuych tn: trong mng thy lc v mng vi sinh, tc
ca giai on no chm s quyt nh tc chung ca qu trnh x l
nhng nhn chung giai on c tc chm hn thng l giai on khuych
tn trong mng vi sinh do h s khuych tn nh hn (De 0,8D), lp mng
dy hn.
Qu trnh x l tp cht trong mng vi sinh vt c din bin ging nh
trong k thut phn ng dng huyn ph.
Tc pht trin vi sinh vt:
m . X F .S
vg, F = (7-106)
Ks S
m
v su (0) k o .X F (7-107)
Y'
m S
v su (1) k1 .S . .X F (7-108)
Y ' Ks
S: nng c cht.
ko, k1: hng s tc phn ng bc khng v mt.
XF: nng sinh khi trong mng.
vsu(0), vsu(1) l tc phn ng bc khng v bc mt.
Cc thng s khc ging nh trong cc phng trnh (6-3), (6-6), (6-8) v
(6-13). Cc thng s ng hc i vi qu trnh lc qua mng sinh hc c th
s dng trc tip t cc gi tr thu c qua phng php huyn ph.
So vi k thut dng huyn ph, nng vi sinh vt trong mng cao hn
nhiu: trong h x l bn hot tnh nng vi sinh thng nm trong khong
2000-6000 mg/l, trong k thut lc gi tr trn l t 10.000 - 60.000 mg/l.
im khc bit ln nht trong k thut lc sinh hc so vi k thut huyn ph
l s tham gia ca qu trnh khuych tn, n ng vai tr quan trng hn trong
k thut lc sinh hc. H s khuych tn ca mt cu t trong mng vi sinh rt
kh xc nh, trong tnh ton ngi ta c th chp nhn gi tr bng 80% h s
khuych tn ca n trong mi trng nc.
~ 159 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Khi lng ring ca mng sinh hc khng n nh v vy rt kh xc nh,
n ph thuc vo din bin ca qu trnh to mng: to mng vi tc chm
th khi lng ring ca mng ln v ngc li.
~ 160 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Nu tnh theo th tch ca b lc s nhn c:
45.100m2.m-3 = 4500 gCOD/(m3.d)
Gi tr 4500 gCOD/(m3.d) ng vi b lc chu ti cao, ch t hiu qu khi
ngun oxy c m bo.
~ 161 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Mt h x l lc sinh hc vi nng COD = 150 mg/l. H s khuych tn
ca cht hu c l 0,4.10-4m2.d-1, ca oxy l 1,7.10-4m2.d-1. c gi tr 1,7
gCOD/gO2. T l S(O2)/S(COD) c tnh theo (7-109):
S (O2 ) D(COD) 1 0,4.10 4
. 0,14 gO2 / gCOD
S (COD) D(O2 ) 1,7.10 4.1,7
Phn ng trn xy ra hi ha khi t l trn l 0,14, nu nh hn t l trn l
thiu oxy cho phn ng. Trong nc u vo, tha mn cho phn ng,
nng oxy trong phi t (ti thiu) l: 150. 0,14 = 21g/m3. Trong iu
kin tt nht, nng oxy bo ha trong nc ch t ti 10 g/m3 (ti 15oC)
nn lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh trn thiu trn 50%.
Gi thit l nng oxy khi ra khi b lc sinh hc l 2 g/m3 th chng t
l COD ang thiu cho phn ng ha hc ti 14 g/m3 do S(O2)/0,14 =
2,0/0,14 = 14 gCOD/m3.
Qua v d trn cho thy vai tr ca qu trnh chuyn khi trong k thut
phn ng khi dng phng php ct lc sinh hc.
~ 162 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Trong c hai trng hp hoc oxy hay c cht c vai tr kim sot qu trnh
m mng vi sinh c s dng hon ton cho phn ng (khng b hn ch
bi khuych tn) th phn ng ha hc xy ra trong mng theo bc khng.
- Trong trng hp mng ch s dng c mt phn (do khuych tn hoc
thiu mt trong hai cu t tham gia phn ng) th phn ng xy ra theo bc
0,5 i vi oxy (khi thiu oxy) hay i vi c cht (khi thiu c cht).
Trong trng hp s dng mt ct lc sinh hc c c trng khuy trn l
tng (v d phn ng dng lu th, cht mang c o trn u trong nc),
phn ng d th trong ct lc (s hnh 7.10) xy ra nh sau:
Q, S1 Q, S2
V, A*
k o , s . A*
S2 = S1 - (7-111)
Q
- Phn ng bc 0,5:
vs(0,5) = k0,5, s.S20,5 (7-112)
2
k 0 , 5, s . A* k . A*
S2 = S1 0 , 5 , s (7-113)
2Q Q
- Phn ng bc 1:
Q.S1
S2 = (7-115)
Q k1, s . A*
~ 163 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tc v hng s ng hc phn ng tnh theo tng din tch ca mng vi
sinh tng ng vi bc ca phn ng, v d vs(0,5) v k0,5, s l tc v hng
s tc ca phn ng bc 0,5.
Cc phng trnh (7-110) n (7-115) c th s dng m phng qu
trnh xy ra trong ct lc sinh hc xy ra theo dng trn u l tng.
Lc ngp nc vi tng c nh c th c xem l gn vi trng thi dng
y l tng, phng trnh thng bng cht c thit lp trn c s:
Lng c cht u vo - lng mt do phn ng = lng c cht ti u ra.
Phng trnh ton hc m t tng ng:
S A
v i . (7-116)
x Q
s v
i . (7-117)
X S1
s k
o . (7-118)
X S1
ko
s=1- . . X (7-119)
S1
~ 164 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
S1 S k
E= 1 s o . . X (7-120)
S1 S1
Trong E l hiu sut x l.
- Phn ng bc 0,5:
s k 0,5
0,5 0,5 .s 0,5 (7-121)
X S1
2
1 k 0,5
s = 1 0,5
. . X (7-122)
2S
2
1 k 0,5
E = 1 - 1 0,5
. . X (7-123)
2S
- Phn ng bc mt:
s
k1 .s (7-124)
X
s e k1 . . X (7-125)
Cc mi tng quan trn th hin s rng buc gia hiu qu x l E vi
thi gian lu thy lc , ph thuc vo bc ca phn ng v nng c cht
u vo. Trong mt ct lc sinh hc, phn ng ha hc trong c th xy ra
theo mt bc duy nht nhng cng c trng hp xy ra ng thi phn ng
vi cc bc khc nhau trong lp mng vi sinh vt. V d gn vng u vo
ca ct lc nng ca c cht cn ln to iu kin cho khuych tn ti
tn im cui cng su trong lp mng. Trong vng phn ng ha hc l
bc khng. Vng pha di xa v pha u vo, nng c cht gim, qu
trnh khuych tn chm li, mc hot ng ca mng vi sinh gim theo, khi
c ch phn ng chuyn v bc 0,5. Pha v st cui ct lc nng gim
ti mc c ch phn ng c th chuyn thnh bc 1 trong mng vi sinh.
Khi vn hnh mt b lc sinh hc c trng hp cn hi lu bn v c
trng hp khng cn thit.
Khng cn thit phi hi lu bn khi nng vi sinh vt ln, din tch
mng (cht mang) ln v khi khng cn ti giai on lng th cp. Trong
trng hp nng bn thp, lng oxy khng m bo, bn tri theo nc
th cn phi hi lu bn t b lng th cp.
~ 165 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
7. 2. 2. 5. K thut lc nh git.
~ 166 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Khng kh thm nhp vo b lc t pha di y ln trn to ra dng kh n
nh. Bin php tng cng dng kh bng cc k thut cng bc t c s
dng trong thc t v do s chnh lch nhit gia tng tnh, nc thi v
khng kh xung quanh to iu kin cho qu trnh i lu (t nhin) ca khng
kh din ra thun li, kh nng cp kh cho phn ng xy ra. Cp kh cng
bc ch thc hin khi nng c cht qu cao, kch thc vt liu mang nh.
Lc nh git c hiu qu cao v phng din c nh vi sinh vt, kh nng
tip xc gia nc v mng vi sinh v hiu qu hp thu oxy ca nc.
H thng thu gom nc x l c nhim v gom nc v cc cht rn
cha trong nc, cc thnh phn khng tan t nc th v vi sinh vt b ra
tri t cht mang trong qu trnh x l. Ngoi ra, cu trc ca h gom nc
cng nh hng ti qu trnh lu thng kh trong b lc nh git. Nc thu
gom c a v b lng tch phn cht rn khng tan. Trong thc t vn
hnh mt lng nc x l trc hoc sau lng c quay vng tr li trn
vi dng nc th cha x l nhm pha long nng c cht hoc tng
cng hiu sut x l.
Cht hu c trong nc thi trc tin c hp ph trn mng vi sinh vt
v c phn hy. pha ngoi ca mng (0,1 - 0,2 mm) cht hu c hoc c
cht no c cc chng loi vi sinh hiu kh phn hy. Khi vi sinh vt pht
trin mnh, lp mng tr nn dy hn, lng oxy khuych tn vo mng b
tiu th ht nn lp su hn cc cht hu c s b phn hy trong iu kin
ym kh hoc thiu kh.
Khi dy ca mng tip tc tng, lp su gn st b mt cht mang, cht
hu c khng th khuych tn ti do b tiu hao pha ngoi, vi sinh vt ti
khng cn c cung cp c cht t ngoi vo, lc s xy ra qu trnh
phn hy ni sinh, chng mt kh nng bm dnh vo cht mang v xy ra qu
trnh bong lp mng. Dng nc bc lp mng vi sinh khi cht mang v giai
on to lp mng mi li bt u. Tin trnh bong lp mng ph thuc vo
cc yu t: ti lng thy lc v ti lng c cht, ti lng thy lc gy ra
lc trt, ti lng hu c tc ng n tc trao i cht. Trong khi thit
k, thng s ti lng thy lc l yu t quan trng t c mng vi sinh
ng nht.
Trong b lc nh git tn ti nhiu tp on vi sinh vt: hiu kh, ym kh,
ty nghi cng nh nm, to, ng vt nguyn sinh, k c cc loi ng vt bc
cao hn nh giun, c sn (loi rt thch n mng vi sinh vt). S lng ca loi
~ 167 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
vi sinh ty nghi chim t trng cao, cng vi loi ym kh v hiu kh, chng
tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh phn hy cht hu c.
Vai tr x l ca nm ch ng k trong iu kin pH thp hoc i vi mt
vi loi nc thi c bit no .
To cng c th pht trin trn b mt ca b lc, ni tip xc vi nhiu
nh sng.
Ph thuc vo ti lng thy lc v ti lng cht hu c, k thut lc nh
git c phn chia thnh cc dng: tc tiu chun (thp), tc trung
bnh, tc cao, siu cao v k thut bong mng vi sinh. K thut ghp ni
trc tip hai b lc nh git hin nay hay c s dng. c trng thit k v
vn hnh ca cc dng khc nhau c trnh by trong bng 7. 4.
~ 168 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
pht). Khi vn hnh gin on th khng c kh qu 2 gi. Vi sinh vt
ch pht trin ch yu tng trn (0,6-1,2 m), pha di pht trin loi vi sinh
t dng oxy ha amoniac v vy khi t c iu kin thun li k thut lc
chm x l c c cht hu c v qu trnh nitrat ha cng xy ra.
Lc trung bnh hoc cao ti chu c ti lng hu c ln do p dng
dng tun hon pha long nc ngun thi. Vn hnh h thng c thc
hin lin tc, tuy nhin cng c th vn hnh ngt on.
Lc cao ti vi mc ti lng hu c rt cao so vi lc chm. Tc hi
lu ln m bo cho hiu qu x l nh trong trng hp lc chm hoc trung
bnh. Tc hi lu bn ln lm thng thong b lc, bt hp dn cc loi cn
trng. Vt liu lc c th s dng l hoc nha. Cu trc b thng l hnh
tr v phng thc vn hnh l lin tc.
Lc siu cao ti chu ti rt ln c v thy lc ln ti lng hu c. im
khc bit quan trng nht ca k thut lc siu cao ti v lc cao ti l ti
lng thy lc v chiu cao ca tng lc. Do chiu cao ln nn vt liu lc
c s dng l loi nha tng hp.
K thut lc bc mng vi sinh l k thut lc cao ti cho ti lng hu c
ln hn 1,6 kg.m-3.d-1, ti thy lc ti 8000 l.m-2.h-1. K thut ny thng
c s dng trong trng hp ghp sau n l k thut x l bc hai (bn hot
tnh), n c xem l bc tin x l nhm tit kim oxy cho giai on sau.
Cht mang s dng ch yu l nha.
K thut ghp ni tip vi b lng trung gian tch cht rn t b lc
c s dng i vi loi nc thi c nhim cao hoc vi mc ch oxy
ha amoniac. B lc u tin ch yu loi b BOD, b k tip sau nitrat
ha do s cnh tranh oxy ha ca chng vi sinh d dng cao hn so vi
chng t dng.
B lc sinh hc theo k thut nh git c chia thnh hai loi chnh: thng
dng v thp lc.
Lc nh git thng dng l s dng vt liu lc t , si, x c kch thc
nh (5 - 20 cm), tng lc thp (2 - 3m). Cc k thut lc chm, trung bnh, cao
ti c lit vo lc nh git thng dng ph thuc vo ti lng thy lc v
hu c m b lc gnh chu. Cht lng thi nhn chung l cao.
Thp lc nh git l mt phin bn ca lc nh git thng dng, khc
im l rng (xp) ca tng lc rt ln do s dng vt liu nha lm cht
mang. Din tch b mt ring ca nha, ty loi sn phm dao ng 80 - 200
~ 169 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
m /m , ln hn so vi vt liu trong lc thng dng (40 - 100 m2/m3). Cht
2 3
100
E1 (7-126)
1 0,0561 W /(V .F )
1 R
F (7-127)
(1 R / 10) 2
Trong :
E: Hiu qu x l BOD ti 20oC (%).
W: Ti lng hu c ca b lc (lb.d-1).
V: Th tch tng lc (103.ft3).
F: H s hi lu.
R: T l hi lu, QR/Q vi QR l tc dng hi lu v Q l tc dng
thi u vo.
H s hi lu F mang ngha l s ln trung bnh cht hu c trong nc
c tip xc vi tng lc. Gi tr R/10 c rt ra t thc nghim do kh
nng x l cht hu c gim ng k khi s ln lc quay vng tng ln.
Trong phng trnh kinh nghim (7-126), cn gi l phng trnh NRC,
khng th hin tnh hp chun v n v nn xut hin cc h s, cc h s (v
d 0,561) tng ng vi n v tnh. Khi tnh ton theo h n v ca M (lb,
ft) th s dng trc tip cng thc trn, khi tnh theo n v ca h SI cn phi
chuyn i n v: 1lb (pound) = 0,4536g, 1ft (foot) = 0,3048m, 1ft3 =
28,3168 lt.
~ 170 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hiu qu x l ca giai on 2:
100
E2 = (7-128)
0,561 W '
1
1 E1 V .F
E1 = E2 = 0,646 (64,6%)
- Tnh h s hi lu F:
1 R 1 2
F 2,08
(1 R / 10) 2
1,2 2
- Ti lng hu c ca giai on 1:
- Th tch ca b lc u:
~ 171 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
100 100
E1 0,646
W 3337
1 0,561 1 0,561
V .F V .208
- ng knh ca b lc th nht:
4.V 4.476m 3
d 18,2m(59,8 ft )
.h 3,14.1,83m
trong :
V l th tch ca b lc u.
h: chiu cao ca b lc u.
- Tnh ti lng hu c ca b th hai:
W = (1 - E1).W = 0,354. 1510 = 535 kg.d-1 = 1181 lb.d-1.
- Tnh th tch b lc th hai:
100
E2
0,561 W '
1 .
1 E1 V .F
100
64,6
0,561 1181
1
1 0,646 V .208
V = 47,49. 103 ft3 = 1344 m3
- ng knh ca b lc 2:
d = 30,58 m = 104 ft.
- Tnh ti lng hu c cho tng b.
B 1: 1510 kg.d-1/476 m3 = 3,17 kgBOD.m-3.d-1
B 2: 535 kg.d-1/1344 m3 = 0,398 kgBOD.m-3.d-1
7570.103 l.d 1
B 2: = 2
429l.m 2 .h 1
24.734m
~ 172 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Cc nh nghin cu ca c [21], da trn kinh nghim thc t cho rng c
th nh gi hiu qu x l theo tiu ch ti lng hu c theo cng thc:
E(%) = 93- 0,017 x ti lng hu c (gBOD.m-3.d-1). (7-131)
Vi ti lng hu c nh hn 1000 g BOD.m-3.d-1. Phng php xc nh
nh trn cha rt nhiu yu t ri ro, khng chc chn.
nh gi hiu qu x l trn c s cht mang l , si rt kh khn v tnh
cht khng ng u ca chng. S dng vt liu nha vi cc cu hnh khc
nhau d kim sot cc thng s hn. Nhiu nghin cu c thc hin
nhm nh gi hiu qu x l khi s dng vt liu ny. Eckenfelder, Germain
v Schultz l nhng ngi c cng pht trin m hnh trn [3, 11, 22].
M hnh ca cc tc gi trn xut pht t mi quan h:
X l c cht ch t hiu qu trong thi gian chng tip xc vi mng vi
sinh vt.
Thi gian tip xc hay thi gian lu thy lc (tip xc vi mng) s t l
vi chiu cao ca tng lc H, vi ti lng thy lc T v cu to ca tng lc.
C.H
t (7-132)
Tn
C, n l cc hng s lin quan ti din tch v cu hnh ca vt liu mang.
Khi nghin cu hiu qu ca vt liu mang vi nhiu loi cu hnh khc
nhau cho thy:
C = C. Am (7-133)
t C '.A m
(7-134)
H Tn
Thi gian tip xc T tng ng k khi c mt mng vi sinh vt bm trn
cht mang, c th cao hn n bn ln so vi vt liu cng loi khng cha
mng vi sinh vt.
~ 173 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
trnh b tc, vt liu mang cn phi c din tch ln, v d x l BOD
cn loi t nht c din tch 98 m2.m-3 hoc nitrat ha din tch cht mang
phi trn 328 m2/g [22].
Chiu cao ca tng lc c th ti 12m, ti thy lc cao ti 9,6 m3.m-2.h-1.
Vt liu cht mang bng nha c hai cu hnh c bn: hng dng nc chy
dc (xui) v chy ngang. Loi cu hnh chy ngang em li hiu qu x l
cao hn do tng thi gian tip xc khi nc thi chy qua b lc.
M hnh dng y l tng (xem 7. 1. 3, 7. 2. 1. 3) c th p dng cho
trng hp lc nh git khi chp nhn cc iu kin:
- Din tch tip xc c gi tr khng i.
- Tng lc c cu trc ng nht, mng vi sinh ph u trn cht mang. i
hi ny rt kh tha mn khi s dng vt liu lm cht mang. c th
chng mc no tha mn iu kin ny th ton b din tch cht mang
cn c thm t, ng ngha vi mc ti lng thy lc cao (ti thiu 1,2
m3.m-2.h-1).
- tha mn iu kin th hai cng i hi b c lc lin tc vi tc
u. Eckenfelder v Albertson ch ra rng vi ti lng thy lc lm
t u tng lc th hiu qu x l BOD s khng ph thuc vo chiu cao
ca tng lc v hng s tc phn ng k ph thuc vo chiu cao theo
quan h:
0,5
H
k 2 k1 . 1 (7-135)
H2
S
exp(k . A.H / T n .S o ) (7-136)
So
~ 174 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong phng trnh (7-136) ti lng thy lc T bao gm c dng vo v
dng hi lu. Nu s dng dng hi lu nng BOD ca u vo s b pha
long thnh:
S o R.S
So ' (7-137)
1 R
So, So, S l nng COD sau khi pha long, ca ngun nc cha x l v
sau x l. R l t l gia lu lng hi lu v dng cn x l.
Khi tin hnh hi lu, kt hp hai phng trnh (7-136) v (7-137) s
nhn c:
S exp( k . A.H / T n .S o )
(7-138)
S o (1 R) R. exp( k . A.H / T n .S o )
S
exp( k . A / TH ) (7-139)
So
Se
So
exp k 20 .H .Qvn (7-140)
V d [3].
Tnh ton din tch cho tng lc c chiu cao l 6,096 m (20 ft) v 9,144 m
(30 ft). BOD u vo l 300 mg/l, tiu chun thi l 25 mg/l. Gi thit l hng
s tc k20 c gi tr cho c hai trng hp trn l 0,165 (l.min-
1 0,5
) .[0,085(gal/min)0,5]. Lu lng x l Q = 7570 m3.d-1.
Gii:
- Xc nh tit din cho tng lc c chiu cao 6,096m.
~ 175 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
S dng phng trnh (7-140)
Se
exp[ k 20 .H .Qvn ]
So
Thay th Qv = Q/A, tnh A:
1/ n
ln( S e / S o )
A Q
k 20 .H
Thay th cc gi tr Se, So, n = 0,5, H, Q tnh theo l.min-1 (7570m3.103l.m-
3
/1440 min.d-1 = 5,25l.min-1)
A = 275 m2.
- Xc nh tit din lc cho tng lc c chiu cao 9,144m.
- Xc nh k20 cho tng lc 9,144 m [phng trnh (7-129)].
0,5
H
0,5
6,096
k 30 k 20 . 20 0,165. 0,135l. min 1
H 30 9,144
Th cc s liu v tnh ton nh trn s nhn c A:
A = 186 m2
dC
K c .(C s Cl ) (7-141)
dH
C, Cl, Cs l nng oxi ti cao H, oxy trong nc chy qua tng lc v
nng oxy bo ha trong nc. Kc l h s tc chuyn khi.
Ly tch phn (7-141) ti cc v tr cao khc nhau (1, 2) nhn c:
(C s Cl )1
exp K c ( H 2 H 1 ) (7-142)
C s Cl 2
H s chuyn khi Kc ph thuc vo ti lng thy lc, gim gn nh
tuyn tnh khi ti lng thy lc tng.
~ 176 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Lng oxy vn chuyn tnh theo khi lng trn mt n v thi gian v
theo th tch tng lc N c tnh:
2 De .Cl
HD = (7-144)
v su .
~ 177 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
BOD). Tng lc vt liu nha thng c s dng nh bin php tin x l
i vi nc thi c nhim cao vi mc tiu gim thiu khong 50%
nhim, vi ti lng thy lc ln hn 9,6 m3.m-2.h-1, v ti lng hu c ln
hn 8 kg BOD/(m3.d).
~ 178 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong mt ngy lng oxy cung cp cho b lc l: 390 m3. 0,27 kgO2.m-3.h-
1
. 24h.d-1 = 2527 kg O2/ngy. So vi lng oxy nhu cu l 1816 kg/ngy th d
khong 39%. Tuy vy nu ly h s an ton l 85% th lng oxy cung cp ch
c 2148 kg/ngy, d khong 18%.
~ 179 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
chuyn mt mc no . Do va chm ln nhau nn mng vi sinh bm trn
cht mang b bo mn. Kinh nghim hin ti cho php tnh ton c qu trnh
kim sot dy ca lp mng vi sinh trong thc t.
Khi lc y ca dng chy ngc ln hn trng lc ca vt liu lc (lng)
th vt liu lc chuyn ng trong nc nh mt loi cht huyn ph, mc
chuyn ng ph thuc vo kch thc v khi lng ring ca vt lc. Cc
ht lc tch ri khi nhau vi khong cch ln v chuyn ng hn lon trong
nc, ging tnh nng ca mt cht lng hoc kh v mt lu ng. H phn
ng c tn l dng lu th (trong pha kh cn c tn l dng tng si). Th tch
cha vt liu lc c th tng n 100%. Tng lu th to iu kin tip xc rt
tt gia c cht vi mng vi sinh vt nhng cng khng t ng kim sot
c dy ca mng vi sinh vt. Kim sot dy ca mng vi sinh c
tin hnh c lp nm ngoi khi phn ng: tch dng ra khi bnh phn ng,
s dng bin php khuy o lm bong mng vi sinh, cht mang c a
tr li bnh phn ng, bn c tch ra a ra khi h thng (hnh 7. 11).
K thut phn ng dng lu th c hiu sut x l tnh theo th tch cao
nht so vi cc k thut khc vi mt sinh khi hu hiu c th n 40
kg/m3. Tuy vy, vn hnh h thng hon ton khng n gin v kinh nghim
thit k cng nh vn hnh c tch ly cha nhiu. Tuy nhin tim nng s
dng ca k thut ny rt ln l iu khng nghi ng.
Bn
ra
vo
Hnh 7. 11. Phn ng dng lu th v bin php kim sot mng vi sinh vt.
~ 180 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tuy nhin gi c chng dng huyn ph cn s dng nhiu nng
lng hn.
K thut phn ng dng lu th ang c tip tc hon thin v c p
dng trc ht cho ngun thi c nhim thp nhng i hi tiu chun
thi rt cao nh nc nui thy sn [48, 49, 50].
~ 181 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vi cc loi nc thi c nhim thp, hiu qu x l tng khi tc
quay tng n 18 m/pht v khng ci thin hn khi tip tc tng tc quay
[23]. Tng tc quay to iu kin tng cng tip xc, thm kh, khuy trn
v v vy s tng cng hiu qu x l i vi nc thi c nhim nng,
tuy vy mc tiu th nng lng s tng theo. V vy cn cn nhc k v mt
hiu qu kinh t.
T l gia th tch nc thi v din tch b mt ca thit b cng l thng s
nh hng ti hiu qu x l: i vi nc thi sinh hot, hiu qu x l tng
khi t l trn t ti 0,0049 m3/m2, trn mc khng quan st c mc ci
thin.
Thit b a lc sinh hc thng c lp ni tip nhau, mi thit b c
lp t trong mt khoang ring bit (hnh 7. 12).
Lp t h thit b trong tng khoang ring bit to iu kin cho h x l
c tnh cht gn ging dng y l tng.
a quay Lng th cp
Lng
s cp Thi
Bn
~ 182 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Ti Canada, 70% h thng trn c s dng x l BOD v 25% c
s dng x l kt hp gia BOD v hp cht nit [3].
Thit k h a quay sinh hc ch yu da trn kt qu nghin cu qui m
pilot v trong chng mc nht nh da trn m hnh ng hc c m
phng t qu trnh bn hot tnh. Thit k h a quay sinh hc ng mang li
hiu qu tt hn nhiu so vi cc k thut s dng mng sinh hc khc do c
trng ca t l F/M thp, thi gian lu thy lc di, kim sot c cc qu
trnh i tt.
Cc thng s cn c quan tm khi thit k h x l a quay sinh hc
gm: s giai on x l ni tip (khoang ring bit), thng s chu ti, c
trng thi (cp ) v nhu cu b lng th cp.
S khoang x l: xc nh s khoang x l l yu t khng th thiu ca h
thng x l. Cc khoang c th b tr ring bit (b ring ni vi nhau) hoc
b tr trong mt b ln c ngn cch theo kiu chy dch dc. Ti lng hu
c ca cc ngn sau thp hn ngn trc . Cn b tr thm nu vi mc ch
x l hp cht nit.
Vi h thng x l nh thit b quay c b tr song song dc theo dng
chy, c tch ri nhau trong tng khoang. Thit b c b tr vung gc
vi dng chy i vi h x l qui m ln. Np nc th cho h c th s
dng bin php phn dng hoc gim dn lu lng ( cc giai on cui).
Thng s chu ti. Ban u tiu chun chu ti ca h x l a quay sinh
hc c s dng l ti thy lc, sau t kinh nghim thc t thng s c
s dng l ti lng hu c: tng BOD trn mt n v din tch ca thit b
hoc BOD dng tan trn mt n v din tch. Trong trng hp nitrat ha th
s dng ti lng amoniac trn mt n v din tch.
Qu ti c th nhn bit thng qua vic xut hin mi hi hoc hiu qu x
l thp giai on u tin, thng xut hin vi sinh vt dng si v cc loi
vi sinh kh sunfat.
khc phc nn lm thng gia khoang mt v hai gim ti lng,
tng cng kh nng cp kh hoc tng cng cp kh cng bc, phn nh
dng vo hoc tng cng hi lu (pha long).
c trng thi hay mc tiu cn t ca h thng x l quyt nh tiu
chun thit k, v d ch x l BOD (bc hai), kt hp x l hp cht nit (bc
3). t mc tiu c th s dng mt s thng s: ti thy lc, ti hu c
~ 183 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
(BOD tan, tng) hoc thi gian lu thy lc nh hng thit k (bng 7.
5).
kh nitrat (thiu kh) thit b quay c lp t ngp trong nc.
Thit b a lc sinh hc c cc nh sn xut ch to vi cc qui m khc
nhau to iu kin la chn thun li cho ngi s dng.
Th tch khoang lng c la chn ti u l 0,0049 m3.m-2 (t l th tch v
tit din tng ca a quay) tng ng vi 45,42 m3 cho mt thit b quay c
din tch 9290 m2. Trn c s s liu , thi gian lu thy lc l 1,44 gi cho
ti trng thy lc 0,08 m3.m-2.d-1.. Chiu su ca khoang lng thng l 1,52
m vi mc chm trong nc l 40%.
Thng s Mc tiu x l
Bc hai Kt hp Nitrat ha
vi nitrat
ha
Ti thy lc (m3.m-2.d-1) 0,08-0,16 0,03-0,08 0,04-0,10
Ti lng hu c (kg.m-2.d-1)
- BOD tan 0,001-0,01 0,002-0,006 0,49.10-3-1,5.10-3
- BOD tng 0,001-0,017 0,007-0,014 0,0009-0,0027
Ti lng ti a cho khoang
u
- BOD tan (kg.m-2.d-1) 0,02-0,03 0,02-0,03 -
- BOD tng (kg.m .d )
-2 -1
0,04-0,06 0,04-0,06 -
Ti thy lc - 0,006-0,012 0,008-0,016
Thi gian lu thy lc (h) 0,7-1,5 1,5-4 1,2-2,9
BOD u ra (mg/l) 15-30 7-15 7-15
NH3 u ra (mg/l - <2 1-2
V d.
Mt ngun nc thi sinh hot c nng BOD tan l 150 mg/l, BOD tng
(tan + rn) l 250 mg/l cn c x l theo k thut a quay sinh hc. Tiu
chun thi theo BOD l 25 mg/l. Lu lng cn x l 2838 m3.d-1. Nhit x
~ 184 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
o
l l 20 C. Mc dao ng lu lng cng nh ti hu c l 3,5. Hy tnh ton
thit k cho h x l trn.
Li gii.
1) - Xc nh din tch ca thit b quay.
t c tiu chun thi l 25 mg BOD/l th ti lng BOD tan s cn
khong: 0,0074 kg. m-2.d-1 (bng 7. 5).
Tit din thit b=(lu lng. nng BOD)/ti lng hu c
= (2838 m3.d-1. 0,15 kg. m-3)/0,0074 kg.m-2.d-1 = 57527 m2.
2) - Kim tra mc qu ti hu c.
- Mc dao ng ti lng hu c l 3,5.
- Ti lng hu c: (2838 m3.d-1.0,15 kg.m-3. 3,5)/57527 m2
= 0,026 kg.m-2.d-1.
So vi tiu chun ti lng ti a cho khoang u l 0,02-003 th gi tr
trn l chp nhn c.
.S o S k .S
Q
(7-145)
A
Q: Lu lng thi.
A: Din tch.
So, S: Nng c cht ti u vo v ra.
k: hng s tc phn ng.
Vi loi nc thi c mc nhim dao ng ln th phng trnh c
s dng l [6, 22]:
.S o S k .
Q S
(7-146)
A So
~ 185 ~
o-S)
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
20,35
k = 0,2856 m3.m-2.d-1
S (mg/l)
V d [22].
S dng k thut a quay sinh hc x l mt ngun thi c: lu lng
1900 m3.d-1, BOD ban u: 300 mg/l, tiu chun thi 20 mg BOD/l. Hiu qu
x l tra t hnh 7. 13.
Li gii.
Ti lng hu c ti a tng ng vi im m ti oxy s b thiu (hnh
7. 13). Gi tr ti lng hu c ti a t th 7. 13 l 40,75 mg.m-2.d-1.
Gi tr ti lng thy lc ti a c tnh t phng trnh (7-146) vi
lu l ti im oxy bt u thiu th S = Sr v
Q/A.(So-Sr) = [Q/A.(So-Sr)] max = k.Sr
Q Q / A.(S o S r )max
(7-148)
A S o Q / A.( S o S r )max / k
Trong mt h x l bao gm n khoang, hiu qu x l tng th c tnh:
~ 186 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
n
Se 1
(7-149)
S o 1 k . A / Q
Se l BOD ra khi h x l (20 mg/l).
Q k
(7-150)
A S o / S e 1 / n 1
Tnh ti lng thy lc ti a t (7.148):
Q 40,75
0,26m 3 .m 2 .d 1
A 300 40,75 / 0,2856
Tnh din tch thit b cho tng khoang t (7-150) c lp thnh bng sau:
~ 187 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Do tnh phc tp ca h thng nn vic tnh ton thit k thng s dng
c trng ti lng hu c theo kinh nghim. c trng ch yu ca cc k
thut t hp trn c ghi trong bng 7. 6.
exp K T .(0,016 / W )
Se 0, 48
(7-151)
So
~ 188 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Se, So nng BOD ti u vo v ra khi h x l.
KT: hng s tc x l ti nhit T, KT = K20. T-20, K20 = 12,16; =
1,016 i vi nc thi sinh hot.
W: ti lng hu c (kg.m-3.d-1).
Vt liu lc thng dng l g, tng lc cao hn 4,27 m khng tng hiu
qu x l. Ti thy lc ti 88 m3.m-2.d-1 cng khng nh hng n hiu qu
x l.
- Lc nh git/tip xc cht rn (Trickling filter/solid contact process).
Qu trnh x l bao gm: lc nh git, b sc kh v lng th cp. Mt bin
hnh khc ca k thut trn l c hi lu bn t b lng v b sc kh. B lc
nh git c thit k sao cho hiu qu x l BOD t c 60 - 85%. Sinh
khi hnh thnh trong tng lc c tp trung ti b sc kh. Ti b sc kh,
thi gian lu thy lc thng nh hn mt gi tng cng kh nng keo t
v x l BOD. Do nng bn cao trong b sc kh nn b lng th cp nn
b tr theo kiu lng trung tm tng hiu qu keo t.
Hiu qu x l ca h trn c xc nh bi hai qu trnh: lc nh git v
trong b tip xc vi vi sinh (sc kh).
- Lc bong mng/bn hot tnh (Roughing filter/activated sludge process).
K thut tng t nh lc nh git phi hp vi tip xc cht rn tuy nhin
vi ti lng thy lc v hu c cao hn. u im ca k thut lc nh git l
chu sc tt v k thut bn hot tnh x l nt phn BOD d m giai on
trc cha x l c.
- Lc vi sinh/bn hot tnh (Biofilter/activated sludge process).
Ging k thut lc vi sinh hot tnh vi cng on thm l bn hot tnh
ghp ngay sau tng lc nh git. Bn hot tnh t b lng th cp c hi lu
tr li tng lc nh git. Ti lng hu c v thi gian lu thy lc tng t
nh i vi h lc bong mng/bn hot tnh. i vi b sc kh t l F/M
thng l 1,0 - 1,5, cao hn 4 - 5 ln so vi b sc kh (bn hot tnh) thng
dng, v vy th tch b sc kh ch cn khong 25% so vi h thng dng.
- Lc nh git/bn hot tnh (Trickling filter/activated sludge process).
H bao gm h nh git (km b lng th cp) khng hi lu bn v h bn
hot tnh c hi lu bn v b sc kh t b lng th cp th hai. H c s
dng ci to cc h bn hot tnh c ang hot ng bng cch lp thm h
lc nh git v quay vng mt phn nc sau khi x l qua b lc nh git
ang hot ng.
~ 189 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
H trn cng c s dng nhm gim ti nhim ca nc thi hoc
vi mc ch nitrat ha.
7. 3. X l ym kh.
~ 190 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
chuyn ha t cc cht hu c c cu trc phc tp n dng kh metan
cn s tham gia ca nhiu nhm vi sinh vt theo phng thc k tip nhau
theo s trong hnh 7. 14 [26].
21 40 39
5
34
66
34
Hp cht trung gian
20
propionat, butyrat, ...
11
20 23
35 11
12 8
Axetat Hydro
70 30
Metan
~ 191 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
1 1 1
CxHyOz+ (4x-y-2z)H2O (4x+y-2z)CH3COOH+ (2z-y)CO2 (7-152)
4 8 4
Khi y < 2z
x 1
CxHyOz+ (x-z)H2O CH3COOH+ (y-2z)H2 (7-153)
2 2
Khi y > 2z.
Hai qu trnh trn thng xy ra ng thi nhng qu trnh sinh ra hydro
thng p o v s lng in t (trung bnh) ca mt nguyn t carbon trong
hp cht hu c c th cho thng ln hn 4. V vy sn phm ca qu trnh
axetat ha l axit axetic v kh hydro.
~ 192 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Metan ha thng l giai on chm nht ca qu trnh x l ym kh.
Metan hnh thnh do phn ng ca axit axetic hoc do kh kh carbonic vi
hydro c thc hin bi hai loi vi sinh acetotrophic v hydrogenotrophic [3,
26]:
7. 3. 2. nh hng ca yu t mi trng.
~ 193 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
cng nghip c th. Nc thi sinh hot c mc nhim cht hu c
khng cao, cht dinh dng d tha, kim ln (h m cao) t lm thay i
pH v t khi cha c t i vi vi sinh vt ym kh (xem 2. 1. 1). Tuy vy c
t c tim nng i vi vi sinh l oxy ha tan c th lt vo h v sunfua
hydro (H2S, S2-) hnh thnh trong qu trnh x l.
nh hng ca nhit .
Nhit l mt trong nhng thng s vn hnh quan trng ca h x l
ym kh, c bit i vi nc thi c nhim cao.
Nhit ti a cho loi vi sinh ym kh mesophilic (a m) l 35 - 40oC v
cho loi thermophilic (chu nhit) l 55oC. Phn ln x l ym kh c thc
hin bi loi mesophilic.
T rt nhiu kt qu nh gi cho thy khong nhit ti u cho qu trnh
x l ym kh l 30 - 40oC [26].
Tc phn hy ym kh ph thuc vo nhit c nh gi thng qua
dng phng trnh Arrhenius:
vt = v30(1,11)(t-30) (7-156)
nh hng ca pH.
Gi tr v s n nh ca pH trong x l ym kh c vai tr cc k quan
trng do chng loi vi sinh to metan ch hot ng tt trong vng pH = 6,3 -
7,8. Trn hoc di im pH tc phn hy cht hu c gim. Chng loi
vi sinh to axit t b chi phi bi pH v vy nn d sinh ra hin tng chua
trong b ym kh. Di iu kin pH thp, mt lot cc cht ha hc c tnh
kh (cht cho in t) tn ti trng thi d bay hi: axit hu c, hydro
~ 194 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
sunfua dng trung ha... v gy mi, ti pH cao chng tn ti dng phn ly
t gy mi hi.
Thnh phn gy c
Ngoi yu t pH, mt lot cc hp cht khc cng c kh nng gy c i
vi vi sinh ym kh: kim loi nng, hp cht c - clo (t tn ti trong nc thi
sinh hot) nguy c cao nht l oxy ha tan, hydro sunfua v trong mt s
trng hp l amoniac [30, 31]. Oxy c th thm nhp vo h t nc thi
hoc do h khng kn. Hydro sunfua hoc sunfua hnh thnh trong qu trnh
x l do qu trnh kh (vi sinh) sunfat. Tuy nhin i vi nc thi sinh hot,
hm lng hydro sunfua (c th ti 50 mg/l) khng gy c cho vi sinh vt
[25].
~ 195 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
T gi tr ca bng 7. 7 cho thy: chng vi sinh axit ha v chng vi sinh
metan ha chuyn ha ti a c 13 g COD/g sinh khi hu hiu trong mt
ngy. Tc pht trin ca loi vi sinh axit ha t 0,15 g sinh khi/g COD
trong ngy, trong khi loi metan ha ch pht trin c 0,03 g/g COD trong
ngy. Khi 1 kg COD c chuyn ha s hnh thnh c 0,18 kg sinh khi
ca c hai loi trn, trong khi t l loi vi sinh axit ha chim khong 83%
v loi vi sinh metan ha chim 17%.
Loi vi sinh m Y k KS
(d-1) (gSK/gCOD) (gCOD/gSK.d) (mgCOD-1)
~ 196 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
ha gim nhanh, do tc phn hy ni sinh ca vi sinh axit ha nhanh hn
so vi loi metan ha.
Do cc yu t trn, kh nng chuyn ha cht hu c ca vi sinh ym kh
i vi sn phm metan thp hn nhiu so vi loi metan ha thun chng, ch
t 0,05 - 0,5 g COD/g sinh khi hu hiu.
vi sinh vt c th pht trin cn phi cp cho chng mt lng c cht
ti thiu. Nng c cht ti thiu cn cp c th tnh c t mc pht
trin thc ca vi sinh:
.S
v g, m min k p . X (7-157)
K S S min
Smin cng ng thi l nng c cht thp nht trong nc thi khi ra khi
h x l. Do nhiu qu trnh tham gia bi cc chng loi vi sinh vt khc nhau
trong x l ym kh nn nng c cht ti thiu trong nc khi ra khi h l
tng ca Smin t tt c cc qu trnh lin quan n x l ym kh (axit ha,
metan ha).
Nng c cht trong nc thi c x l tt nhin l cn cao hn nng
ti thiu, nh vi sinh vt mi c iu kin pht trin, tuy vy khng th
pht trin khng gii hn trong h x l ym kh. Kim sot mt sinh khi
c thc hin bng cch thi lng bn d, chnh l lng vi sinh vt pht
trin thc trong trng thi n nh. Lng bn d cn thi lin quan n hot
tnh ca vi sinh vt, tc l ph thuc vo thi gian lu t bo hay tui bn
[xem 6. 1. 5, 7. 2. 1. 1, 7. 2. 1. 2].
Mi quan h gia nng c cht trong nc thi sau x l vi cc thng
s ng hc qu trnh c th tnh t phng trnh (7-37):
m
S= (7-159)
( 1
c k p ) KS
~ 197 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
bo c (xem hnh 7. 3). Di mt gi tr ti thiu i vi c, h x l khng
hot ng [biu thc (7-61), (7-62)].
Do tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt ym kh chm nn thi gian lu t bo
ln.
Do chng vi sinh metan ha c tc pht trin chm nht nn khi tnh
ton h x l ym kh dng huyn ph ngi ta c th tnh thi gian lu t bo
t hng s pht trin ring thc ca vi sinh vt metan ha ti nhit x l
[6].
c = 1/ (7-160)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
o Nhit
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 C
~ 198 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
th khng c th hin l mt ng mnh m l mt khong gi tr i vi
mt im nhit .
7. 3. 4. Thit k h x l ym kh.
~ 199 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
c hai dng b ym kh, dng nc thi chy vo phn pha trn ca b,
vi sinh vt ym kh nm y b. Cc cht rn dng hu c lng xung y v
b phn hu. Trong b pht, hiu qu lng v gi li cc cht hu c khng tan
b gim do cc cht ni ln t y b hoc do cc kh sinh ra (kh carbonic, kh
metan). Hin tng trn c khc phc trong b Imhoff do cc cht rn
c lng khoang ring v kh sinh ra khng thm nhp vo khoang lng.
Thi gian lu thu lc i vi cht lng trong b bn l 1 2 ngy,
p ng cho qu trnh lng. H bn nh trn c th xem l k thut x l s
cp i vi nc thi kt hp vi phn hu (vi sinh) cht rn hu c.
X l nc thi s cp c phn hu bn nh s cng ngh trn c ng
dng rng ri trong thc t vo nhng nm gia hai cuc chin tranh th gii,
v d h thng b Imhoff c xy dng phc v cho 12 triu ngi c
[25]. Trong mt s trng hp kh metan hnh thnh c thu gom dng
lm nhin liu. M, vo nm 1935 h bn Imhoff c trin khai
Chicago, bao gm mt lot cc b Imhoff ni tip nhau vi cng sut x l ti
1,8 triu m3/ngy. Trong nhng nm tip theo, k thut x l ym kh khng
cn c thnh hnh nh trc v b thay th bi k thut x l hiu kh c
hiu qu cao hn (90 95% so vi ym kh ch t 30 50%).
Hiu qu x l BOD thp ca k thut ym kh trc ht do sai st v mt
thit k h thng x l: s tip xc gia thnh phn hu c tan vi vi sinh vt
m khi cha c nhn bit. Thi gian gn y, trong qu trnh nghin cu
ngi ta nhn thy: nu h x l ym kh c thit k ng cng mang li
hiu qu x l cao ngay k c vi thi gian lu thu lc ngn.
H thng x l nc thi ym kh ln u tin c xy dng ti an Mch
(1929) x l nc thi ch bin nm, h tn ti c khong 30 nm.
Mc d k thut x l ym kh c nhiu u im: gi thnh vn hnh r, c
th thu hi nhin liu, thch hp vi nc thi c nhim cao, th tch b
x l gim ng k trong iu kin m nng (s dng mt vi sinh cao, v d
ti 20 kg/m3) nhng k thut x l ym kh t c cho ti thp k 80,
thi im m k thut x l chy ngc qua lp bn ym kh (Upflow
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket UASB) c p dng trong thc tin. K thut
UASB, b lc dng lu th, hoc tng dn n (Expanded Granular Sludge Bed
EGSB) u c c trng l to iu kin tip xc tt gia cht nhim v vi
sinh vt cng nh duy tr mt vi sinh vt cao trong khi phn ng.
~ 200 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
K thut phn ng ym kh ch yu c s dng x l nc thi cng
nghip c nhim cao, cc nh nghin cu hin nay ang c gng pht
trin k thut trn p dng cho nc thi sinh hot c nhim thp [24,
25, 27, 28, 33, 34].
Bin php x l ym kh ch c hiu qu loi b c cht hu c, hu nh
khng loi b c hp cht dinh dng khi s dng n c. Mt khc, cht
lng nc thi sau x l khng p ng c tiu chun thi (cha nhiu hp
cht c mi hi) v vy chng c coi l mt bc tin x l (bc s cp)
trong mt h thng x l tng th. H thng x l t hp gia ym kh v cc
k thut khc ang c tip tc nghin cu v pht trin [35 - 40].
7. 3. 4. 2. X l bn.
~ 201 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
th tch bn theo thi gian. Phng php tnh ton cc iu kin vn hnh
c trnh by trong cc ti liu chuyn mn, v d [3, 6, 25, 41, 42].
7. 3. 4. 3. H ym kh.
7. 3. 4. 4. B lc ym kh.
~ 202 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
tc ca qu trnh c th tng nhit mt mc no v km theo l
tng chi ph vn hnh.
Gii php tng cng mt vi sinh c xem l bin php hu hiu nhm
tng cng hiu qu x l, gim gi thnh xy dng.
Bin php duy tr c mt bn cao trong khi phn ng c th thc
hin thng qua hai phng thc:
- S dng cht mang c nh vi sinh vt, vn hnh theo k thut tng tnh,
tng dn n hoc dng lu th (tng linh ng).
- Tch sinh khi ra khi mi trng phn ng v quay vng chng tr li khi
phn ng ging vi k thut bn hot tnh. Tch sinh khi ra khi khi phn
ng c th thc hin trong mt b lng tch ri ra khi b phn ng hoc s
dng chnh b phn ng lm b lng nh trong k thut chy ngc qua lp
bn ym kh (UASB).
S pht trin ca m hnh ng hc phn hu ym kh hin cha t ti
mc cho php tnh ton cc thng s thit k cho mt h x l hoc cn ti
qu nhiu cc thng s m c trng n nh ca chng thp [43], v vy thit
k h lc ym kh ch yu da trn kinh nghim hoc t kt qu nghin cu t
th nghim pilot.
K thut lc ym kh c s dng trong thc t ln u tin vo nm 1969
[25], k thut trn thch hp i vi nc thi cng nghip, loi nc c mc
nhim cao. i vi cc cht hu c d sinh hu, ti lng hu c ca b
lc ym kh c th t ti 10 20 kg BOD. m-3. d-1.
Mt trong nhng nhc im ca b lc ym kh l gi thnh ca vt liu
mang, i khi ngang gi xy dng ca b lc. H lc ym kh hu nh khng
c s dng x l nc thi sinh hot.
Trn c s nhiu th nghim v thc nghim pilot i vi h lc s dng
nhiu vt liu mang khc nhau, mc d s liu kh tn mn, ngi ta xc lp
c mi quan h:
lg(Se/Si) = - A lg + B (7-162)
~ 203 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
-0,5
E = 1 0,87 (7-164)
E = 1 0,56-0,6 (7-165)
~ 204 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hiu qu x l ca b UASB c tch pha v khng tch pha khc nhau
[25]:
Cho trng hp khng tch pha:
E = 1 1,53-0,64 (7-166)
E = 1 0,68-0,68 (7-167)
H A B i vi E = 80% (h)
UASB tiu chun 0,68 0,68 5,5
Lu th, dn n 0,60 0,56 5,5
Lc sinh hc 0,50 0,87 20,0
RALF 0,64 1,53 24,0
H ym kh 0,50 2,40 144,0
So snh cc dng k thut x l khc nhau trn nhiu phng din cho thy
k thut UASB l phng n tt hay c la chn.
Kinh nghim thit k h UASB cha nhiu, ch yu s dng c trng lu
thu lc xc nh th tch ca b phn ng ri t kim tra li ti lng
hu c ca qu trnh x l. i vi loi nc thi c nhim cao th ti
lng hu c c quan tm hn khi thit k h x l UASB.
Mc d c th tnh ton thi gian lu thu lc t cc mi quan h (7-166),
(7-167):
= [(1-E)/B]A (7-168)
~ 205 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
song kt qu c tin cy khng cao v khng c mt c s l thuyt no lm
nn tng. Thng thng vi thi gian lu su gi l trong iu kin kh hu
nhit i v cn nhit i, vi vng kh hu lnh (10 12oC) thi gian lu
thu lc cn 12 14 gi [25].
Vi cc h x l c cng sut trn 1000 m3/ngy, h UASB thng c
thit k gm nhiu b hot ng song song nhm gim gi thnh xy dng v
linh hot trong vn hnh, v d khi phi sa cha mt b th b khc vn c th
hot ng. Ngoi th tch b UASB c tnh t thi gian lu thu lc, chiu
cao ca b l mt yu t thit k quan trng khc. Tiu ch la chn chiu
cao l hiu qu ca h x l v yu t kinh t. Chiu cao ca b cng ln th
din tch t s dng cng nh, thng thng gi tr ti u nm trong khong 4
6 m. Cao ca y b UASB cng l yu t cn xc nh, tt nht l mc
m dng vo khng cn phi bm. nhng a im cho php, gi thnh xy
dng c th gim nu b c xy dng theo kiu phn chm, phn ni. Trong
mi trng hp cn phng trnh b rng b nc ngm y ni ln.
Chiu cao ca b c tc ng trc tip n hiu qu x l cht hu c do
tc chy ngc ca dng nc do vy chiu cao ch nm trong khong gi
tr gii hn.
Tc chy ngc ca dng nc c tnh:
Q V H
vf = (7-169)
A .A
Trong vf l tc chy ngc [m. h-1]; A: tit din ca b [m2]. V: th
tch b [m3]; : thi gian lu thu lc [h]; H: chiu cao.
Do vf khng th qu ln (bn trn ra ngoi) cng nh qu nh (bn lng
xung y) nn chiu cao H ph thuc vo tc dng nc. Tc ln to
dng xoy ti cc vng u vo v tng cng kh nng tip xc.
Thng thng tc dng nc khng qu 1m. h-1, v vy nu thit k h
x l nc thi sinh hot vi thi gian lu l 6 gi th chiu cao ca b s
khng ln hn 6 m. Nu thit k vi > 6 gi th chiu cao ca b thp hn,
thng t 4 6 m v tc dng dng nh i theo t l thun.
Chiu cao ca b cng nh hng ti nng kh carbonic, tc l pH trong
b phn ng. B cng cao th kh carbonic cng kh thot ra khi h v v vy
pH cng gim.
~ 206 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hai cu hnh ca b UASB c s dng trong thc t l hnh tr hoc khi
hp (ch nht, vung). Hnh tr c li th l n nh hn v mt vn hnh
nhng kh xy dng hn (t hn). Nu h c xy dng bao gm nhiu b
UASB th hnh khi hp s c a chung hn v c th s dng tng bao
chung.
Trong trng hp b c cu trc hnh khi hp cn xc nh t l gia chiu
di v chiu rng i vi khi hp ch nht. Chu vi ca hnh vung s nh
hn chu vi hnh ch nht vi cng din tch nn gi thnh xy dng s thp
hn. Chu vi ca hnh ch nht tng ng k khi t l di/rng cao hn 4: 1. Vi
chu vi l hnh trn, chu vi ca n s nh hn hnh vung khong 12% vi cng
din tch nhng ch c li th khi xy dng b n chic.
Phn b dng nc vo b cng l yu t quan trng. Thng thng nc
vo c phn b ti nhiu im khc nhau ti y b: mi im phn b cho
mt din 2 4 m2 vi nhit cao hn 20oC. Vi nhit thp hn, qu trnh
sinh kh v ho trn bn vi nc u vo b hn ch nn mi im phn b
ch ph trch c mt din tch 1 2 m2.
X l ym kh theo k thut UASB t hiu qu tt i vi nc thi c
nhim cao, thi tit nng m (trn 20oC). Nc thi sinh hot cng c th x
l theo k thut trn vi hiu qu thp hn, c bit khi nhit thp. Trong
trng hp c th p dng hai bin hnh cng ngh l s dng k thut tng
dn n v k thut UASB hai giai on.
~ 207 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong iu kin tc dng nc dng ln, iu kin tip xc tt nn k
thut trn c th p dng c cho loi hnh nc c nhim thp (cht
hu c dng tan) v nhit khng cao (di 12oC). Hiu qu x l i vi
cht hu c dng rn, huyn ph khng cao v d b tri ra ngoi theo dng
nc.
~ 208 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Li th v duy tr sinh khi: bn c kh nng lng tt, lng bn sinh ra
thp, thi gian lu t bo cao, khng s dng cht mang hoc khoang lng
ring.
Li th v mt vn hnh: thi gian lu thu lc thp, c th s dng
phng thc lin tc hoc ngt qung, chu c sc v ti lng thu lc v
hu c, phng nga c cc yu t gy c t ngun vo v t phi x l
bn.
V bn cht ca qu trnh, li th ni tri ca k thut ABR l kh nng
tch, ngn cch v mt khng gian gia loi vi sinh axit ho v metan ho vi
tnh nng ca k thut x l hai giai on m khng phi p dng cc gii
php kim sot t tin. Vi gii php ABR c th tch lu loi vi sinh axit ho
b u v vi sinh metan ho cc b sau ti bn ln ln hn so vi cc k
thut khc [45]. To iu kin mi trng (v d pH) thun li ti cc b x l
khc nhau cho tng chng loi vi sinh pht trin l mt trong nhng u
im ng k ca k thut ABR.
Thit k h x l ABR thng theo tiu chun ti lng hu c, vi giai
on khi ng thp (khong 1,2 kg COD. m-3. d-1) v tng dn theo thi gian,
t mt gi tr no i vi tng loi nc thi [45. 46].
Tc dng nc trong tng b x l c iu chnh sao cho bn khng
b lng v khng (hoc t) b trn sang b tip theo, tc l ph thuc c vo
lng kh sinh ra t qu trnh x l, thng nm trong khong 0,6 1,5 m. h-1.
Phn b nc vo y b cn u trnh to ra cc gc cht v trnh tch
t bn vo mt s vng ca din tch y b. Phn b khng u lm gim
hiu qu x l ca k thut ABR.
Nguyn tc x l hp cht nit, photpho bng
8 phng php vi sinh.
~ 209 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nhn chung, tt c mi loi nc thi u cha hp cht nit v hp cht
hu c dng carbon, vi mt t l C/N no .
Trong qu trnh x l nc thi bng phng php vi sinh, mt lng cht
hu c v dinh dng c s dng xy dng t bo, mt lng c cht
c vi sinh vt s dng sn xut nng lng thng qua cc phn ng sinh
ha. T l gia lng c cht tham gia xy dng t bo vi lng c cht tham
gia phn ng sinh ha ph thuc vo hiu sut sinh khi ca qu trnh : hiu
sut sinh khi ca vi sinh d dng hiu kh t 60 - 70%, trong khi hiu sut
sinh khi ca vi sinh d dng ym kh ch khong 5%. Thnh phn carbon,
nit v photpho trong t bo ca cc loi vi sinh l gn ging nhau: 50% C,
14% N v 3% P tnh theo khi lng kh [xem phn 5, bng 5. 3)]. Do hiu
sut sinh khi ca cc loi vi sinh l khc nhau (cc qu trnh x l khc nhau)
nn lng cht dinh dng cn thit cho mt qu trnh x l cng khc nhau
khi tnh theo nng ca chng trong nc thi.
Trong cc ti liu chuyn mn v x l nc thi theo phng php bn
hot tnh, t l gia BOD/N/P trong nc thi cn x l c xem l cn i
khi n t gi tr 100/5/1. T l ny c a ra trn c s: hiu sut sinh khi
ca vi sinh d dng hiu kh (v d 0,6 kg SK/kg BOD), t l C/BOD, thnh
phn C, N, P trong t bo v tc qu trnh phn hy ni sinh (tiu hao cht
hu c, hnh thnh amoni). Vi cc qu trnh khc (ym kh, thiu kh), hiu
sut sinh khi thp hn nn t l cn i gia BOD/N, BOD/P s cao hn.
Trong mt ngun thi, t l BOD/N > 20 v BOD/P > 100 ng ngha vi
ngun thi thiu dinh dng (N, P) cho qu trnh x l bn hot tnh, khi
cn phi b xung N, P cho h. Nc thi thiu dinh dng thng l loi
nc thi ch bin nng sn, ma, ng, bia, ru.
Khi t l BOD/N < 20, BOD/P < 100 th ngun thi s tha thnh phn
dinh dng, lng d tha l lng cn li sau khi vi sinh vt s dng
xy dng t bo. Nc thi t cc qu trnh ch bin thy sn, git m gia sc,
thuc da, nc thi sinh hot... thuc loi d dinh dng cho qu trnh x l
hiu kh (v ng nhin cng d tha nhiu hn cho cc qu trnh khc).
Trong mt ngun thi, khi h thng x l hot ng, lun tn ti nhiu
chng loi vi sinh c kh nng cng sng trong mi trng (v d loi vi sinh
hiu kh t dng hoc d dng, vi sinh vt ym kh ln men cht hu c
hoc kh sunfat). T l ca cc loi vi sinh vt trong c qun th trong giai
on n nh ph thuc trc ht vo c trng nhim ca nc thi. Trong
~ 210 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
cng iu kin mi trng hiu kh, t l loi vi sinh vt hiu kh d dng
(oxy ha cht hu c) vi loi vi sinh hiu kh t dng (oxy ha amoni) ph
thuc vo t l BOD/N ca ngun nc thi (bng 8. 1).
T l Vi sinh t T l Vi sinh t
BOD/TKN dng (%) BOD/TKN dng (%)
0,5 35,0 5 5,4
1 21,0 6 4,3
2 12,0 7 3,7
3 8,3 8 3,3
4 6,4 9 2,9
~ 211 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- -
+3, +5 (NO2 , NO3 ) ri sau li kh t ha tr dng v ha tr khng (N2)
ch khng th oxy ha trc tip t ha tr -3 v ha tr khng.
Oxy ha amoni vi tc nhn oxy ha l oxy phn t cn c tn gi l nitrat
ha, c hai loi vi sinh vt thc hin k tip nhau:
NH4+ + 1,5 O2 NO2- + 2 H+ + H2O (8-1)
NO2- + 0,5 O2 NO3- (8-2)
NH4+ + 2 O2 NO3- + 2 H+ + H2O (8-3)
Phn ng (8-1), (8-2) c thc hin do chng vi sinh vt Nitrosomonas v
Nitrobacter sn xut nng lng. Nng lng thu c t hai phn ng trn
hoc t tng ca hai phn ng (8-3) rt thp: 57 kcal/mol cho phn ng hnh
thnh nitrit v 19 kcal/mol cho phn ng hnh thnh nitrat [5], thp hn nhiu
khi so snh vi phn ng oxy ha cht hu c do vi sinh vt hiu kh d dng
thc hin: nng lng thu c t phn ng oxy ha axit axetic l 207
kcal/mol. chnh l l do dn n hiu sut sinh khi ca vi sinh t dng
thp hoc tc pht trin ca chng chm.
T phn ng (8-3) cho thy: oxy ha 1 mol NH4+ cn 1 mol oxy, tng
ng vi 4,57 g oxy/g nit trong hp cht amoni (NH4-N). Phn ng oxy ha to
thnh nitrit (8-1) sinh ra H+: oxy ha 1 mol amoni to ra 2 mol H+. Trong mi
trng nc thi, pH thp hn 8,2 th kim ca nc chnh l do s c mt
ca ion bicarbonat, HCO3-. Ion bicarbonat phn ng vi H+ sinh ra t phn
ng, to ra axit carbonic c tc dng km hm mt phn mc suy gim pH
ca mi trng, ni cch khc l bicarbonat c vai tr cht m ca h. Lng
bicarbonat tiu hao l 122 mg/2 mol H+, tng ng vi 8,6 g HCO3-/g NH4-N
hoc nu kim tnh theo CaCO3 th gi tr trn s l 7,14 g CaCO3/g NH4-N
(50 g CaCO3 tng ng vi 61 g HCO3-).
Phn ng ha hc (8-1), (8-2) ch m t phn ng t lng ca amoni vi
oxy do vi sinh vt thc hin nhm sn xut nng lng duy tr s sng v
pht trin. Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter thuc loi vi sinh vt t dng, chng
s dng ngun carbon v c (ch yu l HCO3- v CO2) cng vi cc cht
dinh dng (N, P, vi lng...) xy dng t bo. Thnh phn nit c a
chung nht xy dng t bo l amoni. Thnh phn oxy trong t bo
(C5H7O2N) c ly t CO2 hoc HCO3-. Nu ly hiu sut sinh khi ca c
hai loi vi sinh trn l 0,17 g/g NO3-N to thnh th phn ng tng th ca qu
trnh oxy ha amoni thnh nitrat s l [2]:
~ 212 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
1,02NH4 +
+ 1,89O2 + 2,02HCO3- 0,021C5H7O2N
-
+1,06 H2O + 1,92H2CO3 + 1,00NO3 (8-4)
T l tiu hao oxy v kim trong phn ng (8-4) khng khc nhiu lm
so vi phn ng (8-3) do hiu sut sinh khi ca vi sinh t dng thp.
Oxy ha amoni gm hai phn ng k tip nhau nn tc oxy ha ca c
qu trnh b khng ch bi giai on c tc chm hn. T cc kt qu
nghin cu cho thy tc pht trin ca Nitrosomonas chm hn so vi loi
Nitrobacter v v vy nng nitrit thng rt thp trong giai on n nh,
chng t rng giai on oxy ha t amoni thnh nitrit l bc quyt nh tc
phn ng oxy ha i vi mt h x l hot ng bnh thng. V l do ,
trong khi tnh ton theo m hnh ng hc ngi ta ch s dng cc thng s
lin quan n loi vi sinh Nitrosomonas c trng cho qu trnh oxy ha
amoni (hai loi vi sinh t dng trn c tn chung l Nitrifier).
Tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt t dng tun theo qui lut ng hc
Monod (xem phn 6. 1) i vi tng yu t nh hng hay i vi tng loi
c cht cn thit cho vi sinh vt.
Hai yu t (c cht) c nh hng quan trng n tc sinh trng ca vi
sinh t dng l nng amoni v oxy ha tan, chng tc ng ln tc sinh
trng ca vi sinh theo dng qui lut hm Monod:
S N DO
m . . (8-5)
S N K N DO K DO
KN =0,4. e 0,118(T 15 )
o
(8-6)
~ 213 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
hn. Gi tr KDO c th chp nhn l 1 mg O2/l [2] hoc vi gi tr kh c
trng l 0,4 [3].
Gi tr KDO t cc th nghim khc nhau nm trong khong 0,15 - 2,0 mg/l,
l s liu c tnh tn mn rt cao, nu ch ti qu trnh x l bn hot
tnh, nng oxy ha tan thng ch c duy tr 2 - 3 g/m3. Nu chp nhn
gi tr KDO = 2 mg/l hoc 0,15 mg/l th kinh nghim x l theo phng php
bn hot tnh vi s liu DO l khng th chp nhn: hoc qu thiu khi KDO =
2 mg/l hoc qu tha khi KDO = 0,15 mg/l.
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn lin quan ch yu n cu trc ca cc
tp hp keo t vi sinh vt v qu trnh khuych tn ca oxy trong [2, 3].
Nng oxy trong hn hp bn - nc khc vi nng oxy trong tp hp
keo t, ni cc phn ng oxy ha cht hu c v amoni xy ra. Tng nng
oxy trong nc s thc y dng khuych tn trong tp hp vi sinh nhng
thng tc tiu th oxy trong tp hp keo t ln hn lng oxy do dng
khuych tn mang li, ni cch khc qu trnh khuych tn ca oxy khi
ng vai tr quyt nh tc phn ng. Nng oxy trong tp hp keo t b
chi phi bi mt lot cc yu t: kch thc, hnh dng, khi lng ring ca
ht keo t, tc khuy trn ca hn hp, nhit ca khi phn ng, tc
sinh trng v phn ng sinh ha xy ra trong .
Thnh phn vi sinh vt trong tp hp ht keo t bao gm c loi vi sinh d
dng v t dng, loi d dng c tc tiu th cht hu c, oxy v amoni
( xy dng t bo) nhanh hn so vi loi t dng v v vy s pht trin
ca loi t dng b hn ch v do vy gi tr KDO s cao.
Thi gian lu t bo (tui bn) ca cc h x l bn hot tnh thp do tc
oxy ha BOD cao, tc dng khuych tn ln v v vy khng cn thit
phi duy tr nng oxy cao trong nc. Ngc li i vi qu trnh nitrat
ha, thi gian lu t bo thng ln, lng oxy tiu th trong cc ht keo t
thp v v vy nng oxy trong kh cao (so vi oxy ha BOD). duy tr
tc oxy ha amoni cao, cn tng cng nng oxy trong nc tng
ng lc qu trnh khuych tn, v vy gi tr KDO cao. Hin tng quan st
c l khi oxy ha ng thi BOD v amoni trong cng mt h th tc oxy
ha amoni chm hn so vi h oxy ha hai giai on ph hp vi gii thch
trn.
nh hng ca nhit
~ 214 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nhit cng nh hng n tc pht trin ca vi sinh t dng: tng
khi nhit tng. T thc nghim xy dng c mi quan h gia m v
nhit theo cc loi tng quan nh lng khc nhau v v vy s thu c
cc gi tr khc nhau. Mt trong nhng hm tng quan hay c s dng l
phng trnh Downing:
T: nhit (oC).
nh hng ca pH
S ph thuc ca tc sinh trng vo pH ca mi trng c
nghin cu rt k: pH ti u cho qu trnh nm trong mt khong kh rng
xung quanh pH = 8 (7,6-8,6), pH < 6,2 hoc pH > 10 c ch hu nh hon
ton qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
Trong vng pH m vi sinh t dng hot ng, nh hng ca pH ln hng
s pht trin ring cc i theo t l ti im ti u so vi cc im khc (t l
R, gi tr cao nht l 1) c tnh:
R = 1 - 0,83(7,2 - pH) (8-8)
nh hng ca c t
Nh cp phn trn, trong hai loi vi sinh t dng tham gia vo qu
trnh oxy ha amoni th loi Nitrosomonas c tc sinh trng chm hn
loi Nitrobacter vi hiu sut sinh khi nm trong khong 0,05 - 0,29g SK hu
hiu/g NH4-N (0,15 l gi tr thng dng tnh ton thit k) [3].
Thng thng loi vi sinh vt c tc pht trin chm th c sc sng v
chu ng hon cnh bt li ca mi trng tt hn loi pht trin nhanh, v d
loi vi sinh vt ym kh c kh nng chu ng tt hn loi hiu kh. Tuy vy,
so vi loi vi sinh vt d dng, loi t dng c sc chu ng thp hn,
chng b c ch hoc mt kh nng hot ng do tc ng ca nhiu loi c
t: mt s h cht hu c, kim loi nng. Cc c t i vi vi sinh t dng
c th ch c tc ng c ch hoc tiu dit chng ph thuc vo dng c th
v nng . Mt lot cc hp cht hu c tng hp c c tnh cao i vi vi
sinh t dng l: hp cht phenol, hp cht cha clo, hp cht nit. Liu gy
cht LC-50 kh thp i vi Nitrosomonas. V d LC-50 i vi
~ 215 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nitrosomonas ca methylen chlorid: 1,2 mg/l; chloroform: 0,48 mg/l; 1. 1. 2.
2. tetrachloroethan: 1,4 mg/l; trichloromethylen: 0,81 mg/l; 1. 3
dichloropropen: 0,67 mg/l; 5 chloro-1 pentyne: 0,59 mg/l v c bit l 2-
chloropropionic axit: 0,04 mg/l. Mc chu ng cc hp cht trn ca loi
vi sinh d dng cao hn nhiu ln, t vi chc n mt ngn ln ln hn [3].
nh hng ca mt s anion nh sau: vi nng florua 100 mg/l s lm
gim qu trnh nitrat ha 80%. Sunfat vi nng ti 50 mg/l khng gy nh
hng. Clorua c nh hng kh mnh, tc oxy ha amoni gim gn nh
tuyn tnh khi nng clorua tng trong khong 40 n 70 mg/l. Tc nitrat
ha gim ti 60% khi nng nitrit NO2--N nm trong khong mt vi trm
mg/l ti pH = 8 [3, 22].
Trong trng hp nc thi cha cc cht hu c gy c c th s dng
than hot tnh dng bt hp ph cc c t nhm lm gim tc ng c hi
ca chng hoc c th p dng gii php x l hai giai on trong giai on
u tp trung vo x l cht hu c.
Kim loi nng vi nng : Ni (0,25 mg/l), Cr (0,25 mg/l), Cu (0,1 - 0,5
mg/l) c ch hon ton kh nng hot ng ca Nitrosomonas. Xianua l loi
c t mnh, tnh c tng cng vi nng : vi nng 0,1 - 0,2 mg/l hiu
qu oxy ha amoni gim ti 50% v c ch hon ton trong vng nng 0,6
- 0,7 mg/l [3].
Mt c trng rt ng ch v c tnh i vi vi sinh t dng l
amoniac v axit nitr dng trung ha - sn phm v nguyn liu ca chnh
qu trnh oxy ha. C Nitrosomonas ln Nitrobacter u b c ch bi hai hp
cht trn, tuy nhin Nitrosomonas t b nhy cm bi amoniac hn so vi
Nitrobacter. Trong qu trnh oxy ha nitrit thnh nitrat Nitrobacter b c ch
vi nng amoniac (trung ha) trong khong 0,1 - 1,0 mg NH3-N/l, cn
trong qu trnh oxy ha amoni thnh nitrit Nitrosomonas b c ch vi nng
amoniac 5 - 20 mg NH3-N/l [2]. V vy i vi loi nc thi c nng
amoni ln v pH cao, loi Nitrobacter s b c ch mnh, kh nng oxy ha
n nitrat b hn ch, nng nitrit tch ly cao. i vi nc thi sinh hot,
c tnh ca amoniac khng ng k do nng khng ln v pH khng qu
cao, ch xung quanh im trung ha. Vi cc loi nc thi cng nghip c
hm lng amoniac cao v pH ln th nguy c nhim c ca vi sinh t dng
bi amoniac d xy ra, khi vic kim sot pH l cn thit hoc p dng x
~ 216 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
l hai giai on vi pH ti mi giai on l khc nhau nhm tch ring hai loi
thc hin qu trnh oxy ha amoni.
Ngc li vi amoniac l loi baz yu, axit HNO2 l loi axit yu, tn ti
dng trung ha khi pH thp v ch th hin c tnh ti vng pH thp.
Oxy ha amoni thnh nitrit ti pH thp b c ch mnh hn so vi oxy ha
nitrit thnh nitrat do s c mt ca axit nitr dng trung ha. Vi nng oxy
tan cao, mc tch ly ca nitrit gim.
nh hng ca amoniac, nitrit v pH ln hiu qu hot ng ca
Nitrobacter c ghi nhn khc nhau i vi cc h quan st v c trnh by
trong bng 8. 2.
~ 217 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
iu cn ch khi s dng cc thng s ng hc t s liu c cng
b tnh ton l gi tr hng s pht trin ring v hng s pht trin ring
cc i [xem phng trnh (6-1), (6-2), (6-4), (8-5)] c th hin khng
thng nht.
nh hng ca pH, nhit i khi c qui v cho m nh trong ti liu
[2] hoc qui cho trong ti liu [4], tc l m cha yu t nh hng ca nhit
v pH hoc khng cha cc yu t trn. Do m s c gi tr khc nhau
trong cc trng hp nu trn, v d khi vit:
S N DO
m . . .0,47.e
0, 098(T 15)
[1 0,833(7,2 pH )]
S N K N DO K DO
(8-9)
tc l m khng cha yu t nh hng ca nhit v pH nn c th a ra
s liu: khi tnh ton chn bc oxy ha t amoni thnh nitrat (bc chm
nht) vi m = 0,45 d-1 ti 15oC [4]. Trong trng hp s dng phng trnh
(8-5) th m cha yu t nh hng ca nhit v pH.
Cng tng t nh vi sinh vt d dng, hot tnh ca vi sinh vt t dng
c th hin qua thi gian lu t bo, thi gian lu t bo cn t mt gi tr
ti thiu no (thng ln hn so vi loi d dng) th h x l mi c tc
dng. C th s dng biu thc (7-62) tnh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu cho
vi sinh vt t dng:
1
Y .k k p k p (8-10)
c ,t
~ 218 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Do hn ch v tc chuyn khi ca c cht trong mng (DO, BOD,
NH4+) tc oxy ha amoni xy ra chm hn so vi trong h huyn ph (xem
thm 7. 2. 2. 3, 7. 2. 2. 4) tuy nhin k thut trn c li th hn v mt chu sc
v s thng ging nhit cng nh khng cn s dng b lng th cp v
quay vng bn (phn ln).
8. 2. Qu trnh kh nitrat.
~ 219 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Phn ng kh nitrat vi cht hu c l metanol hay axit axetic xy ra theo
phng trnh (8-12); (8-13) [2]:
1 1 1 1 17 1 1
C18H19O9N + NO3- + H+ N2 + CO2 + HCO3-+
70 5 5 10 70 70 70
1
NH4++ H2O (8-14)
5
Nng lng thu c t phn ng kh l 24,6 kcal/mol tnh theo NO3--N.
Song song vi qu trnh kh nitrat, qu trnh tng hp t bo cng din ra,
khi lng cht hu c tiu hao cho c qu trnh cao hn so vi lng cn
thit cho phn ng ha hc.
S dng metanol lm cht cho in t ca qu trnh kh nitrat v nitrit cng
vi tng hp t bo s thu c:
~ 220 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nitrat, nitrit v sunfat. Trong cc hp cht trn th oxy ha tan c kh nng
phn ng tt nht vi cc cht kh v trong h lun tn ti c loi vi sinh vt d
dng hiu kh hoc phn ln loi vi sinh Denitrifier c kh nng thay i qu
trnh trao i cht t phng thc s dng oxy sang nitrat [5]. Vi sinh vt ch
s dng n nitrat v nitrit khi mi trng cn kit ngun oxy ha tan. Mc
cnh tranh v phng din s dng cht cho in t kh nitrat v nitrit
l ngang nhau. Oxy ha vi sunfat kh hn nn phn ng gia sunfat vi cht
hu c ch xy ra khi oxy tan, nitrit, nitrat b tiu th ht. Trong trng hp
khng cung cp cc cht cho in t th phn ng kh nitrat c th dng li
gia chng, khng to ra n sn phm cui cng l kh nit.
Cc cht hu c m vi sinh Denitrifier c th s dng kh a dng: t
ngun nc thi, l cc hp cht ha hc xc nh c a t ngoi vo hoc
cc cht hu c hnh thnh t phn hy ni sinh. Mt s cht v ngun hu c
c th s dng l: axeton, axit axetic, etanol, metanol, ng glucose, r
ng, metan, siro hoa qu, nc thi giu thnh phn COD. Khi khng c
ngun hu c r tin t nc thi hoc t cc ph phm th metanol v axit
axetic l loi c a dng. kh nitrat cho nc sinh hot c th dng
etanol v kh hydro [5].
Tc pht trin ca vi sinh Denitrifier ph thuc vo cht hu c c
m t bi phng trnh ng hc dng Monod. Bc ca phn ng i vi nitrat
v cht hu c l bc khng v nu chn mt vi sinh vt l bin s th bc
ca phn ng l 1. Do vy, tc phn ng kh nitrat c th th hin theo
nhiu cch khc nhau, v d:
vi = k (8-17)
vi = k.X (8-18)
vi = 0,12.c-0,706 (8-20)
~ 221 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tc kh nitrat ph thuc mnh vo cc yu t: nng oxy ha tan, pH,
nhit v dng k thut phn ng.
nh hng ca oxy.
Nng oxy c tc ng trc tip l oxy bn trong tp hp keo t hoc
trong mng vi sinh ch khng phi l oxy trong cht lng c th o c.
Trong phng trnh Monod, nh hng tch cc ca mt loi c cht no
ln tc mt phn ng c dng tim cn: So/(So + Ko). Do oxy l tc nhn
c ch tc phn ng kh nitrat nn chng c tc ng ngc li: nng
oxy cng cao th mc c ch cng ln, v th c th s dng gi tr:
K DO ( NO )
3
(8-21)
K DO ( NO ) DO
3
nh hng ca pH.
Cng ging cc qu trnh x l sinh hc khc, khong pH ti u cho qu
trnh kh nitrat nm trong mt khong kh rng: t 7 - 9, ngoi vng ti u tc
kh nitrat gim nhanh.
Ti pH 10 v pH 6 tc kh nitrat ch cn li vi phn trm so vi
vng ti u. Vi sinh Denitrifier c kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng pH vi
nhp chm.
Trong vng pH thp c kh nng xut hin cc kh c c tnh cao i vi
vi sinh vt t qu trnh kh nitrat nh N2O, NO. Chng c kh nng u c vi
sinh vt vi nng thp.
~ 222 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nh hng ca nhit .
nh hng ca nhit ln qu trnh kh nitrat tng t nh i vi qu
trnh x l hiu kh ca vi sinh vt t dng: tc tng gp i khi tng thm
10oC trong khong nhit 5 - 25oC. Qu trnh kh nitrat cng c th xy ra
trong vng nhit 50 - 60oC, mc d t c s dng trong thc t. Trong
iu kin nhit cao, tc kh nitrat cao hn khong 50% so vi ti 35oC
[5].
nh hng ca cht hu c.
Bn cht ca cht hu c cng nh hng n tc kh nitrat: cc cht
hu c tan, d sinh hy to iu kin tt thc y tc kh nitrat. Nhiu kt
qu nghin cu cho thy tc kh nitrat tng dn khi s dng cht hu c t
phn hy ni sinh, t ngun nc thi v ch ng a vo h nh metanol,
axit axetic [5]. Tuy nhin cng c rt nhiu nghin cu cho thy ngun hu c
t nhiu loi nc thi (ln men, bia, ru) thc y tc kh nitrat mnh
hn so vi metanol [2].
Yu t km hm qu trnh kh nitrat.
Tuy loi vi sinh Denitrifier t b c ch bi cc loi c t nhng vn l vn
cn quan tm. Oxy c tc dng c ch enzym kh nitrit (nitrit redutase) v
v vy lm gim tc kh nitrit. Oxy cng l tc nhn c ch enzym kh
nitrat vi mc mnh hn so vi enzym kh nitrit. Bng chng t th
nghim cho thy: vi h kh nitrat tnh ang hot ng nu a thm oxy vo
h s xut hin hin tng tch ly nitrit v nu ngng cp oxy v sc kh
argon vo h th hin tng tch ly nitrit cng dng li. Nng oxy ha tan
pht huy tc dng km hm khi n t trn 13% so vi mc oxy bo ha trong
nc.
Nitrit cng l yu t km hm tc kh nitrat: ti pH = 7, nng NO 2-N
> 14 mg/l bt u c ch qu trnh vn chuyn cht ca vi sinh vt v lm
dng qu trnh khi nng t 350 mg/l [2].
~ 223 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
2) Mc tiu xy dng h x l (xy dng h mi hoc h b sung).
3) Mc tiu chun thi cn t c.
Vn x l hp cht nit xut hin sau vn x l cht hu c BOD
(bc hai) do i hi tiu chun thi nhm ngn nga hin tng ph dng (N,
P), ngn nga hin tng gim thiu oxy ca ngun nc nhn v gy c ca
amoni. V l do nn x l hp cht nit ni ring hoc dinh dng (N, P)
ni chung c thc hin vi c h thng x l mi xy dng hoc c ghp
thm vo cc h x l hot ng v c gi l h thng x l bc ba hoc
tin tin.
Tiu chun thi ph thuc vo c trng ca ngun nc nhn c th cho
php n mt gi tr no ca tng hp cht nit c th hoc tng ca chng.
Tiu chun thi cng vi c trng nhim ca ngun thi tc ng trc tip
n cng ngh v gi thnh x l.
Hp cht nit trong nc thi c nng khc nhau trong tng loi nc
thi, ch yu nm dng amoni hay trong hp cht hu c, dng tan hoc
dng khng tan. Nc thi cha qua x l hoc qua x l ym kh cha nitrat,
nitrit vi nng rt thp. Mt phn hp cht hu c khng tan c tch ra
khi ngun nc thi qua qu trnh lng s cp. Trong qu trnh x l ym
kh, hiu kh phn ln dng hp cht nit khng tan c chuyn ha thnh
amoni hoc cc dng v c tan (NO3-, NO2-). Mt phn hp cht nit c vi
sinh vt hp thu xy dng t bo. Thnh phn hp cht nit trong nc thi
sau x l bc hai ch yu l nitrat. i vi nc thi sinh hot, qu trnh x l
th cp ch loi b c khng qu 30% tng nit trong nc thi. S bin
ng ca 4 thnh phn chnh: nit hu c, amoni/amoniac, nitrat v nit tng
trong tng n v (cng on) x l c trnh by trong bng 8. 3.
~ 224 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Kh nitrat - - 80-90 70-95
S dng to c thu hoch t to t bo to t bo 50-80
H oxy ha t bay hi (t) t nitrat/ 20-90
kh nitrat
~ 225 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
trnh (t dng, d dng) xy ra trong h, qu trnh no xy ra chm hn th
cc thng s thit k phi p ng cho qu trnh v ng thi phi p ng
thm cho cc yu t c th ca qu trnh xy ra nhanh hn. V d khi tnh cho
mt h x l mt giai on, cc thng s thit k cn phi p ng c cho
qu trnh oxy ha BOD (th tch b chng hn) nhng cc yu t khc nh
kim, pH cng cn c bo m cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni. Oxy ha mt
giai on c th thc hin vi nhiu gii php k thut khc nhau: k thut
huyn ph (dng l tng, khuy trn u, mng oxy ha, m k tip giai
on), mng vi sinh vt (lc nh git, a quay sinh hc, lc ngp nc, tng
linh ng).
- Oxy ha hai giai on c tin hnh khi t l BOD/TKN < 3. K thut x l
hai giai on c nhng li th: linh hot v tin cy cao, d ti u ha. c
t i vi vi sinh t dng do cht hu c (xem 8. 1) c gim thiu bi cc
cht c b oxy ha trc . Giai on u c s dng loi b BOD
v v vy giai on sau vi mc ch x l nit s c coi l giai on b
xung nng cp ca mt h thng x l ang hot ng nhm p ng tiu
chun thi v mt dinh dng. Mc tiu t ra cho giai on u l gim BOD
xung di mc 30 mg/l (k c BOD trong cht rn). Nng BOD ca u
ra giai on mt nh hng n hot ng ca giai on nitrat ha: nng
cao s km hm tc pht trin ca vi sinh t dng, nng thp s thun
li cho giai on oxy ha amoni nu p dng phng php x l mng vi sinh.
Nu trong giai on x l sau s dng k thut huyn ph m nng BOD
qu thp th lng sinh khi t dng s rt thp, kh lng v d b ra tri,
khi phi tng thm BOD cho giai on sau.
Khi s dng k thut huyn ph oxy ha amoni, phng php tnh ton
thit k cng tng t nh trong trng hp s dng k thut bn hot tnh.
K thut dng l tng hay khuy trn u c kh nng x l amoni vi mc
lm sch su.
Khi tnh ton thit k h oxy ha amoni ring bit cn da trn s liu thc
nghim v tc oxy ha bi l nhng tnh ton l thuyt (m hnh ng hc)
d cha sai s ln v rt kh xc nh t l vi sinh t dng trong tng sinh
khi. Tc oxy ha amoni tng khi t l BOD/TKN gim. Tc oxy ha
amoni ph thuc vo pH v nhit , c th bin ng trong khong 2,5 n
250 g NH4-N. (gSK)-1.d-1, ty thuc vo bn cht nc thi v iu kin tin
hnh. V vy nh gi tc oxy ha qua th nghim pilot l gii php thch
hp trc khi thit k h x l ln.
~ 226 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Phng php mng vi sinh hay c s dng x l hp cht nit giai
on sau l lc nh git v a quay sinh hc. Cc phng php khc nh lc
ngp nc, tng dn n, m k tip giai on cng c s dng.
Lc nh git c th s dng l giai on sau, ghp ni vi giai on u s
dng k thut huyn ph hoc s dng h lc nh git hai giai on: on u
x l BOD, on sau x l amoni. Vt liu lc dng nha thch hp hn cho
qu trnh oxy ha amoni do c din tch b mt ln v khi cn thit c th cp
thm kh cng bc.
Khi s dng a quay sinh hc x l, thng s thit k l nng amoni
ch khng s dng TKN nu khng s dn ti sai st trong thit k [3].
u th v hn ch ca phng php x l mt v hai giai on c lit k
trong bng 8. 4.
K thut u th Hn ch
Mt giai on
- Huyn ph C th khng ch nng Khng c kh nng ngn nga
amoni, d khng c t, tnh n nh vn hnh
ch mt sinh khi khng cao, n nh ph
thuc vo b lng th cp do
quay vng bn, th tch b x
l ln trong iu kin lnh.
- Mng vi sinh n nh khng ph Khng c kh nng ngn nga
thuc vo b lng th c t, tnh n nh vn hnh
cp khng cao, nng amoni u
ra 1 - 3 mg/l (khng k lc a
quay), khng ph hp vi kh
hu lnh.
Hai giai on
- Huyn ph Ngn nga tt c t, Kh kim sot mt sinh
vn hnh n nh, mc khi khi BOD/TKN nh, n
x l cao nh vn hnh ph thuc vo
lng th cp, xy dng nhiu
n v cng ngh.
- Mng vi sinh Ngn nga c t, vn Nng amoni (ra): 1- 3 mg/l,
hnh n nh, tnh n xy dng nhiu n v cng
~ 227 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nh khng ph thuc ngh.
vo lng th cp
Qu trnh kh nitrat.
X l hp cht nit thng c p dng s cng ngh kt hp gia oxy
ha amoni v kh nitrat v cc l do: hiu qu tch loi cao, tnh n nh v
mc tin cy, tng i d kim sot qu trnh, gi thnh tng thm do kh
nitrat khng qu cao, p ng tiu chun thi ngt ngho.
S cng ngh x l hp cht nit l cng ngh hai giai on hiu kh v
thiu kh phi hp vi nhau: H x l cng h bn hoc tng qu trnh oxy
ha v kh tin hnh ring vi h bn c lp.
t hp gia oxy ha amoni v kh nitrat cn phn tch cc c trng
ring ca tng qu trnh ring l:
- Trong qu trnh oxy ha amoni, phn ng cn c cung cp oxy, kim, pH
nm trong khong 7,2 - 8,6, cht hu c tan hu nh c chuyn ha ht
thnh CO2 v H2O.
- Trong qu trnh kh nitrat, phn ng i hi khng c mt oxy, cn cht hu
c, sinh ra mt lng kim ( 40% lng tiu th ca phn ng oxy ha),
pH thp hn so vi qu trnh oxy ha, tc kh nitrat nhanh hn tc
oxy ha amoni.
Do cc c trng ring ca tng qu trnh, x l hp cht nit c th thc
hin theo hai phng n: kh nitrat ring bit hoc t hp hai qu trnh trn
trong cng h sinh khi.
Kh nitrat ring bit l tin hnh x l ngun nc c oxy ha trc
, ngun nc cha nitrat. Do x l ring bit nn cn b sung cht hu c
nh metanol, etanol hoc axit axetic.
T hp x l oxy ha - kh (nitrat ha v kh nitrat) cng h sinh khi
(single - sludge nitrification - denitrification) hay cn gi l h x l kh nitrat
trc, trong giai on kh nitrat c thc hin trc (v v tr), qu trnh
oxy ha c t sau v chi s dng mt b lng th cp. Mt lng nc
ng k (3 - 4 ln lu lng x l) t b oxy ha v mt lng sinh khi t b
lng c quay vng v b kh nitrat cng vi ngun nc th. B kh nitrat
c khuy trn c hc, b oxy ha c sc kh.
Kh nitrat ring bit c u im: t tiu chun thi cao v tng hm lng
hp cht nit ti u ra do ch ng (ti u) c qu trnh thit k v vn
~ 228 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
hnh. Vi mt s ngun nc thi giu hp cht nit v t cht hu c th vic
p dng cng ngh kh nitrat ring r l cn thit. X l hp cht nit phi
hp cng h bn c u im l tn dng c cht hu c t ngun nc thi,
s lng b x l t hn so vi phng php x l ring r v tit kim c
mt lng oxy cho b oxy ha do mt phn cht hu c b tiu hao cho
phn ng kh nitrat xy ra trc .
H x l phi hp cng h bn c kh nng tch loi hp cht nit 60 -
95%. Cht hu c cho qu trnh kh nitrat, ngoi ngun t nc thi cn c s
ng gp t ngun do phn hy ni sinh. tn dng c ngun cht hu c
t nc thi v t phn hy ni sinh, cc khoang oxy ha v kh c b tr
xen k k tip nhau khng phn tch bi b lng. S cng ngh b tr kiu
xen k in hnh l s x l Bardenpho bn giai on (hnh 8. 1), k thut
mng oxy ha c iu chnh nng oxy ti cc vng khc nhau (hnh 8. 2)
hoc k thut m k tip giai on (xem 7. 2. 1. 4) thng qua chu k sc kh
hoc khuy trn c hc.
~ 229 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
c b tr tch ri nhm mc ch oxy ha BOD v amoni cng nh kh
nitrat. Nc thi sau khi x l s cp c trn ln vi nc tri qua giai
on oxy ha (cha nitrat) vi t l gp 3 - 4 ln lu lng ca u vo cng
vi bn hi lu t b lng th cp. Cht hu c trong ngun nc thi c s
dng kh nitrat trong ngun nc quay vng t b oxy ha. Trong b kh
nitrat, nng amoni khng thay i v ch c oxy ha thnh nitrat b
oxy ha ni tip sau. Mt phn nc thi sau oxy ha c a v b kh
nitrat tip theo, ti ngun hu c cung cp cho kh nitrat l ngun t phn
hy ni sinh. B x l hiu kh th hai c thi gian lu thy lc nh hn b
u nhm y kh nit hnh thnh ra khi khi phn ng trc khi lng v oxy
ha nt phn BOD, amoni d. S Bardenpho trn cn c lp ghp thm
giai on ym kh tch loi photpho (Bardenpho nm giai on).
Mng oxy ha c s dng kh rng ri thc hin oxy ha amoni v
kh nitrat [3, 4] (hnh 8. 2). l h x l hot ng theo kiu chu k. Trong
mng oxy ha hn hp vi sinh v nc thi chy theo ng vng, dng
nc c y v cp kh do cc thit b c hc. Vng hiu kh trong mng
oxy ha hnh thnh vng pha trc v tr t thit b sc kh (theo chiu
dng chy), vng pha sau sc kh l vng thiu kh. Nc thi c np vo
vng thiu kh th qu trnh kh nitrat s s dng c cht hu c t ngun
thi.
vo
Thiu kh Hiu kh
Sc kh Lng th cp
~ 230 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
M k tip giai on (xem 7. 2. 1. 4) cng l phng php mang tnh cht
chu k nhng theo thi gian ch khng theo v tr khng gian nh k thut
mng oxy ha. To ra iu kin hiu kh bng cch sc kh, ngng sc kh c
khuy trn c hc to ra mi trng thiu kh kh nitrat.
Cc qu trnh mang tnh c trng chu k, ngoi mng oxy ha, m k
tip giai on cn c cc qu trnh kh thng dng khc nh Biolac, Schreiber,
chng thch hp i vi qui m x l nh.
Mt s loi nc thi c nng amoni, kim, pH cao, qu trnh chuyn
ha ti sn phm nitrat b c ch, khi nng nitrit tch ly cao (xem 8. 1),
hin tng trn c th s dng nhm lm gim chi ph vn hnh [6, 8, 9]. Mt
lot cc thng s thit k, vn hnh c th thit lp tng cng mc tch
ly nitrit trong h x l v tip sau kh nitrit v dng kh nit l nguyn tc
x l i tt ca qu trnh.
Gim gi thnh vn hnh c th hin: gim 60% lng oxy cn phi cp
cho qu trnh oxy ha (NO2 so vi NO3), gim nhu cu cht hu c (40%) cho
qu trnh kh nitrat (ha tr +5 so vi +3 v ha tr khng).
Oxy ha n nitrit v kh nitrit v kh nit c th thc hin c vi mt s
loi nc thi thch hp v c th tng cng bng mt s bin php k thut:
rt ngn thi gian oxy ha trong k thut m k tip giai on (chu k hiu
kh/thiu kh) hoc cp t kh trong k thut mng oxy ha (gim cng sut
cp kh, b tr cc im cp kh cch xa nhau), iu chnh pH, nhit hoc
thi gian lu t bo ca h x l [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22].
X l nc thi giu amoni bng gii php i tt thng qua iu khin
thi gian lu t bo l nguyn tc hot ng ca qu trnh SHARON (Single
reactor system for High activity Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite) [10, 11].
S khc bit cn bn so vi cc h x l vi sinh khc l thi gian lu t bo
bng khng: tc tch loi vi sinh ra khi h x l ngang bng vi tc
sinh trng thc.
Qu trnh SHARON c nhng c trng [11].
- Pht trin h x l oxy ha amoni n hp cht trung gian l nitrit.
- Duy tr nhit cao (30 40oC) nhm thc y tp on vi sinh (Nitrifier,
Denitrifier) pht trin. Hn ch thi gian duy tr tnh trng hiu kh trong h
x l v nhit d cao nhm u tin vi sinh Nitrosomonas c tc pht trin
nhanh hn loi Nitrobacter. Khng to iu kin tch ly vi sinh vt dng
Nitrobacter bng cch gim thi gian lu t bo ngang bng vi thi gian
~ 231 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
lu thy lc (khng hi lu bn, xem 7. 2. 1. 1) s ngn cn qu trnh oxy
ha nitrit thnh nitrat, tc l tch ly nng nitrit trong h.
Nitrit hnh thnh c s dng oxy ha cht hu c t nc thi trong
cc h x l bn hot tnh [11] hoc oxy ha vi ngun carbon hu c a t
ngoi vo (metanol) hoc oxy ha trc tip amoni ph hp vi qu trnh
Anamox (phn ng oxy ha kh trc tip gia nitrit v amoni) [12, 13, 14].
Kh nitrat ring r c thc hin nhm mc ch duy nht l chuyn ha
nitrat thnh kh nit, thng l nc u ra ca qu trnh oxy ha amoni theo
phng php bn hot tnh. Nu bc oxy ha thc hin theo k thut mt giai
on - oxy ha BOD, amoni ng thi trong cng mt b v kh nitrat ring
th qu trnh c gi l nitrat ha/kh nitrat hai giai on. Hai giai on c
vn hnh c lp vi nhau. Nu tch ring giai on oxy ha thnh hai giai
on l oxy ha BOD v oxy ha amoni th t hp trn c gi l qu trnh
ba giai on.
K thut kh nitrat ring r c s dng kh rng ri vo u thp nin 70
v ngun cht hu c c s dng l metanol. Do tng qu trnh oxy ha,
kh nitrat u c b lng ko theo v hi lu bn cho tng cng on tng
ng nn h x l ring r cn c gi l h x l bn c lp.
X l nitrat ring r thng c thc hin theo ba phng n: huyn ph,
lc ngp nc qua tng tnh v s dng tng linh ng (hnh 8. 3).
c trng chung ca qu trnh kh nitrat l: b c ch nhit thp, ph
thuc mnh vo pH v b c ch bi mt s c t. pH ti u ti vng gn
im trung ha (6,5 - 7,5), tuy nhin c nhng nghin cu cho rng pH ti u
l khong 7,5 - 9,0 [2, 5]. Trong qu trnh kh nitrat c hnh thnh kim,
tc nhn trn s lm tng pH, nht l khi nc u vo c pH < 6,5.
Kh nitrat theo k thut huyn ph cng tng t qu trnh bn hot tnh,
im khc nhau l sc kh v khuy c hc. K thut dng l tng hoc trn
u u c th p dng.
sc kh
~ 232 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vo
Hu Tng lc
c Thi
Thi
Tng linh ng
Quay vng hi lu
~ 233 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bin php loi b photpho t bn c gi l phng php tch trc tip,
bin php sau p dng gii php x l k tip gia hiu kh - ym kh c ghp
thm cng on x l ha hc (cng on ph - side stream, hnh 8. 4, 8. 5).
X l photpho v vy khng phi l mt h x l c lp m l b xung
hoc vn hnh hp l mt t hp tn ti nhm mc ch tch loi thm khi
so vi cc h c: phng php tng cng x l photpho bng bin php sinh
hc (enhanced biological phophorus removal EBPR).
Nhiu loi vi sinh vt tham gia vo qu trnh hp thu - tng tr - thi
photpho c qui chung v nhm vi sinh bio - P m vi sinh Acinetobacter l
ch yu. Loi vi sinh bio - P pht trin trong iu kin vn hnh k tip chu
trnh hiu kh - ym kh, tham gia vo qu trnh tch loi photpho theo c ch
trn. H thng x l photpho theo nguyn tc trn c ng dng kh rng ri
trong thc tin x l nc thi mc d c ch ca qu trnh vn cha c
hiu thu o [24, 25, 26].
Di iu kin hiu kh (O2) vi sinh bio - P tch ly photphat trng ngng
trong c th chng t photphat n tn ti trong nc thi [5].
C2H4O2 + 0,16 NH4+ + 1,2 O2 + 0,2 PO43- 0,16 C5H7NO2 + 1,2 CO2 +
0,2 (HPO3) + 0,44 OH- + 1,44 H2O (8-22)
T (8-23) cho thy chng loi vi sinh tch ly photpho cng c kh nng
kh nitrat [27, 28].
Trong iu kin ym kh, vi sinh vt trn hp th cht hu c, phn hy
photphat trng ngng trong t bo v thi ra mi trng di dng photphat
n:
~ 234 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
(C2H4O2)2 l cht hu c tch ly trong c th vi sinh c hp thu t ngoi
vo. Lng photpho c tch ra t vi sinh vt theo t lng l 0,5 mol P/mol
axit axetic.
Hiu sut sinh khi ca loi vi sinh bio P (cn gi l loi tch ly
photpho, Phosphorus acccumulating organisms, PAOs) tng t nh loi d
dng hiu kh c gi tr 0,5 0,6 g SK/g COD tan (sinh khi cng tnh theo
COD). Nu hiu sut sinh khi ca bio P tnh theo khi lng ca thnh
phn khng tan th gi tr thu c ph thuc vo hm lng photpho trong c
th vi sinh vt, tng ng vi s thay th ca cht hu c khi photphat c
thi ra.
S liu ng hc lin quan n qu trnh tch ly - thi photpho ca vi sinh
vt t nghin cu chnh lch nhau kh nhiu [2, 24, 25], v vy nn c nhng
nh gi trong tng trng hp c th. Tuy nhin khi xt v mt ng hc cn
ch ti c ba giai on ca mt qu trnh: tch ly trong iu kin hiu kh,
thiu kh v tch photphat trong iu kin ym kh.
Trong iu kin hiu kh tc hp thu photphat c m t qua phng
trnh ng hc dng Monod [5]:
m, p SP
vi , P . . X ( PAO ) (8-25)
Ym, p SP KP
S Ax
vi , Ax k Ax . . X ( PAO ) (8-26)
S Ax K Ax
~ 235 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
vi , Ax : tc hp thu axit axetic, kAx l hng s tc phn ng, SAx l nng
axit axetic, X(PAO) l mt vi sinh vt. KAx l hng s bn bo ha.
Khi tt c photphat trng ngng tch tr trong vi sinh tch ht th qu
trnh s dng li. Tc tch photphat c th tnh ra t phng trnh (8. 26) v
t lng gia axit axetic v photphat t phng trnh (8-24).
Bng 8. 5 ghi cc gi tr ng hc qu trnh x l photpho bng phng
php vi sinh.
Thng s K hiu n v Gi tr
m,P
-1
Hng s pht trin cc d 1-2
i
Hiu sut sinh khi Ym,P gCOD/gCOD(Ax) 0,5 0,6
cc i, axit axetic
Hiu sut sinh khi Ym,P gSK/gCOD(Ax) 0,6 0,8
cc i, axit axetic
Hiu sut sinh khi Ym,P gP/gCOD(Ax) 0,070,10
cc i, axit axetic
Hng s bn bo ha, KAx g Ax/m3 2-6
hp thu axit axetic
Hng s bn bo ha, KP g P/m3 0,1 0,5
tch ly photphat
Hng s tc hp kAx gCOD(Ax)/gCOD(X).d 0,5 - 2
thu axit axetic
~ 236 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
photphat hot ng trong giai on hiu kh sau . S c mt ca nitrat gy ra
hai tc ng: s dng cnh tranh ngun c cht d sinh hy gia vi sinh
Denitrifier v bio - P (1,26 mol axit axetic/mol NO3-), lm thay i c ch trao
i cht ca bio - P dn n mt kh nng tch ly photphat trng ngng [32].
Qu trnh A/O.
Qu trnh A/O l s phi hp x l ym kh (anaerobic) v hiu kh
(oxic) c b tr th hin trn hnh 8. 4.
Ym kh Hiu kh
Bn thi
Hnh 8. 4. Qu trnh x l photpho A/O
Qu trnh Phostrip.
~ 237 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Phostrip l qu trnh tch loi photpho c ghp thm cng on ph kt
ta photphat tan sau khi x l ym kh (hnh 8. 5).
Hiu kh
Lng
Bn thi
Ym kh
Nc sau x l ym kh
Nc sau Kt ta ha hc Ha cht
kt ta
Bn thi
Qu trnh A2/O
~ 238 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
2
A /O l mt bin hnh cng ngh ca s A/O bao gm cc cng on x
l ym kh (Anaerobic), thiu kh (Anoxic) v hiu kh (Oxic), trong giai
on x l thiu kh dnh cho qu trnh kh nitrat vi thi gian lu thy lc
khong mt gi. Khoang x l thiu kh c b xung nitrat, nitrit t b hiu
kh (quay vng), bn t b lng th cp c hi lu v b ym kh (hnh 8. 6.
a). S A2/O c kh nng x l ng thi hp cht nit v photpho.
Qu trnh UCT.
UCT l tn vit tt ca University of Cape Town, ni thit lp s cng
ngh x l c kh nng ng thi loi b BOD, hp cht nit v photpho (hnh
8. 5. c). S UCT tng t s cng ngh A2/O, tuy vy c hai im khc
bit: vi sinh c quay vng v b x l thiu kh v c hai vng quay hn
hp nc bn ni b t thiu kh v hiu kh v t thiu kh v ym kh.
Quay vng bn t b lng v b thiu kh s hn ch c s c mt ca
nitrat trong b ym kh, thc y qu trnh tch photpho t vi sinh trong giai
on ym kh. Hai chu trnh ni b gip tng cng kh nng x l cht hu
c.
Cht hu c c trong dng quay vng t b x l thiu kh l loi d sinh
hy v hm lng nitrat trong thp v vy thch hp cho qu trnh tch
photpho t vi sinh vt. Dng quay vng ni b th hai v bn t b lng th
cp c tc dng kh nitrat.
Ym kh Thiu kh Hiu kh
Bn
thi
~ 239 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Ym kh Thiu kh Hiu kh
d
Hnh 8. 6. S x l nit, photpho: a) A2/O; b) Bardenpho nm giai on; c)
Qu trnh UCT; d) qu trnh VIP.
Qu trnh VIP.
VIP l tn vit tt ca Virginia Initiative Plant in Norfork, Virginia) tng
t nh A2/O v UCT, im khc bit l chu trnh quay vng bn v hn hp
bn nc (hnh 8. 6. d). Bn t b lng cng vi hn hp bn nc t b
hiu kh c a v b xl thiu kh, cn hn hp bn nc t b thiu
~ 240 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
kh c quay vng v b ym kh. Do mt phn cht hu c ca dng vo
c x l qua hai giai on ym kh v thiu kh nn tit kim c lng
oxy tiu th ti b hiu kh.
~ 241 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
carbon, x l hp cht nit (ch oxy ha amoni hoc tin hnh c giai on
kh nitrat) v tch loi photpho hoc x l phi hp cho cc t hp yu t
trn.
Tin hnh x l ring r hoc phi hp trc ht ph thuc vo c trng
ca nc thi cn x l, tiu chun thi cn t cng nh gi thnh (xy dng
v vn hnh) ca h x l.
C nhng ngun thi cha rt t hp cht nit, photpho nh nc thi t
ch bin tinh bt, rau qu, ma ng, ru, bia nn cc h thng x l i vi
cc i tng trn ch tp trung gii quyt x l cht hu c. Nhng ngun
nc thi giu cht hu c v hp cht nit nh nc rc, nc nui ging
thy sn, mt s loi nc thi cng nghip th mc tiu x l t ra ch tp
trung gii quyt cht hu c v hp cht nit. Nhiu loi nc thi cha ng
thi c ba thnh phn k trn nh nc thi sinh hot, git m gia sc, ch
bin thy sn th h x l s l mt t hp nhm tch loi c ba thnh phn
trn.
Tiu chun thi l yu t quan trng quyt nh cng ngh x l. Vi mt
ngun nc nhn ch yu cu cht thi khng lm cn kit ngun oxy ha tan
trong v khng gy c i vi thy ng vt do amoniac th mc tiu x
l l loi b cht hu c v oxy ha amoni n nitrat. Vi mt ngun nc
nhn cn phi ngn chn hin tng ph dng th yu t cn x l trc ht
l thnh phn photpho v hp cht nit trong nc thi [1, 2, 3].
Tch loi cc thnh phn nhim nh hng n gi thnh th hin cc
phng din: s lng, mc nhim v qui m ca h x l. S lng tp
cht cn x l nhiu, mc lm sch su ko theo gi thnh xy dng v vn
hnh ln. Qui m x l ln c gi thnh thp hn (tnh theo n v cng sut)
so vi qui m x l nh (cng loi nc thi), v vy i vi qui m x l nh
tiu chun thi cho php thng l t kht khe hn bi mt trong cc l do trn
[4].
Thit k, xy dng mt h thng x l nc thi, v vy cn phi kho st
c trng ca ngun thi, xc nh tiu chun thi, nh gi iu kin kinh t
x hi ca a phng. Mt khc, do tnh n nh ca ngun thi v cng ngh
x l vi sinh khng cao (v d do thng ging lu lng, nhit ), cc m
hnh tnh ton (v d m hnh ng hc) khng bao qut c tt c cc thng
s nn trong nhng iu kin cho php tin hnh nghin cu qui m philot l
cn thit.
~ 242 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
9. 1. Thit k h oxy ha hp cht nit.
~ 243 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tiu ch thc hin oxy ha ng thi (mt giai on) hoc tch ring
(hai giai on) BOD v amoni l t l BOD/TKN (tng nit Kjehdahl, TKN,
lng hp cht nit tn ti dng amoni/amoniac v trong hp cht hu c
nh axit amin, protein, urin...).
Trong thnh phn sinh khi ca tt c cc qu trnh hiu kh u c mt ca
loi vi sinh vt Nitrifier vi t l cao thp khc nhau ph thuc vo t l
BOD/TKN ca nc thi.
V d vi nc thi c t l BOD/TKN = 1:1 th vi sinh Nitrifier chim 21%
cn vi t l BOD/TKN = 9 th t l trn ch cn 2,9% (bng 8. 1). Trong cc
h thng x l nc thi theo phng php bn hot tnh, t l vi sinh Nitrifier
trong sinh khi chim khng qu 10%. T l vi sinh Nitrifier trong sinh khi
tng c th s b tnh theo:
(loi b)
0,16.NH 3
R
0,60.BOD (loi b) 0,16NH 3 (loi b)
~ 244 ~
Lng s cp Hiu kh oxyX l BOD,
ha nc thi
NH3giuLng
hp th
chtcp
N v P L Vn Ct
(a)
(b)
Hnh 9. 1. S oxy ha BOD v amoni theo phng php bn hot tnh mt
giai on (a), hai giai on (b).
~ 245 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Do tc oxy ha nitrit thnh nitrat nhanh hn (trong phn ln trng hp)
nn vic tnh ton m hnh x l cn tp trung vo giai on oxy ha amoni
thnh nitrit l giai on quyt nh.
- T l BOD/TKN trong nc thi quyt nh t l ca vi sinh Nitrifier trong
tng sinh khi, ng vai tr quyt nh i vi oxy ha amoni. Mt ca
chng gim khi t l BOD/TKN tng.
- Nng oxy ha tan, nhit v pH tc ng n vi sinh Nitrifier khc v
mc so vi vi sinh t dng [so snh cc biu thc (8-7), (8-8) vi (6-
23), (6-24)]. Nng oxy cn thit oxy ha amoni cn cao hn, khong
pH ti u cho oxy ha amoni hp hn so vi trng hp oxy ha BOD.
i vi qui m x l nh, p dng k thut khuy trn u, khi phn tch
qu trnh da trn m hnh ng hc cn tin hnh cc bc sau [8, 13]:
1)- Chn h s an ton v lu lng v thng ging mc nhim ca
dng thi cn x l. H s an ton v thi gian lu t bo t nht l 2.
2)- Chn nng oxy ha tan mc ti thiu l 2 mg/l nhm trnh cho qu
trnh nitrat ha b c ch bi thiu oxy.
3)- Vng pH cn c duy tr nm trong khong 7,2 - 9,0. duy tr c
pH trn nc x l cn c kim cao hn nhu cu cho phn ng (7,14 g
CaCO3/g NH4-N) cng vi mt lng kim d 150 - 200 mg CaCO3/l.
4)- Xc nh tc pht trin cc i ca vi sinh Nitrifier ph thuc vo
pH, nhit , oxy ha tan.
5)- Xc nh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu i vi nc thi c th (pH, To,
DO, nng amoni ban u).
6)- Xc nh h s an ton cho thi gian lu t bo.
7)- Xc nh nng hp cht nit ti u ra.
8)- Xc nh thi gian lu thy lc tng ng vi nng thi (th tch b
phn ng).
9)- Xc nh tc tiu th c cht hu c trong qu trnh oxy ha amoni.
Trong cc bc phn tch trn, xc nh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu l
quan trng nht cng nh chn h s an ton cho n. Tnh ton theo m hnh
ng hc qu trnh nitrat ha tng t vi qu trnh oxy ha BOD.
Thng s ng hc qu trnh oxy ha amoni c ghi trong bng 9. 2.
~ 246 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 9. 2. Thng s ng hc c trng ca vi sinh t dng (thun chng)
trong qu trnh oxy ha amoni [8].
Thng s n v Gi tr
Khong i din
Nitrosomonas
m d-1 0,3 2,0 0,7
KS NH4-N, mg/l 0,2 2,0 0,6
Nitrobacter
m d-1 0,4 3,0 1,0
KS NH4-N, mg/l 0,2 5,0 1,4
T hp
m d-1 0,3 3,0 1,0
KS NH4-N, mg/l 0,2 0,5 1,4
Y NH4-N, mgSK/mg 0,1 0,3 0,2
-1
kp d 0,03 0,06 0,05
V d sau c chn minh ha cho qu trnh tnh ton thit k theo cng
ngh x l mt giai on.
~ 247 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
DO SN
m 0,47.e 0,098(T 15) . .[1 0,833(7,2 pH )].
DO K DO SN KN
0,47.e0,098(T 15)
2,5
1 0,833(7,2 7,5). 40 0,90d 1
2,5 1 40 0,85
Xc nh h s tiu th c cht ring [biu thc (6-7)]
k = m/Y (Y = 0,15)
k = 0,90/0,15 = 6 d-1.
Xc nh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu v thi gian lu t bo
thit k [biu thc (7-62) hoc (8-10 )]:
kp = 0,03 d-1
1
Y .k k p 0,15.6 0,03
c ,t
c,t 1,15d .
Chn h s an ton l 3: c 4,45d .
Xc nh tc suy gim c cht ring U [phng trnh (7-
53)]:
1/c = Y.U - kp.
U = (1/c+ kp)/Y = (1/4,45 + 0,03)/0,15 = 1,70 d-1
Xc nh nng amoni ti u ra [phng trnh (7-58)]
k .S N 6.S N
U= 1,70 gN .( gSK ) 1.d 1
S N K N S N 0,85
SN = 0,33 mg/l.
Xc nh tc phn hy BOD [phng trnh (7-53)].
1
Y .U k p
c
(Y=0,6; kp=0,06; c=4,45 d-1).
U = (1/4,45 + 0,06)/0,6 = 0,47 gBOD. (gSK)-1.d-1
Xc nh thi gian lu thy lc cho qu trnh oxy ha BOD v amoni
[phng trnh (7-52)].
So S S S
U o
.X U .X
Oxi ha BOD:
~ 248 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
So = 200mg/l, Sra = 20mg/l, U = 0,47gBOD. (gSK)-1. d-1
X = 2500 mg/l (gi tr cho)
200 20
0,16d 3,8h.
0,47.2500
Oxi ha amoni.
40 0,33
0,17d 4,1h.
1,70.(2500.0,054)
(Sinh khi Nitrifier c tnh theo t l BOD/TKN theo bng 8. 1).
Nhn xt: Oxy ha amoni quyt nh thi gian lu thy lc ca h x l
(4,1 gi so vi 3,8 gi).
Xc nh th tch b sc kh:
V = Q. = 100 m3.d-1. 0,17 d-1 = 170 m3.
Nhn xt: Trong trng hp trn th tch b sc kh tng ng vi x l
amoni, khi nng BOD ti u ra s thp hn gi tr tnh (20 mg/l). Khi
chn cc iu kin khc, v d pH, hiu sut sinh khi, hng s tiu th c
cht ring k, t l mt vi sinh Nitrifier thp hn cc gi tr trn s xy ra
trng hp thi gian lu thy lc i vi x l amoni s nh hn gi tr i
vi x l BOD, khi th tch b sc kh s c tnh theo gi tr thi gian lu
thy lc ln hn.
Lc nh git mt giai on
Tnh ton thit k lc nh git mt giai on bao gm c oxy ha amoni
cng da trn c s ging nh cho trng hp x l BOD. im khc bit
quan trng nht l mc chu ti thp hn nhiu. Mc chu ti cht hu
c thp ng ngha vi thi gian lu t bo cao trong h x l theo k thut
huyn ph. t c hiu sut oxy ha amoni 75 - 80% ti lng hu c c
th p dng l [8, 9]:
- S dng vt liu si: 0,8 - 1,3 kgBOD. m-3. d-1.
- S dng vt liu nha: 1,5 - 2,3 kg BOD. m-3. d-1.
Mun tng hiu qu nitrat ha ln 85 - 95%, ti lng hu c cn phi c
gim tip ti 0,4 - 0,8 cho trng hp u v 0,8 - 1,5 kg BOD. m-3. d-1 cho
~ 249 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
trng hp sau. Thi gian lu t bo tng ng t 75 - 85% hiu sut l
10 ngy v 20 ngy t hiu qu oxy ha 85 - 95%.
Mc ti thy lc i vi k thut lc nh git ph thuc vo vt liu mang
(xem 7. 2. 2. 5) cng thp hn so vi oxy ha BOD, nm trong khong 30 - 60
m3. m-2. d-1. Ti lng thy lc trn nhm duy tr cho tng lc t v thc
hin thng qua tng cng quay vng nc qua x l.
Chiu cao ca lp lc si nm trong khong 1 - 2 m v khng vt qu
3m v s hn ch qu trnh lu thng kh trong tng vt liu v trnh mc chu
trng ti cao ca tng vt liu. Vt liu nha nh hn, c din tch ln hn nn
c th s dng vi lp lc cao hn nhng cng khng hn 12m do tn nng
lng bm nc ln cao. S dng tng lc c cao ln s tit kim c
din tch t s dng v tit kim c nng lng bm nc quay vng
nhng c th phi cp kh thm cho b lc. B lc nh git s dng vo mc
ch oxy ha amoni thng s dng vt liu nha c trang b my thi kh
tng cng.
~ 250 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
K thut tng linh ng cha c s dng rng ri qui m sn xut,
ang c nghin cu pht trin qui m phng th nghim v pilot. Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy trin vng ca k thut trn: tc x l amoni t 3,8
kg NH3-N. m-3.d-1 ti 24oC hoc x l BOD vi tc 3 kg BOD. m-3. d-1 [5].
Trc khi xy dng h thng x l theo k thut tng linh ng cn tin
hnh th nghim pilot l kinh nghim c khuyn co [12, 14].
~ 251 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
php cng chiu vi dng lc (t di ln) bng cch tng cng dng kh v
nc.
Mt bin hnh cng ngh khc ca k thut lc ngc l dng Biostyr s
dng vt liu ni: ht xp polystyren. Pha trn ca b lc c lp li ngn
gi cho ht lc khng b tri ra ngoi. Nc v kh u c chiu t di
ln. V tr cp kh c th b tr ti y b lc hoc ti mt v tr nht nh no
bn trn y nhm to ra mt khong thiu kh pha di v tr kh
nitrat. Kh v nc cng chiu gy ra kh nng nn p ht lc v pha trn, cho
php lc vi tc ln m vn gi li c sinh khi.
Do sinh khi hnh thnh v tch ly cht khng tan t ngun nc thi nn
tng lc cn c ra theo chu k bng cch s dng trc tip nc x l
c tch tr pha trn x xung nh p lc ca ct nc: khi x ra cn
ng thi sc kh tng cng hiu qu vi tng ca hai lu lng dng
khong 500 m3. m-2. h-1.
Lc ngp nc c sc kh c th thit k x l BOD, oxy ha amoni hay
kh nitrat v thm ch c th x l c ba thnh phn nu trn.
Thit k lc sinh hc ngp nc phn ln da trn ti lng c cht vi ti
lng ln hn khong mi ln so vi thp lc nh git (lc nh git, s dng
vt liu nha c din tch ln, tng lc cao, xem 7. 2. 2. 5).
Ti lng khi thit k phi da trn tiu chun thi hay hiu qu loi b cn
t c v t xc nh th tch tng lc. Thng s thit k khc l ti
lng thy lc v kh nng tch ly cht rn trong tng lc, hai thng s trn
xc nh chu trnh ra tng lc. Din tch v cao ca tng lc c xc nh
theo cc thng s trn.
i vi x l BOD, tt c cc k thut lc ngp nc u tng t nhau v
c cng phng php tnh ton thit k. X l nc thi sinh hot vi c
trng COD: BOD = 2 - 2,5, COD trt qua lc 50%, p dng k thut lc xui
v ngc vi ti lng hu c khng vt qu 10 kg COD. m-3. d-1 thi BOD
u ra s t di 30 mg/l. S dng vt liu lc ni do hiu qu nn p tng
lc nn c th s dng tc lc cao gp i so vi lc xui.
Thit k h x l nitrat ha da trn bn yu t: ti lng hu c, ti lng
amoni (TKN), cht lng nc sau x l v nhit .
Oxy ha amoni b gim khi ti lng hu c cao hn 2 kg COD. m -3. d-1
mc d qui trnh nitrat ha xy ra ng thi vi oxy ha cht hu c. Vt liu
nha thch hp hn , si cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni c xc nhn qui
~ 252 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
m th nghim vi qui m tng lc c din tch 90 m2. Tc dng nc v
kh, nng oxy, kim thp s hn ch dng khuych tn trong mng vi sinh
v v vy s lm gim hiu sut x l [15, 16].
~ 253 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
3 -2 -1
khong 49 65 m . m . d nhm tch trit sinh khi t giai on oxy ha
u tin.
- Mt sinh khi thit k ph thuc vo thi gian lu ca b lng th cp v
tc lng ca chnh n. Vi ti lng b mt ca b lng l 24 m3. m-2. d-1
th mt sinh khi thch hp l 2000 2500 mg/l.
Giai on oxy ha amoni c thit k tng t nh trng hp oxy ha
mt giai on.
Thi gian lu t bo c la chn tng t nh h x l mt giai on.
kim cn thit cng c tnh tng t nhng c th mc thp hn do
mt phn hp cht nit c thi loi di dng sinh khi giai on trc.
i vi qu trnh oxy ha amoni ring bit, m hnh ng hc thng t ra
t thch hp khi s dng tnh ton do t l vi sinh Nitrifier trong tng sinh
khi rt kh xc nh chnh xc, v vy s liu t th nghim trc tip c tin
cy cao hn.
Gi tr thi gian lu t bo l thng s quan trng dng tnh ton thit k
h thng oxy ha amoni, gi tr trn c tnh t cc thng s ng hc
[phng trnh (8-10)] vi mt h s an ton no . Thi gian lu t bo ch
yu ph thuc vo nhit , v vy trong nhiu trng hp c th tra c gi
tr ca n theo nhit t cc th cho sn [5, 6], v d trong hnh 9. 2.
Trong trng hp khng c s liu tin cy thit k c th s dng cc
phng php tnh ton theo kinh nghim xc nh th tch b phn ng, v
d tnh theo thi gian lu t bo (xem 7. 2. 1. 5):
c .Q.S o .Y
V= (9-1)
X
Cc gi tr thng s thit k c trng c ghi trong bng 7. 2.
~ 254 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
20
c (ATV)
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
c (ATV)
Nhit , oC
~ 255 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
a b c
B. B lng th cp
a b c
Hnh 9. 3. H oxy ha vn hnh linh hot theo c hai ch :
hai giai on (a, b) v mt giai on c.
~ 256 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
giai on thp hn nhng khi mc nhim amoni cao th th tch b phn
ng hai giai on thp hn.
Oxy ha hai giai on cn c mt s li th v duy tr iu kin thiu kh
trong h khi tin hnh kh nitrat, tng cng x l photpho, tit kim nng
lng v d n nh vn hnh [5].
~ 257 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
pH ca nc thi cn duy tr trong khong 7,2 8,6, hiu qu nitrat ha b
suy gim khi pH < 7,2. Nng oxy ha tan cn duy tr mc ln hn 1,5
mg/l [8]. Li th v nhc im ca tng phng php c trnh by trong
bng 8. 4.
~ 258 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
c s kinh nghim hay s liu t thc nghim pilot. Cc thng s thit k
chnh bao gm: thi gian lu t bo, thi gian lu thy lc, tc kh nitrat,
nhu cu cht hu c (metanol).
Thit k h kh nitrat dng huyn ph c th xut pht t thi gian lu t
bo hoc t tc kh nitrat, chia ra lm ba phng n v u c gi tr s
dng [5]:
- S dng thng s thi gian lu t bo, cc thng s ng hc trn i tng
nitrat. Mc tiu th c cht ca vi sinh Denitrifier vi iu kin khng b
hn ch cht hu c c s dng cho tnh ton.
- S dng tc kh nitrat l phng php c p dng kh rng ri trc
y. Phng php thit k ny tng i n gin nhng cn c s liu v
tc kh nitrat. Tc kh nitrat vi cht hu c l metanol trong ti liu
bin ng trong khong rng: 0,1 1,2 g NO3 N/g sinh khi do nh hng
ca yu t nhit v bn cht ca cht hu c.
- S dng thi gian lu t bo v cc thng s ng hc trn i tng cht
hu c c th coi l phng php tin li nht. Phng n trn xem cht hu
c l yu t khng ch qu trnh kh nitrat v hng s bn bo ha ca nitrat
rt nh, 0,1 mg/l, khng th l yu t quyt nh tc kh nitrat trong thc
t x l nc thi.
V hnh thc, phng n u v cui tng t nhau. Trnh t v cch thc
tnh ton cho phng n u (i tng l nitrat):
1) S dng cc thng s ng hc qu trnh kh nitrat (bng 9. 3) v
phng trnh (6-7) tnh k; (8-10) tnh c, t cho qu trnh kh nitrat. Cc
h s ng hc cn c iu chnh theo nhit thc hin. nh hng ca
nhit ln thng s ng hc c tnh:
P = 0,25. T2 (9-2)
o o
P l h s (=1) ti 20 C, T l nhit tnh theo C
Thng s n v Gi tr
Khong c trng
m d-1 0,3 0,9 0,3
KS NO3-N, mg/l 0,06 0,20 0,1
Y NO3-N, mgSK/mg 0,4 0,9 0,8
~ 259 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
-1
kp d 0,04 0,08 0,04
Thng s n v Gi tr
20oC 10oC
Hiu sut sinh khi, Y gSKHH/g COD 0,18 0,17
-1
H s phn hy ni sinh, kp d 0,04 0,05
Tc tiu th c cht ring gCOD/gSKHH.d 10,3 3,1
cc i Um
Hng s bn bo ha KS g COD/m3 9,1 12,6
Tnh ton thit k qu trnh kh nitrat dng huyn ph theo k thut khuy
trn u theo m hnh ng hc vi i tng l cht hu c c thc hin
nh sau [5]:
1) T gi tr tc tiu th c cht ring cc i Um (bng 9. 4) tm c
gi tr U theo mi quan h:
S
U Um. (9-3)
S KS
~ 260 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
S l nng COD ti u ra (trong khi phn ng). KS l hng s bn bo
ha. Tc kh nitrat ph thuc vo nhit , mi quan h gia tc tiu
th c cht ring ti nhit T (oC) UT, so vi chnh n ti 20oC, U20 l:
l h s c gi tr t 1,08 n 1,16.
2) Thi gian lu t bo ti thiu c, t c tnh theo phng trnh (8-10):
1
Y .U k p (9-5)
c ,t
3) Hiu sut sinh khi thc Y [xem biu thc (7-51)] c tnh:
Y
Y ' (9-6)
1 k p . c
(c tnh t c, t vi mt h s an ton no ).
Lng bn thi c xc nh t Y.
4) Nng COD tnh t metanol trong khi phn ng thiu kh cn phi
duy tr mc m bo khng nh hng n tc kh nitrat nhng cng
phi d dng loi b (oxy ha) giai on sc kh b xung tip theo giai on
thiu kh. Nng metanol c xem l thch hp trong khong 3 5 mg
COD/l. Tc kh nitrat c tng cng vi nng metanol cao hn trong
cc b phn ng nh. Tuy vy vic la chn ch vn hnh vi nng
metanol cao cn c cn nhc gia gim th tch b (do tc tng) vi chi
ph ha cht.
5) Thi gian lu thy lc ca h (th tch b phn ng) c tnh [biu
thc (7-49)]:
c .Y .( S o S )
.X (9-7)
1 k p . c
No N
UN (9-8)
X .
No, N l nng nitrat ti u vo v ra khi h thng.
~ 261 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Khi kh nitrit, phng php thit k tng t, gi tr cc hng s ng hc
khc so vi kh nitrat cng nh khi s dng cc cht hu c khng phi l
metanol [6, 17, 18, 19].
Thit k h thng kh nitrat khng ch l tnh ton th tch b phn ng m
cn phi ch ti cc iu kin c th ca qu trnh nh t l carbon/nit, s
c mt ca oxy, mc khuy trn, mc tit kim oxy do phn ng ca
nitrat vi ngun carbon t nc thi (oxy ha cht hu c), mc to ra
kim ca phn ng v k c sn phm sinh ra l kh nit (xem 8. 2).
Trong qu trnh kh nitrat, c nitrat v cht hu c u b tiu th. Mc
tiu th cht hu c c th hin qua t l N/C, NO3-N /COD hoc theo
BOD. Tnh ton nhu cu cht hu c cho qu trnh kh nitrat ch c tnh cht
ch mc no i vi k thut kh nitrat ring bit, v t nht mt lng
cht hu c c ngun gc t phn hy ni sinh tham gia phn ng. Khi s
dng ngun carbon t nc thi (k thut x l cng h bn) th vic xc nh
nhu cu carbon s phc tp hn [20, 21, 22, 23].
Trong mt h thng kh nitrat, cht hu c b tiu hao vo cc qu trnh:
chuyn ha nitrat, nitrit thnh kh N2, xy dng t ba vi sinh v oxy ha vi
oxy ha tan. Cung cp va lng cht hu c cho cc qu trnh trn ch c
th tnh ton gn ng v vy cn c theo di v iu chnh khi vn hnh h
thng x l.
Phng php tnh ton nhu cu cht hu c c trnh by chi tit trong ti
liu [6], tuy vy c th p dng cng thc tng i n gin tnh, v d
[5]: Lng cht hu c cn kh nitrat l 2,86 gCOD/g NO3-. Lng cht
hu c tng tiu th cho c ba cht oxy ha: nitrat, nitrit v oxy tnh theo COD
ca cht hu c c dng (khng tnh cho tng hp t bo):
ms = 2,86 [1,0 NO3-N + 0,6 NO2-N + 0,35 O2] (9-9)
Nng nitrat, nitrit tnh theo nit trong thnh phn ca chng. Lng cht
hu c tiu th cho c tng hp t bo c th qui v cho qu trnh kh nitrat
vi mt t l tng nht nh no :
ms, t = 2,86. C. NO3-N (9-10)
~ 262 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Phng trnh tnh nhu cu cht hu c (9-9) cho qu trnh kh nitrat vi s
c mt ng thi ba cht oxy ha: nitrat, nitrit v oxy c thnh lp trn c
s phn tch sau:
kh 14 g nit trong hp cht nitrat t ha tr +5 v 0 cn 5 mol in t,
mi mol in t v vy s kh c 2,8 g NO3-N. Cc cht hu c c s oxy
ha khng c nh, ph thuc vo t l C/N/H trong phn t, tuy nhin kh
nng cho in t ca chng c th nh gi qua c trng COD, c 8 g tnh
theo COD s nhng 1 mol in t (phn t lng ca oxy l 32 khi chuyn
v O2- th nhn 4 mol in t). Vy kh 14 g NO3-N cn mt lng COD
tng ng l 40 g (325/4). T l tiu hao cht hu c kh nit trong nitrat
l 40/14 = 2,86.
Tng t nh vy, kh 14 g nit trong hp cht nitrit cn 3 mol in t,
tng ng vi 4,67 g NO2-N/mol in t hoc 4,67 g NO2-N/8 g COD.
Cht hu c tnh theo COD kh oxy s tng ng l 1/1.
Trong phn ng oxy ha kh gia cht hu c (cht kh) vi cht oxy ha
c mt trong nc thi (O2, NO3-, NO2-), s ng lng in t (tnh theo
mol) m cc cht oxy ha thu nhn c t cht hu c nhng cho l n.
Mi quan h gia khi lng m ca cc cht oxy ha (g) vi s ng lng
in t (n) l:
n = m/ng lng gam.
S ng lng in t m cht kh cn cung cp l:
m m m
n n
n NO2 N n O2
NO3 N
=
1
2,86
m( NO3 N ) 0,6.m( NO2 N ) 0,35m(O2 )
= 0,357. m( NO3 N ) 0,6.m( NO2 N ) 0,35m(O2 )
Nu tnh lng cht hu c theo khi lng (g) th s c gi tr l n
ng lng gam ca cht hu c, v d nu cht hu c tnh theo COD th
ng lng gam ca n l 8 g O2/ng lng gam v v vy kh 1 g
NO3N cn 80,357 = 2,86 g COD v kh cho 1 g oxy cn 0,35780,35 = 1
g COD.
~ 263 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
S c mt ca oxy trong khi phn ng s km hm qu trnh kh nitrat,
duy tr c trng thi huyn ph ca khi phn ng v to iu kin tip xc
gia sinh khi v cc cu t tham gia phn ng th khi phn ng cn c
khuy trn u vi mc trnh oxy t khng kh thm vo. S c mt ca
oxy nh hng n qu trnh kh nitrat c nh hng nh sau: 1 mol oxy
(32g) nhn 4 ng lng in t t cht hu c, tc l 8 g oxy nhn 1 mol
in t t cht hu c. Tng t nh vy 14 g NO3-N (1 mol nitrat, 62 g
nitrat) tng ng vi 5 ng lng gam in t do chuyn t nit +5 (NO3-)
v 0 (N2), tc l 2,8 g NO3-N (14/5) s nhn 1 mol in t. V vy s c mt
ca oxy s nh hng (suy gim) n qu trnh kh nitrat:
2,8 gNO3 N / dl
0,35 gNO3 N / gO2 (9-11)
8 gO2 / dl
~ 264 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tnh ton h kh nitrat cho mt ngun thi c cc c trng:
- Lu lng: 500 m3/ngy.
- Nng nitrat tnh theo nit: NO3--N = 20 g/m3.
- Tiu chun thi i vi nitrat l 3 g/m3 NO3--N.
- Oxy ha tan: 2 g/m3.
- Nhit x l: 20oC.
- Cc hng s tc phn ng c tra t bng 9. 4 ti 20oC.
- Y = 0,18 g SKHH/g COD.
- kp = 0,04.
- KS = 9,1 g/m3.
- Um = 10,3.
- Mt sinh khi tng: 2000 mg/l.
- T l mt sinh khi hu hiu/mt sinh khi tng, SKHH/SK = 0,75.
- H s [biu thc (9-4)] c gi tr 1,12.
- S dng cht kh l metanol.
Li gii:
1) Lng nitrat cn x l: 20 3 = 17 g NO3--N/m3.
2) Nng metanol d sau qu trnh kh nitrat c qui nh l 5 mg/l
tnh theo COD, v 1 g metanol tng ng vi 1,5 g COD nn lng
metanol d s l 3,3 g COD/m3.
3) Tnh tc tiu th c cht ring [phng trnh (9-3)]:
5
U 10,3 3,65 gCOD / gSKHH
9,1 5
4) Tnh thi gian lu t bo ti thiu [biu thc (9-5)]:
1/c, t = 0,18 3,65 0,04 = 0,617.
c, t = 1,62 ngy.
Nu ly h s an ton bng 2 th c thit k l 3,24 ngy.
5) Tnh nhu cu cht hu c theo COD.
Nhu cu COD = 2,817 + 21 = 49,6 g COD/m3.
Nu tnh theo lng metanol th c gi tr l 49,6: 1,5 = 33,1 g/m3 v 1
g metanol tng ng vi 1,5 g COD.
6) Tnh thi gian lu thy lc [phng trnh (9-7)]
~ 265 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
V 3,24.0,18.(49,6 5,0)
0,0153 ngy = 0,368 gi.
Q (1 0,04.3,24).2000.0,75
V = Q. = 5000,0153 = 7,65 m3.
7) Tnh lng sinh khi (bn) cn thi [phng trnh (9-6)].
0,18
Y ' 0,159 gSKHH / gCOD.
1 0,04.3,24
hoc 0,159/0,75 = 0,212 g SK/gCOD.
Tng sinh khi phi thi hng ngy:
50049.60,212 = 5258 g/ngy.
Kh nitrat ring r cng c th thc hin theo k thut mng vi sinh, trn
i tng nc thi v nc sinh hot.
X l nitrat trong ngun nc sinh hot c t ra cho cc nc Chu u
l do qui nh mi v tiu chun nc n ung, t 90 mg/l xung 50 mg/l v
do cc ngun nc mt cng nh nc ngm cho sinh hot b nhim kh
nng bi tp cht trn [24]. Nhiu ngun nc ngm Vit Nam, c bit
vng ng bng sng Hng b nhim amoni, sau qu trnh oxy ha amoni
(hon ton), hm lng nitrat vn cao hn tiu chun cho php i vi nc
n ung cng cn c x l cho t tiu chun qui nh [25]. K thut kh
nitrat trong nc thi v nc sinh hot nhn chung l ging nhau tr mt s
chi tit hay gp nh s dng cht hu c lm ngun kh.
Cc cng ngh c nh hnh kh nitrat pht trin rt nhanh trong
khong hai chc nm tr li y, v d cng ngh mang cc tn: Neusser,
Denipor, Permapor, Nitrazur, Deni - tec, Nebio, Deniplant. Cc cng ngh trn
c s dng vi qui m sn xut 25 - 450 m3/gi, u s dng cng ngh lc
ngp nc [24].
Kh nitrat i vi nc thi theo phng php mng vi sinh c th thc
hin theo cc dng k thut: lc qua tng tnh, dng linh ng hoc a quay
sinh hc. Trong k thut dng linh ng nc thi c a t di ln vi
mt vn tc ln sao cho vt liu mang (ct mn) c duy tr trng thi l
lng. Vt liu mang kch thc nh c din tch b mt ln, to iu kin duy
tr mt sinh khi cao trong vng th tch phn ng nh. Thit k h x l
theo k thut tng linh ng thng da trn c s s liu thc nghim.
~ 266 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
K thut a quay sinh hc c s dng ging nh trong trng hp x l
hiu kh vi iu kin khc bit l ton b a quay c t v tr chm
trong nc. Sau khi x l nc cn c tip tc lng tch loi sinh khi
bong ra t a quay.
Lc qua tng c nh l k thut thng dng kh nitrat. K thut lc qua
tng c nh c chia lm hai loi: tng lc cha kh v tng lc cha nc
(lc ngp nc). Tng lc cha kh l mt h phn ng kn cch ly vi khng
kh, kh trong tng ch yu cha nit to iu kin cho vi sinh vt
Denitrifier pht trin. Nc thi c phn phi u trn vt liu mang c
chiu t trn xung ging nh qu trnh lc nh git. Do mng vi sinh lun
bong ra khi vt liu mang, tri theo nc ra ngoi nn sau phn ng nc cn
c lng.
Lc ngp nc cng c chia lm hai dng: tng lc c xp cao v
xp thp. Tng lc c xp cao c vn hnh theo chiu ngc, chy t
di ln hoc chy ngang. Do lun phi loi b sinh khi d nn h x l cng
cn ti b lng th cp v chng tc phi cn ti giai on sc ra. Tng lc
c xp thp thng hot ng theo phng thc dng chy t trn xung,
cng do vt liu c kch thc nh nn tng lc cn ng vai tr lc trong
ngoi chc nng cht mang cho vi sinh vt. Do vt liu c kch thc nh nn
chng cng gi c kh nit hnh thnh nn nh k cn phi sc ra lm
thng thong tng lc.
Thng dng v c hiu qu kinh t l qu trnh kh nitrat theo k thut
dng xui chiu va c tc dng lc trong nc v c nh vi sinh vi xp
ca tng lc thp [5, 26, 27].
Thit k h lc ngp nc chy xui dng, thm chc nng lc trong c
mt s c th: khng cn n h thng thu nc bng ng y v d dn
n tc, nhim bn. Vt liu lc vi kch thc hiu dng 1,8 - 2,3 mm hoc
vt liu hnh cu c kch thc 0,8 - 0,9 mm c th s dng, cn thit k h
sc ra (nc, kh) kh nng lm v sinh, h thng phn phi nc u vo
cn u, t khuy trn gim thiu lng oxy ha tan thm vo t khng kh.
Thng s s dng thit k b lc kh nitrat l ti lng nitrat hoc thi
gian lu thy lc hoc thi gian tip xc.
Thit k theo ti lng nitrat l phng php tng i n gin, trn c s
mc chu ti nitrat trn mt n v th tch ca b lc sinh hc, phng
php c s dng khi khng c cc s liu ng hc ca qu trnh. Ti
~ 267 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
lng nitrat thit k nm trong mt khong rt rng, t 240 g n 3200 g NO3-
- N. m-3. d-1 ty thuc vo vt liu mang v nhit [5].
Phng php tip xc da trn nguyn tc l hiu qu kh nitrat tng khi
thi gian tip xc di, hiu qu x l tng n mt mc nht nh, tim cn
mt gi tr no khi tip tc tng thi gian tip xc. Cc thng s thit k
thng c rt ra t cc nghin cu pilot tng hp vi iu kin x l.
Tnh ton ct lc sinh hc cho qu trnh kh nitrat theo m hnh ng hc t
c s dng, tuy vy n cng l mt phng php dng thit k khi c
s liu [6].
~ 268 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
-
t 0,017 - 0,048 g NO3 - N/g SK, tc l ch 20 - 30% so vi tc kh khi h
c cung cp cht hu c. Tc kh nitrat s chm li khi thi gian lu
t bo cao.
Trong k thut bn hot tnh, trnh t b tr cc ngn phn ng hiu kh v
thiu kh c th l: thiu kh trc hiu kh, hiu kh trc thiu kh hay b tr
lin tip hai cp thiu kh - hiu kh (qu trnh Bardenpho bn giai on, nh
m t trong hnh 9. 4.
Gn y, k thut m k tip giai on c s dng rt c hiu qu v
tng i n gin v mt b tr h thng nhm mc ch x l hp cht nit
v photpho [28, 29, 30, 31].
Thiu kh Hiu kh
a)
Hiu kh Thiu kh
b)
c)
Hnh 9. 4. S phi hp h x l hp cht nit.
a) thiu kh t trc; b) hiu kh t trc.
c) qu trnh Bardenpho bn giai on
~ 269 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
9. 3. 1. H x l kh nitrat t trc.
c h (gi)
+ Thiu kh 1 2-5 - 2-5
+ Hiu kh 1 4-12 4-12 4-12
+ Thiu kh 2 - 2-5 2-5
+ Hiu kh 2 - - 0,5-1,0
Sinh khi (mg/l) 1500-4000 1500-4000 2000-5000
Hi lu nc bn (%) 200-400 - 400-600
Hi lu bn (%) n 100 n 100 n 100
~ 270 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Oxy ha tan (mg/l)
+ Thiu kh 0 0 0
+ Hiu kh 1-2 1-2 1-2
Nng lng khuy (W.m-3)
+ Thiu kh 4-10 4-10 3-13
+ Hiu kh 20-40 20-40 20-40
+ Tng ng vi cp 10-30 10-30 10-40
kh (l.m-3.min-1)
~ 271 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
DO
m 0,47.e 0,098(T 15) . .1 0,0833(7,2 pH ) (9-12)
DO K DO
1 m .N o
kp (9-13)
c ,t K N No
c = c,t . A . P (9-14)
s = c . F (9-15)
1
F (9-16)
1 Z
Z l phn th tch (t l) ca b thiu kh trong khi phn ng tng th ca
h.
6) T cc hng s ng hc c trng cho vi sinh d dng (bng 9.6) tnh
nng cht hu c S (BOD) khi ra khi h x l hiu kh:
S
K S 1 k p , S . s
s (YS .k S k p , S ) 1 (9-17)
~ 272 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
thi gian lu t bo tng ng l s (ca c h). Ch s s ca cc hng s
ch qu trnh d dng.
7) T cc s liu hng s ng hc c trng cho vi sinh t dng (bng 9.
6) tnh c nng amoni d sau x l hiu kh:
K N (1 k p , N . c )
N
c (YN .k N k p , N ) 1 (9-18)
Biu thc (9-18) tng t (9-17) c trng cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni bi
cc loi vi sinh t dng, k hiu tng ng vi ch s N. Do qu trnh oxy
ha amoni ch xy ra trong b hiu kh nn gi tr thi gian lu t bo l c.
8) Xc nh lng hp cht nit cn c oxy ha NO:
NO = TKN N Nsk (9-19)
YS ( S o S ).FN
N SK X e .FN (9-20)
1 k p , s . s
Q. c Ys ( S o S )
VH . XL (9-21)
X 1 k p , s . c
~ 273 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
NO.Q
NO3-- N = (9-22)
(Q Q1 Q2 )
- Tnh khi lng nitrat cn tch loi ti b thiu kh: lng nitrat quay vng
t hai dng hi lu v lng oxy tng ng nitrat t dng hn hp bn
nc.
TM (NO3-- N) = M (NO3-- N) + (NO3-- N)t (9-25)
Y (S S )
P(x) = s o X L .Q (9-27)
1 k p , s . s
X VH VT
s,t = (9-28)
P(x)
~ 274 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tnh ton nhu cu oxy.
Lng oxy cn thit p ng oxy ha amoni v cht hu c (BOD) trong b
hiu kh c tnh:
O2 = CBOD + NOD DOC (9-29)
~ 275 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
-1
ks = 3,2 d KS = 39 mg/l BOD
Hng s ng hc vi sinh t dng ti 15oC
YN = 0,15 g SKHH/g NH4+-N kp, N = 0,04 d-1
kN = 1,95 d-1 KN = 100,051T - 1,148 = 0,41 mg/l
Li gii.
Hng s ng hc vi sinh d dng ti 20oC (Bng 9. 6).
Ys = 0,6 g SKHH/g BOD
ks = 5 d-1; ks(T) = ks(20oC). 1,09T-20
kp,s = 0,06 d-1; kp,s = kp,s(20oC). 1,04T-20
Ks = 60 mg/l; Ks(T) = Ks(20oC). 1,09T-20
Hng s ng hc vi sinh t dng ti 20oC (Bng 9. 6).
YN = 0,15 g SKHH/g NH4+-N.
kN = 3 d-1
kp,N = 0,05 d-1
KN = 0,74 mg/l; KN(T) = 100,051.T 1,148
- Tnh tc pht trin cc i ca vi sinh Nitrosomonas:
~ 276 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
DO
m 0,47.e 0,098.(T 15) . 1 0,833.(7,2 pH )
DO K DO
.1 0,833.(7,2 7,5) 1,04d 1
2
0,47.e 0,098.10 .
2 1
- Tnh hng s ng hc ti 25oC:
Vi sinh t dng
kp,N(25oC) = kp,N(20oC). 1,045 = 0,05. 1,217 = 0,06 d-1
KN(25oC) = 100,051.25 1,148 =1,34 mg/l
kN(25oC) = kN(20oC). 1,095 = 3. 1,54 = 4,62 d-1
Vi sinh d dng
kp,s(25oC) = kp,s(20oC). 1,045 = 0,06. 1,22 = 0,07 d-1
Ks(25oC) = Ks(20oC). 1,095 = 60. 1,54 = 92,4 mg/l
ks(25oC) = ks(20oC). 1,095 = 5. 1,54 = 7,7 d-1
- Tnh thi gian lu ti thiu cho qu trnh oxy ha (hiu kh):
1 m .N o 1,04.50
k p, N 0,06 0,95d 1
c ,t K N No 50 1,34
c,t = 1,05 d.
- Xc nh thi gian lu t bo thit k vi h s an ton l 2 v h s dao
ng l 1,5:
c = c,t. 20. 1,5 = 1,05. 3 = 3,15 d.
- Tnh thi gian lu t bo ca c h (hiu kh + thiu kh).
Gi thit l th tch b thiu kh chim 15% ca th tch phn ng:
1
F 1,12
1 0,15
s = F. c = 1,12. 3,15 = 3,53 d.
- Tnh nng BOD tan sau khi x l:
S
K s 1 k p , s . s
92,41 0,07.3,53
7,6 mg/l
s (Ys .k s k p ,s ) 1 3,530,6.7,7 0,07 1
- Tnh nng amoni sau x l vi gi thit l ton b TKN ca u vo u
c kh nng c oxy ha thnh nitrat:
K N 1 k p , N . c 1,341 0,06.3,15
N 1,6 mg/l
c YN .k N k p , N 1 3,150,15.4,62 0,06 1
~ 277 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Tnh nng amoni do vi sinh (d dng) tiu th tng hp t bo, gi
thit l hm lng nit trong t bo chim 12%:
Ys ( S o S ).FN 0,6.300 7,6.0,12
N sk X e .FN 0,75.0,12.50
1 k p ,s . s 1 0,07.3,53
= 21,3 mg/l.
Xe l mt vi sinh sau khi lng (50 mg/l). Nng vi sinh hu hiu chim
75% ca tng.
- Xc nh nng amoni cn oxy ha thnh nitrat:
NO = 50 21,3 1,6 = 27,1 mg/l.
- Tnh ton th tch b x l hiu kh p ng oxy ho amoni:
~ 278 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Tnh lng bn sinh ra cn thi:
Y S S 0,8300 7,6
P x s o X L .Q 60.1000
1 k p , s . s 1 0,07.3,53
= 247,5 kg. d-1
- Kim tra li thi gian lu t bo ca c h, s,t t lng bn thi hng
ngy:
X VH VT 2000(395 150)
s ,t 4,4d
P( x) 247500
Nhn xt: gi tr s,t tnh c t tui bn (4,4 ngy) cao hn gi tr gi
thit (3,53 ngy) ti trn 20%. Cc bc tnh ton cn c lp li vi cc
thng s c, s, mt bn v cc thng s vn hnh khc sao cho mc lch
khng qu 10%.
- Tnh nhu cu oxy cho qu trnh hiu kh:
O2 = CBOD + NOD DOC.
CBOD = Q. [(1-1,42. Ys). (So-S)] = 1,42 kp,s. X. VH
= 1000. [(1-1,42. 0,6). (300 7,6)] + 1,42. 0,07. 2000. 395. 0,75 = 102, 2
kg O2. d-1
NOD = 4,57. 1000. 27,1 = 123,8 kg O2. d-1
DOC = Q. [2,86.(NO- NO3-N)] = 1000. [2,86. (27,1 5,4)]
= 62,1 kg. d-1
O2 = 102,2 + 123,8 62,1 = 163,9 kg O2. d-1
Nu b qua DOC th nhu cu oxy l 226 kg O2. d-1
- Tnh kim d ca nc thi sau x l:
Kd = Ko 7,14. NO + 3,57. [NO (NO3-N)]
= 250 7,14. 27,1 + 3,57. (27,1 5,4) = 134 mg CaCO3/l.
kim d cho phn ng xy ha (tnh m).
~ 279 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nc - bn t cui b hiu kh v u b. Hiu sut kh nitrat ph thuc vo
lng nc - bn quay vng.
9. 3. 2. H x l nitrat t sau.
~ 280 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
3) Khi lng nitrat v oxy tng ng cn phi kh trong b thiu kh:
TM(NO3-- N) = M(NO3-- N) + (NO3-- N)t (9-36)
TM ( NO3 N )
VT (9-38)
X .v k
Y .( S o S )
P( x) X L .Q (9-39)
1 k p , s . S
X VH VT
s ,t (9-40)
P( x)
Nhu cu oxy.
Lng oxy cn cho x l hiu kh c tnh ging nh cho trng hp
trong mc 9. 4. 1 [phng trnh (9-29), (9-30), (9-31)] tuy nhin khng xut
hin i lng DOC do thnh phn cht hu c ca u vo b oxy ha hon
ton do oxy ch khng phi do nitrat.
Nhu cu kim.
kim cn thit cho h c tnh t biu thc (9-31), tuy vy kim
sinh ra do qu trnh kh nitrat khng c s dng, nng kim d chnh l
nng kim sau x l thiu kh. Nu giai on x l hiu kh m bo
c kim cho phn ng xy ra th khng cn b xung thm, v vy cn
kim tra kim sau b hiu kh.
~ 281 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bi ton v cc thng s ng hc c trnh by trong 9. 3. 1 v bng 9.
6. Cc bc tnh ton cho giai on hiu kh khng c nhc li m ch s
dng kt qu tnh tip cho cc bc sau.
- S dng thi gian lu t bo thit k (hiu kh) c = 3,15 d. Gi thit l th
tch b thiu kh chim 20% tng th tch khi phn ng. S dng phng
trnh (9-16) tnh F.
1
F 1,25
1 0,2
- Thi gian lu t bo ca c h:
s = c. F = 3,15. 1,25 = 3,94 d.
- Tnh nng cht hu c (BOD) sau x l:
K s .1 k p ,s . s 92,4.1 0,07.3,94
S 7,0 mg/l
s .Ys .k s k p ,s 1 3,94.0,6.7,7 0,07 1
- Tnh nng amoni sau x l [phng trnh (9- 20)]: Do qu trnh x l
hiu kh khng thay i (c = 3,15) nn nng amoni sau x l ging vi
trng hp trc y v c gi tr l 1,6 mg/l.
- Tnh lng amoni gim trong nc thi do qu trnh tng hp t bo. S
dng phng trnh (9. 20):
Ys .S o S .FN
N sk X e .FN
1 k p , s . s
0,6.300 7,0 0,12
50.0,75.0,12 21,0mg / l
1 0,07.3,94
- Nng amoni cn c oxy ha:
NO = No N Nsk = 50 21,0 1,6 = 27,4 mg/l.
- Tnh th tch b hiu kh [phng trnh (9-21)]:
Q. c Ys .S o S 1000.3,15 0,8.300 7,0
VH XL . 60 = 397 m3
X 1 k p , s . c 2000 1 0,07.3,15
- Tnh lng oxy tng ng vi nitrat cn kh trong b thiu kh [phng
trnh (9-34)]. Nng oxy ha tan chnh l nng oxy trong b hiu kh
vi lu lng bng tng ca dng vo v dng hi lu. Gi thit dng hi
lu bn bng dng vo, lu lng cn phi kh nitrat l 2Q. Nng oxy
gi thit l 2 mg/l.
(NO3-N)t = 0,35. 2. 2000 = 1400 g. d-1
~ 282 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Tnh nng nitrat sau x l:
Q.NO 1000.27,4
(NO3-N)e = 13,7 mg/l.
Q Q1 1000 100
Mun gim nng nitrat ti u ra cn tng cng lu lng ca dng
hi lu bn (Q1).
lng nitrat dng u ra:
M(NO3--N) = Q. [NO - (NO3-N)e] =1000.(27,4-13,7) = 13700 g. d-1
- Tng lng nitrat cn x l (nitrat + oxy):
TM(NO3--N) = 1400 + 13700 = 15100 g. d-1.
- Tnh tc kh nitrat ring ti 25oC:
vk = 0,12. s-0,706.1,02T-20 = 0,12. 3,94-0,706. 1,025 = 0,05 d-1.
- Tnh th tch b x l thiu kh:
TM (NO3- N ) 15100
VT 151 m3.
X .vk 2000.0,05
- Tng th tch b phn ng:
151 m3 + 397 m3 = 548 m3.
- Tnh lng bn thi [phng trnh (9-27)]:
Y (S S ) 0,8.300 7,0
P(x) = s o X L .Q 60.1000
1 k p , s . s 1 0,07.3,94
= 243727 g. d-1.
- Tnh thi gian lu t bo t lng bn thi s, t:
X .VH VT 2000.397 151
s ,t 4,5 d.
P x 243727
So vi gi tr gi thit (3,94), s t cao hn khong 12%, v vy cn tnh ton
li bng cch la chn cc thng s vn hnh thch hp.
- Tnh nhu cu oxy.
O2 = CBOD + NOD
CBOD = Q. [(1-1,42.Y). (So-S)] + 1,42 kp,s. X. VH
= 1000(1-1,42. 0,6). (300-7,0) + 1,42. 0,07. 2000. 0,75. 397
= 102556 g. d-1.
NOD = Q. 4,57. NO = 1000. 4,57. 27,4 = 125218 g. d-1.
~ 283 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
-1
O2 = 227774 g. d .
- Kim tra kim d.
Kd = Ko 7,14. NO + 3,57 [NO - (NO3--N)e]
= 250 7,14. 27,4 + 3,57. [27,413,7] = 250 196 + 50 = 104 mg/l.
Theo cch tnh ton trn th kim trong b hiu kh c gi tr 250 196
= 54 mg/l. Tht ra n cn c b xung thm t dng quay vng bn, v d
dng quay vng l 100 % th nng kim tht s trong b hiu kh s l:
0,5. 54 + 0,5. 104 = 79 mg CaCO3/l.
9. 3. 3. H t hp Bardenpho.
H x l t hp lp ghp hai cp ni tip ca k thut kh nitrat t trc
(hnh 9. 4. c) c tn gi l qu trnh Bardenpho 4 giai on. Ti b thiu kh
u tin hiu qu kh nitrat t 60 - 75%. B hiu kh th nht t tip sau b
thiu kh u c thit k sao cho p ng hon ton qu trnh oxy ha cht
hu c v amoni. B thiu kh th hai c nhim v tng cng hiu qu kh
nitrat t ti tiu chun thi t ra. B hiu kh th hai vi thi gian lu
ngn (30 - 60 pht) nhm ngn nga qu trnh kh nitrat trong b lng th cp
v ui kh nit bm vo sinh khi cng nh chuyn ha nt lng cht hu
c, amoni d t cc giai on trc. Hn hp bn - nc t b hiu kh u
c quay vng v b thiu kh u. kh nitrat b thiu kh sau c th s
dng cht hu c a t ngoi vo (metanol, axetat) hoc t chnh ngun nc
thi.
Thng thng tng th tch b x l thiu kh chim 30 - 50% th tch khi
phn ng. Lu lng quay vng hn hp bn - nc t b hiu kh u v b
thiu kh th nht l t 4 n 6 ln lu lng x l.
Phng php tnh ton thit k h t hp Bardenpho 4 giai on cng
tng t vi cc h xl kh nitrat t trc hoc sau.
Cc bc tnh ton c thc hin theo trnh t sau [5]:
s = c. F (9-41)
~ 284 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
H s F c trng cho s ng gp ca cc khi phn ng khc vo thi
gian lu t bo ca h. Gi Z1, Z2, Z3 l t l th tch ca b thiu kh 1, 2 v
b hiu kh 2 so vi ton b th tch khi phn ng th gi tr F c tnh:
1
F (9-42)
1 Z1 . 1 Z 2 . 1 Z 3
F c gi tr nm trong khong 1,4 n 2,0.
3) Tnh nng cht hu c sau x l t cc s liu ng hc ca vi sinh d
dng:
S
K s 1 k p , s . s
s .Ys .k k p , s 1
(9-43)
K N .1 k p , N . c
N
c .YN .k N k p , N 1
(9-44)
Lng nit do sinh khi hp thu ch c tnh cho loi vi sinh d dng:
Ys .S o S .FN
N sk X e .FN (9-46)
1 k p , s . s
Q. c Ys .S o S
VH ,1 XL (9-47)
X 1 k p , s . c
X l thiu kh.
1) Tnh nng nitrat trong dng hi lu hn hp bn - nc v b thiu
kh u tin:
Q.NO
NO3--N = (9-48)
Q Q1 Q2
Q1, Q2 l tc hi lu bn v hn hp bn - nc.
~ 285 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
2) Tnh lng oxy tng ng vi nitrat v b thiu kh u t dng hi
lu hn hp bn - nc:
vk ,1 (20 o C )
TM 1 . NO3 N (9-52)
VT ,1 . X
Q.S o
F/M (9-54)
X .VT ,1
VT ,1
TM 1 . NO3 N 0,03.Q.S o .1,06T 20
(9-55)
0,29 X .1,06T 20
~ 286 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
7) Tc kh nitrat ring ti b thiu kh 2 c tnh:
VT , 2
TM 2 . NO3 N (9-60)
X .v k , 2
X l hiu kh giai on 2
Th tch b hiu kh th hai ph thuc vo thi gian lu thy lc. B
thng c thit k vi thi gian lu thy lc t 30 n 60 pht.
VH, 2 = . Q (9-61)
Y (S S )
P(x) = s o X L .Q (9-60)
1 k p , s . s
X .V
s,t = (9-61)
P( x)
So snh gi tr s v s, t!
Tnh nhu cu oxy v kim theo cch trnh by cc phn trc!
~ 287 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Gi thit th tch b thiu kh 1, thiu kh 2 v hiu kh 2 chim 15%, 20% v
5% ca th tch khi phn ng.
- T cc thng s ng hc ca vi sinh vt t dng, thi gian lu t bo thit
k cho b hiu kh u tin c c gi tr 3,15 d.
- Tnh gi tr F t phng trnh (9-42):
1
F 1,55
1 0,15. 1 0,20. 1 0,05
- Tnh gi tr thi gian lu t bo cho c h s:
s = c. F = 3,15. 1,55 = 4,88 d.
- Tnh nng cht hu c sau x l:
K s .1 k p , s . s 1,34.1 0,06.3,15
S 1,6 mg/l
s .Ys .k s k p , N 1 3,15.0,15.4,62 0,06 1
~ 288 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Tnh lng nitrat cn kh trong b thiu kh u vi gi thit l nng
nitrat sau khi ra khi h x l (ti b lng th cp) l 2 mg/l [phng trnh
(9-50)]:
M1(NO3--N)= Q1(NO3--N)e + Q2. NO3--N = 1000. 2 + 4000. 4,7
= 20800 g. d-1.
- Tng lng nitrat cn kh trong b thiu kh u (nitrat + oxy):
TM1(NO3--N)= 20800 + 2800 = 23600 g. d-1.
- Tnh th tch b x l thiu kh th nht:
TM 1 ( NO3 N ) 0,03Q.S o .1,06 T 20
VT ,1
0,029.2000.1,06 T 20
23600 0,03.1000.300.1,06 5
5
149m 3 .
0,029.2000.1,06
- Tnh khi lng nitrat cn x l ti b thiu kh th hai:
M2(NO3--N)= Q [NO - (NO3--N)e] M1(NO3--N)
= 1000. (28,1 2,0) 20800 = 5300 g. d-1.
- Khi lng oxy tng ng nitrat ti b thiu kh 2 [phng trnh (9-57)]
c tnh vi DO = 2 mg/l, Q1 = Q:
(NO3--N)t, 2 = (Q + Q1).DO.0,35 = 2000. 2. 0,35 = 1400 g. d-1.
- Tng khi lng nitrat cn x l trong b thiu kh 2:
TM2 (NO3--N) = 5300 + 1400 = 6700 g. d-1.
- Tnh tc kh nitrat ring ti b thiu kh 2 [phng trnh (9-59)]:
vk, 2 = 0,12. s-0,706. 1,02T-20 = 0,12. 4,88-0,706. 1,025 = 0,04 d-1.
- Th tch b thiu kh th 2:
TM 2 ( NO3 N ) 6700
VT, 2 = 84 m3.
X .vk , 2 2000.0,04
- Tnh th tch b hiu kh 2 vi thi gian lu thy lc l 45 pht:
1000.45
V 31m3.
60.24
Kim tra thng s thit k.
- Tng th tch khi phn ng.
V = 398 + 149 + 84 + 31 = 662 m3.
- Tnh lng bn thi:
~ 289 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Y .( S S ) 0,8.300 5,8
P(x) = s o X L .Q 60.1000
1 k p , s . s 1 0,07.4,88
= 23432 g. d-1
- Tnh thi gian lu t bo t lng bn thi:
V . X 662.2000
s,t = 5,6d .
P( x) 23432
s v s,t lch nhau ti 15% nn qu trnh tnh cn c lp li vi cc
thng s la chn khc ca c, F.
- Nhu cu oxy v kim c tnh nh trnh by phn 9. 3. 1, 9. 3. 2.
9. 4. Thit k h x l photpho.
Ngoi phng php kt ta photphat bng bin php ha hc (trnh by ti
4. 2) c th x l hp cht photpho bng bin php sinh hc. So vi bin php
ha hc, phng php sinh hc c nhng li th:
- Gim hoc khng s dng ha cht kt ta (Al3+, Fe3+, Ca2+) v ha cht ph
tr dng trong qu trnh kt ta (kim).
- Gim thiu s pht trin ca v sinh dng si to iu kin tt cho qu trnh
lng th cp.
- Tit kim mt phn nng lng sc kh do mt phn cht hu c tiu hao
cho x l photpho.
- To iu kin thun li cho qu trnh oxy ha amoni do cht hu c gim
trong giai on ym kh.
- Nng cp cc h x l nc thi ang hot ng mt cch d dng v vi gi
thnh hp l.
Nhc im ca phng php gm:
- Din bin ca qu trnh vi sinh phc tp, vn tch loi photpho c quan
tm cha lu nn cc thng s k thut dng trong thit k cng nh cc yu
t nh hng tn mn v gi tr v thm ch tri ngc v kt qu [32, 33]
dn n vic tnh ton d gp sai st th hin khu vn hnh.
- Kim sot iu kin vn hnh cn cht ch sao cho trong vng ym kh
khng tn ti oxy ha tan v nitrat.
Mt h thng x l nc thi c th hot ng theo cc phng thc: ch
x l hp cht nit hoc ch x l photpho hoc kt hp c hai qu trnh trn
~ 290 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
rt c hiu qu nh cc qu trnh ang c s dng: A2/O, Bardenpho nm
giai on, UCT hoc VIP vi iu kin thit k v vn hnh ng.
Hin tng v c ch tch loi photpho bng phng php vi sinh c
trnh by ti phn 8. 4. X l ym kh l mt b phn phi c x l photpho
c trnh by ti 7. 3.
Mt s nt chnh cn c nhc li gm:
- Qu trnh x l cht hu c trong iu kin ym kh xy ra theo cc bc k
tip nhau: thy phn cc phn t hu c ln, cc cht hu c dng khng tan
thnh cc phn t hu c tan c khi lng nh, axit ha cc cht hu c tan
to ra cc axit bo d bay hi (VFA) v bc cui cng l to ra kh metan
(xem s 7. 14).
- Mt s chng loi vi sinh d dng, ch yu l Acinetobacter c kh nng
hp thu photpho nhiu hn lng cn thit xy dng t bo trong iu
kin hiu kh (bn hot tnh) v gii phng lng photpho d ra ngoi mi
trng trong iu kin ym kh khi chng hp thu cht hu c. Cht hu c
khi hp thu vo trong c th vi sinh s c polyme ha.
- Mt h thng x l photpho bng bin php sinh hc v vy l mt h thng
bao gm hai giai on k tip nhau: ym kh v hiu kh. Trong mi trng
hiu kh vi sinh vt tch ly photpho, trong mi trng ym kh vi sinh vt
thi photphat v tch ly cht hu c. Nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy c
mt s loi vi sinh vt kh nitrat (Denitrifier) cng c kh nng tch loi
photpho trong iu kin thiu kh [34, 35].
- Tch loi photpho ra khi h x l nc thi c th thc hin theo hai cch:
tng cng loi b bn (sinh khi) t b lng th cp, tc l tch photpho
di dng sinh khi ngay sau giai on x l hiu kh c gi l phng
php trc tip t dng chnh (mainstream) hoc tch photphat tan trong nc
bng bin php kt ta ha hc sau x l ym kh bng cch ghp thm h
x l ha hc. Phng php sau cn c ghp thm h thng ph tr v
c gi l phng php dng ph (sidestream).
Do tnh cht ca qu trnh x l photpho l thc y v to iu kin vi
sinh c kh nng tch ly photpho pht trin nn phng php c tn tng
cng loi b photpho bng phng php vi sinh (enhanced biological
phosphorus removal, EBPR).
9. 4. 1. c th ca qu trnh x l photpho.
~ 291 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
H x l photpho c cu trc n gin: x l ym kh t trc x l hiu
kh, c hai h x l c chung h bn. Dng bn quay vng cng vi nc thi
c a v b x l ym kh. Sinh khi c vn chuyn lin tc v k tip
nhau qua mi trng ym kh v hiu kh. Trong mi trng ym kh, ni giu
cht hu c nht trong h x l, vi sinh vt c iu kin hp thu cht hu c v
gii phng photpho di dng photphat n, trong mi trng hiu kh chng
tch ly photphat tan trong nc thi. Do thay i v iu kin c cht t vng
ym kh sang hiu kh nn b ym kh cn ng vai tr ca b chn lc vi
sinh: thc y s pht trin ca vi sinh tch ly photpho v hn ch vi sinh
dng si pht trin, to iu kin lng bn tt hn trong b lng th cp (xem
7. 2. 1. 5) [36].
Thng thng thi gian lu thy lc trong b ym kh c nh hng khng
ln lm n qu trnh gii phng photpho, qu trnh ny ch yu ph thuc
vo c trng ca nc thi v cc thng s vn hnh: bn cht v nng
cht hu c, oxy ha tan, nitrat, pH, nhit . V l do , thit k h x l
photpho t hiu qu cao l vic khng d dng. Trong thit k cng phi m
bo cho yu t v iu kin vn hnh sao cho iu kin ym kh c duy tr,
v d gim lng oxy ha tan t dng vo v t dng hi lu bn. Qu trnh
gii phng photpho cng xy ra trong b lng v cng cn c hn ch khi
quay vng bn [37]. Do bin ng ca nhiu yu t nn h x l c thit k
rt cn yu t linh hot trong vn hnh, chnh l h thit k ng, ti u.
Mc ch ca h x l photpho l tch loi photpho v cht hu c trong
dng thi ra vi mt mc cht lng no v to iu kin bn lng tt
nhm gim thiu mt sinh khi trong dng thi. H x l photpho c th l
h mi xy dng hoc c ci to t cc h x l ang hot ng nhm p
ng tiu chun thi hin hnh, v vy vic thit k i hi gn, t thay i c
cu ca h c. V d vi h x l bn hot tnh theo k thut dng l tng khi
chuyn i mt phn th tch b sang ch hot ng ym kh th c th xy
dng vch ngn tch ring hai vng, ngn chn s lu thng ngc li t
vng hiu kh sang ym kh. Tt nhin, ngay trong vng ym kh cng cn
c khuy trn to iu kin cho sinh khi trng thi l lng. H c
b tr nh vy km thm cc iu kin khc nh cp y cht hu c thch
hp, kim sot c oxy ha tan, nitrat, nitrit th h s hot ng c hiu qu.
Mt s m hnh c th s dng tnh ton thit k h x l photpho:
ASM2, ASM2d (IWA 1994, 2000) [38, 39, 40] hoc EAWAG Bio - P module
(phin bn ca ASM3) [41, 42], m hnh kinh nghim [43].
~ 292 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
c th thit k hiu qu mt h thng x l photpho, yu t cc k quan
trng l nh gi y cc c trng ca nc thi cn x l, c bit l
ngun cht hu c trong m vi sinh vt c th hp thu trong mi trng
ym kh [42, 43, 45].
h x l photpho hot ng c hiu qu cn p ng cc iu kin:
- iu kin mi trng ym kh, hiu kh k tip nhau.
- lng cht hu c m vi sinh vt tch ly photpho (PAO) c th hp thu.
- Lng photpho trong nc thi cao hn mc nhu cu tng hp t bo vi sinh.
- hm lng kali v magie.
- Vng pH thch hp.
l cc iu kin vi sinh vt PAO pht trin trong mi trng ym kh,
tt nhin t ti mc n nh v mt vi sinh vt cn c thi gian.
Dng hi lu bn t b lng th cp v b ym kh cn c ha trn lin tc
vi dng u vo. Sau mt thi gian nht nh, mt vi sinh PAO pht trin
t mc cc i.
~ 293 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
C cht trong mi trng ym kh.
Yu t quan trng nht nh hng ti hiu qu x l photpho l lng cht
hu c m vi sinh vt PAO c kh nng hp th. Nng cht hu c trc
ht phi p ng cho qu trnh kh oxy (t dng vo v hi lu bn) cng
nh cc cht oxy ha khc c mt nh NO3-, NO2- v vi sinh vt a s dng c
cht chuyn ha thnh nng lng hn l tch ly, ng ngha vi tc
chuyn ha c cht sn xut nng lng xy ra nhanh hn, phn cht hu
c d sau mi c vi sinh PAO s dng cho mc ch tch ly. Bn cht
ca cht hu c cng c vai tr quan trng, khc vi phn ln cc chng loi
vi sinh khc, cht hu c sau khi c hp th cn c chuyn ha thnh
polyme v vy cht hu c khng nhng cn phi c tnh nng hp th c
m cn phi c c trng d polyme ha. Hp cht axit bo d bay hi c
mch carbon t 2 - 5 nguyn t c coi l thch hp vi sinh PAO hp th,
tuy nhin hiu sut hp thu v gii phng photphat ca tng cu t l khc
nhau. Bng 9. 7 trnh by hiu qu hp thu photpho trong giai on hiu kh
R(P/COD) v t l COD s dng loi b photpho R (COD/P) trong c h.
Ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht hu c (tnh theo COD) trong iu kin: thi
gian lu t bo l 13 ngy, x l hiu kh vi nng oxy tan cao, COD sau
x l rt thp [5]:
~ 294 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
hp, trong axit axetic c hiu qu cao nht v rt may mn li l thnh phn
ch yu ca qu trnh ln men ym kh cht hu c. Tht ra cc thnh phn
cht hu c trong bng 9. 7 u l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men, t l ca
tng hp cht ph thuc vo ngun hu c nguyn liu. T s liu ca bng 9.
7 cho thy ch c axit valeric trong s cc VFA l c t l s dng cao, tc l
hiu sut gii phng photpho thp: 68 g axit valeric tnh theo COD gii
phng 1 g photpho, cng l s liu thng thy i vi cc h x l nc
thi (50 : 1) sinh hot.
S hnh thnh cc axit bo d bay hi xy ra khng nhng ti cc b x l
ym kh m cn xy ra ti cc cng rnh thu gom nc thi, c bit l nc
thi th vi thi gian lu tng i di min l khng (t) c mt ca oxy
ha tan v nitrat. l iu kin thun li tit kim chi ph xy dng (th
tch) b x l ym kh. Qu trnh ln men ym kh v hm lng VFA hnh
thnh ph thuc vo t l BOD/COD, trong thnh phn COD bao gm c COD
khng tan c ngun gc t cn hu c khng tan trong nc thi.
S liu thng c chp nhn l lng cht hu c trong b x l ym kh
phi ln hn 25 mg/l tnh theo VFA mi c kh nng duy tr qu trnh hot
ng ca vi sinh PAO. Khi ngun hu c cao hn gi tr trn s tng cng
hiu qu gii phng photpho v tch ly cht hu c trong mi trng ym kh
v tch tr photpho trong mi trng hiu kh sau , hiu qu tip tc tng
n mt gi tr nht nh i vi mt t l VFA/P, gi tr VFA/P ti u ph
thuc vo thnh phn ca VFA. Trn mc VFA/P ti u, kh nng tch ly
photpho ca vi sinh khng tng tip tc v BOD ca dng ra khi b ym kh
tng theo. BOD vo b hiu kh cao s thc y s pht trin ca loi vi sinh d
dng khng c kh nng tch ly photpho, lm gim mt (t l) ca vi
sinh PAO trong sinh khi, ko theo hm lng photphat trong b hiu kh
gim. Tuy vy c nhng trng hp cho thy: khi nng axit axetic cao hn
400 mg/l th hiu qu x l photpho ca h gim.
Lng photpho d.
Thiu photpho cng c nh hng tiu cc nh thiu cht hu c. Thc t
vn hnh cho thy lun thiu mt trong hai yu t trn. Tt nhin h ch hot
ng khi hm lng photpho d so vi nhu cu tng hp t bo, v trong
trng hp thiu hay va photpho th h x l photpho l khng cn thit.
Magie v kali.
~ 295 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hai loi nguyn t vi lng quan trng i vi vi sinh PAO l magie v
kali. Hai loi nguyn t trn thng p ng nhu cu cho vi sinh trong nc
thi sinh hot, ch phi b xung i vi mt s loi nc thi cng nghip hoc
hn hp nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot. Canxi khng phi l yu t c
bit i vi vi sinh PAO. T l Mg/K cn thit bin i trong khong rng, rt
c th chng thay th c ln cho nhau. H x l photpho s khng hot
ng khi vng mt hai yu t trn hoc c mt nhng vi nng thp. T l
gia [K]: [P] 0,356 v [Mg]: [P] 0,25 (tnh theo mol) c th l thch hp
[5].
9. 4. 2. nh hng ca cc yu t ln hiu qu x l.
~ 296 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Kt qu nh gi t nhiu h thng x l v nghin cu pilot cho thy:
nng photphat ti u ra ph thuc vo t l BOD/TP ti u vo ca giai
on x l ym kh, c th vi BOD/TP 20 th nng photpho ti u ra s
t c mc 1,0 mg/l hay thp hn.
Gi tr BOD ca nc thi bin ng ln hn so vi gi tr COD (gi tr
COD c tnh lp cao hn BOD) v vy t l COD tng (tan v khng tan)
TCOD/TP c s dng c trng s thun li hn. Khi t l TCOD/TP
45 th nng photpho ti u ra thng t gi tr thp hn hoc bng 1,0
mg/l.
Hn ch photpho v cht hu c.
Thnh phn ca nc thi dng vo s xc nh tc gii phng photpho
v tch ly cht hu c trong giai on ym kh v hiu qu x l photpho ca
c h. Khi cht hu c thch hp, tc chuyn ha nhanh, thi gian lu
thy lc v th tch b x l nh (ym kh). Tuy vy tc ca c qu trnh
(ym kh, hiu kh) th li b rng buc bi c hai thnh phn: cht hu c v
photpho, vy nn c h s b thiu (khng ch) bi mt trong hai thnh phn
trn: khi dng vo t photpho th lng cht hu c t b tiu hao trong mi
trng ym kh, lm tng nng hu c giai on hiu kh; khi dng vo
thiu cht hu c th qu trnh gii phng photpho km, ko theo l qu trnh
tch ly photpho trong mi trng hiu kh gim, cht lng nc thi ti u
ra km.
Thiu cht hu c c th do hai nguyn nhn: tng lng cht hu c trong
dng vo so vi t l tng photpho thp (nh gi qua TCOD, BOD) hoc do
cht hu c trong dng vo khng chuyn ha kp thnh sn phm m vi sinh
PAO c th s dng (VFA) cho qu trnh hp th v polyme ha. Nguyn
nhn sau thng xy ra, c bit i vi nc thi sinh hot nu so snh gia
COD/TP vi BOD/TP. Nu thnh phn COD c th sinh hy/TP trong nc
thi sinh hot lun cao hn 40 th t l BOD/TP phn ln l thp hn 20. V l
do , h x l photpho thng c thit k h ln men s b b xung
VFA cho qu trnh x l (vi cc ni c iu kin kh hu nng m, tc
thy phn v ln men s nhanh hn nhiu so vi cc vng kh hu lnh, vn
cha c nghin cu k cng) hoc ko di thi gian x l ym kh c
lng VFA cn thit.
~ 297 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Photphat ch c tch loi ra khi h thng x l thng qua sinh khi, v
vy hiu qu tch loi photpho ph thuc vo lng bn thi (tui bn) v
hm lng photpho trong . Hm lng photpho trong sinh khi ph thuc
vo yu t hu c hoc photpho trong nc thi u vo: t cht hu c th t
l vi sinh PAO v hm lng photpho trong chng cao, tuy vy hm lng
photpho d trong nc dng ra cng s cao. Ngc li nu hm lng photpho
trong dng vo thp s khng xy ra qu trnh gii phng photpho trong b
ym kh. Lng cht hu c d to iu kin cc loi vi sinh d dng
khng thuc h PAO pht trin, lm gim t l ca vi sinh PAO trong sinh
khi, ko theo l hm lng photpho trong sinh khi thp (ch 4 - 6% chng
hn).
Trong thc t cng thng nhn thy hin tng: khi hm lng photpho
trong sinh khi cao th nng photpho trong dng ra cng cao v khi nng
photpho trong sinh khi thp th nng photpho sau x l cng thp theo
nu thit k v vn hnh h x l ng. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn l do
t l COD/P trong dng vo mi trng ym kh quyt nh c hm lng
photpho trong sinh khi v nng photpho trong dng thi, c hai thng s
trn t l nghch vi t l COD/P.
~ 298 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tng thi gian lu t bo s lm tng hm lng photpho trong sinh khi
do t l ca vi sinh PAO trong tng (hm lng photpho c th ln n
32%), do vy c th tin hnh x l theo hai giai on vi tui bn ca tng
giai on l 4 n 5 ngy. Tt nhin vn hnh nh vy s tng lng bn thi,
l iu khng mong mun. Tuy nhin nu tng tui bn th d xy ra qu trnh
nitrat ha tng phn hoc hon ton v khi cn phi thm giai on kh
nitrat. H x l theo qu trnh UCT, VIP hot ng theo nguyn tc trn: nitrat
trong dng hi lu bn c kh trc khi c x l ym kh. Cng c th
p dng cc s cng ngh khc: tch mt phn th tch b ym kh kh
nitrat t dng bn hi lu, s dng mt phn nc u vo (5 - 20%) trn vi
bn hi lu nhm cung cp cht hu c cho qu trnh kh nitrat, phn nc
vo cn li dn vo ngn ym kh (ngn thiu kh c ni tip vi ngn ym
kh). Phng n trn c hiu qu hn so vi qu trnh UCT, VIP do chi ph
xy dng thp hn, qu trnh kh nitrat hiu qu hn nh mt vi sinh cao.
T cc phn tch trn cho thy, h x l photpho thch hp l h x l ym
kh c kch thc d thay i bng cch xy dng nhiu ngn ni tip nhau,
trong tng ngn u c lp t h thng khuy trn nhm p ng s bin
ng ca cht lng nc thi v iu kin vn hnh. Tt nhin nu h x l
photpho c trang b thm h ln men s b (prefermentation) th hiu qu
x l photpho hiu qu v n nh hn nhiu trong khi ch cn th tch mi
trng ym kh rt nh (5% so vi th tch khi phn ng) do tc phn ng
ca VFA rt nhanh (tt nhin l phi ).
nh hng ca nhit .
T l TCOD/TP cng tc ng ln nh hng ca nhit n hiu qu x
l photpho ca h: khi thiu COD th nh hng ca nhit ti hm lng
photpho trong sinh khi mnh hn so vi khi thiu photpho. H x l photpho
~ 299 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
khng hot ng khi thi gian lu t bo l 5 ngy, nhit 10oC, thiu COD
v iu ny khng xy ra khi h thiu photpho.
9. 4. 4. Qu trnh ln men s b.
~ 300 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
bo d bay hi m tt nht l axit axetic. Ln men s b chnh l nhm mc
ch cung cp cht hu c thch hp cho qu trnh gii phng photpho.
Nh c trnh by trong phn 7. 3. 1, axit bo d bay hi l sn phm
trung gian ca qu trnh x l nc thi (cht hu c) trong iu kin ym kh,
v vy h x l ln men s b (prefermentation) thng c lp ghp vo h
thng x l photpho m bo cho qui trnh x l n nh, nguyn liu dng
cho qu trnh ln men s b l cn cht hu c tch ra t b lng s cp hoc
ln men nc thi th [48, 49, 50].
VFA l sn phm ca qu trnh thy phn cht hu c v c th sn xut
theo cc phng php: vi sinh, ha hc v nhit thy phn.
Thy phn sinh hc l qu trnh cc vi sinh vt ym kh thy phn cc cht
rn hu c hay cc phn t hu c ln qua phn ng xc tc men ngoi bo.
V l sn phm trung gian nn cn phi dng phn ng trc khi VFA chuyn
ha thnh metan l sn phm cui ca qu trnh bng cch la chn thi gian
phn ng thch hp. Sn phm chnh ca qu trnh ln men s b ch yu l
axit axetic cng vi cc VFA khc rt thch hp cho vi sinh PAO. Trong qu
trnh ln men s b c th chuyn ha 10 - 15% COD rn thnh dng tan v
75% dng tan l VFA.
Thy phn ha hc c tin hnh trong mi trng axit (pH = 2) hoc trong
mi trng kim (pH = 14) vi thi gian phn ng khong 4 gi. Hiu sut
phn ng ha hc thy phn ngang vi thy phn sinh hc khi dng xt
(NaOH) iu chnh pH, nhng ch t khong 50% khi dng axit HCl hoc
vi (Ca(OH)2). Thy phn ha hc to ra sn phm cha t VFA.
Thy phn nhit trong iu kin p sut kh cao (6 atm) v nhit 160 oC
trong 2 gi c hiu sut ngang vi thy phn sinh hc nhng sn phm cng
cha t VFA. S dng thm axit sunfuric trong thy phn nhit s tng hiu
sut phn ng, chuyn ha ti 35 - 40% TCOD nhng sn phm cng ngho
VFA.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, thy phn sinh hc c u th hn so vi hai
phng php kia.
~ 301 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Ln men s b cng c th tin hnh vi nc thi cha x l min l nng
cht hu c trong ln (trn 200 mg/l tnh theo BOD). Nc thi trong
cc cng rnh thu gom cng cha mt lng VFA ng k trong iu kin
dng chy chm, nhit cao, thi gian lu thy lc trong cng rnh di,
chiu su ca rnh ln v chiu rng thp. Tuy vy ch ng trong vn
hnh, xy dng h ln men s b hot ng c lp cung cp VFA cho x
l photpho l phng n an ton. Trong suy ngh ca cc nh cng ngh x l
nc thi, ln men s b ch nn thc hin cc vng c kh hu lnh, v d
vng ty Canada hay bc u. Tuy nhin trong thc t phng n ln men s
b cng c thc hin nhiu ni trn th gii: rt ph bin Australia v
vi mc trong vng kh hu n i v c nhit i [48, 49]. Sn phm ca
qu trnh ln men s b cn c kh nng thc y tc kh nitrat, v d s
dng nc rc th cha VFA (nc rc c tui thp, c xem l sn phm
ca ln men s b) kh nitrat hnh thnh sau giai on x l hiu kh [51,
52].
Hiu qu sn xut VFA cung cp cho h x l photpho ph thuc vo
nguyn liu v iu kin sn xut.
Nguyn liu ch to VFA c th l nc thi c vt ra t bn thi
hoc nc ra cc thit b vt bn, bn thi c ngun gc t b lng s cp.
Trong cc b bn (bn lng s cp v th cp) ym kh lun c mt lng
nc trong pha trn lp bn c thi ra, nc thi ny cng cha VFA
nhng vi hm lng thp. Nc c vt ra t bn ym kh cha nhiu VFA
hn. S dng bn t b lng s cp ln men s b, quay vng bn (vi sinh)
trong h ln men s b vo b lng s cp l gii php c hiu qu sn xut
VFA. Trong phng n trn, mt lp bn ym kh c to ra trong b lng s
cp, lp vi sinh trn chuyn ha cc cht rn trong dng vo. Phng php
trn c tn gi l b lng s cp hot tnh (activated primary sedimentation
tank).
Cc h hot ng ym kh di ngy lun c xu hng to thnh metan nn
thng phi p dng bin php thi bn theo chu k, tn xut thi bn ph
thuc vo iu kin c th ca a phng v theo ma. i vi h hot ng
ln men s b gin on, mc thi bn d kim sot hn, vi mt mc thi
bn ti u nhm to ra nhiu VFA.
~ 302 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
T kt qu nghin cu cho thy, iu kin ln men s b c hiu qu i
vi cht rn hu c: mt sinh khi 30 - 40.000 mg/l; nng VFA cao t
c trong thi gian 6 - 9 ngy k t khi qu trnh ln men bt u.
Hiu qu ln men ti a t 0,125 kg VFA tnh theo COD trn 1 kg sinh
khi hu hiu (tnh theo COD), hiu qu ch t 0,075 kg/kg vi thi gian lu
thy lc 3 - 4 ngy. T l cc axit d bay hi trong tng VFA c gi tr 1,0:
1,0: 0.08: 0,07 tng ng vi axit axetic, propionic, butyric v axit valeric.
Th tch b x l ym kh.
Tc hp thu VFA ca vi sinh PAO rt nhanh vng nhit cao hn
o
14 C theo phn ng bc 1. Do tc hp th nhanh nn th tch b ym kh s
tr nn t quan trng hn so vi thi gian lu t bo (vng ym kh) khi h
c cung cp VFA. Th tch b ym kh ch chim mt t l thp trong
ton b khi phn ng (khong 5%) vi thi gian lu thy lc tng ng nh
hn 1 gi. Phng php ln men s b l gii php ti u cung cp VFA
cho h x l.
Phn ng tiu th VFA l bc mt, v vy c th tnh ton th tch b x l
ym kh theo tc tiu hao VFA. Tc phn ng ph thuc vo nhit ,
yu t hin nay cha tm hiu c k cng. Theo kinh nghim, b ym kh c
th tch 5 - 10% l tha mn. Th tch b ym kh c th tnh ton trn c s
thi gian lu t bo ti thiu vi h s an ton cao (2 n 3).
Th tch b ym kh c nh hng ln hn nhiu i vi hiu qu x l khi
hm lng VFA thp hn so vi photphat. Ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht
hu c, qu trnh ln men to ra VFA trong b x l ym kh c tc chm,
v vy nu tng thi gian lu thy lc hay th tch b ym kh ln n 25% th
tch khi phn ng th lng VFA to thnh s p ng c cho qu trnh
gii phng photpho.
~ 303 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
S dng h x l ym kh v thiu kh kh nitrat v gii phng photpho
s lm gim nhu cu oxy cho giai on x l hiu kh sau , c th tit kim
c ti 30% so vi h bn hot tnh thng dng.
Trong b x l ym kh cng nh thiu kh, yu t tip xc gia sinh khi
vi c cht c xem l rt quan trng. Khuy trn trong cc h trn nhm
duy tr cho sinh khi tn ti trng thi l lng nhng cng cn trnh xo
ng mnh b mt lp nc gim thiu oxy thm nhp t kh quyn vo
khi phn ng.
Gia cc vng ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh cn c s cch ly v khng
gian nhm ngn nga cc dng trn ln vi nhau theo chiu ngc, a cc
cht oxy ha (oxy, nitrat, nitrit) t vng hiu kh v. Dng hiu kh quay
ngc v gy thm nguy c thc y vi sinh dng si v vi sinh to bt pht
trin. Ca thng cc ngn nn c tit din nh sao cho tc dng nc ti
thiu 0,3 m/giy (tc dng nc bng lu lng chia cho tit din chy), v
tr ca ca thng ngn nn t cao di mt nc, khng di 0,5 m.
Trong h x l photpho b lng th cp c vai tr rt quan trng. t
c tiu chun thi cao v phng din photpho th cn duy tr lng cn
khng tan (sinh khi) thp ti u ra. Ti lng b mt i vi b lng th cp
trong h x l photpho ch nn bng khong 50% so vi h bn hot tnh
thng dng (12,2 - 16,3 m3. m-2. d-1 so vi 24 - 32 m3. m-2. d-1).
Photpho tip tc c gii phng t sinh khi, c bit y b lng th
cp [38] nn cn p dng cc gii php k thut hn ch, v d bng cch
tng chiu cao ca lp nc trong b lng sao cho nc khng b chy ngc
qua lp bn trong b lng. Ni cch khc photpho tan ra t sinh khi s c
quay v b ym kh theo ng hi lu bn hoc bn thi ch khng theo
nc sau lng ra ngoi mi trng. Chiu cao hp l ca b lng th cp nm
trong khong 4,3 - 5,5 m v tc hi lu bn nm trong khong 0,25 - 1,25
Q.
S dng phi hp vi ha cht kt ta photphat (Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+) s tng
cng c hiu qu x l photphat (xem 4. 2. 3) m khng nh hng n
qu trnh x l photpho bng phng php sinh hc min l vi liu lng hp
l cht kt ta. S dng phi hp vi cht kt ta c gi thnh thp hn so vi
phng php kt ta n c. S dng qu liu lng cht kt ta gy nguy c
tch loi qu mc vi sinh PAO. C th chm kt ta nhiu v tr khc nhau
nhng tt hn c l trc khi vo b lng th cp.
~ 304 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Thit k h x l photpho c tin hnh theo th t cc bc: Tnh ton
th tch b x l ym kh, cn nhc kh nng xy dng h thng ln men s b
v tnh ton thi gian lu t bo. Tip theo l cn nhc vic chia nh khoang
ym kh, ngn nga trn dng, mc khuy trn, thit k hp l b lng th
cp, hn ch qu trnh gii phng photpho trong b lng th cp.
Cc bc chi tit trong thit k gm [5]:
1) Xc nh tiu chun thi i vi nng photpho.
2) Xc nh t l TCOD/TP v TBOD/TP ca dng vo.
3) S dng th Randal (hnh 9. 3) xc nh t l TCOD/TP p ng
tiu chun thi. Nu TCOD/TP > 40 th hiu qu x l photpho s tt khi h
c thit k ng. Nu t l TCOD/TP < 40 hay TBOD/TP < 20 th hiu qu
x l thp v v vy cn cp thm VFA bng bin php ln men s b hoc cc
ha cht tng ng hoc phi p dng thm bin php kt ta ha hc.
4) Xc dnh t l BOD/COD c tnh kh nng ln men v cn ch l
t l trn bin ng theo thi gian, gi tr s dng thit k phi l gi tr thp
nht. Nu TCOD/TP > 40 v BOD/COD > 0,5 th c th t hiu qu x l
photpho tt khi thit k th tch b ym kh ln m khng cn b xung
VFA. Thi gian lu thy lc trong x l ym kh cng di th hiu qu tch
loi photpho cng ln (hnh 9. 4a). Khi TCOD/TP < 40 v BOD/COD < 0,5 th
cn th tch b ym kh ln (hnh 9. 4. b) hoc b xung thm VFA (ln men s
b) hoc dng bin php kt ta ha hc. Nu s dng bin php ln men s
b th th tch b ym kh ch cn 5 - 10% ca tng th tch khi phn ng.
Nu BOD/COD > 0,5 v TCOD/TP > 40 th c th khng phi s dng bin
php ln men s b nhng cn b ym kh c th tch chim khong 15% hoc
thi gian lu thy lc khng thp hn 90 pht.
~ 305 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
14
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
T l TCOD: TP dng vo
7
B
Nng photpho tng dng ra, mg/l
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
T l TCOD: TP dng vo
~ 306 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
14
Lng photpho x l
a
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Thi gian lu thy lc ym kh, gi
14
12
b
(TP vo-P tan ra), mg/l
Lng photpho x l
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Thi gian lu thy lc ym kh, gi
~ 307 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
0.9
0.8
Hng s tc hp th
0.7
mgP/gSKHH.pht
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6
pH
Nhit , oC
25,5 21 17 13 19
tng trng thc cc i, ngy-1
0,0 1,0
Ln (max thc) = -4366(1/T)+ 14.2
-0,2 1,2
Thi gian lu bn, ngy
-0,6 1,8
2,7
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nh my pilot, Mc Clintock
~ 309 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
oxy ha l mt bin hnh cng ngh ca k thut phn ng khuy trn u
dng lin tc trong mt mng di. c trng quan trng ca mng oxy ha
l tnh chu k chm ca phng php bn hot tnh (low rate cyclic activated
sludge process) vi t l thc n/vi sinh (F/M ratio) nh hn 0,1 x l hp
cht dinh dng. i vi nc thi sinh hot c hm lng BOD khong 200
mg/l th thi gian lu thy lc ca h thng bng hoc ln hn 20 gi ph
thuc vo t l F/M. T l F/M nm trong khong 0,05 - 0,1 c la chn cho
qu trnh oxy ha v nitrat ha, cn nu thm c mc tiu kh nitrat th t l
trn c chn thp hn: 0,03 - 0,06. Thi gian lu t bo ca h mng oxy
ha nm trong khong 20 - 40 ngy. Do thi gian lu t bo ln nn bn c
nn cht, d lng, ch s bn rt thp (nh hn 80 ml/g).
Ti lng hu c kh thp trong k thut mng oxy ha: 1,4 - 1,6 kg. m-3.
d-1, mt sinh khi nm trong khong 2000 - 8000 mg/l.
Oxy ha (hiu kh), kh nitrat (thiu kh) v x l photpho c thc hin
trong mng oxy ha thng qua iu khin nng oxy khc nhau theo thi
gian hoc theo v tr. Do cc vng hiu kh, thiu kh v ym kh tn ti khng
bit lp hon ton bi qu trnh trn ln nhau nn t hiu qu x l
photpho cao hn ngi ta ghp thm mt ngn x l ym kh ring c lp v
mng oxy ha nh m t trong hnh 9. 7.
quay vng bn
vo
o
ngn ym kh
quay vng bn
~ 310 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
hp cht nit. K thut ghp ni nhiu mng oxy ha to ra cc bin hnh
cng ngh khc nh BIO - DENITRO v BIO - DENIPHO.
Qu trnh Schreiber.
Tt c cc qu trnh x l ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh c thc hin
trong cng mt b. B c cu trc hnh trn trong c lp mt thanh cu
c th xoay quanh tm. Trn cu c lp cc thit b phn tn kh (difuser),
cc u phn tn kh chuyn ng trong nc trong khi cp kh. Trong kh cu
vn quay m ngng cp kh s to ra mi trng thiu kh.
Qu trnh Biolac.
H sinh hc c xy dng trn nn t, gn thit b phn tn kh ngp
trong nc kt hp vi tui bn cao l c trng ca qu trnh Biolac. Thit b
phn tn kh mn dng mng (membrane diffuser) c gn vi thit b sc kh
c th chuyn ng trong ao cp kh cho mi v tr ca ao sinh hc. Thit b
phn tn kh c lp t cch y ao khong 0,3 m, mc cp kh ph
thuc vo mc ch ca qu trnh ti tng thi im. Ao thng c su 2,4 -
4,6 m.
Biolac c th c thit k nhm oxy ha amoni vi thi gian lu t bo 40
- 70 ngy, t l F/M nm trong khong 0,04 - 0,1, mt sinh khi: 1500 -
5000 mg/l. C th tin hnh ng thi qu trnh kh nitrat bng cch p dng
cc chu trnh hiu kh/thiu kh theo thi gian.
Sinh khi d c tch ra khi ao bng cch s dng bm ht (airlift
pump) hoc xy dng thm h lng th cp km theo vi ti lng b mt 16 -
18 m3. m-2. d-1. Mc cp kh tiu chun l 4 m3 kh/1000 m3 nc trong ao.
~ 311 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
mt b c dng vo lin tc, khc vi k thut bn hot tnh l khng c b
lng th cp c lp v v vy khng c ng hi lu bn. H hot ng theo
chu k bn gi c chia lm 3 pha: sc kh, lng v gn vi thi gian tng
ng cho cc pha trn l 2,1 v 1 gi.
Qu trnh oxy ha BOD, amoni xy ra trong giai on sc kh, kh nitrat
xy ra trong giai on lng v mt phn trong giai on gn. Tch bn c
thc hin trong giai on sc kh khi sinh khi c phn b u trong th tch
khi phn ng. Bn c lu gi trong mt ao ring tch nc, bn kh c
th s dng lm phn bn hoc chuyn v bi chn rc. H trn c ci tin
tch photpho bng cch ghp thm x l ym kh pha trc ao chnh. H
thch hp cho x l qui m nh.
K thut m k tip giai on l k thut mi c pht trin trong nhng
nm gn y. c im ni bt ca k thut ny l c th p ng tt s bin
ng ca nc thi v mt lu lng v nhim, din tch xy dng thp
do tt c cc giai on u c thc hin trong b, d t ng ha khu vn
hnh [57, 58]. iu kin ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh trong h c to ra do
vn hnh nn n rt thch hp cho mc ch x l photpho v hp cht nit khi
so snh vi cc phng php truyn thng hot ng kiu lin tc [55, 56, 59,
60].
X l hp cht nit, photpho trong k thut m k tip giai on c
quyt nh bi yu t vn hnh: thay i thi gian tin hnh cc pha (ym kh,
thiu kh, hiu kh) trong mt chu trnh trn c s theo di cc thng s lin
quan v iu khin chng [53, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65].
~ 312 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
M hnh ha qu trnh x l nc thi.
10
10. 1. Mc ch v lch s pht trin.
~ 313 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
(Activated Sludge Model No. 1) c thit lp, c bn ci ti Seminar nm
1985 ti an Mch v xut bn di dng bo co vo nm 1987. Sau thi
gian 5 nm nghin cu, pht trin v th thch, ASM1 tr thnh mt m hnh
c th s dng. ASM1 khng ch l mt m hnh m n cn l ti liu hng
dn phng php nh gi c trng ca nc thi, thit lp chng trnh tnh,
nhng li d mc phi v cch khc phc. ASM1 p ng kh tt vi t cch
l mt m hnh, tuy vy vn c chnh sa tip ph hp vi thc t ng
dng trong iu kin c th [2, 3].
M hnh ASM1 khng th s dng trc tip tnh ton, n ch l nn tng
cho cc m hnh khc vi s b xung thm cc chi tit c th.
Ti thi im xut bn m hnh ASM1, qu trnh x l photpho bng
phng php tng cng cng c s dng trong thc t x l nc thi
vi mt s lng h hn ch. Mc pht trin v l thuyt ca phng php
cha a vo m hnh ha qu trnh x l phtopho. T gia thp k 80
n gia thp k 90, bn cht ca qu trnh x l photpho c hiu bit
tng tn hn v c trin khai rng ri trong thc tin. Nhng tin b trong
thi gian trn cho php xy dng m hnh ASM2 cha ng ni dung x l
photpho tng cng bng bin php sinh hc. Cng trong thi gian hon thnh
m hnh ASM2, hin tng vi sinh vt Denitrifier c kh nng tch ly
photpho c pht hin v c m hnh ha trong ASM2d.
Trong nm 1998 nhm chuyn gia quyt nh xy dng m hnh x l bn
hot tnh mi l ASM3 cha ng nhiu thng tin hn, trong ni bt l kh
nng tch ly cc thnh phn vt cht ca vi sinh vt c lin quan n qu trnh
trao i cht ca chng.
~ 314 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
sinh t dng hiu kh v kh nitrat do vi sinh ty nghi dng d dng. Ni
dung chnh ca ASM1 s c trnh by ti phn tip theo.
Lp trnh v k hiu.
Kh khn gp phi khi thit lp mt m hnh ton hc m t mt h cha
nhiu tng tc nh trong h x l nc thi c khc phc bng cch m t
h thng qua mt ma trn.
Ngoi kh nng m t, phng php ma trn cn cho php rt ra c
nhiu thng tin b ch mt cch ti a.
Khi quan st mt h bn hot tnh n gin nht: vi sinh vt d dng hot
ng trong mi trng c oxy (hiu kh), chng s dng ngun carbon hu c
ha tan xy dng t bo sinh si pht trin v sn xut nng lng
duy tr hot ng, s nhn thy trong h tn ti ng thi hai qu trnh c
bn: tng sinh khi do t bo vi sinh pht trin v gim sinh khi do phn hy
ni sinh. Cc s kin: tiu hao oxy ha tan, suy gim cht hu c trong nc
thi khng c xem l cc qu trnh c bn, chng ch l kt qu ca qu
trnh tng sinh khi v phn hy ni sinh trong mi tng quan v t lng ca
h quan st.
M hnh n gin nht m t h trn cn ti ba yu t (thnh phn): nng
sinh khi, nng cht hu c tan v nng oxy ha tan. Din bin ca
~ 315 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
ba yu t trn trong hai qu trnh c bn c m t theo phng php ma trn
trong bng 10. 1.
Tnh lin tc
Yu t i i =1 i =2 i =3 Tc ca qu
XB Ss So trnh vi [Ml-3. T-1]
J Qu trnh
Cn bng vt cht
1. Pht trin 1 1 1 Y Ss
m. .X B
Y Y K s Ss
2. Phn hy -1 -1 kp. XB
ni sinh
Tc quan ri rij ij vi Thng s ng
st c j i
hc: Tc
[M.l-3. T-1] pht trin cc
~ 316 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
yu t ghi hng u (i = 1, 2, 3). Trong v d trn ch xy ra c hai qu trnh:
pht trin v phn hy ni sinh ca vi sinh vt. Hai qu trnh trn c ghi
ct pha tri ca ma trn. Ch s j c gn cho hai qu trnh pht trin (j = 1, j
= 2).
Cc qu trnh ng hc tng ng (pht trin, phn hy) c m t qua
cc phng trnh c ghi ct cui pha bn phi ca ma trn. Tc vj
tng ng vi qu trnh j ghi ct bn tri.
V d s dng phng trnh dng Monod (xem 6. 1. 1) th tc pht trin
ca vi sinh vt s c dng c ghi ct v hng tng ng.
Phng trnh Monod trong ma trn cho bit tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt
t l thun vi chnh nng ca n theo bc mt (v1), cn phng trnh
Herbert m t qu trnh phn hy ni sinh cng cho bit tc phn hy ni
sinh (v2 = kp. XB) cng ph thuc tuyn tnh vo nng sinh khi XB. Cc
thng s ng hc (m, Ks, kp) c nh ngha, nm pha gc phi di ca
ma trn.
Cc phn t trong ma trn bao gm c cc h s t lng ij, m t mi
tng quan v lng gia cc thnh phn tham gia trong tng qu trnh c th.
V d tng sinh khi (+1) trn c s tiu hao c cht (-1/Y) v oxy [-(1-Y)/Y].
S dng h s t lng ij s n gin hn nhiu khi m t vi iu kin l n
v s dng cho cc yu t c tnh cht tng hp. C th, tt c nng cc
cht hu c c tnh theo COD v nng oxy c gn cho COD c gi tr
m. Trong ma trn du (+) ch qu trnh sinh ra, du (-) ch qu trnh mt i.
H s t lng c nh ngha, ghi pha gc tri ca ma trn.
Cn bng vt cht.
Trong mt h x l, nng ca mt thnh phn c th b tc ng bi
nhiu qu trnh khc nhau. Phng php ma trn cho php d dng nhn ra
din bin ca mt thnh phn no v v vy gip thnh lp mi tng
quan v cn bng vt cht. iu c th thy bng cch dch chuyn t trn
xung di trong mt ct, v v vy pha tri ma trn c lu bi dng: cn
bng cht.
Phng trnh c bn m t cn bng cht trong mt h c gii hn:
u vo - u ra + phn ng = Tch ly (10-1)
~ 317 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
sn phm hnh thnh t h s t lng ij vi tc hnh thnh vj i vi t
yu t i.
ri ij v j (10-2)
j
m .S s
rX B .X B k p .X B (10-3)
Ks Ss
1 Ss
rSs m. .X B (10-4)
Y K s Ss
- Tc tiu th oxy:
1 Y Ss
rSo m . X B k p .X B (10-5)
Y K s Ss
~ 318 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
10. 2. 2. M hnh oxy ha, nitrat ha v kh nitrat.
~ 319 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
tc. Ngoi ra, cc phng trnh ng hc cng m t st thc t li cng kh
gii, v vy ngi lm m hnh ch chn nhng qu trnh c bn (ti thiu)
phn nh c trng ch yu ca h v la chn cc phng trnh ng hc c
th gii c v li gii ca chng c ch li trong ng dng thc tin. Trong
rt nhiu trng hp cc phng trnh ng hc c n gin ha i rt
nhiu. Mc d b n gin ha ng k, cc phng trnh ng hc khng
phn nh c tt cc din bin c th xy ra trong h song vn c th s dng
mc chp nhn c nu chng ti hin c kt qu ca cc s kin.
Khi xy dng m hnh, cc qu trnh ng hc m t chng c la chn
mang tnh i din v phng trnh mc n gin nht ph hp vi tng
qu trnh.
Vn vi mc ch n gin ha v thc dng, cc nh m hnh ha s dng
phng php (hm) ng - m (Switching functions), tc l mt qu trnh
(phng trnh ng hc) s hot ng hay dng li khi thay i iu kin mi
trng. Phng php trn ht sc cn thit i vi cc qu trnh ph thuc vo
s c mt ca cc cht thu in t khc nhau. V d loi vi sinh vt t dng
(oxy ha amoni) ch c th hot ng khi trong h c oxy (hiu kh), tc
pht trin ca chng s gim ti khng khi nng oxy cn kit bt chp s
c mt ca cc thnh phn cht nhn in t khc nh nitrat, nitrit, sunfat.
Hin tng trn c m hnh ha theo phng php ng - m thng qua
phng trnh:
So
(10-6)
K o So
Ko
(10-7)
So K o
~ 320 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vi mc tiu ca m hnh l tnh ton mt sinh khi v nhu cu ca cc
cht nhn in t khi gi tr ca cc thng s, v d Ko trong phng trnh (10-
6), (10-7), cha trong hm ng - m s nh hng n kt qu tnh ton. V
vy gi tr ca cc thng s c la chn ch mang tnh cht thun li v mt
x l ton hc ch khng phi l tnh thch nghi vi cc qui lut t nhin v v
th cn cn thn khi la chn sao cho m hnh c thit lp khng b mt
mc tiu thc tin.
~ 321 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tnh cht d sinh hy ca cht hu c thng i lin vi c trng n gin
v cu trc phn t nn vi sinh t dng c th s dng trc tip xy dng
t bo v sn xut nng lng. Nng lng thu c t cht hu c mt phn
c tch ly di dng ni nng trong sinh khi, phn khc b tiu th cho
tng hp t bo. in t (cho t cht hu c v nhn bi cc cht oxy ha)
lin quan n phn nng lng tiu th trn c dch chuyn ti cc cht thu
nhn in t ngoi sinh nh oxy hoc nitrat.
Ngc li, i vi cc cht sinh hy chm, thng l cc cht hu c c
cu trc phc tp, trc khi c vi sinh vt hp thu chng cn phi c
chuyn ha thnh dng d hp thu trc bn ngoi t bo (qu trnh thy
phn). Qu trnh thy phn c gi thit l khng cn s dng nng lng do
qu trnh trao i in t v v vy khng cn ti s c mt ca cc cht nhn
in t.
Tc thy phn ca cc cht hu c chm sinh hy thng l chm hn
so vi tc tiu th c cht d sinh hy, nn qu trnh thy phn s tr thnh
yu t quyt nh c qu trnh pht trin ca vi sinh vt nu trong h ch tn ti
dng cht hu c ny.
Tc thy phn cht hu c trong iu kin hiu kh nhanh hn trong
iu kin thiu kh v chm hn li trong mi trng ym kh.
Vic phn chia cht hu c thnh hai dng nhm mc ch nh gi kh
nng tiu th cht nhn in t trong h theo thi gian v khng gian.
Trong mt h x l hp cht hu c v nit ch tn ti hai mi trng l
hiu kh v thiu kh (s c thm mi trng ym kh nu x l thm
photpho), v vy loi vi sinh d dng (oxy ha cht hu c trong iu kin
hiu kh, kh nitrat trong mi trng thiu kh) s pht trin trn c s tiu hao
c cht trong mi trng hiu kh v thiu kh.
Sinh khi trong h suy gim lin quan n mt lot c ch: phn hy ni
sinh, cht, n tht ln nhau v phn hy. Tt c cc qu trnh trn trong khi xy
dng m hnh u c qui cho qu trnh chuyn ha sinh khi thnh dng
cht hu c chm sinh hy, khng tan vi k hiu l Xp, tr i vi cc tc
ng vi sinh tip theo. Qu trnh lm gim vi sinh vt c kh nng hot ng
c qui v cho l qu trnh phn hy v gi thit l tc phn hy khng
ph thuc vo s c mt ca cc cht nhn in t, tuy vy qu trnh chuyn
ha t cc cht chm sinh hy thnh dng c th hp th c (to ra sinh
khi mi) th li chu nh hng ca bn cht ca cht nhn in t.
~ 322 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hp cht cha nit trong nc thi cng c phn loi theo hai c trng:
sinh hy v khng sinh hy. Mi loi li c phn chia theo cc tnh cht
ring.
Thnh phn khng sinh hy lin quan mt thit n thnh phn hu c
(COD) dng khng tan, thnh phn tan khng sinh hy c nng nh nn
khng c xem xt n trong m hnh. Thnh phn hp cht nit c kh nng
sinh hy c phn loi thnh amoniac (c hai dng NH4+ v NH3) vi k hiu
l SNH, cht hu c cha nit tan, SND v cht hu c cha nit khng tan,
XND.
Cht hu c cha nit dng khng tan b thy phn thnh dng tan xy ra
ng thi vi qu trnh thy phn cht hu c chm sinh hy.
Cht hu c cha nit dng tan c chuyn ha thnh amoniac bi vi sinh
vt d dng. Ammoniac hnh thnh ng vai tr cung cp nit (dinh dng)
cho vi sinh vt (t dng, d dng, ch yu l loi d dng v mt ca
chng ln hn) trong qu trnh tng hp t bo v cho qu trnh sn xut nng
lng ca vi sinh vt t dng (xem 8. 1). Trong qu trnh oxy ha amoniac
sn xut nng lng, phn ng xy ra theo hai bc k tip nhau: to thnh
nitrit v nitrat, tuy vy trong m hnh ch c xem l mt giai on: trc tip
v nitrat khi oxy ha vi oxy. Nitrat hnh thnh l cht nhn in t cui cng
i vi vi sinh d dng trong mi trng thiu kh to thnh kh nit. S
phn hy t bo ca c vi sinh t dng v d dng trong qu trnh kh nitrat
v oxy ha amoniac to ra cc hp cht cha nit dng khng tan li tham gia
cc chu trnh nu trn.
T l vi sinh t dng v d dng trong tng sinh khi rt kh nh gi, v
vy khng c cp n khi xy dng m hnh m ch i hi s c mt
ca chng iu kin cn c thit lp phng trnh cn bng cht.
~ 323 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
trn). S c mt ca chng mang ngha l chng c tc ng n hiu qu
hot ng ca h x l: Cht hu c tr dng tan ng gp vo cht lng
COD ca nc thi sau x l, cht hu c tr dng khng tan l mt phn ca
sinh khi hu hiu, d bay hi khi nung 550oC ca bn hot tnh. Tt c cc
thnh phn cht hu c, k c loi khng tan u c nh lng qua c
trng COD.
Dc theo ct th hai (i = 2) cho thy cht hu c c kh nng sinh hy, Ss,
b tiu hao cho cc qu trnh: tng hp vi sinh d dng trong iu kin hiu
kh, thiu kh v c to ra bi qu trnh thy phn hp cht hu c khng
tan b bt gi trong bn hot tnh (j = 7).
Ct th t, i = 4 cho bit cc cht hu c chm sinh hy, Xs, b mt i do
qu trnh thy phn v c sinh ra bi qu trnh phn hy ca c vi sinh d
dng ln t dng, ni cch khc l vi sinh
~ 324 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 337 ~
ha [M. L-3. T-1]
Thnh phn
dng khng tan
8 Thy phn cht
hu c cha nit
Tng tc chuyn
1
2
~ 338 ~
9
~ 339 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 340 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 339 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 340 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 341 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 342 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 343 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 344 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 345 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 346 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 347 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 348 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 349 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
COD(sinh khi)
YH (10-10)
COD(tan)
~ 350 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
50
bt u sc kh dng sc kh
Tc tiu th oxy, mgO2. l-1. h-1 40
OUR
30
20
10
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Thi gian, gi
OUR V
Ss (10-11)
Q.(1 YH )
~ 351 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 352 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
S ND1 S s1
(10-12)
X ND1 S ND1 X s1 S s1
~ 353 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Xc nh thng s ng hc.
Hai thng s ng hc: hng s bn bo ha ca oxy i vi qu
trnh x l hiu kh d dng KOH v thiu kh KNO c s dng
ng s pht trin ca vi sinh d dng hiu kh v bt u giai
on x l thiu kh khi nng oxy ha tan gim. Cng tng t
nh vy, thng s ng hc KOA c s dng dng qu trnh
nitrat ha. Gi tr ca cc thng s trn c la chn mt cch ch
ng.
Nhng thng s ng hc tc ng mnh hn n m hnh l cc
thng s c trng cho tc pht trin vi sinh t dng mA- hng
s tc pht trin ring ti a. Thng s ny b nh hng mnh
bi cc thnh phn ha hc ca nc thi hn so vi thng s bn
bo ha SNH v n quyt nh thi gian lu t bo ca h x l.
Chnh v l do , nhiu c gng c thc hin nhm xc nh
gi tr ca thng s mA. Phng php xc nh mA thng c
tin hnh di iu kin dng chy trong h phn ng khuy trn
u trong cc th nghim xc nh cc thng s c trng cho qu
trnh vi sinh d dng. iu kin xc nh mA l vi sinh vt trong
h l loi t dng v nng oxy cao, khi gi tr thu c s
t c tin cy.
Khi bt u tin hnh th nghim xc nh mA, mc thi bn
nn thp hn mc thi gian lu t bo thc y nhanh qu trnh
~ 354 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 355 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 356 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 10. 3. Cc thng s chp nhn khi tnh ton m hnh [1].
K hiu Tn
~ 357 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 358 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 359 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 360 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 361 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
K hiu n v Gi tr
20oC 10oC
Thng s t lng
YA g t bo COD/g N tiu hao 0,24 0,24
Thng s ng hc
mH ngy-1 (d)-1 6,0 3,0
KS g COD. m-3 20 20
~ 362 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 10. 6. Nng c trng ca nc thi sinh hot sau lng [1].
~ 363 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 364 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 365 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 366 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
10. 5. ng dng.
Q
Q1 = Q. A1 Q2 = Q. A2 Qn = Q. An
V1. C1 V2. C2 Vn. Cn
~ 367 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Xc nh iu kin ban u.
M hnh bn hot tnh bao qut 13 bin c lp (xem bng 10. 2)
trong tng khoang phn ng. S bin trn cn c xc nh gi tr
ban u trc khi c tnh ton tch phn s. Gi tr c lng ban
u i vi cc bin c lp trn thng khng c sn. K thut
c s dng m phng qu trnh ng t trng thi n inh c
~ 368 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
dC
C (t t ) C (t ) .t (10-13)
dt
Trong :
F v O l thng s chuyn khi u vo (F) v u ra (O).
P v K l cc thnh phn hnh thnh (P) v mt i (K).
V l th tch khoang phn ng.
~ 369 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 363 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Gi tr KL. a1 = 2 mg O2/l
KL. a2 = 2 mg O2/l
Q = 100
Quay vng: 50
Hnh 10. 3. V d v h x l s dng m hnh ha.
~ 364 ~
Ngi ta c th chng minh c l khong bc nhy t cn thp hn thi gian lu thy lc
ki ca tng cu t trong tng khoang phn ng:
t < ki (10-16)
Lu trnh tnh ton trn c s phng trnh (10-13) c m t trong hnh 10. 4.
Kim sot C
oxy
Khng
So = gi tr kim sot
Hnh 10. 4. Lu trnh tnh tch phn (F: u vo, O: u ra, R: phn ng) [1].
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Phng php tnh ton i vi trng thi n nh c trnh by trong cc ti liu chuyn
kho [1, 16, 17].
M hnh x l nc thi c pht trin theo thi gian v nhng l do: m rng cc i tng
cn quan tm do i hi v cht lng mi trng, kt qu nghin cu mi v cc qu trnh xy
ra trong h (v d s tch ly cht hu c ca vi sinh PAO, qu trnh thy phn hoc kh nng
tch ly photpho ca vi sinh denitrifier). Cc m hnh c pht trin tip theo ASM1 c gii
thiu tm tt phn di y.
M hnh ASM 2.
M hnh ASM 2 c xy dng p dng cho h x l hp cht nit, photpho v COD vi
mc ch:
- Nghin cu (nh gi kt qu, tin hnh v ti u ha th nghim).
- Ti u ha qu trnh x l trong thc t, khc phc cc s c xut hin khi vn hnh.
- o to.
- Tr gip thit k h x l.
M hnh ASM 2 cha phi l dng hon ho v cn cha nhiu d kin n gin ha, tuy
nhin n l c s cho s pht trin tip theo, v d m hnh EAWAG Bio - P modul ca nhm
nghin cu ti Thy S tuy b qua qu trnh ln men cc cht hu c tan d sinh hy nhng c
bc hiu chnh cho ngun nc thi c th [18, 19, 20].
M hnh ASM 2 l m hnh m rng ca ASM 1 vi i tng b xung l tch loi photpho.
Do c thm qu trnh x l photpho nn h x l c thm giai on x l ym kh cung cp
cc cht hu c cho vi sinh PAO hp thu v giai on kt ta ha hc vi mui st, nhm.
Phng php m hnh ha c trnh by tng t nh khi thc hin m hnh ASM1.
~1~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
hiu kh th trong m hnh ASM 2d, loi vi sinh trn tn ti c trong mi trng thiu kh (kh
nitrat).
M hnh ASM 3
Trn c s kinh nghim thu c trn 10 nm s dng m hnh ASM 1, m hnh ASM 1 t ra
c mt s thiu st:
- M hnh ASM 1 khng bao qut c hin tng v mt ng hc khi vi sinh vt d dng
khng c cung cp thnh phn nit v kim.
- M hnh ASM 1 c cha thnh phn hp cht hu c cha nit d sinh hy v dng khng tan.
Hai thnh phn rt kh xc nh v gy nhiu kh khn khi s dng m hnh ASM 1, v vy s
phn bit trn thng b b qua trong nhiu tnh ton khi s dng ASM 1.
- ng hc qu trnh hnh thnh amoniac t hp cht hu c (amoni ha) rt kh nh lng,
hn na qu trnh ny xy ra nhanh nn cng gy kh khn khi tin on s liu ca m hnh.
V vy trong nhiu trng hp qu trnh trn b loi b khi ng dng ASM 1.
- M hnh ASM 1 phn bit cht hu c khng tan dng tr ph thuc vo xut x: t dng vo
v t phn hy ni sinh t bo vi sinh vt. S phn bit trn trong thc t l khng kh thi.
- Trong cu trc ca m hnh ASM 1, qu trnh thy phn ng vai tr ng k khi tin on
mc tiu th oxy v kh nitrat ca vi sinh d dng. Thc ra qu trnh ny i din cho
nhiu qu trnh mang tnh t hp nh thy phn, phn hy ca vi sinh vt v c cht tch ly
trong h. V vy vic nh lng cc thng s ng hc cho qu trnh t hp trn l rt kh.
- Phn hy kt hp vi thy phn v tng trng vi sinh vt c s dng m t hiu ng c
gi ca phn hy ni sinh, v d cc cht tch ly, vi sinh vt cht, n tht ln nhau, ca sinh
khi s gy kh khn cho xc nh thng s ng hc.
- Khi nng c cht d sinh hy cao trong nc thi, trong iu kin hiu kh v thiu kh, vi
sinh vt cng c kh nng tch ly poly hydroxyl alkanoat v i khi c lipit hoc glycogen
ging nh vi sinh PAO trong iu kin ym kh. Hiu ng trn khng c bao qut trong
ASM 1.
- M hnh ASM 1 khng phn bit tc phn hy ca vi sinh t dng nitrifier trong iu kin
hiu v thiu kh. Vi h x l c thi gian lu t bo di v t l khi th tch phn ng thiu
kh ln th vic tin on tc nitrat ha gp kh khn.
- ASM 1 khng tin on s bin ng lin tc ca nng sinh khi.
- Trong cc th nghim v h hp, hiu sut sinh khi nhn c thng thp ngay k c khi s
dng c cht l cc thnh phn rt d sinh hy, v d axetat. S khc bit gia th nghim v
thc t c th xut hin.
~2~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
khc phc nhng thiu st nu trn, nhm nghin cu m hnh (1999) xut m hnh
ASM 3 v hy vng n tr thnh nn tng cho vic xy dng tip cc m hnh trong tng lai.
ASM 3 lin kt c cc qu trnh ch yu c trnh by trong ASM 1: tc tiu th
oxy, tc to thnh sinh khi, nitrat ha, kh nitrat trong cc h x l nc thi sinh hot (ch
yu).
ASM 3 c xy dng vi t cch l ct li ca nhiu m hnh khc bao gm cc modul:
modul sinh hc ASM 2, ASM 2d. Cc modul: kt ta ha hc, s pht trin ca vi sinh dng si,
s bin ng ca pH khng nm trong ASM 3, tuy vy c th gn kt kh d dng vo ASM 3.
Hin nay, trong nghin cu khoa hc, ni dung rt c quan tm l m hnh bin ng qun
th, x l photpho bng bin php vi sinh v cu trc sinh khi (tch ly sn phm ca vi sinh).
M hnh ASM 3 c th s l cng c phc v mc tiu trn.
Hn ch ca ASM 3 th hin:
- ASM 3 c xy dng m phng qu trnh x l nc thi sinh hot di iu kin hiu kh
v thiu kh, khng thch hp i vi nc thi cng nghip.
- ASM 3 (v ASM 1) c xy dng trn c s kinh nghim trong vng nhit 8 - 23oC. Ngoi
vng nhit trn, m hnh c th s t ra km hiu qu, thm ch cu trc ca m hnh tr
thnh khng tha mn.
- ASM 3 ( v ASM 1) khng bao qut bt c mt qu trnh no m t hnh trng ca vi sinh vt
trong iu kin ym kh. M phng h cha ng k th tch ym kh s dn n nhiu sai st.
- ASM 3 c xy dng trn c s kinh nghim trong vng pH = 6,5 - 7,5. Nng ca
bicarbonat (kim) cn c b xung duy tr khong pH trn.
- ASM 3 khng bao qut nng nitrit cao.
- ASM 3 khng s dng cho h bn hot tnh vi ti lng cao hoc thi gian lu t bo thp ( <
1 ngy), trong hin tng hp ph cht hu c dng khng tan tr thnh yu t khng ch
qu trnh x l.
- ASM 3 ch cung cp cu trc ca m hnh ch khng a ra gi tr tuyt i ca cc thng s
m hnh. iu ny i hi ngi s dng phi t xc nh nhng thng s cn thit ng
dng v cc c trng ca nc thi.
M hnh x l nc thi h ASM c tip tc pht trin, hon chnh hoc chnh sa p
ng nhu cu ng dng thc tin: b xung thm cc modul vo ASM 3 [18, 19, 21, 22], m rng
m hnh ASM 2 [23, 24].
M hnh x l nc thi ang c ngy mt p dng nhiu hn tr gip thit k nhm
gim chi ph v tit kim v thi gian, v d H Lan c khong 100 cng trnh x l nc
thi c xy dng vi s tr gip ca m hnh h ASM [15].
~3~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~4~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
t c cng xut x l cao, din tch mng dng ln, lm tng gi thnh ng k so vi
cc phng php truyn thng (lng), tuy vy vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh
mng, gi thnh mng lc gim rt nhanh theo thi gian.
Phng php kt hp vi sinh - lc mng c d bo s tr thnh cng ngh x l c trin
vng ph bin rng trong th k 21 [4, 6].
Mng c xem l mt vch ngn nhm tch cc thnh phn vt cht ca mt h thng qua
qu trnh chuyn khi. Mng c quan tm l dng mng rn, mc d trong nghin cu v trong
k thut mng lng cng c s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Trong mt h cn tch
cht bao gm dung mi l nc chim thnh phn chnh v cc tp cht cn tch. Mng c kch
thc l xp khc nhau: nu c dung mi ln tp cht u c th vn chuyn qua l xp ca
mng th c gi l mng thm (u), nu ch c dung mi (kch thc nh) vn chuyn c
qua mng, cc tp cht khc b chn li th c gi l mng bn thm.
ng lc ca qu trnh chuyn khi qua mng gm: chnh lch nng , chnh lch p sut,
chnh lch nhit v in th [7, 8, 9], tuy nhin phn trnh by tip sau ch quan tm n loi
mng lc lin quan n hai loi ng lc u tin.
Tp cht trong nc c kch thc (v d ng knh hiu dng) rt khc nhau, c th phn
chia s b: dng ht th (10-1 - 1 mm) dng ht mn (10-2 - 10-1 mm), ht dng micron (10-3 - 10-2
mm), dng ht keo, polyme (10-5 - 10-3 mm), dng ion, phn t (10-7 - 10-5 mm). Vi cc cht c
kch thc kh ln nh dng th, dng mn c th theo sa lng hay lc qua lp ht (lc nhanh,
lc chm). Cc cht dng keo c th tch bng bin php sa lng, lc sau khi keo t (to thnh
cc tp hp ln c tc sa lng nhanh). Vi sinh vt c kch thc ca ht keo, nm trong vng
c m (1mm = 1000 m) nn vi sinh vt cn c tn l Microbe. Bn thn tng c th vi sinh c
tc lng rt thp nn khng th lng nu khng c keo t thnh tp hp ln. Tp cht dng
keo c th tch vi mng vi lc siu lc hoc ly tm. Tp cht c kch thc nh hn ch c th
tch qua phng php thm thu ngc hoc vi mng nano (nano c ngha l phn t ca m, 10-
9
m).
Kch thc l xp ca mng s quyt nh tnh thm qua ca cc cu t. Cc cu t c kch
thc ln hn l xp ca mng b chn li. Tuy vy, l xp ca mng c kch thc khng u
nhau, c mt di phn b ln nht nh nn vn c mt phn tp cht vn chuyn qua mng.
c trng, nh ngha phn t lng b chn c s dng (molecular weight cut - off): l
phn t lng ca mt loi cht m 90% s lng ca n b chn li, khng vn chuyn c
qua mng. V d gi tr phn t lng b chn ca mt mng lc no l 40.000 c ngha l
~5~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
mt cht vi phn t lng 40.000 trong mt dung dch khi chy qua mng th 90% lng cht
trong dung dch b chn li, 10% vn chuyn qua mng. l khi nim tng i, ph thuc c
vo qu trnh hot ng ca mng.
Tc lc qua mng ph thuc vo cc yu t: bn cht mng (kch thc l xp, mt l
xp, vt liu, dy ca lp mng) bn cht ca tp cht cn tch (kch thc tp cht, nng d)
v cc thng s qu trnh hot ng (p sut ng lc, bin php ngn nga tc mng...).
Mng lc c ch to t cc loi vt liu khc nhau: s, kim loi, si v thng dng hn c
l t vt liu polymer. Mng lc cn c phn chia thnh dng ng th hoc d th. m
bo bn c hc, mng cn c mt dy nht nh (50 - 150 m), dy ca mng cng ln
th tr lc lc cng cao, c bit vi mng c l xp nh. Nhm gim tr lc, mng c cu to
hai lp: lp gi (150 m) v lp mng lc gn trn c dy rt nh (1 - 5 m). Mng hai
lp c gi l mng d th hoc bt i xng, gi m bo bn c hc, lp mng lc c
tc dng n tnh chn lc ca mng. Mng mt lp thng l loi c kch thc l ln gi l
mng ng th hoc mng i xng.
tng cng tc lc ca mng, p sut nn (ng lc) thng c s dng, mng c
kch thc l xp nh cn p sut ng lc cao v ngc li.
Mng thng c s dng lc nc, nc thi gm: mng vi lc, mng siu lc, mng
nano v mng thm thu ngc vi nhng c trng ch yu c lit k di y.
Mng vi lc.
- Loi mng: xp, ng th.
- dy ca mng: 10 - 150 m.
- Kch thc l xp: 0,05 - 10 m.
- p sut ng lc: 0,1 - 2,0 bar (1 bar = 0,9869 at).
- Tc lc: > 0,5 - 2,0 m3. m-2. ngy-1. bar-1.
- C ch hot ng: ry, lc.
- Vt liu ch to: polymer, si, gm s.
- ng dng trong kh trng nc sch, ung, nc thi.
~6~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Mng nano
Mng nano c ch to ln u vo nm 1977, l dng ci tin ca mng thm thu ngc,
dng d lm mm nc i vi ngun nc c hm lng mui tan thp. Mng nano cn c tc
dng lc vi khun, virut, mt s cht hu c mang mu [10]
Kch thc l ca mng nano nh hn loi mng siu lc, ln hn ca loi mng thm thu
ngc.Ch s phn t lng b chn l t 200 - 500. p sut ng lc thp hn so vi mng
thm thu ngc. Mng nano vn ang trong qu trnh pht trin, hon thin.
- Loi mng: bt i xng, t hp composit.
- dy ca mng: lp gi 150 m, lp mng 1m.
- Kch thc l xp: < 2 nm.
- p sut ng lc: 15 - 25 bar.
- Tc lc: > 0,05 m3. m-2. ngy-1. bar-1.
- C ch hot ng: ha tan, hp ph, khuych tn.
- Vt liu ch to: polymer.
- Vng ng dng: nc l, lm mm nc, tch loi cht hu c trong nc, nc thi; nc
siu tinh khit, c c dch ung, ng, sa.
i vi qui m ng dng thc tin, din tch mng cn s dng cho mt qu trnh tch cht
cn t vi trm n nhiu ngn m2. To ra cc dng mng khc nhau da trn c s gi thnh v
hiu qu s dng din tch mng ti a. Cc cu hnh (hnh dng) khc nhau ca mng c gi
~7~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Dng cun
Mng kiu dng cun (hnh 11. 1) gm hai tm mng, tng tm c gn vo mt mt ca
mt tm xp cng din tch. Ba chiu ca mng v gi c gn vi nhau. Tm gi xp c
chc nng thu nc c lc gn vi ng thu nc nm trung tm ca cun mng (chiu
th 4). S vng cun xung quanh trc (ng thu nc tm) t l vi din tch m mt modul cn
c. Chiu lc ca dng nc l hng tm, vo ng thu c khoan nhiu l.
Bn trong modul cha thit b tch p sut.
Modul mng s dng trong phng th nghim thng ch c mt cun vi tit din 0,2 - 1,0
m . Mng s dng trong cng nghip c s cun nhiu hn vi din tch mi cun 1 - 2 m2.
2
Modul mng cng nghip dng tiu chun c kch thc: ng knh 20 cm, chiu di 1m.
Loi ng knh 30 cm, chiu cao ti 1,5 m, tuy hp l v mt gi thnh nhng gp kh khn v
thao tc nn n c s dng khng rng ri. Mt s c trng c bn ca mng dng cun c
chiu cao 1 m dc ghi trong bng 11. 1.
~8~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Thng thng 4 - 6 modul c lp ghp ni tip nhau trong mt bnh (ng) p sut. Thit k
in hnh l trong mt bnh c ng knh 20 cm cha 6 modul ghp ni tip nhau, c tng din
tch mng 100 - 200 m2.
Dng si rng.
Ph thuc vo cch thc thao tc modul, mng si rng c ch to theo hai kiu: nc vo
qua thnh si v qua u si rng (hnh 11. 2, 11. 3). Modul si rng c u vo qua thnh si l
mt chm si ng trong mt thit b tch p. p sut nn thc y nc chy qua thnh si, i
vo trong ng v chy ra ti mt pha ca u ng. Do phi chu mt p lc ng k ln thnh si
nn si c ng knh nh v dy thnh si ln: ng knh trong thng l 50 m, ng
knh ngoi 100 - 200 m.
~9~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 10 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
R.T .nt
Ct .R.T (11-1)
n.V
n, nt l s mol ca dung mi v cht tan. V l th tch mol ca dung mi; n.V l tng th tch
ca dung mi. i lng Ct = nt/n.V l nng mol ca cht tan trong dung dch. R l hng s
kh, T l nhit .
Phng trnh (11-1) c dng ging phng trnh kh l tng (p.V = n. R.T).
~ 11 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nu biu din Ct theo nng khi lng Cm (khi lng cht tan trong mt n v th tch
ca dung mi, mg/l, g/m3...), i lng thng c s dng trong cng ngh x l nc, nc
thi, mi quan h gia chng l:
n m C
Ct m (11-2)
V M .V V
Cm
v .R.T (11-3)
M
Phng trnh (11-3) cho thy mi tng quan gia p sut thm thu vi nng v phn t
lng ca cht tan.
Nng cht tan l tng ca mi dng cht tan tn ti trong nc, t dng trung ha n phn
li. Mt mui tn ti dng phn li (v d Na, Cl- t NaCl, Ca, Cl- t CaCl2) gy ra p sut thm
thu ca h l do c hai dng ion: m v dng.
Phn t lng ca mt cht tan cng nh th gy ra p sut thm thu cng ln. V d tnh
ton sau cho thy r mi quan h gia p sut thm thu v phn t lng ca cht tan: tnh p
sut thm thu ca ba dung dch khc nhau c cha cc thnh phn cht rn trong vi cng
nng khi lng 3% (30 g/l). Tp cht trong cc dung mi trn gm: mui NaCl, albumin
(phn t lng 65.000), cht huyn ph (khi lng 10-9 g). p sut tnh c cho ba trng hp
trn ln lt l: 25,4 bar, 0,01 bar v 10-12 bar. V d trn cho thy p sut thm thu i vi qu
trnh vi lc, siu lc (tch cc tp cht c kch thc ln) l rt nh c th b qua, trong khi cc
qu trnh mng nano v thm thu ngc (tch cc cht c phn t lng thp) l rt ln.
Nu s dng mt p sut p vo ngn c nng cht tan cao th s xy ra hin tng: dng
chy t ngn long sang ngn c s chm dn li khi tng dn p sut, dng chy ngng hn khi
p sut p t bng p sut thm thu, khi p sut ny ln hn th dng chy s i chiu: i t
ngn c sang ngn long. chnh l nguyn l hot ng ca phng php mng thm thu
ngc. Nng cht tan cao gy p sut thm thu ln, v v vy cn p sut ng lc cao khi
s dng k thut mng thm thu ngc. Trong k thut lm ngt nc t nc bin hay nc
l, p sut thm thu tng t l vi nng mui; gi tr tng khong 0,691. 10-3 at khi mui tng
thm 1 mg/l.
V d vi nc l c nng mui 4000 mg/l th p sut thm thu l 2,76 at, vi nc bin
c nng mui 35.000 mg/l th p sut thm thu l 24,18 at. Tuy nhin p sut thm thu thc
t trong hai trng hp trn s ln hn do cc thnh phn tan khc tn ti trong .
Trong thc t, mng bn thm khng ngn c tt c cc cht tan do c ch chuyn khi ca
cc cht tan trong mng l qu trnh ha tan (hp ph) ca cht tan vo mng v khuych tn ca
~ 12 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
chng trong mng. Dng cht tan vn chuyn qua mng J t l vi s chnh lch nng gia
hai pha ca mng C1, C2:
C1 C 2
R 1 C 2 / C1 (11-5)
C1
chn lc ca mng ph thuc vo loi mng, nng cht tan v ha tr ca cht tan.
chn lc ca mng tng khi tng p sut ng lc.
K thut thm thu ngc cho php loi b cc cht hu c dng trung ha tan trong nc,
ch s phn t lng b chn ca mng cng thp th hiu qu tch loi cng cao. Phn ln cc
tp cht hu c trong nc, nc thi (cht hu c t nhin, axit hu c lignin, cht bo v thc
vt) u c phn t lng ln hn 100 nn c th tch chng bng phng php mng.
Nhng loi mng c ch s phn t lng b chn t 200 - 500 (mng nano) cng c th s
dng lm mm nc v tch loi cht hu c v kh nng chn gi ca mng vi cc i
tng trn kh cao.
~ 13 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
V sinh mng khi phc li tc lc hoc p dng cc bin php tin x l trnh (mt
phn) l cc gii php thng c s dng.
Tin x l l bin php x l nc nhm loi b cc yu t c kh nng lm bn mng. Nc
bin cha canxi, magie, sunfat v bicarbonat kh cao, khi lc qua mng thm thu ngc, mui
sunfat, carbonat ca canxi va magie c tan thp hnh thnh, gy tc mng lc. S dng
phng php trao i ion tch loi cc thnh phn trn (chi ph khng qu cao) l bin php
tin x l trc khi s dng mng lc lm ngt nc.
Kh trng cho thit b mng cng lun cn thit trnh s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Tin
hnh kh trng nc u vo bng bin php clo ha l nhm mc ch trn. Vi mng cellulose
axetat, clo ha nc u vo kim sot vi sinh vt. Vi mng polyamid, mng t hp th
khng cn kh trng cho nc v n tr vi vi sinh vt. Bin php kh trng sc theo chu k vi
ha cht formaldehyd, peroxid hay axit peraxetic cng l bin php chng nhim bn do vi sinh
vt.
Khi mng b nhim bn cn tin hnh lm v sinh cho mng. Qui trnh c th lm v sinh
mng ph thuc vo c trng ha hc ca ngun nc cn lc, vo dng v bn cht ca mng
cng nh dng gy nhim bn. Nt c trng chung nht ca k thut lm v sinh mng l quay
vng dung dch ra vi tc ln, tip theo l ngm mng trong dung dch trong mt thi gian
nht nh, tip tc quay vng dung dch ri tip tc cc bc nh trn. Dung dch ra mng l
cc loi: axit, kim, cht ty ra, phc cht chelat, sn phm c pha ch, cht kh trng.
Dung dch axit HCl, H3PO4 hoc citric c tc dng ha tan tt cc thnh phn cn lng
(CaCO3, CaSO4, hydroxit kim loi). Vi mng cellulose axetat, dung dch axit khng c c
pH < 2 trnh qu trnh thy phn mng. Dung dch axit oxalic rt thch hp cho ha tan cn
cha st. Axit citric c hiu qu ha tan thp i vi mui sunfat canxi, magie v bari, phc cht
EDTA c hiu qu hn.
lm sch vi khun, cht bm dnh trn mt mng, dung dch kim kt hp vi cht ty ra
thng c s dng. Thm mt vi loi enzym vo dung dch c tc dng ty ra tt mt s
loi vi sinh v cht nhim bn dng hu c. Cc nh sn xut mng ln thng cung cp km
theo cht ty ra mng, cht ty ra c pha ch theo cng thc c nghin cu ph hp vi
nhiu loi ngun nc v c ch nh s dng cho tng loi mng. Hiu qu ty ra ca cc
dung dch c pha ch thng l cao so vi cc dung dch t pha ch.
Tnh cht quan trng nht ca mng l kh nng kim sot tc thm qua mng ca cc cu
t khc nhau. Cho ti nay hai m hnh chuyn khi c s dng m t qu trnh thm qua
~ 14 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
mng l: dng chy trong mao qun v m hnh ha tan - khuych tn. Hai m hnh trn c
xy dng ph hp vi ln l xp ca mng, m hnh u p dng cho mng c l xp ln, m
hnh sau thch hp cho cc loi mng c l xp nh v mng c.
M hnh ha tan - khuych tn c xy dng trn c s: mt cht thm qua mng trc ht
c ha tan vo mng, sau n khuych tn qua mng theo hng c nng thp. Cc cht
thm qua mng c mc ha tan (hp ph) khc nhau v khuych tn khc nhau l c s
tch chng ra khi hn hp.
M hnh dng chy trong mao qun c xy dng trn c s gi thit c tn ti mt dng
chy ca cht lng trong mao qun ca mng. ng lc ca dng chy cht lng chnh l s
chnh lch p sut to ra s i lu cng bc (qu trnh chuyn khi c bn: khuych tn, i
lu c trnh by trong 7. 2. 1. 1) gia hai u mng.
Dng chy ca cht lng q do p sut c m t qua nh lut Darcy: dng chy trn mt
n v tit din t l thun vi s chnh lch p sut, dp/dx, trn mt n v di dc theo
hng ca dng chy:
q = - K. dp/dx (11-6)
K l hng. du m (-) ch hng dng chy t vng p sut cao xung vng thp. nh lut
Darcy m t v cho php tnh ton lng chy qua mt mi trng no . nh lut Darcy ch
ng dng c cho dng chy phng, tc chm, khng s dng c cho vng chy xoy.
Trong dng chy phng, c ch chuyn ng ca cht lng l qu trnh trt ca lp nc n
trn lp nc kia, th hin l tc dng chy t l nghch vi nht ca cht lng. Ch ti
tnh cht , phng trnh (11-6) c vit thnh:
Ko
q .dp / dx (11-7)
.d 4 dp
Q . (11-8)
128 dx
~ 15 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
d 2 . 3
Ko (11-9)
180(1 ) 2
d2 3 dp / dx
q . . (11-10)
180 (1 ) 2
M hnh dng chy trong mao qun c th ng dng i vi mng vi lc v siu lc. Vic tnh
ton tc dng chy thng vp phi mt s kh khn sau:
- Tc lc ph thuc rt mnh vo ng knh ca mao qun, ln mao qun ca mt mng
no khng phi l mt gi tr xc nh m phn b trong mt khong no .
- xp ca mng c th thay i dc theo chiu dy ca lp mng.
- Trong mt s loi mng (gm, s, kim loi) tnh cht mao qun khng th hin r, mt khng
gian rng c th b mt phn cht rn chn trc khi thng qua ti pha i din.
M hnh chuyn khi do c ch ha tan - khuych tn c p dng c hiu qu i vi cc
mng c (kch thc mao qun nh). Theo m hnh trn th cc cu t (tan) b hp ph trn vt
liu mng, sau khuych tn dc theo chiu dy ca mng v hng c nng thp. M hnh
trn c p dng cho cc mng thm thu ngc, mng tch kh, tch hi trn vt liu polyme.
Ha tan cc cht cn gi l qu trnh hp thu, kh nng hp thu ca mng i vi mt cht tan
c c trng bi kh nng tng tc ca mng v cht tan. Kh nng tng tc cng cao th
kh nng hp thu ca h cng ln; c c trng bi hng s hp thu Kh c gi tr ln. Khuych
tn ca cht tan trong mng l mt qu trnh khuych tn kch hot, ph thuc vo tng tc ca
h cng nh cu trc xp ca mng.
thm ca mng c P trong m hnh ha tan - khuych tn c nh ngha:
P = Kh D (11-12)
~ 16 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
JN = - A. (p-) (11-13)
DN .K N
A (11-14)
l.R.T .h
A l h s thm ca nc qua mng.
l: dy ca mng, DN, KN l h s khuych tn v hp thu ca nc i vi mng. h l mt
h s c trng cho nc.
Dng vn chuyn ca mui qua mng JM c tnh:
JM = B (Co - C1) (11-15)
Co, C1 l nng mui ti hai pha ca mng. B l h s thm ca mui c trng cho hp thu
v khuych tn ca mui trong mng:
DM .K M
B (11-16)
l
DM: h s khuych tn ca mui, KM l h s hp thu ca mui trong mng.
Mt mng thm thu ngc c hiu qu cao l mng c gi tr A ln v B nh.
Lc mng bao gm mt khong rng v cc qu trnh tch cht t vi lc cho ti lc thm thu
ngc, vi kch thc ca mao qun t 10 m (10.000 nm) n 1 nm.
Qu trnh lc ph hp vi kch thc tng i ca i tng lc c trnh by trong hnh
11. 4 [11].
lc thng
dng
vi lc
siu lc
lc thm thu
lc nano
kch thc
0,1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1m 10 m 100 m mao qun
~ 17 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vi kch thc ca cc cht cn lc, kch thc mao qun ca mng lc cn c chn la
mt cch tng ng, bng 11. 2 cha thng tin s b v cc mi tng quan trn.
Bng 11. 2. Mi quan h gia cu t cn tch loi vi kch thc ca mng lc.
~ 18 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
(USD/m3 u
vo)
Ghi ch: KTT - khng thc t. K - khng ng dng.
Tiu chun thi cao theo qui nh mi ca cc quc gia pht trin v hm lng cn, COD,
BOD v c bit l loi vi sinh gy bnh thc y vic p dng k thut mng vo x l nc
thi vi t cch l mt n v cng ngh trong h thng, ng vai tr tch cc cht trong mt h
lng - rn - kh. Mc ch trc ht ca mng lc l tch cc cht huyn ph, dng keo, cc cht
c phn t lng ln, vi khun.
Mt khc, ti s dng nc thi cng l i hi cp bch i vi nhiu nc. K thut mng
lc cng l phng tin tt tim cn mc tiu trn. Nc thi c th quay vng c nhiu loi
tr loi c cha phn. K thut mng cho php tch loi nhiu tp cht c kch thc khc nhau
nn n khng ch s dng tch cc cht rn m ngay c cc tp cht tan trong nc v v vy
ha hn nhng trin vng x l cc i tng nc thi cha nhiu tp cht hu c tr [12, 13,
14].
Mng c ghp vo h x l vi sinh theo hai phng n: ngay trong khi phn ng v chm
trong (submerged) hoc trong h thng ph nm ngoi khi phn ng (side stream). Mng
chm hot ng vi p sut ng lc thp v do vy tc lc khng cao so vi s dng h
thng ph. Tuy vy, mng chm b nguy c nhim bn v t cn ti cc bin php v sinh
mnh.
H x l vi sinh bao gm cc dng: huyn ph, ct lc sinh hc, dng tng linh ng, dng
lin tc v ngt on trong mi trng hiu kh, thiu kh v ym kh [12, 16, 17, 18].
H t hp x l vi sinh - lc mng ngoi t hiu qu cao v kh nng tch loi cht rn cn
c mt s u im:
- Do khng phi s dng ti qu trnh lng th cp nn c th duy tr mt sinh khi rt cao,
ti 20 - 25 g/l. Mt sinh khi cao cho php gim ng k th tch ca b phn ng do th
tch phn ng t l nghch vi mt sinh khi.
- Mt sinh khi cao cho php tng thi gian lu t bo ca h, thc y loi vi sinh nitrifier
pht trin v cng to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh kh nitrat, tch ly photpho ca vi sinh
vt vi cc cht hu c c ngun gc phn hy ni sinh [13, 16, 17, 18].
- Kh nng tch loi cc cht hu c dng tr trong h t hp c ci thin so vi h x l vi
sinh thng dng do tng cng kh nng hp ph ca bn.
Tuy c rt nhiu u im, h t hp x l vi sinh - lc mng cng i mt vi nhng kh
khn v mt vn hnh v gi thnh.
~ 19 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Giai on cp oxy cho h bn hot tnh thng chim ti 70% nng lng s dng ca h x l
[19] nn nh hng quan trng n gi thnh vn hnh. Mt vi sinh cao trong h x l lm
gim ng k hiu qu hp thu oxy (qu trnh chuyn khi), v d khi tng mt vi sinh t 7 ln
17 g/l th hiu qu hp thu oxy (tnh theo h s ) gim t 0,7 xung cn 0,4.
Do mt vi sinh cao nn qu trnh phn hy ni sinh din ra mnh hn, ko theo l mc
tiu th oxy tng (b li lng bn thi s thp).
C rt nhiu phng n c kho st lm tng hiu sut s dng oxy i vi h t hp vi
sinh - lc mng, thun li hn c l s dng thit b phn phi kh dng cc mn [19, 20, 21].
- Tc lc ca mng gim rt nhanh trong khi vn hnh, t c tc n nh sau mt chu
k. V d vi mng phng polysulphone, kch thc mao qun 0,4 m, tc thm ca mng lc
u l 28 l. m-2. h-1 gim xung cn 8 l. m-2. h-1 sau 76 ngy hot ng. p sut ng lc cng
tc ng n mc suy gim tc lc: tc lc ban u 466 l. m-2. h-1. bar-1 gim xung
n 133 l. m-2. h-1. bar-1 sau 160 chu trnh hot ng. H lc mng s dng p sut ng lc
thp t ra c hiu qu hn v phng din nng lng [12].
V sinh mng theo chu k l thao tc khng th thiu, chu k v sinh mng ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t thuc bn cht ca h x l cng nh vn hnh h thng [22, 23, 24].
Vi nhiu u im ca h t hp vi sinh - lc mng, k thut ny c p dng x l nc
thi sinh hot, nc rc [17, 18], nc thi giu nit, photpho [16, 25, 26, 27], cc loi nc thi
khc nh dt nhum [28] hoc nng cp h thng x l nc thi giy [29].
~ 20 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
H x l t nhin.
12
Trong mi trng t nhin, cc qu trnh vt l, ha hc, sinh hc xy ra ng thi do tng
tc ca cc yu t: nc, t, thc vt, vi sinh vt, kh quyn.
Cc qu trnh xy ra trong t nhin lin quan hin tng x l cc cht gy nhim
c thit lp v tn ti hng triu nm trc, rt xa trc khi con ngi thc c v ch
ng gii quyt vn .
Cc qu trnh xy ra trong t nhin bao gm nhiu qu trnh c s dng trong cng ngh
x l nc thi nh lng, lc, oxy ha - kh, hp ph, trao i ion, chuyn ha sinh ha v cc
qu trnh c th nh quang hp, oxy ha quang ha v hp thu ca thc vt. c im ni bt l
trong cc h t nhin, tc ca mt qu trnh xy ra chm nhng ng thi ngay trong mt h
sinh thi, khc vi cc h nhn to l phn ln cc qu trnh n l (n v cng ngh) xy ra
ring bit, k tip nhau trong mt vng khng gian gii hn; tc qu trnh c thc y
thng qua tng cng nng lng cho h x l.
Cc nc cng nghip pht trin vi tim nng kinh t hng mnh chi ph ngun tin
khng l x l nc thi trong thi gian vi thp k qua bng cch u t vo xy dng cc
knh dn nc thi, xy dng h thng x l nc thi tp trung, lun u t nng cp cc h
thng ang hot ng nhm p ng tiu chun thi ngy cng c qui nh ngt ngho hn.
Tuy nhin, cc h thng x l c xy dng v nng cp c kh nng x l hp cht nit,
photpho cng khng nhiu, v chnh l l do thng xuyn gy ra hin tng ph dng
trong mi trng nc mt hay s ly nhim trong nc ngm.
Tnh trng nhim cc nc ang pht trin c thu nhp thp, ni khong 90% dn s th
gii ang sng, cn nghim trng hn do thiu tin u t, c s h tng km hon thin, nhn
thc c gii hn m tc th ha li cao. Mt trong nhng gii php c th la chn cho
nhng nc ngho l tn dng cc h t nhin x l nc thi do chi ph khng qu cao v
phn ln c kh hu m p thch hp vi cc qu trnh t nhin.
H x l t nhin cng c cc nc cng nghip s dng kh rng ri x l nc thi,
c bit i vi vng nng thn, cm dn c nh, chnh h l nhng ngi i tin phong trong
lnh vc ny [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Chng nhng cc nc pht trin, c cc nc ang chm pht trin
cng rt quan tm n cc h x l t nhin v n gim bt c u t m cn kt hp vi sn
xut sch, to ra cc sn phm hu ch kt hp vi bo v mi trng trn quan im h t hp
(integrated system) [6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
~ 21 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 22 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nh gi v la chn v tr.
Nhng c trng ca t trong v tr c chn cn c nh gi bao gm: pH, kh nng
trao i ion, dn in, thm, su ca tng nc ngm, dc, mc ch s dng t,
ch thy vn. Trong thm, su ca tng nc ngm, lp t chng thm l nhng
c trng quan trng nht khi la chn v tr. Mc thm theo chiu dc (xung) di iu
kin bo ha ca lp t c thm chm nht l yu t quyt nh mc ti lng ti v
chn la loi cy trng trn cng nh la chn h phn phi nc.
t c thm 5 - 50 mm/gi l mi trng thch hp cho h lc chm do m bo c s
hi ha gia kh nng thot nc v lu gi c tp cht trong nc. Mc thm ca t lin
quan n cu trc xp ca t, t ct c xp ln, t st c thm nh. Mt cch th thin,
t c th chia lm hai loi chnh: t khong ha v t mn. t khong l loi c khi lng
ring kh cao, 1 - 1,8 kg/l, hm lng carbon trong t thp hn 10%. t mn c khi lng
ring thp ( < 0,3 kg/l), hm lng carbon cao (10 - 50%). pH ca t khong nm trong vng t
chua n kim, ca t mn l t chua n trung tnh [12]. t c tnh thm chm lin quan n
thnh phn st trong hoc do lp lt b tng bn di. t c tnh thm nh thch hp cho x
l nc nhng vi nng sut thp v kh chm sc, qun l thc vt sng trn . t c tnh
thm nh thch hp hn cho qu trnh x l kiu chy trn.
~ 23 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
4. Chn h 4. Xc nh mc 4. Xc nh 4. Xc nh
phn b ti thy lc thng s thit k thng s thit k
5. Xc nh 5. Xc nh chu 5. Xc nh 5. Bin php chng
mc chu ti trnh hot ng nhu cu lu gi truyn nhim
6. Xc nh din 6. Xc nh din 6. Xc nh din 6. Thit k chi
tch t s dng tch t s dng tch t s dng tit h x l
7. Xc nh th 7. Thit k din 7. Xy dng 7. Nhu cu
tch lu tr tch lc cc thnh phn quan trc
ca h
8. Nhu cu v 8. Thit k h 8. La chn
quan trc gom nc thc vt
9. Xc nh 9. Thit k chi
nhu cu lu gi tit h x l
10. Nhu cu 10. Nhu cu
quan trc quan trc
La chn cy trng.
Cy trng c la chn theo cc tiu ch sau: kh nng hp thu dinh dng cao (N, P), kh
nng tch ly nc ln, chu c iu kin m cao trong t, t nhy cm vi cc thnh phn
~ 24 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Phn b nc.
Phn b nc thi cho qua trnh lc l yu t cn phi tnh ti u tin, c bit khi s dng
nc sau lc ti tiu v n lin quan n lng nc cn s dng. H thng phn b nc c
th tm chia lm ba dng: ti phun, ti nh git, ti theo lung (rnh). Mi phng php c
th s dng nhiu thit b hay dng c khc nhau.
~ 25 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 26 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 27 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
H ngp nc c nh ngha l din tch lun cha nc tn ti trong t nhin hoc nhn
to: ao, h, vng ngp nng. S dng h ngp nc x l nc thi l k thut x l c gi
thnh thp trong iu kin t nhin ph hp hoc ni t ai c gi thnh thp. H ngp nc s
dng x l nc thi c th cn ng vai tr sinh cnh cho ng vt hoang d v ngun tch
tr nc. Thc vt nui trng trong h ngp nc c tc dng x l nc thi v l ngun sinh
khi c kh nng tn dng cho mt s mc ch khc nhau, v d lm thc n cho vt nui,
nguyn liu si hoc phn bn hu c. H x l ngp nc c th tr thnh mt b phn ca mt
h t hp (integrated system) cho mt ngnh ngh sn xut: nui trng thy sn, vn - ao -
chung, canh tc [18, 19, 20] hoc l h x l tip ca cc qu trnh x l th cp trc nhm
tng cng cht lng ca ngun thi [21, 22]. H x l ngp nc c th phn thnh cc dng
chnh l: ngun nc c nui trng thc vt ni v thc vt chm trong nc, nui loi thc vt
na ni na chm (r bm trong t, thn v l nm trong nc v khng kh).
c trng c bn ca ngun nc l chy t do trn b mt, tc l ngun nc mt, khc vi
h lc l nc thm vo (qua) tng t, tc l tr thnh nc ngm.
Thc vt s dng trong ao h l loi ni trn mt nc nh bo ty, bo hoa du, bo tm; to
cc loi. Mt s loi rong, ru c r bm trong bn, thn v l nm trong nc. Trong mt s
vng nc nng hoc ven b, lau, sy, c c r bm trong bn, mt phn thn nm trong nc v
l trong khng kh. S, vt trong cc vng ngp mn cng c hnh thc tn ti tng t.
Ao, h x l nc thi c th l dng t nhin hoc do xy dng c ch nh. Mc nc trong
ao h x l nm trong khong 0,4 - 2 m, thng gp l khong 1 m.
Tc dng x l dinh dng ca cc vng ngp nc l: hp thu do thy thc vt, hot ng
ca vi sinh vt, mt s phn ng ha hc. Cc c ch x l dinh dng trn c tc ng tng
tc ln nhau v xy ra ng thi trong h nhng vi tc bin ng kh mnh theo chu k thi
gian.
Thy thc vt s dng cn c nhng tiu ch sau la chn:
- Hiu sut sinh khi (sn lng ln).
- Kh nng tch ly dinh dng cao.
- C kh nng vn chuyn oxy t khng kh vo mi trng t v nc.
- D thu hoch.
- Pht trin tt trong cc iu kin thi tit.
Ngoi kh nng hp thu dinh dng t nc thi, cc loi thy thc vt cn ng vai tr cht
mang ca vi sinh vt v nh tng tc gia thc vt vi vi sinh tng cng hiu qu x l cc
cht gy nhim.
~ 28 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong cc vng ngp nc, hm lng oxy ha tan tng i cao do mt vi sinh vt tiu
th oxy thp, oxy c to ra do qu trnh quang hp ca to v cc loi thy thc vt, do oxy
thm t kh quyn qua qu trnh khuych tn v chuyn khi cng bc (gi, sng). Trong lp
t bn, hm lng oxy thp hn do ngun cung cp b hn ch v do vi sinh vt hot ng
mnh. Trong lp t hnh thnh hai vng r rt theo chiu su: lp trn c nng oxy ln (lp
hiu kh) v lp pha di c t hoc khng c oxy (lp ym kh). Thc vt loi na chm na
ni c nh hng n hnh trng ca lp t ny. Thc vt hp th oxy qua l, vn chuyn n
tng b phn ca cy cho qu trnh h hp ca t bo. Mc vn chuyn oxy trong thn cy
c d dng hn trong cc loi cy c xp cao (cy thn bc). Lng oxy d tha cho h
hp ca t bo r c thi ra mi trng nc i vi thc vt ni v vo lp bn i vi thc
vt na chm na ni to ra vng t hiu kh xung quanh r. iu kin hiu kh trong vng thc
y qu trnh oxy ha cc hp cht ha hc: sunfua hydro, st (II), mangan (II), thc y hot
ng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh (oxy ha cht hu c v amoni).
Thc vt ni vn chuyn oxy qua r vo nc ch c ngha trong trng hp r ca chng
di, v d trong trng hp ca bo ty hoc cy ng tin nc (pennywort) v lp nc st
b mt thng giu oxy hn lp nc su.
Bo ty c kh nng cung cp 55 mg O2/g r trong ngy, ng tin nc cung cp oxy cn ln
hn, ti 112 mg/g r trong ngy. Loi cy na ni na chm c kh nng cp oxy t 4 - 37 mg/g
r trong ngy [23].
Kh nng tch loi dinh dng ca thy thc vt ph thuc vo tc to thnh sinh khi,
thnh phn ca nc thi, su ca lp nc, c trng ca lp t bn, kh nng nh oxy ca
b r, mt nui trng thc vt, chu k thu hoch v thi tit.
Mc tch ly dinh dng trong t bo thc vt c quyt nh bi tc tng trng sinh
khi v thnh phn dinh dng (N, P) trong t bo thc vt. Bng 12. 2 ghi sn lng ca mt s
cy trng, hm lng protein th trong sn phm v sn phm thu hoch tnh theo protein (tnh
theo khi lng kh trn mt n v ha, trong thi gian mt nm).
~ 29 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 12. 2 cho thy bo tm l loi thc vt c sn lng cao v thnh phn m trong
cng rt cao, v vy n c th c dng lm thc n cho gia sc, gia cm v mt s loi c. c
trng trn ca bo tm chng t tim nng tch loi dinh dng t nc thi. So snh kh nng
hp thu N, P ca mt s loi thc vt nhiu a phng khc nhau c ghi trong bng 12. 3.
Bng 12. 3. Kh nng hp thu N, P ca mt s loi thy thc vt ni [6] (gi tr trong ngoc l
s liu v ma ng).
Thnh phn nc thi cng nh hng n nng sut cy trng v hm lng protein trong
sn phm (bng 12. 4).
Bng 12. 4. Sn lng bo tm (cc loi) sinh trng trong cc loi nc thi [6].
~ 30 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
W. arrhiza
Lemna spp Nc thi sinh hot 27 37
S. polyrrhiza Nc thi sinh hot 17,6 - 31,5 30
Tc pht trin ca cy trng, ngoi iu kin dinh dng (N, P, K, vi lng) cn ph thuc
vo ngun carbon t kh carbonic, kh nng quang hp ca chng vo iu kin nhit . Nhiu
loi cy trng ch sinh trng v pht trin ma h, thm ch li tn v ma ng, s sng ch
tn ti trong b r ri pht trin tr li khi c iu kin p ng.
Thc vt na chm na ni mc kh ph bin ti cc do t ven b ao, h, c nhiu cy
thuc loi lu nin, tc tng trng sinh khi v tch ly dinh dng cao. Loi thc vt na
chm na ni thng s dng x l gm: c ui mo, cy sy, cy c nn [12, 23, 24]. Cc
loi thc vt trn phn b rng cc vng kh hu. V ma ng phn thn trn thng b cht,
phn thn gc v r tch ly nng lng tip tc pht trin khi vo xun.
Thc vt na chm na ni c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin trong nhiu loi t v nc
thi. c trng ca t v nc thi nh hng n thnh phn dinh dng trong t bo thc vt.
Chu k thu hoch sinh khi cng nh hng n hiu qu x l nc thi: thu hoch sm lm
gim hiu qu v thc vt c kch thc ln c kh nng hp thu dinh dng mnh, thu hoch
mun cy s gi, cht, phn hy s tr li dinh dng v cht hu c v mi trng nc v t.
Thc vt thu hi c c th s dng lm thc n cho ng vt, lm phn hu c hay sn xut
kh t.
Ngoi c ch hp thu dinh dng to ra sinh khi, tch loi cc cht nhim cn c
thc hin thng qua mt s c ch khc.
X l cht hu c.
Cht hu c c chuyn ha thng qua cc qu trnh: ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh.
Vai tr ca thy thc vt l vt mang cho cc loi vi sinh vt, chng phn hy cc cht hu c
theo cc c ch tng ng vi iu kin mi trng. Do c cung cp oxy t thc vt, vi sinh
vt hiu kh c iu kin pht trin tt hn so vi cc vng thiu oxy, khi mt vi sinh cc
loi l khng u nhau trong mi trng nc v t.
X l hp cht nit.
Ngoi kh nng hp thu hp cht nit ca thc vt, cc qu trnh c lin quan n tch loi
hp cht nit gm: nitrat ha, kh nitrat v bay hi amoniac vo kh quyn. Nitrat ha xy ra
trong ao h nui thc vt, ph thuc vo mt ca chng, cc iu kin khc (oxy, kim) l
~ 31 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
yu t t b hn ch. Nhn chung, mt vi sinh t dng trong diu kin bnh thng khng cao.
Qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra ch trong iu kin thiu oxy, trong lp nc su hoc bn y v cn
phi c lng cht hu c cn thit. Cng trong iu kin thiu oxy, qu trnh ln men ym
kh l ngun cnh tranh cht hu c vi qu trnh kh nitrat.
Cht hu c cha nit b thy phn, to ra amoni vi mc kh nhanh, v vy thnh phn
hp cht nit trong nc tn ti ch yu dng amoni.
Qu trnh bc hi amoniac vo kh quyn ph thuc vo t nht l ba yu t: dng tn ti l
amoniac, nhit cao v ng lc ca qu trnh chuyn khi. Amoniac tn ti trong iu kin
pH cao, ch xy ra khi ao h cha nhiu to, thc vt chm trong nc, trong lc xy ra quang
hp mnh. Trong khi quang hp, thc vt hp th kh CO2 trong nc lm tng pH ca nc,
iu kin trn lm lch cn bng gia amoniac v amoni, to ra t l thnh phn trung ha ln c
kh nng bay hi.
Nhit tng lm gim kh nng ha tan ca amoniac, thc y qu trnh bc hi.
Sng to, gi mnh thc y qu trnh chuyn khi ca amoniac ln b mt nc v qua lp
mng gianh gii gia nc v kh quyn.
X l hp cht photpho.
Trong h x l ngp nc, hp cht photpho c thc vt hp th, vi sinh vt hp thu, hp
ph v lng trong bn, kt ta thnh dng khng tan. Nhn chung hp cht photpho chuyn ha
v tn ti trong h ngp nc theo chu trnh t nhin kn, ch tch ra khi h theo sinh khi c
thu hoch v vy nn c xu hng tch ly cao trong h. Hp cht photpho dng v c c tnh
linh hot cao hn dng hu c nn d xy ra qu trnh trao i gia nc v lp bn y, tc
qu trnh trao i ph thuc vo nng photpho trong lp nc trn v kh nng gi photpho
ca lp bn, tc l ph thuc vo kh nng hp ph, gii hp ca pha bn y v nc.
Nu lp bn y c tnh axit, th hp cht st v nhm trong bn l tc nhn lu gi photpho,
cn nu lp bn y c tnh kim th cc hp cht canxi, magie ng vai tr lu gi photpho.
Kh nng cung cp photpho cho thc vt trong t (bn) c pH hi thp n trung ha tt hn
l loi t c pH cao.
~ 32 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Mc d l thnh phn khng th thiu trong c th sng, nhng kim loi nng c nguy c gy
c cho c th vi sinh vt. c tnh sinh l v c ch gy c ca kim loi nng l do tnh tch
in, kh nng to phc cht v tnh a ha tr ca chng. Tc dng gy c ca kim loi nng l
che chn cc nhm chc ca cc phn t chc nng nh cc enzym hoc cc phn t c chc
nng vn chuyn oxy, dinh dng, cc ion cho t bo ca c th. Tc dng c hi khc l chng
cnh tranh v thay th cc kim loi l thnh phn ca cc phn t chc nng, qua lm bin
dng, mt hoc hn ch hot ng ca cc phn t .
Thc vt v sinh vt bc thp c kh nng tch ly mt s kim loi nng trong t bo, k c
cc loi cn thit cho c th chng v loi khng cn thit.
Do c tnh ca kim loi nng nn tiu chun thi ca chng c kim sot kh ngt ngho
v x l, cc bin php thng c s dng l hp ph, trao i ion, kt ta hoc cc qu
trnh mng thch hp.
Mt s loi vi khun, thc vt, to, nm c kh nng hp thu mt s kim loi t mi trng
theo c ch ha l (hp ph) hoc trao i cht [25]. Mt vi c ch ha l cng c tc ng gin
tip n trao i cht ca cc c th sng, v d cc phc cht ha hc c th to thnh gia cc
nhm chc cha N, S, O ca t bo vi kim loi nng khi t bo cn ang hot ng hoc
cht. Hin tng trn c th xem l s tch ly kim loi trong c th sinh vt.
Kh nng tch ly (x l) kim loi nng ca vi sinh vt ph thuc vo c trng ha l ca h:
pH ca nc, nhit ca mi trng, bn cht (trng thi ha tr) ca kim loi nng v ph
thuc vo mt lot cc c trng sinh ha ca sinh vt nh cc tc ng lm thay i thnh phn
mng t bo, kh nng ng ha hay tc pht trin sinh khi.
Tch ly kim loi nng trong c th sinh vt, ch yu c th phn loi theo hai c ch: hp
ph (trn thnh t bo, trn polysachrid ngoi bo hoc vi cc cht khc t lin quan n qu
trnh trao i cht xy ra trong t bo) v c ch trao i cht. C ch tch ly kim loi sau lin
quan n trao i v vn chuyn cht xy ra trong t bo. Hp ph xy ra thng l nhanh, trn
c th sng hoc cht. C ch trao i v chuyn vn cht ch xy ra trong c th sng v
thng l vi tc chm nhng vi mc tch ly cao mt s c th sinh vt. Vi c th
sinh vt sng, hai c ch tch ly kim loi nng trn c th xy ra ni tip nhau hoc ng thi.
Hp ph kim loi nng bn ngoi t bo tuy nhanh nhng cng sm b bo ha, ngc li vi
qu trnh tch ly do trao i cht v vn chuyn. Khi qu trnh hp ph t mc bo ha c th
xy ra qua trnh gii hp ph kim loi vo mi trng nc hoc bn. Qu trnh trao i cht xy
ra theo thi gian di, kh nng tch ly cao v chm nhit thp. Mt khc cc t bo sng
ch chu ng c nng kim loi nng vng nng thp.
~ 33 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tch kim loi nng ra khi mi trng t hoc nc c th thc hin qua su c ch ch
yu: bay hi, lng ng ngoi bo, to phc cht ngoi bo, tch ly trong t bo v phn ng
oxy ha kh, hp ph trn b mt t bo [25].
Mt s c th vi sinh vt c kh nng to phc cht c - kim (hu c - kim loi) d bay hi
qua phn ng metyl ha kim loi, to ra hp cht metyl kim loi. V d kh quen thuc l s to
thnh selen metyl t selenat hoc selenid, sn phm to thnh d bay hi l dimetyl selenid,
dimetyl diselenid hay dimetyl selenon [26].
Sa lng ngoi bo c hiu l qu trnh lin quan n mt s vi sinh vt, trong qu trnh trao
i cht, thi ra mt s hp cht c kh nng c nh kim loi nng. V d vi sinh vt kh sunfat
to ra hp cht kh sunfua hydro (H2S, S2-), hp cht ny to thnh kim loi nng - sunfua c
tan rt nh hoc trong iu kin nht nh, vi sinh vt gii phng ra hp cht photphat, mui
photphat ca nhiu kim loi nng cng c tan thp.
To phc cht ngoi bo l qu trnh to ra phc cht gia kim loi nng trong mi trng vi
hp cht hu c do c th sinh vt tng hp nh siderophore, polyme ngoi bo. Hp cht tng
hp sinh ha c i lc cao vi nhiu ion kim loi nng, v d cc polyanion (polyme cha nhiu
nhm chc dng m) c kh nng kt hp tt vi cc ion kim loi tch in dng, polyme cha
cc nhm hydroxyl (OH), carboxyl (COO), nhm chc cha N, S, P u c kh nng to phc
cht kh bn vi kim loi nng.
Tch ly kim loi nng trong t bo l mt qu trnh ch ng, ph thuc vo qu trnh trao
i cht ca t bo c lin quan mt thit n mt qu trnh vn chuyn cht c th no hoc
do s bin ng v thm ca mng t bo c nguyn nhn t tc ng bt bnh thng t bn
ngoi.
Vn chuyn kim loi nng trong t bo thng lin quan n qu trnh in ha tn ti trong
t bo, ph thuc vo chnh lch pH, in th v th nng ca mng t bo. Khi c mt trong
t bo, cc ion kim loi nng s c nh v ti mt v tr no , to phc cht vi protein v
th hin c tnh.
Nhiu c th sinh vt c kh nng oxy ha hoc kh cc ion kim loi trong c th chng,
phn ng oxy ha kh lm gim hoc tng kh nng linh ng ca ion kim loi nng.
Hp ph ion kim loi nng trn b mt cng l mt c ch tch ly kim loi ca vi sinh vt.
Qu trnh hp ph xy ra khng ch vi cc kim loi cn thit m c i vi cc kim loi khng
cn thit cho c th sinh vt. Trn b mt t bo c th xy ra hin tng sa lng hoc to ra lin
kt ha hc gia cc nhm chc ca t bo vi ion kim loi nng (trn thnh hoc mng t bo).
Hp ph trn b mt ca t bo ch yu xy ra theo c ch to phc cht.
~ 34 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
X l mm gy bnh.
Cc ngun mm gy bnh trong nc thi bao gm vi khun, vi rt, giun sn. C ch x l
mm gy bnh gm: lc, hp ph, bc x, n tht ln nhau v to mi trng khng thun li.
Ty thuc loi mm bnh, mc loi b ph thuc vo iu kin c th ca h.
X l nc thi ni chung hay dinh dng ni ring trong cc h t nhin hoc nhn to l s
phi hp ng thi nhiu gii php k thut vi mc ch ng kim sot khng c cht ch
nh trong cc h thng x l cng ngh tiu chun. H x l t nhin c th phn loi theo nhiu
cch: nc x l chy ngm di mt t hoc chy trn trn b mt, lc nhanh hoc chm v
lun c s tham gia ca thc vt do ch ng hay khng ch ng nui trng. Nhiu h c
tiu chun ha, c xc lp x l nc thi (thng cho qui m nh) nhiu quc gia.
~ 35 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
gp iu kin thun li. To cng c th lan truyn thng qua ng vt: cn trng, cc loi chim
nc, thy cm. To lc l loi n bo, kch thc nh, thng xut hin sm nht trong cc ao
h do gi v khng kh mang ti. Do t l gia din tch v th tch ln ca to lc nn kh nng
hp thu thc n v nh sng cao hn cc loi to c kch thc ln, ko theo l tc pht trin
ca chng rt nhanh. Sau giai on u nh c, t l cc loi to ph thuc vo s cnh tranh
ngun nui dng chng. Rt nhiu loi to c kh nng tn ti dai dng trong nhng iu kin
khng thun li cho s pht trin. Chnh chng l ngun to ging cho cc h nc sau mt thi
gian b phi kh.
Bng 12. 5. Thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s loi to tnh theo khi lng kh (spirulina
platensis VN sn xut ti Vit Nam) [27, 28].
Thnh phn Chlorella Spirulina Spirulina Spirulina Scenedes
maxima platensis platensis acutus
VN
Protein tng (%) 40 - 60 67 67 66 50 - 55 50-56
Gluxit (%) 25 - 35 - - - - -
Lipit (%) 10 - 15 11,5 13 5 12 - 19 12-14
Carbonhydrat - 15,3 14,5 12,5 10 - 15 10-17
(%)
Axit nucleic (%) 6 4,2 4,5 4,3 4-6 4-6
X (%) - 0,1 0,9 - 10 - 12 3-7
Tro (%) 10 - 34 6 7,6 10,3 6-8 6 - 10
Sterol (%) 0,1 - 0,2 - - - - -
Sterin (%) 0,1 - 0,5 - - - - -
B-caroten (%) 0,16 - - - - -
Xanthophyll (%) 3,3 - 3,6 - - - - -
Chlorophyll a (%) 2,2 - - - - -
Chlorophyll b (%) 0,58 - - - - -
Vi tamin -
B1 (mg/g) 18 - - - - -
C (mg/g) 0,3 - 0,6 - - - - -
K (mg/g) 6 - - - - -
B6 (mg/g) 2,3 - - - - -
~ 36 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 37 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 38 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 39 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 40 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
sinh vt pht trin vi t cch l cht mang v r bo ng thm vai tr cht lc lm trong nc.
Vi thn xp, r di, bo c kh nng vn chuyn oxy t l, qua thn n r v vo mi trng
nc rt hiu qu, to iu kin cho vi sinh vt hiu kh tng nc su hot ng.
Kh nng thm oxy t kh quyn trong cc ao bo c mt nui trng cao b hn ch do b
che chn bi l v thn bo.
Tc dng loi b dinh dng ca bo da trn hai c trng chnh l tc tng sinh khi v
hm lng protein cao trong sinh khi ca bo (15 - 22%). V l do , tc thu hoch bo s
nh hng trc tip n kh nng x l dinh dng ca h [37, 38, 39].
Bo ty l loi thy thc vt c s dng rng ri nht trong cc ao h x l nc thi. Ao
h cha bo dng x l c th chia ra lm ba loi da trn c trng tnh trng oxy ha tan
trong nc: hiu kh t nhin, hiu kh c b xung thm oxy v loi ty nghi.
H hiu kh t nhin c kh nng x l nc thi t mc cp hai hoc x l hp cht nit
ph thuc vo mc nhim hu c ca nc thi, l loi thng dng nht hin nay. u
im ca loi ao hiu kh t nhin l t sinh ra rui mui, cn trng, t gy mi hi.
Vi cc ao h c v tr khng qu nhy cm vi mi, h nui bo c th sc kh b xung x
l cc dng thi c mc nhim hu c cao v tit kim din tch.
Loi h nui bo ty nghi c hiu qu x l cao, chu c loi nc thi c nhim ln.
Nhc im chnh ca n l gy mi v hp dn mui, cn trng.
Bo c tc dng hn ch hay ngn chn to pht trin do che chn nh sng t trn b mt
hoc kt hp vi h sinh hc cao ti tch loi to nhm tn dng kh nng x l dinh dng
ca to [32, 39].
Thng s k thut dng thit k ao h nui bo gm: thi gian lu thy lc, su ca lp
nc, cu hnh ca ao h, ti lng hu c v ti lng thy lc.
Thi gian lu thy lc ph thuc vo ti lng hu c, ti lng thy lc v chiu su ca lp
nc. Ti lng hu c l yu t quan trng nht.
su ca lp nc l yu t kim sot mc trn nc theo chiu dc, lp nc cng su
kh nng trn cng km. su ca lp nc cn m bo sao cho nc thi c c iu kin
tip xc vi r ca bo, ni m vi sinh vt bm trn . Chiu su ca lp nc c thit k
theo mc ch cht lng thi hay i tng cn x l, gi tr c trng c ghi trong bng 12.
6.
H x l bao gm nhiu ngn ni tip nhau, su ca cc ngn cui thng c thit k
ln hn do r bo c xu hng pht trin hn v chiu di khi kh nng cp dinh dng gim.
thch nghi vi iu kin bin ng ca thy vn a phng, h nui bo cn c thit k
u x c kh nng iu chnh c mc nc trong h.
~ 41 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 12. 6. Thng s k thut c trng thit k h nui bo ty, bo tm v hiu qu k vng
[11].
~ 42 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 43 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
trong t bo ca bo thp. Kim loi nng c th c tit ra t cn sa lng khi mi trng thay
i th oxy ha kh.
Bng 12. 7. Hm lng nit v protein trung bnh trong bo ty, bo tm [13].
~ 44 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 45 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 46 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 47 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
hot ng cng nghip v i sng. Nc s dng trong sn xut nng nghip dng cho mc
ch ti tiu. Ti s dng nc thi s b p c mt phn nhu cu s dng trong sn xut
nng nghip.
Ao bo tm c tc dng n nh nc thi cho mc ch ti tiu v n c kh nng loi b
c nhiu yu t gy nh hng bt li cho cc cy trng khc nh gim mui, cc khong
cht tan, gim bt s pht trin ca to.
Mc d bo tm c kh nng hp thu dinh dng, cnh tranh vi cc cy trng khc, tuy vy
nhu cu dinh dng ca cc cy trng ph thuc vo thi k pht trin nn vic b xung thm
dinh dng vo nc thi sau khi x l vi bo tm cng khng kh khn. Nc thi sau x l
vi bo tm cha nng dinh dng thp (N, P) l yu t c li i vi thy ng vt v gim
thiu nhim cho nc ngm.
~ 48 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hnh 12.1. Cy sy
Hnh 12. 2. Cy c nn
~ 49 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 50 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Thnh phn tp C ch x l
cht
Cn khng tan Lng, lc, hp ph
BOD Lng, lc, phn hy to ra sn phm CO2,
H2O, NH3 do cc vi sinh vt bm trn cy, r
v lp m.
Hp cht nit Ch yu do nitrat ha - kh nitrat.
Oxy ha amoniac bi vi sinh trong vng hiu
kh. Kh nitrat, nitrit trong vng thiu kh.
Mt phn nh c thc vt hp th.
Hp cht photpho Hp ph, to phc, kt ta trong lp m do
mui Al, Fe, Ca v st. Mt phn nh do thc
vt hp th
Kim loi nng Kt ta do thay i pH; lng v hp ph trn
mng vi sinh bm trn cy v r.
Vi khun gy bnh Lng, lc, cht, tiu dit ln nhau. Cht khng
sinh tit ra t r v thn cy cht.
~ 51 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
si, vng
nc vo
thu nc
si, vng
ra ao phn b
nc
Tng lc
~ 52 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Q(ln Co ln Ce )
A (12-1)
k
A: din tch ca thm lc (m2), Q: lu lng lc hng ngy (m3/ngy), Co: BOD trung bnh
ca dng vo, Ce: nng BOD sau x l (mg/l), k: hng s tc (m/ngy).
Gi tr ca k ph thuc vo tnh sinh hy ca tp cht hu c trong nc thi v tnh nng ca
vt liu lc. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu x l nc thi sinh hot xut gi tr k, theo din
tch lc cn thit cho mt ngi tng ng (person equivalent - 200 lit nc sinh hot/u
ngi) l t 3 - 5 m2/ngi [43, 44, 45, 46].
Tit din lc (chiu rng chiu su) ca tng lc c tnh trn c s nh lut thm ca
Darcy:
Q
AL (12-2)
k L .dH / dS
A: Tit din lc (m2); Q: Lu lng lc (m3. s-1), kL: Tc thm ca tng lc (m3. m-2. s-1 =
m. s-1); dH/dS: chnh lch thy lc (5%). Anh, gi tr k L c s dng l 10-3m. s-1. Theo
Kickuth th gi tr kL < 10-4m. s-1 nhm trnh s cun tri ca tng lc v duy tr c cc iu
kin hiu kh, thiu kh v ym kh trong tng lc. Mt cy trng dy s tng c hiu qu
x l.
Ph thuc vo iu kin c th, cc tiu chun thit k h lc ngang ca tng vng c thit
lp v p dng, v d tiu chun thit k h x l dng lau sy ca c (Abwassertechnische
Vereinigung eV. (ATV) nm 1998) hng dn thit k nhm mc ch x l BOD, i vi qui
m ti 1000 ngi tng ng c trnh by trong bng 12. 10.
Thng s thit k h x l ch c gi tr trong tng trng hp c th, chng thay i trong
khong rng khi mc tiu x l t ra khc nhau (v d x l nit, photpho, x l bn), iu kin
thc hin khc nhau (nng m, thi k kh hay ma, t hp vi cc phng php x l khc [48,
49, 50]. Vi cc thng s thit k ghi trong bng 12. 10, nc thi sau x l t: BOD 40 mg/l,
COD 150 mg/l.
Hiu qu x l ca h cao i vi BOD, P, tuy nhin kh nng x l hp cht nit b hn ch,
c bit v ma lnh [43, 45].
Tng t trng trt v c trng ca n cng nh hng n hiu qu x l ca h. Vt liu
c th s dng l si nh, ct hoc hn hp ca c hai, i khi mt lng nh t st (5%) c
b xung thm tng kh nng hp ph photpho. Lc ngang cn chiu su ( 80 cm) v vy din
tch lc trong trng hp cn thp hn (2,5 m2 so vi 5 m2). Tng lc xui ch cha khng
qu 2% st nhm m bo thm ca lp lc.
~ 53 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 12. 10. Tiu chun thit k h x l trng lau sy theo ATV, A 262, 1998 i vi nc
thi sinh hot [45].
Thng s H lc lau sy
Chiu lc Lc ngang Lc xui
X l s b (lng s cp) C C
Vt liu lc Ct, si nh Ct, si nh
Tc thm kL (m. s-1) 10-3-10-4 10-3-10-4
Chiu cao lp lc (cm) 50 80
Din tch lc (m2/ngi) 5 2,5
Ti lng thy lc ti a (mm/ngy) 40 60
Thc vt Cy sy Cy sy
trnh gy tc tng lc, nc thi trc khi x l cn c tch khi thnh phn cht rn v
cn c kim tra trong khi vn hnh. Nhm tng cng hiu qu x l i vi c cc thnh
phn tp cht khc, cc bin php vn hnh c th p dng l: ngt on, thay i lu lng, b
xung thm kh, hn ch ngun nc ma vo h hoc phi hp thm vi cc k thut x l khc
[44, 49].
~ 54 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 55 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
K thut x l lc qua thm lau sy c xem l gii php x l r tin, thch hp vi qui m
nh, c bit c hiu qu trong vng c kh hu nng m. K thut thm lau sy c s dng
x l nhiu loi hnh nc thi dng c lp hoc phi hp vi cc k thut khc nhm t
c cc mc tiu t ra: nc thi sinh hot, nc thi b pht, nc thi chung tri, nc rc,
nc khai thc m, nc thuc da, ch bin sa... [42, 54, 55, 56].
K thut x l nc thi vi thm lau sy cng bt u c cc nc pht trin nghin cu
v p dng nhm lm gim gi thnh x l [42, 52].
~ 56 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
X l nc rc.
13
Nc rc - ngun nc thi hnh thnh t cc bi chn lp rc sinh hot
l mt loi hnh nc thi c c th ring do tnh dang d v mt phn hy. Bi chn lp rc
l mt l vi sinh ym kh t nhin, tp cht nhim trong nc rc l kt qu tc ng ca mt
lot cc qu trnh t nhin ca vi sinh, ha hc, quang ha, thi tit cng nh cc tc ng ch
quan ca con ngi nh tp qun sinh hot, kh nng phn loi rc, k thut xy dng v vn
hnh bi rc.
Mi tnh, thnh ph u c t nht mt bi chn lp rc tp trung, nhiu th trn, th t cng
xy dng cc bi chn lp rc qui m nh. nhim mi trng t cc bi rc c qui m rng,
thng xuyn, i vi khng kh, t ai, nc mt v nc ngm. Mc nh hng ngy
cng tng khi kinh t v mc th ha (tp trung) pht trin. X l c hiu qu nc rc l
cng vic cn thit hin nay Vit Nam.
~ 57 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
thnh ph nh hn: Vit Tr, Thi Nguyn, Hu, Hi Phng lng thi t hn: 0,5 - 0,7
kg/ngi/ngy [1].
Tp qun sinh hot cng nh hng nhiu n lng rc thi. iu ny c th nhn bit r
thng qua tp qun n ung ca ngi dn: Lng rc thi ln khi thc n c ch bin ch yu
t ngun th: rau, c, qu ti, t git m gia cm (g, vt), thu sn (tm, c, s, trai, hn, cua),
lng rc thi thp khi s dng thc n qua ch bin (hoc ch bin tng phn) nh hp,
thc n s ch t cc c s sn xut nh thc n lm sn: g, vt, c, cua git m cha qua
nu nng.
cc ni i sng kinh t cha cao, lng rc thi t bao b, giy vn, chai l, hp cng t
hn do lng t v c thu hi kh trit , s dng cho cc mc ch khc.
Lng rc v thnh phn rc cng thay i theo ma, vo ma cy c pht trin mnh lng
l cy, c, hoa qu thi ra (thu nht t cc khu vc cng cng) thng thp hn so vi ma l
rng, kh hn.
Mt nguyn nhn ng k khc nh hng n lng rc chn lp l kh nng thu gom rc
thi ca cc n v thc hin dch v trn - Cng ty mi trng th (URENCO) v lng rc
thi thu hi c ch chim 70 -80% lng thi hng ngy.
Ti H Ni, lng rc thi thu gom tng dn theo tng nm: 1200 - 1400 tn/ngy trong giai
on 2000 - 2002, v hin nay khong 1500 tn/ngy. Lng rc thu gom ch yu c em
chn lp ti khu lin hip x l cht thi ti Nam Sn, Sc Sn, H Ni cch trung tm khong
50 km.
Nhm tn dng cc thnh phn c ch trong rc thi v gim thiu ti a khi lng rc phi
chn lp, gii php phn loi rc ngay ti ni ngun thi c thc hin nghim tc cc nc
pht trin v ang c hng dn thc hin cc nc ang pht trin.
Thnh phn thi d thu hi c gi tr s dng li nh v chai, v hp, st thp vn, giy bo
c nhn chung c thu hi kh trit theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau. cc nc pht trin
cng nh H Ni, chai l (chai nha, thu tinh) c th tr li cho ni bn hng, giy bo c,
giy vn c mua li di dng ng nt ti ch. Mnh vn nylong, nha, mt s loi bao b
c thu nht ti bi chn lp rc.
Lng rc thi em chn ct v vy ch yu l cc cht hu c, cc vt liu v c c kch
thc khng ln lm v mt phn cc loi ph liu khng c gi tr s dng: xm lp c, mnh
vn nha, giy. Th tch chim ch trong bi chn lp ca thnh phn rc hu c chim trn
90%.
Ti cc nc tin tin, rc thi ti gia nh c phn loi cn thn thnh 4 - 5 loi: giy bo
c, v chai l, v c vn, ph thi (snh, s, thy tinh v), rc thi hu c. Khi tr tin cho
dch v thu gom rc, ch nh ch phi tr cho mt s i tng c th: ti mt s vng c,
~ 58 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 59 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
cao s tip tc c phn hu (c bit l xc vi sinh vt) trong mi trng nc nhn hoc gy
c, gy mu hn ch s pht trin ca cc loi thu thc vt v thu ng vt sng trong nc.
Thnh phn cht hu c tan trong nc rc rt phong ph vi cc t l nng rt khc nhau:
cc cht hu c kh thng dng (COD, BOD) lng ln vi nng t vi chc ti vi chc
ngn mg/l, n cc cht hu c vi lng (di g/l, phn t) c tc hi rt ln n mi trng,
c bit i vi cc loi thu sinh nh kh nng gy t bin gien, lm ri lon chc nng t bo.
Ngoi cc thnh phn cht hu c, nc rc cn cha mt lot cc mui v c c hm lng
ln: clorua, bicarbonat (HCO3-), sunfat, natri, canxi, magie v mt lot cc kim loi nng ch yu
nm dng phc vi cht hu c c nng thng l thp.
nhim do cht rn.
Rc thi cha kh nhiu cc thnh phn kh phn hu: nylon, nha, cao su, cht lng kh
phn hu, du m khong (du bin th, diesel). Khi c chn ct ln vi rc hu c, cc thnh
phn trn kh phn hu bi vi sinh vt do tnh tr ca chng, thi gian phn hu ca chng c
th ko di ti 40 - 50 nm.
Cc thnh phn gy nhim i vi mi trng nu trn mang tnh cht ph qut. Hm
lng, t l v tng lng nhim t mt bi rc ph thuc vo cc yu t chnh sau:
- c trng ca rc c chn lp.
- Phn loi rc.
- Qui m ca bi chn lp.
- K thut chn lp, qun l v vn hnh bi rc.
- Cng ngh v trnh kim sot nhim pht sinh t bi rc.
S hnh thnh nc rc.
Nc rc hnh thnh t nm ngun chnh sau: [2]
- Nc mt chy trn.
- Thm t ngun nc ngm.
- Thm t nc ma.
- m trong rc.
- Nc hnh thnh t cc phn ng trong ng rc.
Trong bn ngun u l chnh, ngun sau nh hon ton c th b qua.
Lng nc rc hnh thnh ti mt khu vc trc ht ph thuc vo din tch bi chn lp:
tit din nc ma thm xung hoc cc dng chy b mt (do ma) chy trn qua. Lng
nc bc hi cng t l thun vi din tch bi chn lp nhng do lp t ph b mt v chiu
su kh cao nn tc bay hi chm.
~ 60 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 61 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
t bo v trao i cht ca loi vi sinh to axit thuc nhm acidogens giai on th hai. Giai
on th hai l giai on chuyn ho cc sn phm thu phn thnh axit (loi vi sinh
acidogens nh Clotridium spp, Peptococus anaerobus, Difidobacterium spp, Desulphovibrio
spp...). Sn phm chnh c to ra l axit axetic v mt lot axit khc nh crotonic, adipic,
pyruvic, phthalic, fumaric, lactic, succinic, mallonic, gallic, aconitic, oxaclic v kh hydro.
Giai on to kh metan v carbon dioxit c thc hin bi nhm vi sinh methanogens (to
ra metan). Loi vi sinh ng quan tm nht l loi s dng axit axetic v hydro, chng c tc
pht trin chm v vy giai on hnh thnh kh metan l bc chm nht. Ngoi axit axetic, loi
vi sinh to metan ch c kh nng s dng mt s loi hn ch cc c cht khc nh format,
acetat methanol, methylamin. Chng vi sinh to metan v axit c chung li ch (syntrophic) v
tn ti, nng ta nhau trong th cn bng ng. duy tr trng thi ng ti u cn c cc
iu kin thch hp v pH, nhit , kim, hm lng axit d bay hi, thnh phn dinh dng.
Trng thi ng ti u gip cho kh nng phn hu cht hu c c hiu qu cao.
Thnh phn ho hc ca nc rc trc ht ph thuc vo mc phn hu ca rc (nhit ,
m, tui, iu kin mi trng), chng khc nhau rt r rt i vi tng bi c th. Nc thi
t cc bi rc vi mc phn hu thp (mi, ma kh, lnh) ang trong giai on axit ho th
80-90% cht hu c trong l cc axit hu c d bay hi c kh nng sinh hu cao. Ngc li
nc thi t bi rc c phn hu su (giai on to kh metan ang v sp kt thc) th cc
cht hu c trong ch yu l cc cht tr, kh sinh hu nh axit humic, fulvic, tannin, lignin
v amoni vi hm lng rt cao [5, 6].
Rc thi hu c c thnh phn ho hc c trng nh sau: 25,2% nc, 25,5% carbon, 3,4%
hydro, 20,3% oxy, 0,5% nit, 0,2% lu hunh, 0,5% clorua v 24,4% cht v c khc (tnh theo
khi lng) [7]. Theo t l trn, t l gia C/N trong rc thi l 50 : 1, tuy vy t l ny trong nc
thi rc l nh hn do nhiu hp cht giu carbon khng phn hu c trong iu kin ym kh,
v d cc dng polyme ca g nh lignin, chng c th chim ti 6,8% ca khi lng rc. Gi
tr C/N v vy nm trong khong 22 : 1 n 33,5 : 1.
Thnh phn hu c cha nit trong rc ch yu l protein v mt lng nh hn cc hp cht
axit nucleic, chitin, ure, phospholipit, cc sn phm phn hu t thc n, xc ng vt.
Trong qu trnh phn hu ym kh, protein v cc hp cht cha nit b thu phn bi enzym
do vi sinh ym kh v mt phn hiu kh to ra axit amin, tip tc thnh amoni v carbon dioxit
cng vi axit d bay hi. Mt lng khng ln axit amin, amoni c vi sinh vt s dng cu
to t bo, lng cn d li tn ti trong nc rc. Sau mt chu k hot ng, cc vi sinh ym
kh cht v b phn hu nh xc ng vt.
~ 62 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Theo Robinson v Gronow [8] th nng amoni trong nc rc nm trong khong 194 -
3610 mg/l khi rc phn hu trong giai on axit ho v 283 - 2040 mg/l trong giai on metan
ho.
Nc rc c tch ra khi bi chn, thng c gom v cc h cha trc khi c x l
v thi ra mi trng. S bin ng v nng cht hu c (BOD, COD) v hp cht nit trong
nc thi di s tng tc ca vi sinh vt, iu kin vt l (gi, ma, kh, hanh, nng, lnh) v
thc vt l i tng ng quan tm khi nh gi c trng ca nc rc.
S bin ng nng cht hu c
Nng cht hu c c c trng bi cc ch s nh BOD, COD, tng carbon hu c
(TOC) hoc cc ch s khc nhng thng dng hn c l BOD v COD.
T l COD v BOD ph thuc vo mc phn hu ca rc v nc rc, phn hu cng
cao th t l ny cng ln.
Nng cht hu c trong nc rc trc ht ph thuc vo lng nc pha long trong
ng rc . Ma ma nc thm nhiu, nng thp v ngc li v ma kh, chng khc nhau
ti c chc ln [4].
Khi c cha trong h, ph thuc vo iu kin nng oxy trong nc (th oxy ho kh)
s xy ra cc din bin sau:
Trong cc h ym kh (mt thong nh, lp nc su) lng oxy ho tan thp, gi tr th oxy
ho kh thp (<- 300mV) th ch c loi vi sinh ym kh hot ng. S thay i nng cht hu
c trong nc l do hot ng ca vi sinh ym kh nh trong ng rc nhng thun li hn do
kh nng tip xc gia vi sinh vt vi cht gy nhim tt hn nhiu so vi trong ng rc.
Ngun cht hu c gim i do to thnh sinh khi (10%) v do trao i cht (to nng lng)
(90%). Nu sinh khi khng c tch ra th chng s cht, lng xung y h v tip tc phn
hu to ra ngun cht hu c mi. T l BOD/ COD ca nc thi (v nng axit d bay hi)
rt thp. Hm lng cht hu c d ch yu l loi tr, kh phn hu. Tc ng ca cc iu
kin vt l ln bin ng nng cht hu c khng nhiu ngoi tr hiu ng pha long (ma)
v c c (bc hi).
Trong cc h tu nghi, ni ng thi tn ti c dng vi sinh hiu kh, ym kh cng hot ng
v to c iu kin pht trin th s tng tc gia chng c nh hng rt ln ti s bin ng
nng cht hu c. lp nc su vi sinh vt ym kh hot ng ging nh trong cc h ym
kh. lp nc tng trn s din ra tng tc gia cc vi sinh hiu kh v to.
To l loi thc vt n hoc a bo, c kch thc t vi chc ti mt trm m vi bn
nhm to chnh l to lc, to mt, to vng v to lam. To l loi thc vt t dng (dng
ngun carbon v c) v nng lng quang ho. Chng pht trin theo ma v c th t ti
200mg/l v mt .
~ 63 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Kh nng pht trin ca to ph thuc vo ngun dinh dng (N, P), c cht (carbon v c,
CO2, HCO3-) nh sng v nhit . Trong qu trnh quang hp chng nh ra oxy v OH - (lm
tng pH ), khi h hp chng li nh ra kh CO2. Ngun nh sng l nng lng m chng hp thu
trc ht ph thuc vo trong ca nc. Vi sinh hiu kh tng tc cng sinh vi to: sn
phm thi ca qu trnh vi sinh hiu kh (CO2) l nguyn liu to pht trin, kh oxy sinh ra do
qu trnh quang hp l iu kin cn thit vi sinh hot ng. Do hiu sut to sinh khi ca vi
sinh hiu kh cao (1kg BOD to ra khong 0,4kg sinh khi, phn cn li chuyn ho thnh CO 2
v nc) nn s suy gim COD cng v sau cng chm do s phn hu tip theo ca vi sinh hiu
kh v to trong iu kin ym kh tng y.
Trong h hiu kh, hot ng ca to v vi sinh hiu kh xy ra mnh hn so vi h tu nghi,
nng oxy ho tan rt ln, thng l trn mc bo ho v pH cao. Cht hu c d trong ch
yu l loi tr, kh sinh hu (BOD thp )
S bin ng nng ca hp cht nit.
Hp cht nit trong cc h cha gm: cht hu c cha nit, amoni, nitrit, nitrat, hp cht
trong cu trc t bo ca vi sinh v to.
Trong h ym kh, hp cht nit tn ti ch yu dng amoni, mt phn nm trong t bo ca
vi sinh ym kh. Do khng tch c sinh khi ra khi nc nn khi phn hu, amoni c tr
li hu nh trn vn vo mi trng nc.
Trong h tu nghi mc d vi s c mt thm ca vi sinh hiu kh v to, s din bin v
nng hp cht nit cng c hnh nh tng t nhng vi tc gim amoni nhanh hn trong
giai on u v tng nhanh trong giai on phn hu. Trong h hiu kh qu trnh chuyn ho
cc hp cht nit phc tp hn do vi sinh d dng (oxy ho cht hu c) trong iu kin c oxy
do to nh ra, do hot ng ca loi vi sinh t dng (oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit v nitrat) v
kh nitrat do loi vi sinh d dng trong iu kin thiu kh.
Trn lp nc b mt, ni hot ng ca to v do oxy thm t khng kh vi sinh vt t
dng c iu kin pht trin rt tt do mt vi sinh d dng khi ny thp (BOD thp). Suy
gim nng amoni l do vi sinh v to hp thu. Nitrit v nitrat hnh thnh tng trn khuych
tn su xung di y c vi sinh d dng kh thnh kh nit vi s c mt ca cht hu c
phn hu t xc vi sinh v to y. tng y, nng oxy khng ln do thiu s hot ng
ca to v do s phn hu to v vi sinh. S suy gim nng hp cht nit trong h hiu kh l
do qu trnh nitrat v kh nitrat ca cc tp on vi sinh vt.
Do cc c im trnh by trn, khi nh gi v c trng nhim ca nc rc, cn ch ti
tnh bin ng ca n v mt thi gian, khng gian v s chuyn ha ca cc tp cht xy ra
trong qu trnh rc cng nh ti cc h thu gom nc rc.
~ 64 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
c trng pH.
Gi tr pH nm trong khong 7,0 - 9,5, gi tr thng gp nm trong vng 7,6 - 8,6, thin v
tnh kim. Nc rc tui cao c gi tr pH ln, v ma kh gi tr pH cao hn so vi ma ma.
pH cao ca nc rc l do cc nguyn nhn: kim cao, qu trnh phn hy ym kh su v do
hot ng ca to cc h tr nc rc.
c trng ca kim.
kim ca nc rc gy ra ch yu bi mui bicarbonat (pH < 8,2), mt phn do CO32- v
OH- v khi pH > 8,2. Kt qu nh gi kim ca cc bi rc trong thi gian di cho thy: s
khc nhau r rt gia cc bi rc: cao nht l ti bi rc Nam Sn, gi tr dao ng t 1250 n
3400 mg CaCO3/l, tip theo l bi rc Trng Ct (890 - 2580), ti bi rc Nam nh (750 - 1540).
Nc rc ti Qung Ninh c kim thp nht, thng nm trong khong 400 - 700, cc gi tr
cao hn 1000 rt t gp.
S bin ng ca kim theo v tr khng gian khng theo qui lut nht nh khi so snh
gia cc bi rc vi nhau, do s hot ng ca vi sinh vt mc khc nhau cng vi qu trnh
kt ta ha hc xy ra to thnh CaCO3. kim c xu hng gim v ma kh, c bit l
nhng h cha nc rc c b mt thong cao, rt c th do qu trnh thot kh CO2 t nc thi.
Cn khng tan.
Nhn chung lng cn khng tan trong nc rc khng ln, thng nm trong khong 100 -
200 mg/l. Thnh phn cn khng tan ch yu l cht hu c: xc vi sinh vt v to. Tuy hm
lng cn khng cao (khi lng ring ca cht hu c thp) nhng n gy c ln v chng
thng c mu sm. Khi khng c x l m thi ra mi trng, cc loi cn khng tan ny c
kh nng che chn nh sng cao, gy bt li cho qu trnh quang hp ca thy thc vt.
Do nh nn kh nng t lng ca chng km v do bn cht l cc h keo a nc nn kh
nng keo t vi cc cht in ly khng tt, iu i hi khi keo t chng cn phi hp nhiu
loi cht keo t v tr keo t khc nhau v thng l vi liu lng cao hn nhiu so vi h keo
v c k nc (nc sng).
~ 65 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 66 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 67 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Chu trnh bin i ca cc hp cht nit trong nc rc gm: thy phn cc phn t hu c
ln (protein) thnh cc axit amin v tip tc thnh amoni. Mt phn amoni hnh thnh t thy
phn c vi sinh vt v thy thc vt (to) s dng tng hp t bo. Trong cc ao h cha
nc thi c iu kin th xy ra qu trnh oxy ha amoni thnh nitrit, nitrat v kh nitrat,
nitrit v kh nit (kh vi cht hu c hoc vi amoni, tc l qu trnh kh ANAMOX). Trong
qu trnh phn hy xc vi sinh vt hoc to cht ti y h, qu trnh tip din cng nh trn.
Khc vi chu trnh carbon, mt phn ln cht hu c c tch loi ra khi mi trng nc
thi trong chn lp v thu gom nc, hp cht nit trong nc rc t c iu kin thot ra
khi mi trng nc rc do s hnh thnh kh N2 trong chu trnh khng thun li.
Hm lng amoniac cng nh tng nit kjeldahl trong nc rc cc bi rc khc nhau u
c chung c im l khong dao ng rt ln: t 20 - 1900 mg/l ti bi rc Hi Phng, t 12 -
598 mg/l ti bi rc Nam nh, t 31 - 852 mg/l ti bi rc Nam Sn, H Ni v t 55 - 1094
mg/l ti bi rc Qung Ninh. So vi tng nit kjeldahl, hm lng amoniac chim 60 - 80%.
S bin i nng amoniac trong nc rc ph thuc vo cc iu kin: mc pha long
do ma, mc phn hy (tui ca nc rc, iu kin phn hy) cng cao th hm lng
amoniac cng ln v t l gia amoniac v nit kjeldahl cng cao.
Nng nitrit, nitrat trong nc rc thp (< 0,1 mg/l) do qu trnh oxy ha khng c iu
kin thun li xy ra.
Hp cht photpho.
Photpho tng trong nc rc bao gm cc thnh phn: photphat n (ortho), photphat trng
ngng v photpho nm trong hp cht hu c. Hp cht photpho trong thnh phn rc sau khi
thy phn to ra photphat trng ngng v photphat n. Photphat n hnh thnh c vi sinh
ym kh s dng mt phn tng hp t bo, mt phn to ra cht ha hc c kh nng kt ta
nh canxi photphat.
Hm lng photphat trong nc rc khng cao, ngang vi mc ca nc thi sinh hot.
Nng photphat tnh theo P ca cc mu kho st nm trong khong 0,5 - 31,6 mg/l, s liu
nm mc di tiu chun cho php thi (TCVN 5945 - 1995, B).
Thnh phn v c.
Trong qu trnh rc hnh thnh mt lot cc thnh phn v c cng nh chit tch mt s
cc cht v c bm dnh trn rc thi. Cc cht v c c nh hng ng k n cng ngh x l
nc rc gm: Ca, Mg, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-.
Canxi, magie l sn phm khong ha cc hp cht hu c, n l thnh phn ha hc ca cc
cht trong rc thi. Mt phn canxi c ngun gc t vi c s dng trong khu thao tc v vn
hnh bi rc. Khc vi mt s d on, hm lng canxi trong nc rc khng cao, nm trong
khong 32 - 232 mg/l, gi tr thng gp 30 - 80 mg/l. Nng canxi trong nc rc thp c th
~ 68 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 69 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- So snh vi nc thi sinh hot, c nng amoni trung bnh l 22 mg/l [13] th tr s ca n
trong nc rc cao hn 10 - 20 ln. T l gia COD/tng nit trong nc rc rt thp, v vy
p ng c tiu chun thi cn phi p dng cng ngh x l bc ba.
- Hm lng photpho trong nc thi thp, khng t p ng cho x l vi sinh.
- Cc thnh phn tp cht v c tan trong nc rc c th tc ng tiu cc hay tch cc n tng
qu trnh cng ngh trong h x l nhng chc chn l mi trng khng thun li cho thc
vt pht trin.
- Hm lng cn khng tan trong nc rc thp, ch yu l cc cht hu c k nc, chng c
tc lng thp.
Nhng c trng nu trn l yu t rt quan trng khi thit k h thng x l nc rc [14].
13. 3. 1. Keo t.
~ 70 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nc rc ban u c c cao, ti mu, tuy hm lng cn khng tan (SS) khng ln lm, t
khi vt qu 300 mg/l. Cn khng tan trong nc rc ch yu l thnh phn hu c: xc vi sinh
vt, to. c im ca cn khng tan hu c l n c lp v hydrat dy do tnh a nc ca
chng v bn keo ca chng chnh l nh vo lp v ny, khc vi tnh bn ca dng v c
(k nc) l nh lp in tch kp (hay khuych tn) xung quanh ht keo. C ch keo t cc ht
keo hu c v vy ch yu khng phi l trung ho in tch m theo c ch: ph v lp v
hydrat, qut kt ta v to cu ni [15]. V l do c th d on l liu lng cht keo t cn
s dng s cao hn nhiu so vi keo t cc h keo k nc - nc sng chng hn v cn s
dng cht tr keo t gim gi thnh vn hnh cng nh tng hiu qu lng.
Cht keo t dng thng phm ang c lu hnh rng ri trn th trng hin nay thuc h
nhm vi hai loi sn phm ch yu l phn n (nhm sunfat) v poly nhm clorua.
Nhm sunfat Al2(SO4)3. 18 H2O l cht keo t truyn thng c s dng rng ri. Khng
phi tt c cc thnh phn ho hc trong cht keo t u c tc dng, ch c thnh phn nhm c
tc dng keo t, thng c tnh theo % Al2O3 v l mt trong nhng ch tiu cht lng hng
u ca mt cht keo t. Phn n loi tiu chun (nhm sunfat) c hm lng nhm tnh theo
Al2O3 l 15,5% (8,1% Al3+). Khi s dng phn nhm, mui nhm b thu phn v to ra axit,
mi ion Al3+ to ra 3 ion H+, tc l 1 kg nhm sunfat to ra 9 mol H+, tng ng vi 0,75 l axit
clohydric c (36%). Axit sinh ra s lm gim kim ca nc (1 mol H+ tiu hao 61 g HCO3-)
v lm gim pH. Mc gim pH ph thuc vo kim ca nc, pH gim mnh khi kim
thp v ngc li do kim ng vai tr cht m ca h. Do sau khi keo t, nc c tip tc
x l vi sinh oxy ho amoni v cht hu c vi vng pH ti u ca n l khong 8 - 9, qu
trnh cn mt lng kim kh ln, v vy ch keo t cng cn m bo hi ho cc yu t
trn.
Poly nhm clorua (poly aluminum chloride - PAC) l loi polyme v c cha cc thnh phn
nhm, oxy, hydroxyl v clorua. N c sn xut t mui nhm vi cc cht kim. Cng thc
ho hc c dng [AlClx(OH)3-x]n, x = 1-2. PAC c phn t lng 7000 - 35000 c di ca
mch ti trn 350 Ao [15].
Do c trung ho vi kim trc trong qu trnh sn xut nn kh nng sinh ra axit ca
chng thp v do mch phn t kh ln nn qu trnh keo t xy ra vi tc nhanh hn so
vi phn.
Sn phm PAC lu hnh kh rng ri hin nay l nhp t Trung Quc vi hm lng nhm
oxit khong 30%. Gi c trung bnh ca chng cao hn khong 2,5 ln so vi phn n.
Tr keo t l cc loi polyme hu c tan trong nc, c c kh nng tan trc ht chng
phi c mch thng (cu trc mt chiu) v mch polyme cha nhiu nhm chc phn cc a
nc. Cht tr keo t thng dng (thng phm) thuc h polyarylamid v cc copolyme ca
chng.
~ 71 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Cc loi cht tr keo t trc ht khc nhau v mt in tch. Trong trng thi tan, polyme
tch in dng (do trong mng cha nit ho tr +4) gi l cht keo t dng (loi C - cationic
flocculant), polyme tch in m (thu phn mt phn nhm amid) l loi A (anionic) hoc loi
trung tnh N (cha nhm C=O v NH2). C ch gy keo t ca cht tr keo t l lm trung ho
in tch ca ht keo v lm cu ni rng buc cc ht keo li thnh cc cm ht.
Trong tng h cht tr keo t chng cn khc nhau v cc c trng:
- di hay phn t lng. Cht keo t A v N c phn t lng kh cao, thng l 8 n 16
triu n v, cht tr keo t C c phn t lng thp hn, t 2 n 8 triu n v.
- Khc nhau v nht ca dung dch.
- Mt in tch (nhm chc) khc nhau.
T nhng c trng nu trn, vic tm ra c mt loi ti u hay liu lng ti u ch c th
thng qua nhng th nghim so snh (Jar test), vic d on ch gip c mt phn m thi.
Ngoi c im v hiu qu tr keo t, cc yu t thao tc: d ho tan, nng tan ti a, bo
qun cng c cn nhc. Mt khc gi thnh ca cc cht tr keo t cng c quan tm ti,
thng thng loi C t hn hai loi kia khong 20 - 30%.
Bng 13. 1. nh hng ca iu kin keo t (loi, liu lng) ln mt s c trng ca nc.
~ 72 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Liu pH Cn Liu pH mu Cn
lng mu khng kim lng (Pt/Co) khng kim
(mg/l) (Pt/Co) tan (mg/l) (mg/l) tan (mg/l)
(mg/l) (mg/l)
600 8,20 590 347 2600 100 8,83 755 447 3000
800 7,99 545 331 2525 200 8,76 740 357 2700
1000 7,79 525 277 2375 300 8,65 720 262 2575
1200 7,64 498 230 2250 400 8,61 620 251 2500
1400 7,52 413 223 2175 500 8,54 590 183 2400
1600 7,39 335 144 2075 600 8,46 488 166 2300
1800 7,31 300 119 1950 700 8,38 481 147 2250
Do s dng phn nhm vi liu lng cao lm mt nhiu kim nn nghin cu tip theo ch
s dng PAC lm cht keo t.
Trong cc loi cht tr keo t, dng C c hiu qu tt hn cht t so vi loi A v N, tuy nhin
v phng din gi c v thao tc (d pha, d tan) loi A c la chn, trong cht tr keo t
A 101 (phn t lng 13 triu n v, mc in tch trung bnh, d tan trong nc) c s
dng vi liu lng 2 g/m3 trong tt c cc th nghim. A 101 c a vo h sau khi ho
trn cht keo t, tc to bng do A 101 tng ln 10 ln so vi h keo t khi khng c n v n
lm gim c lng keo t (30 - 40%) vi cng hiu qu keo t ca PAC (bng 13. 2).
0 371 670
~ 73 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
400 69 81 427 36
500 51 86 408 39
600 48 87 398 40
Ghi ch: liu lng cht tr keo t trong tt c cc th nghim trn l 2 mg/l
Bng 13. 3. Kh nng loi mu v COD ca qu trnh keo t vi nc rc sau khi chnh pH
v 7,5 (720 g H2SO4/m3).
Lng mu Hiu qu COD Hiu qu
phn (Pt/Co) loi mu (mgO2/l) loi COD
(mg/l) (%) (%)
0 2105 0 623 0
1800 - - 329 48
~ 74 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 13. 4. Kh nng loi mu v COD ca qu trnh keo t vi phn nhm sau khi chnh pH
v 7,0 (1,2 kg H2SO4/m3).
Lng mu Hiu qu COD Hiu qu
phn (Pt/Co) loi mu (mgO2/l) loi COD kim
(mg/l) (%) (%) (mg/l)
0 2105 623 -
Khi gi nguyn liu lng phn (1000 mg/l) v chnh pH trc khi keo t v cc gi tr khc
nhau, kh nng x l mu v COD tng khi pH gim (bng 13. 5).
Keo t vi mui nhm, PAC lm gim nng photphat trong nc thi, mc suy gim t
l thun vi hm lng cht keo t (bng 13. 6).
~ 75 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nhn xt:
- Liu lng cht keo t s dng i vi nc rc ln hn nhiu ln (c th gp gn 100 ln) so
vi nc b mt thng dng (nc sng vi cng lng cn khng tan). Nguyn nhn l cn
khng tan trong nc rc ch yu l thnh phn hu c, c ch keo t ch yu l ph v lp v
hydrat v to cu ni.
- So vi keo t PAC, lng phn nhm cn s dng phi cao hn ti 3 ln mi c th t cng
hiu qu, vi tc keo t rt chm v ko theo l tiu hao mt lng kim ln, khng c
li cho giai on oxy ho amoni v sau. Lng bn sinh ra ln (nhm hydroxit) v tng thm
nhiu lng khong ho tan (gc sunfat t phn). V vy s dng PAC s c li hn v nhiu
phng din, k c v mt gi thnh v cng vn chuyn.
- Phn ln cc cht tr keo t (A, C, N) u cho hiu qu bng t ln vi liu lng 2 - 3 g/m3.
Xt v kha cnh gi thnh v thun li trong thao tc th loi A 101 c tnh nng p ng tt.
S dng thm cht tr keo t cho php gim cht keo t (PAC) c 30 - 40% (gi thnh 1 g
A 101 ngang vi 10 g PAC) mang li ch kinh t v do tc keo t rt ln nn c th thu gn
nhiu ln qui m ca b lng khi thit k xy dng h thng x l.
- Xt v nhiu kha cnh khi keo t nc rc, nn s dng liu lng PAC l 300 - 400 g/m3
cng vi 2 g/m3 tr keo t A 101. Trong qu trnh keo t d gp hin tng bn ni do nguyn
nhn to kh CO2 (axit ca PAC vi bicarbonat trong nc, pH cng thp kh nng to CO2
cng ln) v c th do oxy sinh ra t qu trnh quang hp ca to. khc phc hin tng
trn c th s dng dng kh khuy trn khi keo t nhm ui cc kh sinh ra ra khi
nc.
- Qu trnh keo t lm gim c mt phn COD v mu ca nc rc, n ch t ti mt
mc gii hn khi tip tc tng liu lng cht keo t. Hiu qu tch loi COD v mu (c l
ch yu do c ch hp ph) tng khi pH ca h gim (gim pH ca nc rc rt tn km axit
do kim ln). iu m ra kh nng s dng phng php keo t nh bng nc
giai on cui cng nh l mt gii php thay th cho hp ph trn than hot tnh tuy vi hiu
qu khng cao nhng c li v gi thnh.
- Do s bin ng rt ln ca nc rc ti cc bi v theo thi gian trong tng bi, qu trnh keo
t cng khng n nh, v vy cn c nh gi chi tit cho tng trng hp v theo di iu
chnh kp thi trong khi vn hnh.
- Trong qu trnh keo t vi phn nhm, mt phn photpho b mt i trong khi lng photpho
thng l thiu cho nhu cu x l vi sinh sau , v th cn ht sc hn ch s hao ht. Tnh
ton lng photpho cn b xung trong khi vn hnh ch c th da trn s liu ca nc rc
sau keo t (xem bng 13. 6).
~ 76 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Oxy ho ho hc l loi phn ng gia mt cht oxy ho v mt cht kh, trong cht oxy
ho ng vai tr cht nhn in t (gim ho tr) v cht kh ng vai tr cht nhng in t
(tng ho tr).
Trong nc rc, cc cht hu c ng vai tr cht kh (nguyn t carbon tng t ho tr m
ln dng) v c oxy ho v nhiu dng hp cht trung gian khc nhau, sn phm cui cng l
kh carbonic. Amoni cng l mt cht kh (nguyn t nit c ho tr -3) nhng khng th oxy
ho (v d v dng nitrit, nitrat) trong iu kin thng thng ca phn ng pha lng vi hu ht
cc cht oxy ho (tr trng hp phn ng vi clo hot ng to ra kh nit c ho tr khng).
Hiu qu ca mt phn ng oxy ho trc ht ph thuc vo s chnh lch gia th nng oxy
ho ca cht oxy ho (v d ozon c th oxy ho chun l +2,07 V trong mi trng axit v l
1,24 V trong mi trng kim) v th kh ca cht kh (v d khi kh nitrit v nitrat trong mi
trng kim th kh l -0,01 V). S chnh lch gia mt cht oxy ho thng dng vi cht kh
v c (H2S, Mn2+, Fe2+, As3+, NO2-) thng kh ln, dn ti phn ng tng i trit . Phn
ng oxy ho cc cht hu c kh xy ra hn v phng din cn bng v phn ng xy ra nhiu
bc ni tip nhau. Thng thng nhng cht hu c c phn t lng thp d b oxy ho hn
loi c phn t lng cao. Cc phn t cht hu c gy mu cng thng d b oxy ho, chuyn
ho thnh cc cht khng mu m khng nht thit ti sn phm cui cng l kh carbonic.
Nhng cht oxy ho thng dng dng trong x l nc v nc thi l: kh oxy, hydro
peroxit, kali permanganat, ozon, clo hot ng, Fenton (H2O2+ Fe2+).
Kh oxy c th oxy ho thp, thng c s dng oxy ho cc cht v c trong nc sinh
hot v trong nc thi nh Fe2+, H2S, Mn2+ (trong iu kin pH cao). Kh nng oxy ho cht
hu c ca oxy khng cao, tr trng hp tin hnh di iu kin p sut, nhit cao v c s
dng xc tc.
Clo hot tnh: Clo c ho tr +1 l cht oxy ho kh mnh, ty vo hp cht c th v mi
trng (axit, kim) th oxy ho ca n thng ln hn 1V. Cc dng clo hot ng: kh clo,
dung dch Javen (NaOCl), canxi hypoclorua (Ca(OCl)2), cloamin, sau phn ng oxy ho nguyn
t clo chuyn v ho tr -1.
Clo c s dng ch yu lm cht kh trng do gi thnh thp v kh nng kh trng rt
cao. Tuy nhin do n d phn ng (th) vi cc tp cht hu c trong nc nn to ra cc sn
phm ph c c tnh (gy ung th). V l do nn xu hng hin nay ti cc nc cng
nghip l ht sc hn ch dng clo kh trng. Clo dioxit (ClO2) t gy c hn nhng do tnh
n nn phi ch to ti ch, v vy vic ng dng cng khng c thun li.
Clo hot tnh c th oxy ho hu ht cc tp cht v c trong nc thi nh nitrit, xianua, st
(II), mangan (II) vi hiu qu cao. oxy ho cht hu c (COD) trong nc thi cn phi dng
~ 77 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
liu lng rt cao: vi nc thi qua lng s cp cn 0,5 - 2,5 kg/kg BOD (thng l 1,75
kg/kg BOD), vi nc sau qu trnh x l vi sinh, liu lng thng dng l 2 kg/kg BOD [16].
Vi liu lng clo cao nh vy kh nng hnh thnh cc tp cht mi c - clo l rt ln v
thng l lm tng mu ca nc.
V nguyn tc th c th loi b amoni khi oxy ho vi clo. Phn ng gia clo v amoni xy
ra theo nhiu bc, ph thuc vo t l clo/amoni. Khi t l ny nh hn 4 (g/g) sn phm hnh
thnh ch yu l monocloamin (NH2Cl), khi tng t l clo/amoni, tip tc hnh thnh dicloamin
(NHCl2) hoc tricloamin (NCl3). Vi t l clo/amoni = 7,6 tnh theo phn ng s xy ra qu trnh
oxy ho amoni (nit ho tr -3) v dng kh nit (N2 - ho tr khng). Trong thc tin xy ra
qu trnh trn, t l clo/amoni 10. Do nc rc cha nhiu cht hu c v amoni nn phng n
s dng clo x l tr nn rt t tnh kh thi (xem 4. 1. 2).
Kali permanganat (KMnO4- thuc tm) l mt cht oxy ho kh mnh c th oxy ho l 1,68
V trong mi trng axit v 0,58 V trong mi trng kim. N c kh nng oxy ho nhiu loi
cht hu c, v c trong nc v nc thi. Sn phm to thnh l dioxit mangan (MnO2), l
dng rn khng tan trong iu kin pH thng dng v vy c th tch ra c bng phng php
lc hoc lng. Mangan dioxit cng c kh nng hp ph Mn2+ nn gp phn gim bt lng
permanganat cn thit oxy ho Mn2+ ln MnO2.
Permanganat c dng trong x l nc thi v nc loi b xianua, oxy ho phenol, x
l mi, mu, v ca nc nhng ch c kh nng hn ch i vi cc loi cht hu c gy mu,
mi, v c tnh bn oxy ho cao nh loi trong nc rc [17].
Ozon l loi kh khng bn c ch to ti ch v l mt cht oxy ho mnh: th oxy ho
kh trong mi trng axit l 2,07 V, trong mi trng kim l 1,24 V. Chnh hot tnh cao ca
ozon hn ch kh nng ng dng ca n trong cng ngh x l nc, nc thi v ngoi phn
ng vi cc tp cht trong nc n cn t phn hu. Phn hu ozon l mt qu trnh phn hu
dy chuyn theo c ch hnh thnh cc loi gc t do, c khi mo bi rt nhiu loi tp cht
trong nc, v d hydroxyl (OH-, gi tr pH cao), cc hp cht hu c t nhin, Fe (II). Phn ng
oxy ho cht hu c xy ra c l do cc gc t do to thnh. Thi gian tn ti ca ozon trong
nc ph thuc nhiu vo cc yu t nh pH, nhit , cht hu c v bicarbonat. S c mt ca
bicarbonat ( kim) gip ko di thi gian tn ti ca ozon trong nc. ng vai tr tht s cho
phn ng oxy ho cht hu c trong nc, nc thi l gc t do OH. sinh ra trong qu trnh
phn hu ozon trong nc, nhm ny hnh thnh thun li trong mi trng pH cao, v vy tc
oxy ho tng ng k trong vng . Trong nc c kim cao (nh nc rc) th tc
oxy ho s b chm li khi pH tng do s hnh thnh ca ion carbonat t bicarbonat, ion carbonat
l tc nhn bt gi gc OH.. Ngoi gc OH. sinh ra do phn hu ozon, bn thn ozon cng l
mt cht oxy ho mnh. Trong khi gc OH. c tc dng oxy ho mnh trong mi trng kim th
ozon c hot tnh oxy ho cao trong mi trng axit [18].
~ 78 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tuy vy, gn y (1998) Bossmann th cho rng tc dng oxy ho ca Fenton l do s hnh
thnh ca phc Fe (IV), v d [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4]2+ cng vi gc OH. [18]. Fenton c hot tnh cao
trong mi trng axit, pH = 2 - 4, ti u ti pH 3. Trong vng pH cao, Fe (III) b kt ta. Hot
tnh ca Fenton gim khi pH > 4 c th do nguyn nhn l s phn hu nhanh ca H2O2 thnh
H2O v O2, oxy ho Fe (II) vi cc cht oxy ho khc (v d oxy ho tan) ch khng phi vi
H2O2 v phn ng gia H2O2 vi Fe (II) khng to ra nhm OH. trong vng pH cao.
H Fenton ci tin mi c nghin cu gn y l h gm: tia UV - Fe (II) oxalat v H2O2.
S c mt ca tia UV v oxalat gy ra 3 hiu ng chnh sau [18, 19]:
- Phn ng ca phc Fe (II) oxalat vi H2O2 nhanh hn so vi phn ng ca Fe (II) vi H2O2.
- Kh Fe (III) v Fe (II) vi tia UV t phc Fe (III) oxalat nhanh hn qu trnh kh Fe (III) v Fe
(II) trong phn ng Fenton chun.
- S c mt ca phi t oxalat trong phc st lm tng tan ca st, gim qu trnh kt ta.
Trong thnh phn ca cht Fenton, t l gia Fe (II)/H2O2 c th bin ng trong khong rng
m vic xc nh chng c da trn hiu qu ca tng h c th thng qua cc th nghim. St
(II) c mt trong thnh phn Fenton hoc c xem l vai tr xc tc hoc cht tham gia phn
ng. St (II) c xem l cht xc tc do qu trnh ti sinh li chnh n (kh Fe (III) v Fe (II)
vi cc phn ng thch hp) v khi t l Fe (II)/H2O2 << 1. Trong trng hp t l Fe
(II)/H2O2 1 th nhiu kh nng l st (II) ng vai tr cht tham gia phn ng.
C ch phn ng ca Fenton vi cht hu c l to ra cc gc hu c c hot tnh cao nh vo
phn ng ca cht hu c vi gc OH.. C hai kh nng thc hin phn ng to gc hu c:
- Phn ng cng hp nhm OH. vi cht hu c, hp cht to thnh l sn phm cng hp ca
hai nhm nn mang gc t do. Phn ng thng xy ra vi cc hp cht hu c cha bo ho
ho tr (thuc nhum, hp cht thm, thm a vng, phenol, thuc tr su).
~ 79 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 80 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
T s liu ca bng 13. 7 cho thy ch ring H2O2 c kh nng kh mu vi hiu qu 4%,
34%, 92% tng ng vi nng s dng l 273, 547 v 1094 mg/l. Kh nng x l COD ca
ring H2O2 thp, khng vt qu 10%.
Khi c mt ca Fe2+, hiu qu x l mu tng r rt, c bit vi vng s dng nng H2O2
thp, kh nng x l COD cng tng ng k khi c mt ca Fe2+ v nhn chung khi nng st
tng, hiu qu x l COD cng tng theo, tuy nhin trong trng hp tt nht hiu qu x l
cng khng t c ti 50%. Hiu qu x l mu v COD tng chm khi tip tc tng nng
H2O2.
Nhm tip tc nh gi vai tr ca st vi t cch l cht tham gia phn ng, th nghim c
tin hnh vi nng H2O2 n nh (1094 mg/l) v thay i nng st vi nng cao. Kt
qu c ghi li trong bng 13. 8.
T kt qu ca bng 13. 8 cho thy khi tng nng st, kh nng x l mu khng ci thin
hn, rt c th l t mc ti a. Kh nng x l COD cng tng khng nhiu, phn tng
thm rt c th do lng st (III) hydroxit kt ta c tc dng hp ph mt phn cht hu c. Sau
thi gian phn ng, nng H2O2 d trong nc c xc nh, lng d cn li kh cao khi
nng st thp. iu cng chng t rng cc cht hu c trong nc rc thuc loi kh
phn ng.
Gi t l Fe2+/H2O2 v gim c nng st v H2O2 50%. Kt qu thu c ghi li trong bng
13. 9.
~ 81 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Th nghim tip tc nng cao nng st vi nng H2O2 cao (1094 mg/l) nhm kim tra
gi thit trn, c tin hnh v kt qu c ghi li trong bng 13. 10. Mu ban u c: mu
374 Pt/Co, COD = 500 mg/l, pH = 8,87, c b xung axit a mi trng v pH 3.
Bng 13. 10. Phn ng Fenton vi t l Fe2+/H2O2 khc nhau, thi gian phn ng 1 gi v 4
gi.
T l Fe2+ H2O2 Mu Hiu COD Hiu H2O2 d
Fe2+/H2O2 (mg/l) (mg/l) (Pt/Co) qu (%) (mg/l) qu (%) (mg/l)
Sau 1 gi
1:55 32 1094 27 93 255 49 182
1:28 64 1094 11 97 193 61 118
1:18 96 1094 12 97 157 68 73
1:14 129 1094 9 98 192 62 51
1:11 161 1094 16 96 157 62 18
1:5,5 322 1094 27 93 133 73 29
Sau 4 gi
1:55 32 1094 11 97 176 65 176
1:28 64 1094 8 98 194 61 25
~ 82 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
T bng 13. 10 cho thy vi nng st v H2O2 ln, hiu qu x l COD tng ln r rt v
lng d H2O2 cng gim nhiu. Tc phn ng trong iu kin trn nhanh, hiu qu x l sau
1 gi v 4 gi khc nhau khng nhiu. iu chng t vai tr cht tham gia phn ng ca st
(II) trong qu trnh x l COD.
Nhn xt:
T kt qu kho st v phn ng oxy ho nc rc cho thy:
- Do thnh phn ca nc rc phc tp, vi nng amoni, kim cao, COD khng ln, thuc
loi tr v mt s cht oxy ho t (ozon, clo dioxit) nn kh nng la chn cht oxy ho
khng nhiu. Cht oxy ho c la chn nh gi v vy ch l cht Fenton.
- Cht Fenton c kh nng x l mu cao, c th x l trn 90% mu. Kh nng x l COD thp
hn, trong nhng iu kin c bit kh nng x l c th t ti 70%.
- Trong qu trnh x l mu, st ng vai tr xc tc nn lng st (II) s dng thp. Trong qu
trnh x l COD, ngoi vai tr xc tc, st (II) cn ng vai tr cht tham gia phn ng, v vy
cn s dng lng st ln, tc l t l Fe2+/H2O2 cao.
- Phn ng oxy ho COD vi Fenton kh trit , tc l sn phm cui cng cha phi l CO2,
m l nhng hp cht hu c c phn t lng thp hn. Cc sn phm trung gian ny c tnh
sinh hu cao hn thch hp cho x l vi sinh tip theo [19]. Vic xc nh cc hp cht trung
gian chng ti khng c iu kin kho st.
- Mt trong nhng hn ch ln nht ca phng php oxy ho ni chung v vi cht Fenton ni
ring l yu t v gi thnh khi x l nc rc. phn ng xy ra c hiu qu, vng pH cho
phn ng xp x 3. kim (HCO3-) ca nc rc rt cao (c th ti 3000 mg/l), trung ho
c kim ny v a pH xung 3 cn khong 1,6 - 1,8 kg H2SO4/m3 i vi nc cha
kim 1000 mg/l, sau li phi dng xt a pH ca mi trng phn ng v 7 kt ta
v ph hp vi tiu chun thi. Nu qu trnh oxy ho li c tin hnh trc khi x l vi sinh
th s li phi b xung kim thc hin phn ng oxy ho amoni (oxy ho 1 g amoni cn 7,2 g
kim). oxy ho t hiu qu chp nhn c, loi b 300 - 600 mg COD/l cn liu lng
Fenton kh ln: 1 kg H2O2 + 1,2 kg FeSO4.7H2O vi thi gian phn ng khong 1 gi.
- T cc kt qu nghin cu v cc iu kin thc thi cng ngh trong thc tin c th cho rng:
phn ng oxy ho ho hc t c tnh kh thi trong iu kin ca chng ta i vi nc rc.
Trong chng mc nht nh, phn ng Fenton c th s dng kh mu sau giai on x l vi
~ 83 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
sinh vi t l Fe2+/H2O2 thp (vi gi thnh cng khng thp, c tnh chi ph ho cht khong
8 - 10.000 /m3), tc l p dng cho giai on nh bng nc.
~ 84 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 85 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 86 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
c th theo di c tc
phn hu, thit b UASB c cc
im ly mu khc nhau, tng Nc
ng vi thi gian lu thu lc thi ra
khc nhau.
Tc dng nc c duy tr im
(0,6 - 0,9 m/gi) thng qua iu ly mu
chnh tc th tch ca bm nh
lng. Mt vi sinh vt c
duy tr 4 g v 8 g/l. Vi sinh ym
kh c ngun gc t x l nc
thi thu sn, nc git m gia sc
v nc rc ( c thun chng
gn 2 nm, giai on lm quen vi
nc rc l 4 thng).
Nc rc c nghin cu l Nc thi
nc rc ly trc tip t ngun vo
(chn h chn lp) v h vi sinh
Hnh 13. 1. S ct UASB s
s 1 (Nam Sn, H Ni) v ti hai
dng trong th nghim.
v tr COD cn tng i cao
hn so vi cc v tr khc. Nc
rc ngun v h 1 c th nghim
khng iu chnh pH v c iu
chnh pH t nc ngun.
Ngoi ra, nh gi hot tnh ca tp on vi sinh v so snh vi kh nng phn hu so vi
cc cht hu c khc th nghim c tin hnh c b xung thm ng vi nng 2g/l (
COD l 2000 mgO2/l). Tt c cc th nghim i vi h UASB c thi gian lu thu lc l 8 gi.
Cc thng s phn tch theo di qu trnh phn hu ym kh gm: pH, COD, NH4+, axit hu c
bay hi VFA, kim, T - P. Mi th nghim u c lp li nm ln trong cng iu kin.
Kt qu th nghim c ghi li trong bng 13. 11, 13. 12,13. 13, 13. 14.
Bng 13. 11. X l ym kh: nc rc h 1, khng iu chnh pH, thi gian lu thy lc 8 gi. S
dng ng thi hai ct ym kh vi nng vi sinh 4 v 8 g/l.
S th t th nghim Trung Hiu
Ch tiu 1 2 3 4 5 bnh min max sut,%
~ 87 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
S liu ca bng 13. 11 cho thy: vi nc rc c nng COD t 528 n 907 mgO 2/l hiu
qu x l rt thp, ch t 2 - 3%. Vi nc rc ngay t ngun thi c nhim cao hn (COD
t 1650 - 1906 mgO2/l) vi thi gian lu thu lc l 8 gi, mt vi sinh 8 g/l hiu qu x l
ym kh cng t cha ti 4% (bng 13. 12). Hiu qu x l photpho t kh hn, xp x 10%.
Bng 13. 12. X l ym kh: Nc rc ngun khng iu chnh pH, mt vi sinh 8 g/l.
S th t th nghim Trung min max Hiu
Ch tiu 1 2 3 4 bnh sut, %
~ 88 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hiu qu x l COD thp c th do nhng nguyn nhn: COD tr kh phn hu, hot ca
vi sinh thp, vng pH khng thch hp, nh hng bt li ca ion clorua v sunfat trong nc
rc.
kim tra cc yu t trn, trc ht th nghim tin hnh vi nc rc ngun c nhim
COD t 1625 - 1796 mgO2/l, thi gian lu thu lc l 8 gi, mt sinh khi 8 g/l v iu chnh
pH trc khi vo h UASB v vng ti u (7,46 - 7,52). Kt qu thu c v hiu sut x l
COD cng vn ch t c khong 4% (bng 13. 13).
Nhm kim tra hot vi sinh v tnh kh (d) sinh hu cht hu c trong nc rc, th
nghim c thc hin trn nn nc rc ca h 1 v b xung thm 2 g/l ng, tng ng vi
COD 2000 mgO2/l, trong iu kin khng chnh pH. Vi thi gian lu thu lc 8gi, hiu qu
x l COD t c 27% v 48% tng ng vi mt vi sinh l 4 v 8 g/l. Hiu sut x l
COD l kh tt, tuy nhin s t cao hn nu tng thm thi gian lu thu lc v gi tr VFA cn
kh cao trong c hai thit b c mt vi sinh khc nhau v cao hn trong ct c mt vi sinh
thp (bng 13. 14), trong khi hm lng VFA trong cc th nghim trc c gi tr rt thp
(bng 13. 11, 13. 12, 13. 13). iu kin ym kh (tnh kh ORP) ca mi trng trong tt c cc
th nghim u m bo, u thp hn - 300 mV, iu chng t mi trng khng cha oxy
ho tan.
~ 89 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 90 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 91 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vo 90 98 111 62 90 62 111
ORP
(mV) Ra -358 -349 -348 -347 -351 -358 -347
~ 92 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 1575 1280 1675 1650 1666 1569 1280 1675
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 14,2 18,3 18,5 36,3 34,8 24,4 14,2 36,3
~ 93 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
mgCaCO3/l Ra 2800 2440 1980 2530 1800 2800 2392 1800 2800
Vo 2830 2240 2390 2755 2340 3100 2609 2240 3100 35,3
COD
mgO2/l) Ra 1965 1600 1605 1820 1115 2020 1688 1115 2020
NH4+(mgN/l) Vo 426 244 164 337 136 391 283 136 426
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 1631 1524 1418 1700 1418 1595 1548 1418 1700
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 20,0 19,8 12,5 - 24,8 19,3 19,3 12,5 24,8
CH3COOH/l) Ra 408 431 336 247 381 345 358 247 431
~ 94 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vo 101 77 58 98 84 58 101
ORP
~ 95 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
mgCaCO3/l Ra 2240 2000 1950 2250 2200 2075 2119 1950 2250
Vo 2885 2735 2860 2245 2785 2725 2706 2245 2885 40,6
COD
mgO2/l) Ra 1580 1640 1770 1240 1755 1660 1608 1240 1770
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo 301 256 235 210 216 201 237 201 301
mgS/l) Ra 185 277 253 217 213 253 233 185 277
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 1471 1700 1850 1350 1400 1400 1529 1350 1850
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 25,5 15,5 9,0 32,5 22,8 21,0 21,1 9,0 32,5
(mV) Ra -374 -162 -149 -340 -336 -302 -277 -374 -149
~ 96 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
50
30
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
SO4 2-, mg/l
Bng 13. 20. nh hng ca Cl- ln hiu qu x l ym kh, khng b sung Cl-, mt vi sinh 4
g/l.
~ 97 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vo 90 98 111 62 90 62 111
ORP
~ 98 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
mgCaCO3/l Ra 2140 2340 2440 2430 2500 2480 2388 2140 2500
COD Vo 3005 3035 2910 3355 2395 2460 2860 2395 3355 23,8
mgO2/l) Ra 2230 2300 2220 2610 1975 1740 2179 1740 2610
(mgN/l) Ra 287 291 334 328 363 381 331 287 381
SO42- Vo 77,3 116,7 94,0 140,0 76,7 77,7 97,1 76,7 140,0
mgS/l) Ra 62,0 65,3 56,3 86,0 54,7 43,3 61,3 43,3 86,0
Cl- (mg/l) Vo 3175 4100 4200 4575 3175 3545 3795 3175 4575
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 26,3 19,8 23,5 29,0 27,0 25,1 19,8 29,0
Vo 98 81 76 92 73 74 82 73 98
ORP
(mV) Ra -369 -367 -369 -380 -372 -365 -370 -380 -365
~ 99 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
mgCaCO3/l
Ra 2500 2480 2780 2840 2650 2480 2840
~ 100 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
mgCaCO3/l
Ra 2170 2400 2440 2050 2265 2050 2440
~ 101 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
mgCaCO3/l
Ra 1980 1760 1900 2150 2100 1978 1760 2150
(mgO2/l) Ra 2690 3035 2540 2030 2450 2549 2030 3035 7,5
NH4+ (mgN/l) Vo 236 465 249 210 213 275 210 465
H2S (mgS/l) Ra 9,8 44,3 12,3 23,3 19,5 21,8 9,8 44,3
30
Hiu sut x l COD, %
20
10
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Nng Cl-, mg/l
Hnh 13. 3. nh hng ca
nng clorua ln hiu sut x l COD.
~ 102 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 103 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nitrit v nitrat v dng kh nit do chng vi sinh tu nghi d dng. X l hp cht nit so vi
COD trong nc thi kh khn v tn km hn rt nhiu do phi thc hin qua nhiu giai on
v iu kin thc hin trong tng giai on cng phc tp hn.
Thc hin oxy ho cht hu c trong qu trnh hiu kh i hi cc iu kin: lng oxy ho
tan mc 2 - 3 g/m3, mt vi sinh 2 - 4 g/l, thi gian lu t bo thp hn 10 ngy, khong pH
cho phn ng rng, 1 g COD (loi sinh hu) tiu th khong 1,2 g oxy. Hiu sut to thnh sinh
khi khong 0,4 g sinh khi/g COD. [21].
Oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit do chng vi sinh Nitrosomonas thc hin:
~ 104 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
oxy ho amoni ca vi sinh t dng (lng amoni oxy ho c trn mt n v thi gian v
sinh khi) nh hn nhiu so vi loi vi sinh d dng oxy ho COD (ch bng 40 - 50%), iu
c ngha l qui m v thit b oxy ho amoni s ln hn t nht l gp i so vi qu trnh oxy
ho COD vi cng ti lng.
Sau qu trnh oxy ho amoni, nitrit, nitrat c tip tc kh v dng kh nit do cc loi vi
sinh d dng tu nghi thc hin, trong giai on ny cht hu c c vi sinh vt s dng vi
vai tr l cht cho in t.
T cc c trng thu nhn c ca nc rc t cc bi rc khc nhau v COD, amoni,
tng nit Kjeldahl v t qu trnh nghin cu phn hu ym kh cho thy:
- T l gia C/N ca hu ht cc nc rc u rt thp so vi t l ti u cho qu trnh pht trin
vi sinh l C/N 20. Trong thnh phn carbon, lng c th sinh hu cng chim phn nh
(bng chng l khi x l vi sinh ym kh, hiu qu ch t khong 3 - 4%). V thc cht t l
C/N s cn nh hn nhiu trong khi x l so vi cc gi tr rt ra t kt qu phn tch.
- pH v kim ca nc rc cao, rt ph hp vi qu trnh oxy ho amoni. Lng kim p
ng y cho phn ng m khng cn b xung thm.
- Hm lng photpho trong nc rc thp so vi amoni i vi s pht trin hi ho ca vi sinh
vt.
T cc nhn xt trn dn n i tng v mc tiu nghin cu ca qu trnh x l hiu kh:
- i tng cn nghin cu l qu trnh oxy ho amoni, oxy ho COD ch l yu t ph. Gii
quyt c qu trnh oxy ho amoni th qu trnh oxy ho COD t ng c gii quyt.
- C gng trnh lm mt COD (loi sinh hy) trong qu trnh x l hiu kh m dnh n cho
qu trnh kh nitrat, nitrit giai on sau. Tuy vy vic mt mt COD trong qu trnh x l l
kh trnh khi v c COD ln amoni tn ti ng thi vi nhau.
- Kim sot c qu trnh oxy ha ch n trng thi trung gian l nitrit nhm tit kim v gi
thnh xy dng h thng cng nh vn hnh.
- nh gi cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh oxy ho cnh tranh gia COD v amoni.
T cc mc tiu nu trn ni dung cn c kho st gm:
- nh gi tc oxy ho amoni di s nh hng ca nng amoni ban u, t l C/N,
kim trong nc rc cn x l.
- Kh nng kim sot t l nitrit/nitrat trong c cu sn phm hnh thnh ca phn ng oxy ho
amoni.
Th nghim oxy ho amoni c tin hnh theo m vi nng amoni ban u khc nhau t
ngun nc rc vi COD c kh nng sinh hu nm trong mt khong nht nh nhm nh gi
nh hng ca nng amoni ti u vo. Cc th nghim tip theo nh gi nh hng ca qu
trnh oxy ho cnh tranh gia amoni vi COD c nng amoni v COD khc nhau. Do t l
phn tr ca COD trong nc rc kh cao nn t l C/N trong cc th nghim oxy ho cnh tranh
~ 105 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
dC
kC (13-4)
dt
Gi thit qu trnh oxy ho amoni l phn ng bc 1 tht ra l mt s n gin ho nhiu so
vi bn cht ca h phn ng: trong h xy ra ng thi phn ng oxy ho ca amoni v cht
hu c, c amoni v cht hu c u phn ng vi tc nhn oxy ho tan, c hai phn ng oxy
ho trn khng trc tip (tip xc, va chm) chuyn ho m l mt qu trnh sinh ho xy ra
trong t bo ca vi sinh vt. Tuy vy qu trnh oxy ho amoni v COD c thc hin bi hai
chng loi vi sinh khc nhau nn c th coi l chng c lp i vi nhau hoc t nh hng trc
tip. Tc nhn tham gia vo phn ng oxy ho l oxy ho tan v mt vi sinh t dng c th
xem l khng i trong thi gian xy ra phn ng nn c th coi l chng c cha trong hng
s tc phn ng k. V vy phn ng oxy ho amoni c coi l phn ng gi bc mt v c
x l nh phn ng bc mt nhm nh gi tc phn ng thng qua hng s k.
x l s liu thc nghim, biu thc (13-4) c tch phn v vit di dng tng minh:
C = Co. exp(-kt) (13-5)
Trong : Co, C l nng amoni ban u (t = 0) v ti thi im t. Gi tr ca k th hin tc
ca phn ng, tc ln ng vi k ln v ngc li.
Sau y l kt qu nghin cu thu c t thc nghim:
~ 106 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Kt qu th nghim ng hc oxy ho amoni c ghi trong bng 13. 25 v biu din trn
hnh 13. 4 vi nng amoni ban u khc nhau.
S liu ng hc oxy ho amoni c x l theo phng trnh (13. 5) v thu c cc gi tr
hng s tc k, hng s k c cc gi tr ln lt l 0,3525, 0,2111 v 0,1352 tng ng vi
nng amoni ban u l 112, 153 v 357 mg NH4-N/l. H s tng quan ca phng trnh hi
quy cao nht (tng hp tt) l 0,994 v thp nht l 0,955 chng t cc s liu ng hc c th
m t (v mt hnh thc) qua phng trnh phn ng bc 1 nh gi thit phn trn.
Khi nng amoni tng th hng s tc gim. So snh mc gim ca hng s tc
theo chiu hng tng nng c th tin hnh nh sau: tnh t l gia cc nng amoni ti
u vo (ly tr s nh nht bng 1) v so snh vi t l gia cc hng s tng ng (tr s ln
nht bng 1), nhn c mi quan h: 1,00 : 1,36 : 3,18 vi 1,00 : 0,60 : 0,38. Vi nng ban
u t 112 tng n 357 mg/l th hng s tc gim t 100% xung ti 38%. Quan h t l
nghch ny tuy khng tuyn tnh nhng l mi quan h nghch rt r rng. Mi tng quan y c
th do nguyn nhn sau: xem mt vi sinh t dng l ngun tiu th thc n v amoni l thc
n ca chng (t l F/M = Food/Microorganism) th mt vi sinh trong cc th nghim trn l
khng thay i, ngun thc n th thay i, tc l t l F/M tng ln cc th nghim c nng
amoni ln, ngun cung cp thc n tng, ngun tiu th n nh nn ngun thc n gim chm -
hng s tc phn ng nh.
Bng 13. 25. S bin thin thnh phn ca nc rc trong b hiu kh theo thi gian
Thng s Vo 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h
pH 1 8,3 8,4 8,4 8,4 8,4 8,4 8,3 8,3 8,2
2 8,1 8,1 8,3 8,3 8,2 8,3 8,2 8,2 8,1
3 8,1 8,3 8,3 8,3 8,2 8,3 8,1 8,0 7,9
Kim 1 1377 1287 1213 1160 1046 950 903 817 767
(mgCaCO3/l) 2 1810 1723 1650 1613 1517 1407 1323 1227 1083
3 1863 1763 1653 1527 1390 1247 1030 867 700
NH4+ 1 112 95 73 57 45 29 21 12 5,9
(mgN/l) 2 153 131 110 92 72 58 47 38 28
3 357 323 295 257 231 204 171 147 118
NO2- 1 2,26 4,69 9,62 15,8 23,5 35,9 40,5 43,3 54,3
(mgN/l) 2 6,9 9,81 14,8 19,8 34,1 36,5 41,6 48,4 62,5
~ 107 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
400
y3 = 378,32e-0,1352x
R2 = 0,9842 amoni vo =112 mgN/l
amoni vo =153 mgN/l
Nng amoni, mgN/l
300
amoni vo =357mgN/l
-0,2111x
200 y2 = 163,76e
2 R = 0,9941
100
y1 = 144,72e-0,3525x
R2 = 0,9554
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 4. S
bin thin nng amoni theo thi gian.
iu ny c ngha thc tin khi xy dng h thng x l, v amoni trong ngun thi cc
bi rc khc nhau v tng bi rc ti cc thi im trong nm bin ng ln, tiu chun thi l
mt tr s c nh nn mt h thng x l n nh v lu lng, th tch b x l (thi gian lu
thu lc) n nh v d nhin mt sinh khi cng khng th d dng thay i s l mt h
thng khng n nh c v mt cht lng nc thi sau x l.
Mt h thng x l linh hot mi c kh nng n nh cht lng khi nhim trong nc
rc dao ng ln. Trong mt h thng x l, c yu t ch c th b tr c nh nh th tch b
phn ng, mt s yu t c th thay i trong chng mc nht nh (theo bc) nh cng sut x
l (lu lng), lng kh cp (oxy) bng cch b tr nhiu thit b cng sut nh c th chy song
song. Thay i mt sinh khi din ra rt chm do hot tnh ca vi sinh t dng thp v s
~ 108 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
ko theo nhiu hin tng bt li nh bn khng lng do vi sinh dng si filamentous pht trin
hoc bn ni trong thi tit nng.
Mt trong nhng h thng c tnh linh hot cao c th p ng c s dao ng v
nhim l k thut m k tip giai on, tc l ch thay i thng s thi gian. minh ho chng
ta ly v d trn ch ra tin ch ca phng php ny.
T biu thc (13. 5) vit thnh:
t = ln(Co/C) / k (13-6)
t c tiu chun thi C = 1 mg/l ng vi nng ban u Co l 112, 153, 357 mg/l v
k tng ng l 0,3525, 0,2111, 0,1352 cn thi gian sc kh cho mi trng hp l: 13,5; 23,8;
43,5 gi. Mt khc nu ly tiu chun thi ca M l C = 35 mg/l th thi gian sc kh tng ng
3,2; 6,9; 17,1 gi.
Vi nng bin ng v s dng k thut m k tip giai on ch cn thay i thi gian
oxy ho l c th kim sot c cht lng thi. Nc rc khng nhng bin ng v mc
nhim m cn bin ng mnh v lu lng: ma ma lng cn x l ln, ma kh lu
lng thp v mc nhim th ngc li. l hiu ng thun li cho qui trnh cng ngh x
l nc rc vi k thut m k tip [14].
Oxy ho amoni v COD xy ra trong cng iu kin hiu kh do hai chng loi vi sinh vt t
dng v d dng thc hin. Trong tng bi rc khc nhau hoc ti tng thi im khc nhau t
l gia COD v NH4 l khc nhau v v vy chng nh hng ti qu trnh x l.
Kho st hiu qu x l v tc oxy ho amoni trong nc rc vi cc mu c t l COD/N
khc nhau nhm nh gi qu trnh cnh tranh gia hai qu trnh trn.
Th nghim c tin hnh vi nc rc c nng amoni ban u l khong 300 v 200
mgN/l c b xung thm COD (ng) sao cho t l COD/N t cc gi tr khc nhau. Th nghim
c tin hnh trong iu kin: thi gian 7 gi, mt sinh khi 3 g/l, nng oxy ha tan 3 - 5
g/l. Kt qu th nghim c ghi trong bng 13. 25, 13. 26 v trn cc hnh 13. 5, 13. 6.
T bng 13. 25, vi nng amoni ban u khong 200 mg/l cho thy: vi thi gian x l 7
gi hiu qu x l amoni t 76,8%, 60,8% v 50,5% vi t l COD/N tng ng l 3:1, 5:1 v
7:1. Vi nng amoni ban u l 300 mg/l v vi t l COD/N l 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 hiu qu x l
amoni tng ng l 64,4%, 45,4% v 35,6% (bng 13. 26).
Bng 13. 25. Bin thin thnh phn nc rc theo thi gian khi nng amoni xp x 200 mgN/l
(V = u vo)
~ 109 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 110 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
COD/N=3:1
250 COD/N=5:1
Nng amoni (mgN/l)
100 y = 224.99e-0.2107x
y = 207.01e-0.1016x
R2 = 0.9793
50 R2 = 0.9853
0 a
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian (h)
350 COD/N=3:1
-0.0626x
300 y = 306.8e COD/N=4:1
Nng amoni (mg N/l)
R2 = 0.9843 COD/N=5:1
250
200
y = 318.6e-0.1452x
150 y = 315.06e-0.0848x
R2 = 0.9805
R2 = 0.9689
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, (h)
Hnh 13. 6. Bin thin nng amoni theo thi gian vi cc t l COD/N
~ 111 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 13. 26. Bin thin thnh phn nc rc theo thi gian khi nng amoni khong 300
mgN/l. (V = u vo).
COD/N Thi pH Kim NH4+ NO2- NO3- TKN COD
gian (h) (mgAkl/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgO2/l)
V 8,4 2120 298 0,9 1,1 312 901
1 8,4 1995 273 8,9 4,4 - 837
2 8,5 1820 245 15,1 9,0 - 757
3 8,5 1675 215 21,4 14,8 - 653
3:1
4 8,5 1530 187 29,2 21,9 - 576
5 8,6 1370 159 34,4 28,3 - 544
6 8,6 1225 135 38,9 33,8 - 536
7 8,6 1110 106 46,9 40 207 518
Hiu sut (%) 64,4 42,5
V 8,5 2115 302 0,9 1,3 306 1260
1 8,6 2050 285 1,8 2,6 - 1172
2 8,6 1980 268 3,7 4,5 - 1020
3 8,6 1915 255 9,5 7,6 - 875
4:1
4 8,6 1820 236 16,9 11,8 - 736
5 8,7 1720 210 24,4 16,3 - 676
6 8,7 1630 188 31,1 21,2 - 608
7 8,7 1530 165 37,8 26,9 232 554
Hiu sut (%) 45,4 56,0
V 8,5 2120 296 0,5 1,4 301 1590
1 8,6 2075 288 3,4 3,9 - 1365
2 8,6 2010 275 8,1 5,7 - 1135
3 8,6 1955 259 12,3 8,6 - 975
5:1
4 8,7 1870 241 17,1 12,7 - 860
5 8,7 1785 227 21,4 14,8 - 775
6 8,7 1695 212 25,2 17,2 - 655
7 8,8 1610 192 29,8 19,9 243 602
Hiu sut (%) 35.6 62,1
~ 112 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 113 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
trong cc loi nc thi thng dng khc th trong nc rc n cn ph thuc vo nng amoni
trong nc thi. Th nghim xc nhn yu t trn c thc hin vi nc rc c t l COD/N
khc nhau (COD b sung thm thuc loi d phn hu). Kt qu th nghim trong cc bng 13.
25,13. 26 v cc hnh 13. 7,13. 8 cho thy: vi nng amoni ban u khong 200mg/l v t l
COD/N l 3/1, 5/1, 7/1 th hiu qu x l COD tng t 21,9% ti 44,2% v 56,6%. Tng t nh
vy vi nng amoni ban u l 300mg/l (bng 13. 26) v t l COD/N l 3/1, 4/1, 5/1 hiu qu
x l COD tng ng l 42,5, 56,0 v 62,1%.
1400
COD/N=3:1
1200
Nng COD (mgO 2/l)
COD/N=5:1
1000 COD/N=7:1
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 13. 7. S thay i
COD ca nc rc theo thi gian khi nng amoni khong 200 mg/l
1600
Nng COD (mgO2/l)
1400 COD/N=3:1
1200 COD/N=4:1
1000 COD/N=5:1
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian (h)
Hnh 13. 8. S thay i
COD theo thi gian khi nng amoni u vo xp x 300 mg/l.
~ 114 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin hiu kh tri qua hai giai on k tip nhau: n hp cht
trung gian l nitrit v tip theo ti nitrat do hai chng loi vi sinh khc nhau l Nitrosomonas v
Nitrobacter thc hin. Khi thc hin qu trnh kh nitrat th nitrit cng li l hp cht trung gian
ca qu trnh chuyn ho nitrat v kh nit.
Oxy ho amoni v phng din ho hc xy ra theo hai giai on k tip nhau:
oxy ho amoni (nguyn t nit c ho tr -3) thnh nitrit (ho tr ca nit l +3) th mi
nguyn t nit cn nhng ti 6 in t v thnh nitrat (nit ho tr +5) th phi nhng ti 8
in t. S dng oxy phn t (O2) lm cht nhn in t th lng oxy cn thit tng ng l
3,4g v 4,6 g O2 cho 1 g amoni (tnh theo N) oxy ho ti nitrit v nitrat.
Nitrat cha phi l hp cht cui cng (bn trong mi trng) trong qu trnh x l, n cn
c tip tc chuyn ho v dng kh nit (N2, ho tr 0). Qu trnh chuyn ho nitrat v dng
kh nit l qu trnh kh nitrat (chuyn nit ho tr +5 v ho tr khng), tc l n cn nhn in
t (nitrat trong trng hp ny ng vai tr cht oxy ho) t mt cht kh no (cht cho in
t). S dng cht hu c (COD) lm cht kh cho nitrat tng ng vi qu trnh x l vi sinh
thiu kh (mi trng khng c oxy), qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra theo nhiu giai on k tip
nhau, trong ho tr ca nit gim dn t 5 3 2 1 v v 0.
~ 115 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 116 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 13. 27: Din bin x l amoni trong iu kin cc nng oxy khc nhau.
DO = 1mg/l
pH Kim NH3-N NO2-N NO3-N COD NO2/NO3
vo 8,0 1800 201 0,53 0,25 356 2,1
1h 8,0 1740 194 2,9 0,8 - 3,6
2h 7,9 1650 185 4,5 1,5 - 3,0
3h 7,9 1580 178 5,8 2,4 - 2,4
4h 7,9 1500 167 7,4 3,4 - 2,2
5h 7,8 1440 159 8,7 4,7 - 1,9
6h 7,8 1400 151 10,2 5,6 - 1,8
7h 7,8 1360 146 10,8 6,3 341 1,7
DO = 2mg/l
pH Kim NH3-N NO2-N NO3-N COD NO2/NO3
vo 8,2 1800 201 0,53 0,25 356 2,1
1h 8,2 1680 184 9,8 4 - 2,5
2h 8,2 1520 161 23,7 10,2 - 2,3
3h 8,1 1410 139 34,6 16,8 - 2,1
4h 8,1 1280 114 47,5 25,1 - 1,9
5h 8,0 1200 93 57,3 34,2 - 1,7
6h 8,0 1050 79 62,7 39,2 - 1,6
7h 7,9 950 65 67,4 44,2 312 1,5
DO = 4mg/l
pH Kim NH3-N NO2-N NO3-N COD NO2/NO3
vo 8,2 1800 201 0,53 0,25 356 2,1
1h 8,2 1660 181 11,7 4,8 - 2,4
2h 8,2 1500 162 23,9 10,4 - 2,3
3h 8,1 1320 136 37,2 19,9 - 1,9
4h 8,1 1020 105 51,9 31,5 - 1,6
5h 8,0 900 79 60,2 44,4 - 1,4
6h 7,9 740 64 65,6 56,8 - 1,2
~ 117 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
NO3, DO=4
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 9. S bin thin
+ - -
NH4 , NO2 , NO3 theo thi gian vi cc DO khc nhau.
NO2/NO3, DO=1
4
T l NO2-/NO3-
~ 118 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Mc oxy ho cht hu c rt thp: 5 n 10% khi tng nng oxy t 1 ln 4 mg/l. Hiu
qu x l COD ti nng oxy ha tan 2 v 4 mg/l khng khc nhau.
Tng nng oxy to thun li cho qu trnh oxy ho amoni l iu khng cn bn ci, tuy
nhin nu duy tr nng cao s ng ngha vi gi thnh vn hnh cao m mc x l tng
khng ng k.
Nng oxy cng tc ng ln s hnh thnh nitrit, nitrat v t l gia chng.
Sau thi gian phn ng 7 gi, c nitrit v nitrat u tng trong iu kin nng oxy khc
nhau. T l nitrit/nitrat l 1,7; 1,5 v 1,1 tng ng vi iu kin nng oxy 1, 2 v 4 mg/l.
Trong iu kin nng oxy cao, t l nitrit/nitrat nh, iu ny khng ch ng vi thi im
kt thc th nghim (7 gi) m cn ng vi mi thi im trong qu trnh x l.
Trong thi gian phn ng, gi tr t l nitrit/nitrat t gi tr cc i, thi im xut hin im
(vng) cc tr ph thuc vo tc phn ng thnh phn ca qu trnh tng th.
Mt iu ng ch khc l s suy gim nit tng trong qu trnh x l hiu kh. Vi gi
thit l amoni t b bc hi do qu trnh sc kh (ti pH 8, amoni tn ti ch yu dng tch
in dng - dng khng bay hi).
Mc suy gim c nh gi thng qua hiu s ca tng nit ban u (NH4+, NO2-, NO3-)
v cui th nghim.
Mc suy gim nit tng trong iu kin nng oxy khc nhau cng khc nhau: nng
oxy thp th mc suy gim cao v ngc li. C th ti nng oxy 1, 2 v 4 mg/l mc suy
gim tng ng l 36,7; 25,2; 16,7 mg/l.
S suy gim nit tng nu trn c th do nguyn nhn ca qu trnh kh nitrat, nitrit xy ra
trong tp hp vi sinh trong iu kin thiu kh. Mi trng t oxy thc y qu trnh kh.
nh hng ca nng amoni.
Th nghim c tin hnh vi cc thng s: nng oxy 2 mg/l, nng amoni ban u dao
ng trong khong 100 n 300 mg/l. Kt qu th nghim c trnh by trong bng 13. 28 v
hnh 13. 11.
~ 119 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 120 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
250
NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, mg N/l
200
150 .
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 11. S bin thin NH4+, NO2-, NO3- theo thi gian vi cc NH4+ u vo khc nhau.
Hiu sut x l amoni t 95%, 72% v 48% tng ng vi nng ban u l 102, 197 v
289 mg/l sau thi gian 7 gi. Hiu sut x l gim ng k khi nng amoni tng l do ngun
cung tng trong khi ngun tiu th khng thay i. Mt khc nng amoni cao cng c
xem l yu t km hm vi sinh t dng v mt hot tnh [30].
Trong iu kin th nghim trn, nng ca nitrit hnh thnh lun cao hn nng nitrat,
nhn chung t l nitrit/nitrat cao khi nng amoni ban u ln. im cc i thng xut hin
kh sm v gim dn theo thi gian x l.
Mc suy gim nit tng cng xy ra, mc gim c th l 4,0; 20,8 v 22,5 mg/l tng ng
vi nng amoni ban u l 102, 197 v 289 mg/l. S suy gim nit tng tng ln khi nng
amoni ban u ln rt c th l do iu kin thiu oxy trm trng hn trong cc tp hp vi sinh,
cc loi vi sinh d dng oxy ho amoni mnh hn pha bn ngoi ca tp hp ht.
nh hng ca kim.
~ 121 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 13. 29: Din bin qu trnh vi cc nng kim khc nhau.
T l kim/amoni l 7/1:
pH Kim NH3-N NO2-N NO3-N COD NO2/NO3
Vo 8,2 1500 212 0,43 0,22 222 2,0
1h 8,2 1380 197 9,1 3,2 - 2,8
2h 8,2 1200 176 19,3 8,2 - 2,4
3h 8,1 1040 152 29,6 16,8 - 1,8
4h 8,1 880 132 37,4 25,3 - 1,5
5h 8,0 780 109 47,2 35,4 - 1,3
6h 8,0 600 91 54,1 42,8 - 1,3
7h 8,0 460 74 60,3 50,6 202 1,2
T l kim/ amoni l 10/1:
pH Kim NH3-N NO2-N NO3-N COD NO2/NO3
Vo 8,2 2020 212 0,43 0,22 222 2,0
~ 122 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
200
175
NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, mg N/l
150
NH4+, kim/NH4+=4/1
NO2-, kim/NH4+=4/1
125
NO3-, kim/NH4+=4/1
NH4+, kim/NH4+ =7/1
100
NO2-, kim/NH4+ =7/1
NO3-, kim/NH4+ =7/1
75
NH4+, kim/NH4+ = 10/1
NO2-, kim/NH4+ = 10/1
50
NO3-, kim/NH4+ = 10/1
25
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thi gian, gi
~ 123 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hnh 13. 12. S bin thin NH4+, NO2-, NO3- theo thi gian vi cc t l kim/NH4+ u vo
khc nhau.
~ 124 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh (oxy ho) cc thnh phn hu c sinh hu chuyn ho thnh
hp cht bn nh H2O v CO2 cng mt phn chuyn ho thnh t bo vi sinh vt.
Hp cht nit, phn ln nm di dng amoni (hnh thnh t qu trnh thu phn hp cht
nit vi tc kh nhanh) c vi sinh vt s dng mt phn nh (khng qu 10 mg/l) xy
dng t bo v ch yu chuyn ho thnh nitrit v nitrat. T l nitrit/nitrat c quyt nh bi
iu kin phn hu hiu kh v bn cht ca nc thi. Vi nng amoni ban u cao nh
trong nc rc, nitrit chim mt t l cao trong c cu sn phm sau qu trnh x l hiu kh. Hp
cht nit dng oxy ho (nit c ho tr dng) cha phi l dng bn trong mi trng, v th
chng cn c x l tip v trng thi nit dng kh c ho tr khng, N2, l dng bn, khng
c vi mi trng.
Qu trnh chuyn ho hp cht nit t ho tr dng (NO3-, NO2-, NO, N2O tng ng vi
ho tr +5, +3, +2 v +1) v ho tr khng (N2) v bn cht ho hc l qu trnh kh (gim ho tr
t dng v khng), trong cc hp cht nit ho tr dng ng vai tr cht oxy ho (nhn
in t). c th kh cc hp cht nit cn phi c cc cht c kh nng cho in t. Cc cht
c kh nng cho in t (cht kh) c kh nhiu: cht hu c, sunfua hydro,... hoc cc cht v
c c ho tr thp nh Fe2+, Mn2+..., tuy nhin thng dng v thun li nht l cc cht hu c.
Trong h x l tn ti cht hu c (cht kh, cho in t) v cht nhn in t (hp cht nit ho
tr dng), ch xy ra phn ng oxy ho kh nu trong khng c oxy (cht oxy ho - nhn
in t) v oxy d phn ng vi cht hu c hn so vi phn ng ca cht hu c vi hp cht
nit ho tr dng, do nng lng oxy ho gia cht hu c vi oxy cao hn. V vy iu kin
kh hp cht nit ho tr dng vi cht hu c l mi trng khng c oxy - mi trng thiu
kh (anoxic).
Mi trng thiu kh c th quan st thng qua nng oxy hoc th oxy ho kh (ORP -
oxidation - reduction potential), trong mi trng thiu oxy gi tr ORP thp.
c trng quan trng nht v phng din ho hc l qu trnh kh xy ra theo giai on ni
tip nhau, t ho tr cao (ca N) xung thp dn v t ti gi tr cui cng l khng:
NO3- NO2- NO N2O N2 (13-10)
Qu trnh trn ngc vi qu trnh oxy ho amoni trong x l hiu kh l tng dn ho tr t
amoni (-3) n nitrit (+3) v n nitrat (+5).
Trong giai on oxy ho amoni, nu ch oxy ho n nitrit th lng oxy ch cn 75% so vi
oxy ho n nitrat. Thm vo , khi cp thm 25% oxy cho oxy ho nitrit thnh nitrat, lng
oxy cng mt thm cho qu trnh oxy ho cht hu c xy ra ng thi trong x l hiu kh.
Nc rc nhn chung cha rt t hp cht hu c d sinh hu c c trng bi hm lng
axit hu c d bay hi VFA hay oxy ho trong mi trng kim.
~ 125 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 126 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Kh nitrat.
Kt qu nh gi kh nitrat c ghi li trong bng 13. 30 v th hin trong hnh 13. 13, 13.
14. (S liu ghi trong bng l s liu trung bnh ca nhiu ln th nghim - vi cc nng ban
u ca nitrat, nitrit khc nhau nm trong mt khong no ).
Bng 13. 30: S bin thin ca cc thng s trong qu trnh kh nitrat NO3-.
Khong nng Thi pH Kim N-NO2-N-NO3- N-NOx COD ORP
NO3- th gian th mgCaCO3/l mgN/l mgN/l mgN/l mgO2/l mV
nghim nghim
~ 127 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
N-NO2- mgN/l
140
N-NO3- mgN/l
120 N-NOx mgN/l
100 COD/20 mgO2/l
Nng
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Thi gian, gi
~ 128 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
N-NO3- mgN/l
200
N-NOx mgN/l
Nng
150
COD/10 mgO2/l
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thi gian, gi
Ngc li vi qu trnh oxy ha, trong kim b tiu hao vi mc 7,2 g/g nitrat, kim
c sinh ra (tr li) mt phn t qu trnh kh nitrat vi mc xp x 40% ca lng kim tiu
hao, tc l khong 4,3 g kim/g nitrat b kh. S liu t bng 13. 30 cho thy lng kim sinh ra
t qu trnh kh nm trong khong 3,2 n 3,7 g kim/g nitrat b kh.
Khc vi bin ng v gi tr nitrat v tng ca nitrat, nitrit (NOx) trong thi gian phn ng l
gim lin tc, nng nitrit (ban u xp x bng khng) tng dn trc khi gim theo thi gian
v t cc tr ti mt thi im no (hnh 13. 13, 13. 14). S hnh thnh nitrit vi im cc
i chng t c ch kh ca nitrat c giai on (sn phm) trung gian l s hnh thnh nitrit.
Nitrit c hnh thnh t nitrat v b mt i do phn ng tip theo to thnh cc hp cht nit c
ha tr thp hn +3 (NO, N2O, N2). Do hai phn ng tri chiu nhau (sinh ra v mt i) nn nng
nitrit t ti mt gi tr cc i ti mt thi im no . Thi im t ti cc i cng ngn
khi phn ng sinh ra n cng nhanh so vi phn ng m n ng vai tr l nguyn liu (b tiu
th). T hnh 13. 13, 13. 14 v bng 13. 30 cho thy: thi im t cc i ca vng nng
nitrit sm hn vng nng nitrat ban u thp: sau khong 2 gi khi nng nitrat nm trong
khong 80 - 100 mg N/l v sau 4 - 5 gi cho khong nng nitrat ban u 170 - 180 mg N/l. T
kt qu trn cng cho php nhn nh: t l tc hnh thnh v tiu hao nitrit cao hn vng
nng nitrat ban u thp so vi vng nng nitrat ban u cao.
Sau khi t gi tr cc i, nng nitrit (v c nitrat) gim u v kh nhanh, tc l tr v
trng thi n nh ca c hai phn ng.
Tc kh nitrat, nitrit (NOx) trung bnh trong vng nng thp nh hn so vi tc
trong vng nng cao: t 18,34 mg N/(l.h) trong vng nng ban u l 91,7 mg N/l so vi
25,65 mg N/(l.h) trong vng nng ban u l 179,6 mg N/l. iu ny ph hp vi qui lut
~ 129 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
phn ng l tc chm dn theo thi gian phn ng. Trong giai on u ca phn ng, mc
suy gim NOx ch yu do qu trnh kh nitrat v nitrit, trong giai on sau l do kh nitrit v
cc hp cht c ha tr thp hn.
Kh nitrit.
Kt qu th nghim kh nitrit vng nng thp (70 - 80 mg N/l) v trong vng cao (170 -
180 mg N/l) c trnh by trong bng 13. 31 v hnh 13. 15, 13. 16. S liu trong bng l gi tr
trung bnh ca nhiu th nghim lp li (khng di 3 th nghim).
Lng kim sinh ra trong qu trnh kh nitrit nm trong khong 3,2 - 3,3 g/g N. Gi tr ny
khng khc vi trng hp kh nitrat do qu trnh sinh ra kim l bc kh nitrit.
Bng 13. 31: S bin thin ca cc thng s trong qu trnh kh nitrit NO2-.
Khong nng Thi pH Kim N-NO2- N-NO3- N-NOx COD ORP
NO2- th gian th mgCaCO3/l mgN/l mgN/l mgN/l mgO2/l mV
nghim nghim
u vo 8,26 785 74,3 3,20 77,5 1305 141
70 - 80 1 gi 8,31 970 38,8 1,28 40,8 1100 81
mgN/l 2 gi 8,39 1020 6,26 0,64 6,9 714 115
3 gi 8,21 1040 0,40 0,20 0,6 648 34
u vo 8,52 940 174,6 7,64 182,2 3263 133
1 gi 8,56 1225 138,6 6,12 144,7 2949 113
170 - 180 2 gi 8,72 1333 96,7 4,70 101,4 2735 117
mgN/l 3 gi 8,87 1425 51,5 2,44 54,0 2528 118
4 gi 9,00 1485 13,4 1,30 14,7 2204 90
5 gi 8,73 1520 0,4 0,70 1,1 2019 97
~ 130 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
N-NO2- mgN/l
140
N-NO3- mgN/l
120
N-NOx mgN/l
100
COD/10 mgO2/l
Nng
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4
Thi gian, gi
Lng cht hu c (COD) tiu hao cho phn ng kh trong c hai vng nng l t 6,84
n 8,54 g/g so vi qu trnh kh nitrat l 11,1 - 11,3 g/g, tc l qu trnh kh nitrit cn mt
lng cht hu c bng 61,9 v 64,2% so vi lng dng kh nitrat (tnh theo l thuyt l
60%).
N-NO2- mgN/l
200
180 N-NO3- mgN/l
160 N-NOx mgN/l
140
COD/20 mgO2/l
Nng
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Thi gian, gi
S liu thu c cng cho thy cht hu c c ngun gc t phn hu ni sinh cha ng gp
c cho qu trnh kh, c l do cht hu c b xung vo (ng) c tnh sinh hu cao, d tham
gia phn ng v trong iu kin thiu kh qu trnh phn hu ni sinh xy ra chm.
Khc vi trng hp kh i t nitrat, nng nitrit gim u theo thi gian trong sut qu
trnh phn ng. So snh tc kh ca nitrit v nitrat thng qua NOx cho thy: Tc kh nitrit
trong vng nng thp t 25,8 mg N/(l.h), trong vng nng cao t 36,4 mg N/l, nhanh
~ 131 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nhn xt:
Do c trng ca nc rc, qu trnh x l hiu kh to ra nitrit vi hm lng cao, nn qu
trnh kho st x l thiu kh tp trung vo phn ng kh nitrit v nitrat ring l nhm tm ra cc
iu kin hp l.
So snh kh nitrit v nitrat trong cng cc iu kin th nghim cho thy:
- Lng cht hu c cn thit kh nitrit ch bng khong 61% so vi lng cn cho kh nitrat.
- Lng kim sinh ra trong qu trnh kh nitrat v nitrit l ngang nhau.
- Tc kh nitrit nhanh hn khong 40% so vi tc kh nitrat trong cng iu kin.
- Tc kh nitrat v nitrit chm dn khi nng ca chng gim.
- Trong iu kin thiu kh v cc iu kin ca th nghim vai tr ca cht hu c do qu trnh
phn hu ni sinh cha th hin r.
~ 132 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 13. 32. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh theo thi gian
(2:1).
T l Thi pH Kim N-NH3 N-NO2- N-NO3- TKN* TN COD
COD/ N gian (mg (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mg
(gi) CaCO3/l) O2/l)
~ 133 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 13. 33. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh theo thi
gian (3:1)
T l Thi pH Kim N-NH3 N-NO2- N-NO3- TKN* TN COD
COD/ N gian (mg (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mg
(gi) CaCO3/l) O2/l)
Kh nng x l COD
Mc suy gim COD theo thi gian c th hin trong bng 13. 32, 13. 33, v trn cc
hnh 13. 17, 13. 18, 13. 19. Hnh 13.17, 13. 18, 13. 19 biu din kh nng loi b COD trong
trng hp t l COD/ N l: 2,5; 3,0; 5,6 vi thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh l 2 : 1 v 3
: 1.
~ 134 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
600
500
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 17. Hiu qu x l COD ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh (2 :
1, 3 : 1) vi t l COD : N = 2,5.
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 18. Hiu qu x l COD ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh (2 :
1, 3 : 1) vi t l COD : N = 3,0.
~ 135 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
COD, mgO2/l
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 19. Hiu qu x l COD ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh (2 :
1, 3 : 1) vi t l COD : N = 5,6.
COD gim do hai qu trnh: oxy ho do vi sinh d dng trong giai on hiu kh v tiu hao
trong giai on thiu kh. Tc suy gim COD khng u nhau, gim nhanh giai on u,
sau chm dn. T l thi gian sc kh/ khuy khc nhau (2 : 1, 3 : 1) t nh hng n kt qu
cui cng (sau thi gian tng cng l 8 gi) do thi gian sc kh tng cng ca c hai phng n
u nh nhau (6 gi). Trong giai on thiu kh COD cng gim nhng vi tc chm dn
cc chu k sau, rt c th do cc thnh phn hu c cng v sau cng kh sinh hu. Hiu qu x
l COD rt ph thuc vo t l COD/ N, trong c hai phng n, khi t l COD/ N = 2,5; 3,0; 5,6
th hiu qu x l tng ng l 28%, 54% v 58%
Do nng oxy mc kh cao (2 - 3mg/l), hon ton p ng c cho cc loi vi sinh hiu
kh nn hiu qu x l COD tng khi t l COD/ N tng c l ch yu do t l thnh phn hu c
d sinh hu trong cc mu khc nhau.
Kh nng oxy ho amoni
T bng s liu 13. 32, 13. 33 v cc hnh hnh 13. 20, 13. 21, 13. 22 cho thy hiu qu qu
trnh oxy ho amoni hoc TKN (tng nit Kjeldahl) ph thuc ch yu vo nng ban u ch
t ph thuc vo t l COD/ N. T l thi gian sc kh/ khuy 2 : 1 cho hiu qu oxy ho amoni
cao hn.
~ 136 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
250
200
NH4+, mg N/l
150
100
sc:khuy = 2:1
Chu k hiu kh
50 sc:khuy = Chu
3:1 k thiu kh
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 20. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 2,5.
300
250
NH4+, mg N/l
200
150
sc:khuy = Chu
2:1 k hiu kh
100
sc:khuy = Chu
3:1 k thiu kh
50
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 21. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 3,0
~ 137 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
200
Chu k hiu kh
175
150 Chu k thiu kh
NH4+, mg N/l
125
100
75
sc:khuy = 2:1
50
25 sc:khuy = 3:1
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 22. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 5,6.
Trong thi gian x l thiu kh, nng amoni trong nc hu nh khng suy gim. Tc
oxy ho amoni ph thuc vo nng ban u rt c th do nguyn nhn l: do chu k th
nghim ngn, lng oxy ho tan y , s cnh tranh phn hu COD v amoni do cc chng vi
sinh khc nhau khng mnh m yu t quan trng hn l mt sinh khi ca tng loi trong .
Khi t l gia ngun thc n v vi sinh (t l F/M, food- micro organism ratio) ng vai tr
quan trng hn.
S hnh thnh nitrit, nitrat
Nitrit v nitrat to thnh k tip nhau trong giai on hiu kh, kh nitrit v nitrat v dng kh
xy ra trong giai on thiu kh cng theo kiu k tip nhau t ho tr +5 v ho tr khng. Theo
ti liu [12, 33] trong qu trnh hiu kh, nng nitrit thng rt thp (nh hn 0,1mg/l) tr
trng hp do b hn ch v nng oxy ho tan. Hin tng trn thng c quan st i vi
nc thi sinh hot c hm lng amoni khng cao. Cng c tc gi cho rng kim cao trong
nc thi l yu t thun li duy tr nng nitrit cao [32].
Vi cc mu nc rc, khi x l hiu kh vi nng oxy d tha (4 - 5mg/l), kim rt cao
(khi kt thc lng kim d u cao hn 1000mg/l) nng nitrit lun lun cao hn nitrat (bng
13. 34).
Bng 13. 34. T l gia NO3-/ NO2- trong giai on x l hiu kh.
T l thi gian T l COD/ N
sc
2,5 3,0 5,6
~ 138 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vi chu k hiu kh l 2gi, 3gi, t l COD/ N = 2,5 ; 3,0 ; 5,6, t l gia NO3-/ NO2- khc
nhau: cc chu k u t l NO3-/ NO2- cao v gim dn cc chu k sau, tc l cng giai
on sau nng nitrit cng cao hn so vi nitrat. T l NO3-/ NO2- cng ph thuc vo thi gian
sc kh ca chu k, thi gian sc kh di hn (3gi so vi 2gi) thng cho t l NO3-/ NO2- thp
hn.
Trong iu kin th nghim trnh by, yu t thc y c qu trnh to thnh nitrit (
kim) v to nitrat (oxy ho tan) u c tho mn, tuy vy nng nitrit vn cao hn nitrat v
cc chu k sau nng amoni thp hn cc chu k trc, trong khi tc oxy ho amoni
hay hiu qu loi tng nit TN khng xy ra hin tng t bin. Hin tng ny c th l do t
l vi sinh Nitrosomonas (oxy ho amoni thnh nitrit) cao hn loi Nitrobacter (oxy ho nitrit
thnh nitrat) trong iu kin c th ca th nghim.
Hiu qu x l tng nit
Trong tt c cc iu kin th nghim, hiu qu loi b nit (TN) t t 29% n 48%, hiu
qu tng khi t l COD/ N tng. Mi tng quan gia hiu qu x l tng nit v hiu qu x l
COD trong bng 13. 35 (N l hiu s ca TN, COD l hiu s ca COD gia gi tr u v
cui ca qu trnh x l trong 8 gi) cho thy, t l COD/N tng khi t l COD/ N tng v lch
nhau khng nhiu vi cng t l COD/ N.
~ 139 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
250
200
T-N, mg N/l
150
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 23. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 2,5.
S suy gim T-N trong h do ba nguyn nhn: chuyn ho thnh kh nit, gii hp th amoni
v tham gia cu to t bo ca vi sinh mi to thnh, trong nguyn nhn u c vai tr quan
trng hn c. Hp cht nit (ch yu l amoni) cng hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn hu ni
sinh (endogenous decay).
Suy gim COD l do cc nguyn nhn: to thnh c cht ca cc chng vi sinh d dng, oxy
ho thnh cc hp cht bn (CO2, H2O) v ng vai tr cht cho in t trong qu trnh thiu kh.
Qu trnh phn hu ni sinh lm tng COD tan. S suy gim TN v COD trong h l mt qu
trnh lin quan n nhiu yu t v rt kh d on v tng th.
~ 140 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
300
250
200
T-N, mg N/l
150
sc:khuy = 2:1
100
Chu k hiu kh
sc:khuy = 3:1
50
Chu k thiu kh
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 24. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 3,0.
200
175
150
T-N, mg N/l
125
100
Chu k hiu kh
75 sc:khuy = 2:1
Chu k thiu kh
50 sc:khuy = 3:1
25
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 25. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 vi t l COD : N = 5,6.
~ 141 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong iu kin hiu kh vi y oxy ho tan, amoni b oxy ho thnh nitrit v nitrat.
Trong iu kin thiu kh, da vo ngun carbon c b sung, nitrit v nitrat s b kh v kh
nit (N2).
Kt qu th nghim thu c t x l nc rc theo ch sc kh gin on vi t l thi
gian sc kh/ khuy trn (2 : 1, 3 : 1) trong 360 pht c ghi li trong bng 13. 36 v 13. 37.
Bng 13. 36. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung
thm cht hu c theo thi gian (2:1)
Bng 13. 37. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung cht
hu c theo thi gian (t l sc kh/ khuy l 3:1).
~ 142 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
T kt qu bng 13. 36, 13. 37 cho thy, sau 360 pht, hiu qu ca qu trnh oxy ho amoni
thnh nitrit, nitrat c hai thit b hot ng gin on l: gi tr amoni cc thit b gim t 122
mgN/l xung 43, 48 mgN/l. thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian sc kh/ khuy 3 : 1 cho hiu
qu oxy ho amoni cao hn (62,1% so vi 59,1%).
140
Chu k hiu kh
120
NH4+, mg N/l
Hnh 13. 26. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k
hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 : 1 c b sung cht hu c.
140
Chu k hiu kh
120
Chu k thiu kh
100
T- N, mg N/l
80
60
40 sc:khuy = 2:1
20 sc:khuy = 3:1
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Thi gian, pht
~ 143 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hnh 13. 27. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 c b sung cht hu c.
T hnh hnh 13. 26, 13. 27 cho thy: tc oxy ho amoni c hai thit b u c xu hng
gim, chm dn cc chu k hiu kh sau. Nguyn nhn c th l do ngun cht hu c c b
sung vo u giai on khuy (thiu kh) sau khi kt thc vn cn d do vy n giai on hiu
kh s xy ra s cnh tranh gia vi sinh d dng oxy ho COD v vi sinh t dng oxy ho
amoni. iu cng l nguyn nhn lm gim lng NO2- v NO3- hnh thnh cc giai on
sc kh sau. Trong thi gian x l thiu kh, nng amoni trong nc hu nh khng suy gim.
Hiu sut kh nitrit v nitrat trong giai on thiu kh
Trong giai on thiu kh, xy ra qu trnh kh nitrit v nitrat cn c cht hu c (1g NO 3--
N cn 3g cht hu c). V COD trong nc rc sau giai on hiu kh cn li l nhng cht tr
kh phn hu nn ng c s dng lm ngun cung cp COD kh nitrit v nitrat trong
giai on thiu kh. Hiu sut kh nitrit v nitrat c th hin trong bng 13. 38, 13. 39.
Bng 13. 38. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh l 2 : 1
theo thi gian trong 360 pht.
Thng s T. gian ln th nghim
(pht) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pH 0 8,6 7,9 8,1 8,1 8,3 8,6 8,4
60 8,7 8,3 8,4 8,4 8,6 8,6 8,5
90 8,6 8,3 8,3 8,3 8,6 8,7 8,5
150 8,6 8,4 8,4 8,4 8,6 8,7 8,5
180 8,6 8,2 8,2 8,3 8,5 8,7 8,5
240 8,6 8,3 8,3 8,5 8,6 8,7 8,6
270 8,6 8,3 8,4 8,4 8,6 8,7 8,6
330 8,6 8,3 8,5 8,5 8,7 8,7 8,5
360 8,6 8,3 8,4 8,3 8,6 8,7 8,5
Kim 0 1750 1960 2200 2160 2040 2120 1960
(mgCaCO3/l) 60 1700 1910 2110 2040 1920 2040 1900
90 1800 1880 2100 2040 1970 2000 1900
150 1650 1800 2030 1990 1850 1850 1840
~ 144 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 145 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 146 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 13. 39. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh l 3 : 1
theo thi gian trong 360 pht.
Thng s T. gian ln th nghim
(pht) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pH 0 8,6 7,9 8,1 8,1 8,3 8,6 8,4
90 8,7 8,4 8,4 8,5 8,7 8,7 8,6
120 8,7 8,3 8,3 8,4 8,6 8,7 8,5
210 8,6 8,4 8,5 8,5 8,7 8,7 8,6
240 8,6 8,3 8,5 8,4 8,6 8,7 8,4
330 8,6 8,4 8,5 8,5 8,8 8,7 8,6
360 8,6 8,2 8,4 8,5 8,6 8,7 8,5
Kim 0 1750 1960 2200 2160 2040 2120 1960
(mgCaCO3/l) 90 1720 1820 1990 1950 1860 1900 1800
120 1740 1820 2010 1950 1870 1940 1820
210 1650 1720 1920 1850 1750 1890 1750
240 1650 1760 1940 1900 1790 1900 1780
330 1650 1640 1860 1800 1670 1800 1650
360 1650 1680 1860 1800 1650 1800 1690
N-NH4+ 0 97,0 122 126 142 123 129 108
(mgN/l) 90 77,0 103 108 109 84,0 105 86,0
120 76,0 101 102 103 82,0 98,5 88,0
210 59,5 78,0 81,0 85,0 59,0 74,0 64,0
240 59,0 72,0 78,3 81,3 61,0 75,0 61,0
330 39,0 52,0 52,0 55,0 36,0 52,5 42,0
360 39,2 49,0 51,5 53,5 38,0 43,7 46,0
N-NO2- 0 0,93 0,34 0,21 0,27 0,72 0,23 0,36
(mgN/l) 90 6,02 9,51 10,7 10,7 7,46 6,54 5,02
120 1,07 1,14 0,68 0,03 0,73 0,75 0,08
210 4,26 5,52 6,89 5,93 11,2 9,43 4,57
240 0,08 0,23 0,17 0,15 0,43 0,09 0,09
330 7,91 9,13 10,3 5,33 11,6 7,91 5,63
360 0,02 1,09 0,15 0,12 0,61 0,11 0,08
~ 147 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 148 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nhn xt:
- Trong giai on x l hiu kh xy ra s cnh tranh oxy ho gia cht hu c v amoni. T l
COD/N cng cao th tc v hiu qu oxy ho amoni chm.
- T l NO2/NO3 lun cao v c xu hng cao hn vo giai on cui ca chu k, t l ny cng
ph thuc vo t l COD/N ca nc thi.
- Qu trnh kh nitrat c xy ra trong giai on x l hiu kh vi hiu sut thp.
- Trong giai on x l thiu kh, s c mt ca cht hu c thc y mnh qu trnh kh nitrat.
- Tc kh nitrit nhanh hn so vi tc kh nitrat.
~ 149 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 150 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Mc tiu ca th nghim pilot l nhm kim tra kt qu thu c t nghin cu trong phng
th nghim trong iu kin thc t: nh gi nh hng ca nng oxy ho tan DO, nh hng
ca nng amoni ban u, nh hng ca mt vi sinh vt, kh nitrat, nitrit vi cht hu c
t qu trnh phn hu ni sinh v kt hp qu trnh nitrat ho v kh nitrat bng cch thay i
theo chu k thi gian.
Yu t u tin lin quan n vn hnh x l nc thi l nng oxy tan trong nc. Oxy
ho tan c s dng cho cc qu trnh: oxy ho cht hu c, amoni, phn hu t bo vi sinh vt.
Th nghim ti hin trng c duy tr nng oxy tan mc 1, 2, 3, 4 mg/l thng qua van
cp kh. Trong qu trnh oxy ho, cc yu t bin ng v lin quan c theo di l amoni,
COD, pH, kim, nitrit, nitrat, ORP. Mc bin ng ca cc yu t nu trn c theo di
theo thi gian. Kt qu theo di c ghi trong bng 13. 40 v th hin trn hnh 13. 28.
Vi DO = 2mg/l
~ 151 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vi DO = 3mg/l
Th gian pH Kim NH4+-N NO2--N NO3--N COD ORP NO2/NO3
pht mg CaCO3/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mgO2/l mV
0 7,40 1750 176,0 4,6 19,2 426 -65 0,24
45 7,30 1450 143,0 33,6 27,4 -61 1,23
90 7,29 1100 116,0 45,4 44,0 -57 1,03
135 7,17 900 78,2 74,1 64,7 406 -52 1,15
180 7,10 680 45,0 88,9 71,9 394 -48 1,24
225 7,25 520 10,4 119,0 86,3 -42 1,38
270 7,24 410 0 143,0 93,1 382 -35 1,54
Vi DO = 4 mg/l
Th gian pH Kim NH4+-N NO2--N NO3--N COD ORP NO2/NO3
pht mg CaCO3/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mgO2/l mV
0 7,43 1890 234,0 2,2 17,0 389 -65 0,13
45 7,41 1680 182,2 32,2 29,3 -61 1,10
90 7,40 1320 125,3 52,7 42,7 -52 1,23
135 7,33 1010 75,5 96,4 59,6 385 -44 1,62
180 7,29 760 28,2 138,0 63,2 367 -34 2,18
225 7,25 540 1,0 175,0 71,8 362 -15 2,44
~ 152 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
250
DO=1 y = -0.4033x + 217.62
R = 0.9991
50
0
0 200 400 600
Thi gian, pht
Hnh 13. 28. S bin thin amoni theo thi gian vi cc DO khc nhau.
Nhn xt:
- Mc tiu hao kim dao ng t 5,79 n 7,61 mg/mg NH4+ b oxy ho, gi tr trung bnh l
6,88 mg/g (tnh theo phng trnh ho hc l 7,14 mg/g), thp hn khong 4% so vi l thuyt.
Sai s trn c ngun gc t s liu th nghim nhng mt khc cng c th l do lng kim
c b li mt phn t qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra ng thi vi qu trnh nitrat ho. kim
ca nc rc kh cao, lng d kh ln nn qu trnh oxy ho khng cn b xung kim.
- Oxy ho amoni ti hin trng cng cho kt qu c xu hng gn tng t vi kt qu nghin
cu trong phng th nghim, tuy nhin vi tc cao hn.
Tc oxy ho tng nhanh khi tng nng oxy. Nu x l s liu theo quan h tuyn tnh
(suy gim amoni theo thi gian - phn ng bc khng) th h s ca bin s x c th coi l tc
oxy ho amoni trong iu kin ca th nghim. Hng s tc c gi tr 0,40; 0,59; 0,69 v 1,06
tng ng vi nng oxy tan l 1, 2, 3, 4 mg/l. Duy tr nng oxy cao tuy vy dn n tiu
hao nng lng sc kh rt ln.
- Oxy ho cht hu c: Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, mt lng nh cht hu c cng c
phn hu, hiu qu x l COD thp, nm trong khong 7 - 14%. Hiu qu x l COD thp c
nguyn nhn quan trng nht l tnh kh phn hu ca cht hu c c trong nc rc, ni cch
khc l phn cht hu c d sinh hu thp. iu ny cng ph hp vi kt qu nhn c trong
phng th nghim.
~ 153 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 154 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
S bin ng ca gi tr ORP quan st c ti hin trng trong bng 13. 40 cho thy, gi tr
ORP tng dn trong qu trnh hiu kh nhng khng t ti gi tr dng trong hu ht cc
trng hp k c khi lng amoniac oxy ho kh trit v lng oxy tan cao.
Kt qu quan trc c khc vi cc kt qu cng b trong ti liu l qu trnh hiu kh xy ra
trong khong nng oxy 2 - 3 mg/l th ORP bin ng t -140 mV n 140 mV v qu trnh
phn hu hiu kh trit khi ORP t + 350 mV, cn qu trnh kh nitrat xy ra thun li khi
ORP < - 350 mV [38, 39]. c trng nc rc khc so vi nc sinh hot, v vy kt qu nhn
c cng c th khc nhau.
Nng amoni trong nc rc khc nhau i vi tng khu vc v bin ng ln theo ma. S
khc bit v nng amoni c th chnh nhau ti trn chc ln vo cc thi im khc nhau
trong nm. Xu hng chung l thp v ma ma v cao v ma kh. h thng x l vn hnh
n nh v m bo c tiu chun u ra cn phi nh gi c tc ng ca hm lng
amoni ti nc ngun. Do nng amoni trong nc ngun trong thi gian tin hnh th nghim
dao ng khng mnh nn nng cao nht c th s dng l khong 200 mg/l, vi th nghim
nng thp hn s dng k thut pha long ti ch bng cch gi li lng nc ca m trc
vi mt mc thch hp.
Th nghim c thc hin vi DO 2 mg/l, mt vi sinh 2 g/l, nng amoni l 200, 150
v 100 mg/l. Kt qu thu c trnh by trong bng 13. 41 v hnh 13. 29.
Bng 13. 41. nh hng ca nng amoni u vo ln hiu qu oxy ho, tc oxy ho v t l
NO2-/NO3- hnh thnh.
~ 155 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 156 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
250
NH4=200 y = -0.5886x + 210.16
R = 0.9977
200
NH4=150 y = -0.5718x + 149.94
NH4+, mg N/l
R = 0.994
150
NH4=100 y = -0.5916x + 117.8
R = 0.9963
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400
Thi gian, pht
Hnh 13. 29. S bin thin nng amoni theo thi gian vi cc nng amoni ban u khc
nhau.
Nhn xt
Kt qu thu c cho thy, vi nng amoni ban u khc nhau th tc oxy ho amoni l
xp x nhau th hin tr s ca phng trnh hi qui tuyn tnh l - 0,5886, - 0,5718 v -
0,5916, on ct trc tung ca hnh tng ng vi nng ban u 200, 150 v 100 mg/l l 210,
150 v 118.
Tc oxy ho amoni cc nng ban u khc nhau c gi tr xp x nhau th hin cc
ng ng hc chy gn song song vi nhau. iu th hin l cc iu kin cho qu trnh
oxy ho (oxy tan, kim) p ng y .
T phng trnh hi quy nu trn c th tnh thi gian (t) oxy ho amoni c mt gi tr ban
u nht nh t ti mt gi tr tiu chun no .
T cc s liu th nghim trn c th xy dng c mt cng thc tnh gn ng cho nng
amoni ti thi im t no :
~ 157 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Kim tra tng t khi nng amoni ban u l 150 mg/l ti cc thi im 90, 180, 270 pht
cho gi tr tng ng l 91, 188 v 259 pht.
Sai s t gi tr hi qui so vi thc nghim l khng ln, khng vt qu 9%, mt kt qu
hon ton c th chp nhn trong thc tin x l nc thi.
T s liu trn cng ngoi suy c thi gian x l hiu kh t ti mt gi tr amoni d
no (trong nghin cu ti phng th nghim, s liu ng hc ca qu trnh trn c x l
theo phng trnh bc 1 t ra thch hp hn).
T l gia nitrit/nitrat ti cng thi im c xu hng cao i vi lng amoni ban u cao.
Mc tng nng nitrit v nitrat kh u khng nhn thy vng cc i ca nitrit nh
thng thy trong nghin cu ti phng th nghim.
Mt VSV = 2 g/l.
Th gian pH Kim NH4+-N NO2--N NO3--N COD ORP NO2/NO3
pht mg CaCO3/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mgO2/l mV
~ 158 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Mt VSV = 3 g/l.
Th gian pH Kim NH4+-N NO2--N NO3--N COD ORP NO2/NO3
pht mg CaCO3/l mg N/l mg N/l mg N/l mgO2/l mV
250
150
3g/l y = -1.1144x + 219.12
R = 0.9864
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400
Thi gian, pht
Hnh 13. 30. S bin thin nng amoni theo thi gian vi cc mt vi sinh vt khc nhau.
~ 159 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng13. 43. Kh NO2 v NO3 bng phn hu ni sinh khng b sung thm COD.
Kh ni sinh 2g/l
Thi gian, gi 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Kh ni sinh 3g/l
Th gian, gi 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
~ 160 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Kim 450 460 480 510 520 530 550 550 560
NO2N 148 147,5 146,8 146,1 145,4 144,8 144,1 143,5 143
160
NO2-2g/l y = -0.8214x + 96.95
140 R = 0.7236
NO2- , NO3- , mg N/l
40
0 2 4 6 8 10
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 31. S bin thin
- -
NO2 , NO3 trong qu trnh kh ni sinh khng b sung cht hu c vi mt vi sinh vt khc
nhau.
Nng oxy ho tan c duy tr mc thp nht c th, tuy nhin khng th ngn cn c
qu trnh thm oxy t khng kh. Trong qu trnh khuy trn (8 gi) gi tr ORP gim t +6
xung - 29 mV v t - 3 xung - 51 mV tng ng vi mt vi sinh l 2 v 3 g/l.
pH v kim u c xu hng tng trong qu trnh kh nitrat, do mt phn kim (khong
40% lng kim tiu hao trc do oxy ho amoni) c sinh ra v v vy ko theo tng pH.
Mc tng ca kim khng nhiu, ch l 45 v 150 mg/l, lng kim ny mt phn c ngun
gc t kh CO2 hnh thnh t phn ng phn hu kt hp vi ion hydroxyl (pH cao) ca mi
trng.
Hiu qu kh c xc nh qua mc suy gim ca tng gi tr nitrat, nitrit trong sut thi
gian tin hnh x l. Sau thi gian 8 gi hiu qu x l ch t 5 - 6%. C nitrat ln nitrit u
gim dn trong thi gian x l, khc vi kt qu thu c t phng th nghim l din bin nng
~ 161 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nitrit theo thi gian c vng cc i (xem hnh 13. 13, 13. 14). Nguyn nhn c th l phn
ng b khng ch bi tc nhn thiu cht hu c.
Nhn xt: nh hng ca mt vi sinh ln tc v hiu qu kh nitrat khng r rng nh
mong i ngay k c trong trng hp lng cht tham gia phn ng (tng nitrat, nitrit) thp v
mt vi sinh vt cao (3 g/l) cng nh th oxy ho kh thun li hn i vi phn ng.
~ 162 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
R = 0.9775
~ 163 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 164 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Vi mc ch trn th nghim c tin hnh vi mt vi sinh 2,5; 3,0 v 5,0 g/l, thi gian
ca chu k hiu kh/thiu kh thay i t 1:1 n 1:2.
nh gi v t l gia thi gian sc kh: khuy trn cho mt chu k c cng thi gian (7 gi)
l 1:1 v 1:2, mt vi sinh l 3 g/l. Cc thng s c theo di gm: pH, kim, amoni, NO2-,
NO3-, TN (tng NO2-, NO3-, NH4+) v COD.
Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 13. 45 v hnh 13. 33.
Bng13. 45. Kh hp cht nit theo chu k thi gian (t l sc kh/khuy trn), mt vi sinh 3
g/l
~ 165 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
160
S bin thin NH4, NO2, NO3, mg N/l
140
120
NH4 1h:1h
100 NO2 1h:1h
NO3 1h:1h
80 NH4 1h: 2h
NO2 1h: 2h
60 Sc kh
NO3 1h: 2h
40 TN 1h:1h
Khuy trn
TN 1h: 2h
20
0
0 2 4 6 8
Thi gian, gi
Hnh 13. 33. Hiu qu loi b hp cht nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian sc kh/khuy trn
Trong sut qu trnh phn ng, kim gim, cho trng hp t l sc khuy 1:1 v 1:2 l 6,1
v 5,3 g/g amoni b oxy ho.
Mc suy gim trong trng hp c thi gian khuy lu hn tiu hao t kim hn l hp l v
trong thi gian lng kim c tr li mt phn do phn ng kh nitrat.
Trong 7 gi tin hnh phn ng, thi gian sc kh trong trng hp u l 4 gi, trng hp
sau l 3 gi, hiu qu x l amoni t 54,9 v 52,9%. Mc chnh lch gia hai trng hp
khng ln. Tng t nh vy hiu qu x l COD ca hai trng hp cng t xp x nhau: 35,9
v 36,2%.
S bin ng ca nitrit, nitrat theo thi gian c tnh chu k: tng sau giai on sc kh v gim
sau giai on khuy trn.
Tng nit trong h (nitrit, nitrat, amoni) nhn chung gim u theo thi gian: gim amoni
trong giai on sc kh, gim nitrit v nitrat trong giai on khuy trn, hiu qu x l sau 7 gi
t 33,5% v 37,8% trong mi trng hp.
~ 166 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
C th cho rng, suy gim nng tng nit l do sn phm kh nit hnh thnh, qu trnh bay
hi amoniac nu c th ch ng gp mt phn nh do nhit vo thi im th nghim khng
cao v lu lng kh khng ln.
Mc chnh lch hiu qu x l nit gia hai s vn hnh khng ln, tuy nhin s
vn hnh sc kh/khuy trn theo t l 1:2 t ra thun li hn v mt tit kim nng lng.
So vi cc qu trnh kh nitrat thng dng (vi cc nc thi loi khc nh nc thi sinh
hot, git m gia sc, nc thi thu sn) kh nitrat trong nc rc xy ra chm hn, ch yu l
do mc kh sinh hu ca cc thnh phn hu c trong nc rc [33, 45]. iu ny cng th
hin r l mc suy gim tng nitrat v nitrit cc giai on khuy trn v cui nh hn nhiu
so vi giai on ban u, c l ch yu do phn ng vi cht hu c t phn hu ni sinh.
nh gi v vai tr ca mt vi sinh trong s vn hnh theo chu k, th nghim c
tin hnh hai mc mt vi sinh l 2,5 v 5,0 g/l, tng thi gian phn ng l 8 gi, t l thi
gian sc kh/khuy trn l 1,5 gi/0,5 gi.
Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 13. 46 v hnh 13. 34.
Bng 13. 46. X l theo chu k vi mt vi sinh khc nhau, t l thi gian sc kh : khuy
trn = 1,5 gi/ 0,5 gi.
Mt VSV 5 g/l
~ 167 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 168 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
200
NH4, NO2, NO3, mg N/l
150
Sc kh
100
Khuy trn
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Thi gian, pht
Do thi gian sc kh lu hn (tng cng l 6 gi) so vi thi gian khuy trn (2 gi) nn hiu
qu x l amoni t 55,2 v 62,6% tng ng vi mt vi sinh l 2,5 v 5,0 g/l trong khi hiu
qu x l COD t thp, t 13,6 - 17,7%.
Hiu qu x l tng nit t thp hn so vi hiu qu x l amoni, t 22,2% v 42,6% trong
hai trng hp, hiu sut x l tng nit cao gn gp i trong trng hp mt vi sinh 5,0 g/l
(22,2 v 42,6%) trong khi hiu qu x l amoni ch tng khong 6% (55,2 v 62,6%). Kt qu
nhn c chng t mt phn vai tr ca cht hu c do phn hu ni sinh ca vi sinh vt. Ti
mi thi im tng ca nitrat v nitrit u thp hn h c mt vi sinh cao.
~ 169 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng 13. 47. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung
thm cht hu c theo thi gian (2:1)
Thi gian pH Kim (mg NH4+-N N-NO2- N-NO3- COD COD NKT TN
TN CaCO3/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgO2/l) B sung (mgN/l) (mgN/l)
Bng 68. S thay i thnh phn nc rc trong iu kin hiu kh/ thiu kh c b sung cht
hu c theo thi gian
(t l sc kh/ khuy l 3:1).
Thi gian pH Kim (mg NH4+-N N-NO2- N-NO3- COD COD NKT TN
TN CaCO3/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgO2/l) B sung (mgN/l) (mgN/l)
~ 170 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
140
Chu k hiu kh
120
Chu k thiu kh
100
NH4+, mg N/l
80
60
40 sc:khuy = 2:1
sc:khuy = 3:1
20
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Thi gian, pht
Hnh 13. 35. Oxy ho amoni trong iu kin t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh 2 : 1, 3 :
1 c b sung cht hu c.
80
60
40 sc:khuy = 2:1
20 sc:khuy = 3:1
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Thi gian, pht
~ 171 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hnh 13.36. Hiu qu x l tng nit ph thuc vo t l thi gian ca chu k hiu kh/ thiu kh
2 : 1, 3 : 1 c b sung cht hu c.
T bng 13. 49 cho thy khi c y cht hu c v trong iu kin khng c mt oxy th
hiu sut kh nitrit rt cao v cao hn hiu sut kh nitrat. Trong thi gian 30 pht ca chu k
thiu kh, hiu sut kh nitrit c hai h khng khc nhau nhiu, hiu qu kh nitrit t t 82,5 -
97,7% th nghim vi t l 2 : 1 v t 92 - 97,4% th nghim vi t l 3 : 1, trong khi hiu qu
kh nitrat t cao nht l 59,5%. iu chng t qu trnh kh nitrit xy ra nhanh hn so vi
kh nitrat. l yu t c li v phng din vn hnh, tn oxy cp cho qu trnh oxy ho
nitrit thnh nitrat v lng cht hu c kh nitrat v nitrit.
Nhn xt.
~ 172 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 173 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
tnh c th ring ca tng vng, ni cch khc, trn c s rt phong ph ca cc phng php
x l hin c cn phi la chn mt s cng ngh t hp (kt hp nhiu phng php x l
khc nhau) nhm p ng cc tiu ch:
- Qui nh thi ca ngun nc nhn (sng, ao, h vi mc ch ti tiu, du lch, nui trng
thu sn...)
- Hm lng d ca cc cht nhim sau x l (c bit l cc cht c c hi cao, hm
lng thp rt nhy cm vi mt s a phng, v d thu ngn Nht).
- Gi thnh xy dng v vn hnh h thng ph hp vi iu kin kinh t, k thut, x hi, dn
tr ca a phng.
- Tng hp vi lch s hnh thnh ca nc rc trc khi p dng cng ngh x l.
Ngun nc nhn l ngun cha nc rc sau khi x l. c im ca ngun nhn bao gm:
dung tch tng cha, v tr so vi vng dn c tp trung, kh nng thm ca t ai, nguy c chy
trn, h sinh thi thu ng vt, lu lng nc (dng chy) vo v ra khi ngun nhn.
Da vo cc yu t trn, qui nh c th v cht lng thi vo mt ngun nhn c th s
c a phng thit lp trn c s lut mi trng ca quc gia.
Tiu chun thi ca nc rc thng khng qui nh mt cch cng nhc m trc ht phi
trn nn tng kh thi ca tiu chun theo a phng (ngho, giu, ng hoc t dn c) ngay
trong mt quc gia. Tng quc gia thit lp tiu chun ring (bng 13. 50) v thng c xem
xt li sau mt thi gian vi xu hng ngy cng tr nn ngt ngho hn ph hp vi s pht
trin ca kinh t v cng ngh.
Bng 13. 50: Mt s tiu chun quc gia p dng cho nc rc [62].
Thng s n v M Nht Anh c Thu S c
Sng Bin
NH3-N mg/l 35 - - 80 50 - -
~ 174 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Ngoi cc qui nh chung v tiu chun thi, do c th sinh hot v sn xut ca vng mt s
ni cn qui nh c th v tiu chun thi i vi mt s i tng nhy cm: mt s kim loi
nng, hp cht carbon a trng ngng (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), ho cht bo v
thc vt, hp cht hu c cha clo (clo-hu c).
Hai ngun chi ph trc tip hot ng mt h thng x l nc rc l: chi ph xy dng h
thng (xy dng c bn, thit b, my mc, phng tin quan trc, iu khin, khu hao,...) v
chi ph vn hnh (nng lng, ho cht, nhn cng). Hai loi chi ph trn lin quan cht ch vi
nhau. V d mt h x l bng phng php hp ph trn than hot tnh c gi thnh xy dng
ban u thp nhng chi ph vn hnh rt cao km theo l chi ph x l than hot tnh sau khi n
bo ho hp ph. Tnh trng tng t cng xy ra i vi phn ln cc phng php oxy ho.
Phng php lc mng (cc loi) t hiu qu x l cao nhng gi thnh vn hnh v bo dng
(duy tr hot ng) rt t. S dng s cng ngh cn phi cn i c v mt tng gi thnh
v c ti u c th.
c trng ca nc rc l s bin ng rt ln v lu lng thi v nhim m cng ngh
x l ch l mt khu trong hot ng ca mt bi rc. Lu lng thi v c trng nhim nc
rc l sn phm trung gian v b chi phi bi cc thao tc c thc hin trc . Mi ngun
nc rc u c tnh c th ring, cc s liu ch th hin cho chnh ni dung c nh gi.
Lu lng nc rc b chi phi ch yu bi lng nc ma (70 - 80%) v m ca rc thi
(di 30%) v vy n ph thuc vo ch ma ca vng, kt cu ca bi chn lp rc v thao
tc chn lp [46, 47, 48]. V d nhiu bi rc din tch chn lp trong ngy lp tc c nn
v ph t trn b mt, thao tc hn ch ng k s hnh thnh nc rc.
c trng nhim nc rc cng b chi phi bi cc thao tc trc : phn loi rc, gim
lng cht hu c d phn hu, hn ch mc nhim, rc t (sn xut nng lng) thi ra
cht nhim ch yu dng v c v cc cht hu c c dng vi lng (dioxin).
Thi gian phn hu rc v iu kin thi tit s to ra nc rc c nhim rt khc nhau:
nhim nh, trung bnh hoc nng.
Ti nhiu bi chn lp rc, thc y qu trnh phn hu rc ngi ta thc hin kh nhiu
bin php, trong c s dng nc rc phun tr li vo ng rc. ng tc trn lm thay i
kh r c trng nhim ca nc rc [49, 50, 57].
~ 175 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 176 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
b tc, b h hng v phn cc trong mi trng nc rc, chu k hot ng thp nn gi thnh
vn hnh v bo dng cao [52, 53].
Oxy ho: S dng mt s cht oxy ho nh clo hot ng, ozon, hp cht Fenton phn hu
cht hu c v mu trong nc rc. Phng php oxy ho t c s dng tr khi cn phi x l
mt s dng cht hu c c bit.
X l vi sinh ym kh: Phng php x l vi sinh ym kh ch c tc dng lm gim BOD, n
thch hp vi nc rc c BOD cao (nhm tit kim nng lng) trong iu kin m nng.
X l vi sinh hiu kh: Phng php hiu kh ch x l c BOD v oxy ho amoni thnh
nitrit v nitrat.
X l vi sinh thiu kh: Phng php thiu kh c s dng kh nitrat v x l mt phn
BOD trong nc rc.
iu rt ng ch v x l nc rc ti cc nc cng nghip l: chnh quyn ch qui nh
v kim sot cht lng thi, vic la chn cng ngh x l sao cho thch hp l quyn ca cc
cng ty m nhn cng vic x l v khng bao gi t chc hi ng thm nh cng ngh hay
thm nh thit k. Vic la chn cng ngh v thit k l cng vic ca cc nh t vn chu
trch nhim trc nh u t.
Nghin cu cng ngh x l nc rc (tng th hoc mt cng on no ) l da trn c s
nhu cu thc t hoc ci thin mt khu no . Kt qu ch c p dng trong thc t bi
cc cng ty (mua bn quyn) vi m bo khi p dng s mang li hiu qu kinh t cho chnh
cng ty .
~ 177 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 178 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
vi x l hp cht nit. H thng trn s dng mt din tch 5 ha t. Loi hnh cng ngh trn
c s dng kh ph bin Canada v bc M [56].
Khng nhng hon thin v mt cng ngh x l nc rc m cc vn nghin cu c bn
cng c tip tc nhm cung cp cho cc nh k thut, sn xut, phng tin, kin thc tt v
hon chnh hn cng ngh x l nc rc ngy mt tt hn [23, 33, 58, 59].
V d cc nh nghin cu v x l nc rc ca trng i hc Lund (Thu in) cho thy:
t c hiu qu x l mc chp nhn c, h thng x l s l t hp ca phng php
ho hc, ho l v sinh hc. Nu khng s dng t hp th phng php sinh hc ch x l c
20 - 30% COD v gim c ng k lng c t. Ngc li nu s dng t hp cng ngh:
nitrat ho vi hp ph trn than hot tnh hoc vi oxy ho hp cht Fenton s gim c
khong 80% COD nhng khng loi b c mt s cht hu c c nh phthalat.
T hp cng ngh: nitrat ho, kt ta vi st (III) clorua v hp ph trn than hot tnh t
hiu qu x l ti 96% theo lng carbon tng (TOC).
Khng ch nghin cu mt h thng x l nc rc tng th m tng cng on (n v cng
ngh ca h thng), cng c nghin cu hon thin. Kh khn nht ca cng ngh lc qua
mng cc loi l b mt mng b nhim bn gy tc dng chy v dn ti mng khng th hot
ng. S dng cng ngh rung cao tn, hng VSEP ch to c thit b khc phc c yu
im trn khi s dng x l nc rc.
Cng ngh x l nc rc ca Nht c c th ring so vi cc nc tin tin khc.
T nm 1965 trong chng trnh hnh ng khn cp v ci thin iu kin mi trng sng
(Emergency Establishment Act for Improvement Facilities) qui nh: lng rc thi sinh hot
c x l bng phng php t. Nc rc thm t tro t v cha c t hu c hnh thnh
trong qu trnh t (hp cht hu c cha clo v dioxin). Cho n nm 1988, lng rc c t
Nht khng thp hn 78% (240 triu tn rc/nm). Do lng dioxin sinh ra kh cao nn nm
1997 hnh thnh iu lut: hnh ng kim sot dioxin (dioxin control act) [60].
Nc rc thm t tro cha hm lng mui v c rt cao, hm lng cht hu c v hp cht
nit thp.
c th nhim nc rc trn quyt nh cng ngh x l nc rc ca cc hng trn c s
th mnh ca mnh.
Cng ngh x l nc rc ca hng Tsukishima Kikai (TSK) [61].
Cng ngh tch ion canxi.
Cng ngh x l vi sinh s dng cc thit b: tip xc sinh hc, a quay sinh hc, tm sc kh.
Cc thit b x l sinh hc trn thch hp cho nc thi long, tit kim nng lng, khng x
l hp cht nit (v khng c).
~ 179 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Tch loi mui: s dng k thut thm thu ngc hoc in thm tch.
K thut ngng t v kt ta (bc hi chn khng, kt tinh thu hi mui, ly tm, sy bc hi).
Hng Kubota Corporation pht trin cng ngh:
Cng ngh chng kt ta cc cht lng ng t nc rc trong ng ng hoc trong ngun
nc nhn.
Cng ngh x l sinh hc (tip xc sinh hc, a quay sinh hc x l cht hu c c nng
thp).
Kh nitrat nu cn thit (khi t hp cht nit chuyn ho thnh nitrat).
Tch loi cht hu c: s dng bin php keo t vi st (III) clorua tch mt phn cht hu
c, mu, lm gim ti cho giai on hp ph trn than hot tnh ghp ni sau .
Cng ngh thun li cho giai on vn hnh, bo tr, tit kim nng lng.
Phn hu dioxin.
l nhng nt chung nht ca cng ngh x l nc rc ti Nht v l nt ring so vi cc
nc tin tin khc.
Nhn xt.
- Cng ngh x l nc rc cc quc gia cng nghip pht trin b chi phi trc ht qui nh
v tiu chun thi ca quc gia v c th ho a phng nn c tnh c th rt cao v mt
cng ngh ti tng bi rc [20, 21, 22].
- Lch s hnh thnh nc rc do cc cng on trc: phn loi rc, k thut xy dng, vn hnh
bi rc l cc yu t trc tip nh hng n lu lng v mc nhim ca nc rc. Cc
yu t khch quan khc nh iu kin kh hu, lng ma, tui bi rc l nhng yu t xc
nh lu lng v mc nhim ca nc rc.
- Do mc bin ng ln v lu lng v nhim theo thi gian ti tng bi chn lp nn
trc khi thit k h thng x l cn phi c y s liu nh gi tng th vi tin cy cao
v i din.
- Trn nn ca mt s loi hnh cng ngh c bn v vi sinh v ho hc (khng vt qu 10
phng php) mt h thng x l nc rc c thit k da trn ti u cc tiu ch: ph hp
vi i hi ca ngun nc nhn, m bo cc tiu chun thi c th (ca nc ngun nu c,
v d dioxin), gi thnh xy dng, vn hnh, bo dng, p ng tnh bin ng, kh nng nng
cp (p ng tiu chun mi kht khe). T hp h thng x l nc rc ni ring, nc thi ni
chung i hi chuyn gia khng nhng c trnh cao m cn phi c kinh nghim thc tin.
~ 180 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
- Tip tc nghin cu s cng ngh x l mi, hon thin tng n v cng ngh, pht minh
v hon thin cc thit b phc v x l nc rc nhm t ti hiu qu tng th cao hn l i
tng nghin cu c bn vn ang c tip tc thc hin.
- C quan qun l ca nh nc c trch nhim xy dng lut v kim tra vic thc thi i vi
ch s hu h thng x l nc rc.
- Pht trin cng ngh v trin khai cng ngh trong thc t l i tng thc hin ca cc doanh
nghip, h phi chu trch nhim trc nh u t (s hu) ch khng chu trch nhim trc
chnh quyn. hon thnh v c kh nng cnh tranh tt vi cc doanh nghip khc t h
phi bit lm vic th no, vi ai. i vi mt vi vic c qui m ln (v d x l ph thi ca
vng khai thc qung phng x c) cc doanh nghip c th nhn c mt s u tin hn
nhm thc y tin cng vic.
~ 181 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 182 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
oxy ha (CODMn) bng khong 30% ca BOD [1]. Nc thi c nhim cao v hm
lng cn khng tan, protein, du m c dng phn tn v mu.
Nc thi t qu trnh luc, hp, tm p gia v l qu trnh tip theo qui trnh s ch. Nc
sau luc cha protit, cht bo, mui khong vi hm lng cao. Nc thi thng c thu hi
sn xut bt c (sy kh cng vi bt c).
Nc thi t cng on git m: lm vy, tch xng (phi l), moi lng, b chn, cng, ru
tm, bc v c mc nhim ph thuc vo sn phm ch bin: nc thi ch bin tm, mc,
bch tuc c mc nhim cao hn so vi ch bin c ng lnh.
Vi cng loi sn phm th nguyn liu c kch thc ln t gy nhim hn loi c kch
thc b. Hin nay rt nhiu c s ng dng cng ngh sn xut sch, tit kim nc. Lng
nc s dng t nhng mc nhim ca nc thi cao.
Nc v sinh nh xng c mc nhim khng cao so vi cc dng thi khc nhng vi
lu lng ln, tp trung vo cui cc ca lm vic.
Lu lng thi ca mt c s ch bin thy sn xp x 90% lng nc cp hng ngy vi
iu kin tch trit ngun nc ma.
Nh trnh by, mc nhim dng nc thi ch bin thy sn bin ng rt mnh ph
thuc vo sn phm ch bin, sn phm ch bin thay i theo ma, v v thm ch ngay trong
ngy lm vic.
c trng nhim nc thi ch bin thy sn dao ng mnh v c c trng bi cc
khong gi tr th hin trn bng 14. 1.
Lng m trong nc thi khng cao khi ch bin sn phm hi sn, ch ng k khi ch bin
thy sn nc ngt.
~ 183 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Cht rn trong dng thi l cc loi vy c, xng c, vn tht, chn cng, ru tm, cc cht
rn t d dy, rut. Khi lng ring ca cht rn rt khc nhau: loi nng, d chm nh xng,
vy, vy, trng c, ru tm, chn cua; loi nh kh chm nh bong bng, da c.
Cc loi li chn rc thng dng hot ng t hiu qu, d gy tc dng chy do chng d
bm dnh vo mt li.
Tc lng ca cc cht khng tan kh nhanh. B lng s cp vi thi gian lu thy lc 10 -
15 pht, ti trng b mt 2 m3. m-2. h-1 m bo lng kh trit . Tuy nhin kh khn nht l
tch phn lng y ra khi b lng. Cc thit b ht bn, x bn t ra t hiu qu do linh
ng ca cn lng khng cao. V vy khi s dng bin php lng th cp nn tin hnh tch cn
nng (xng, vy, vy) kiu by lng ct. Tuy c th khc phc mt s kh khn nhng vic tch
cn nng cng khng th tin hnh theo phng php lin tc, ch c th theo mt chu k no ,
dn n gy nhim thm cho dng nc thi v cc cht rn b phn hy tip tc khi ngm
trong nc.
Tch cn t nc thi ch bin thy sn khng nht thit phi s dng cht keo t (phn
nhm, PAC) m ch cn cht tr keo t l . Cc loi polyme tch in m, dng, trung ha
u c tnh nng keo t tt, trong polyme dng c phn t lng 4 - 8 triu n v (Dalton),
mt in tch thp cho kt qu tt nht. S dng liu lng polyme 10 - 20 g/m3 cn cho php
gim 10 - 17% hm lng protein trong nc thi. Do lng v keo t kh kim sot trong thc
tin sn xut, nn k thut lc t ra thch hp hn. Thit b lc c th s dng l cc loi: trng
quay (rotary drum), li cong (tangential screen) hay bng lc (filter band) vi kch thc mt
lc cng nh th hiu qu tch cht cng cao. Trong cc dng thit b k trn th dng trng quay
l ph hp vi iu kin sn xut nh. Thit b trng quay (hnh 14. 1) hot ng theo nguyn
tc: nc thi cha cht rn c dn vo trong lng trng, chy qua thnh trng ra ngoi. Thnh
trng c gn li lc c kch thc ty chn (v d 0,1 - 1,0 mm). Trng c quay lin tc
theo trc xuyn tm, mt li c ra bng cc tia nc nh, mnh theo chu k (5 - 10
pht/ln). Cc cht rn c li vt, y vo mng gn dc theo trng va i theo nc ra
ngoi. Loi thit b ny c nhng u im:
~ 184 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hnh 14. 1 a. Thit b lc dng trng quay (Cng ty c phn k thut cng trnh Vit Nam 2T).
~ 185 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hnh 14. 1 b. Thit b lc trng quay lp t ti cng ty xut nhp khu thy sn Qung Ninh.
14. 2. 2. X l ym kh.
~ 186 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Thng s Thi Gi tr u Gi tr u ra
gian vo
Ct 1 (3g/l) Ct 2 (5g/l) Ct 3 (7g/l) Ct 4 (9g/l)
lu
(gi)
~ 187 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
CH3COOH/l 6 13,5 (0,0-22,5) 136,4 (45-229) 135,8 (34-278) 124,5 (38-265) 60,7 (22,5-108)
8 26,9 (15-35) 125,3 (44-223) 111,6 (56-179) 113,1 (85-153) 63,9 (31,4-87,3)
~ 188 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
COD 3 1177 (481-2340) 330 (164-596) 212 (89-456) 344 (153-558) 191 (81-331)
4 1216 (768-1875) 432 (306-618) 297 (199-447) 605 (471-935) 348 (239-536)
5 1180 (683-1980) 459 (249-596) 356 (210-437) 622 (448-769) 364 (230-475)
NH3 3 2,3 (1,4-3,3) 44 (14,0-115,4) 52,5 (21-122,6) 41,8 (19,5-92) 52,5 (24,7-104)
4 4,0 (2,6-6,7) 49 (29,9-84,7) 55,1 (34-91,1) 48,7 (23,3-88) 57,7 (34,9-101)
5 3,1 (1,8-3,8) 46 (23,0-71,2) 60,4 (28,6-95) 49,7 (35,6-65) 58,1 (38,3-79,6)
T-P 3 7,2 (6,1-8,3) 5,9 (4,1-8,1) 5,8 (4,6-8,0) 5,7(4,3-7,2) 5,2 (4,1-6,3)
4 9,15 (7,1-11,6) 7,1 (5,6-9,1) 6,5 (5,9-7,5) 7,3(4,6-9,9) 6,4 (4,4-8,1)
5 7,8 (5,7-8,7) 6,6 (5,3-7,5) 6,8 (4,5-8,4) 6,5(5,2-7,8) 6,5 (5,2-8,2)
Kim 3 95 (70-120) 159 (124-210) 194 (152-270) 165 (126-280) 201 (158-298)
4 122 (82-160) 222 (192-262) 257 (200-292) 181 (144-204) 235 (196-294)
5 100 (78-120) 230 (186-270) 281 (240-310) 234 (198-280) 284 (216-323)
Cng t bng 14. 4 cho thy: hiu sut x l COD ct th nht trong h thng ni tip bao
gi cng cao hn so vi ct th hai. Cng tng t nh vy, trong on u ca tng ct qu
trnh phn hy COD v thy phn thnh amoni nhanh hn nhiu so vi giai on sau. Nguyn
~ 189 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
nhn ca hin tng trn l do nc thi cha cc cht hu c c tnh sinh hy khc nhau, thnh
phn d phn hy chuyn ha nhanh giai on u, cc cht kh sinh hy hn s c phn
hy sau vi tc chm hn.
Trong thi gian kho st 6 thng, mt vi khun ym kh tng t 0,3. 103 ln 4,5. 107 t
bo/ml, ban u tng kh nhanh v chm dn giai on sau, c th do qu trnh phn hy ni
sinh tng cng vi mt sinh khi. Tuy vy, mi tng quan t l thun gia hiu qu phn hy
COD vi mt sinh khi khng quan st thy mt cch r rng, rt c th t l gia cc
chng loi vi khun (thy phn, to axit, to metan) v yu t ng hc (chuyn khi) c vai tr
ln hn.
T nhng kt qu kho st qu trnh phn hy ym kh nc thi ch bin thy sn cho php
rt ra mt s nhn xt:
- Hiu qu x l (COD) ym kh i vi nc thi thy sn t 70 - 80% vi thi gian lu thy
lc 8 gi, mt sinh khi 7 - 9 g/l. Yu t nh hng n hiu qu x l l mt vi sinh, kh
nng tip xc (ng hc) v thi gian lu, trong hai yu t u tin c tc ng mnh hn.
- Trong thnh phn COD c cha mt lng tp cht kh phn hy trong iu kin ym kh.
phn hy thnh phn trn (20 - 30%) cn thi gian di, ko theo gi thnh xy dng tng.
- Hiu sut hnh thnh kh metan thp, ch t 0,2 - 0,3 m3/kg COD c phn hy (t kt qu
nghin cu x l tnh).
- Trong qu trnh phn hy, pH ca h dao ng khng ln, hm lng axit bo thp.
- Hp cht nit v photpho ch gim mc khng ng k, ch mt phn tham gia vo tng hp
sinh khi. Hp cht nit, photpho d b thy phn, chuyn thnh dng v c.
T nhn xt trn c th a ra mt vi khuyn co c th ng dng trong thit k h x l:
- Phn hy ym kh nn c s dng x l s b nc thi thy sn nhm gim thiu COD
(70 - 80%).
- gim gi thnh xy dng, thi gian lu thy lc (th tch b x l) khng cn ko qu di,
quan trng hn l tng cng mt vi sinh v qu trnh chuyn khi ca h.
- H x l t hiu qu cao l h ni tip, v d loi k thut chy ngc qua nhiu ngn ym
kh.
- Khng cn thit phi b xung ha cht hay iu chnh pH ca h thng x l.
- Thu hi kh metan s t c hiu qu kinh t.
- Phng php x l ym kh n c khng c kh nng loi b hp cht nit, photpho.
~ 190 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 191 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
vo
Ra
B mt giai on (I)
Thng s hot ng ca qu trnh bn hot tnh: mt vi sinh 3g/l, oxy ho tan nm trong
khong 2-3 mg/l, thi gian lu thu lc l 4 v 8 gi.
Din bin ca qu trnh hiu kh c nh gi thng qua cc thng s: pH, kim tng,
COD, amoni, nitrit, nitrat, nit Kjeldahl v tng photpho.
Th nghim c tin hnh song song i vi hai qu trnh: mt v hai giai on trong thi
gian lin tc 24 ngy. S liu c o c trong ngy. Cc gi tr xc nh c ca mi ngy l
khc nhau, nm trong mt khong no , cc gi tr dng nh gi qu trnh l s liu trung
bnh ca 24 b s liu tng ng.
Kt qu th nghim ca x l hiu kh mt v hai giai on c ghi trong bng 14. 6.
~ 192 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
4 gi 139 (104 - 170) 134 (98 - 158) 133 (90 - 160) 110 (80 - 150)
kim 8 gi 116 (96 - 134) 94 (48 - 130) 130 (100 - 170) 93 (30 - 158)
COD 4 gi 1047 (606 - 1730) 141 (59 - 412) 407 (217 - 760) 183 (73 - 584)
8 gi 1221 (641 - 1880) 73 (41 - 114) 301 (137 - 466) 94 (52 - 138)
NH3-N 4 gi 3,8 (1,0 - 5,8) 13,0 (4,8 - 20,5) 16,5 (7,9 - 24,9) 11,0 (4,0 - 23,5)
8 gi 2,9 (1,2 4,8) 9,7 (3,5 - 16,9) 15,8 (7,2 - 32,0) 9,1 (2,4 - 19,4)
NO3--N 4 gi 0 3,04 (0,08 - 9,32) 0,37 (0,01 - 1,02) 4,24 (0,16 - 12,6)
TKN 4 gi 32,9 (24,3 - 45,8) 25,2 (14,4 - 39,1) 30,3 (20,9 - 42,2) 22,6 (12,4 - 32,3)
8 gi 35,2 (25,4 - 46,5) 20,3 (5,8 - 35,7) 31,6 (23,5 - 38,5) 18,5 (4,9 - 31,7)
T-P 4 gi 7,14 (5,38 - 8,95) 5,56 (3,9 - 7,45) 5,95 (4,0 -7,9) 4,73 (2,8 - 6,2)
8 gi 6,56 (3,94 - 9,8) 4,99 (2,8 - 7,3) 5,78 (3,8 - 7,35) 4,37 (2,15 - 6,35)
Hiu qu x l COD.
Bng 14. 6 v hnh 14. 3 th hin kt qu x l COD ca h th nghim mt v hai giai on.
Hiu qu x l COD ca h hiu kh rt cao, t khong 85% sau 4 gi v t trn 90% sau 8 gi
c hai h th nghim. Hiu qu hot ng ca c hai h khc nhau khng ng k v khi ko
di thi gian lu n mt giai on no th tc phn hu cht gy nhim chm li ng
k. Trong thi gian 4 gi giai on sau, hiu qu x l ch t 5-6% so vi cng thi gian
giai on u t trn 80%. Trong thit b hai giai on, th tch ca ngn u chim 25%
(4/16 lit) th hiu qu x l sau 1 gi (ngn u) t khong 59% v tip sau 3 gi (ngn 2) cng
ch ln ti 84%. Trong thi gian lu tng l 8 gi th sau ngn u (tng ng 2 gi lu) hiu
sut loi b COD cng t ti khong 72%, ko di thm 6 gi cng ch tng thm khong 21%.
~ 193 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
2100 Vo II1
COD, mgO2/l
1800 II2 I
1500
1200
900
600
300
0
Th t th nghim, t
Kt qu trn cho php nhn xt: thnh phn gy nhim c trng bi COD l mt hn hp
cht hu c c kh nng sinh hu rt khc nhau. Thnh phn d sinh hu c vi sinh tiu th
trc, cc thnh phn kh sinh hu c phn hu sau, phi qua nhiu giai on. iu ny cng
ph hp vi kt qu l hm lng COD d sau khi x l nh hn rt nhiu so vi hiu s ca
COD v BOD ca nc thi ngun.
Hiu qu x l COD theo phng thc mt hay hai giai on v tng th khng c s khc
bit.
~ 194 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
50 Vo
45 II1
NKT, mgN/l
40 II2
35 I
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
35 vo
II1
30
II2
NH3, mgN/l
25 I
20
15
10
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 5. Bin thin ca
amoni trong qu trnh hiu kh
~ 195 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
25
NO3-, mgN/l
II1
20 II2
I
15
10
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 6. S hnh thnh
nitrat trong qu trnh hiu kh
Trong mi kho st, mc hnh thnh nitrat b hai giai on lun cao hn th nghim mt
giai on. Trong th nghim hai giai on, tc hnh thnh nitrat giai on sau cao hn nhiu
so vi n ngn th nht. Th tch ca ngn mt chim 25%, ca ngn 2 l 75%, tng ng vi
thi gian lu l 1:3. Vi thi gian lu l 4 gi, tc hnh thnh nitrat (nitrat hnh thnh trn mt
n v thi gian v th tch) ngn sau cao hn 3,8 ln so vi trong ngn th nht v vi thi
gian lu 8 gi n cao hn 4,17 ln. (bng 14. 6, hnh 14. 4, 14. 5, 14. 6)
Kt qu rt d c chp nhn bi l ngn sau, hm lng COD thp, lng amoni cao
to iu kin cho chng vi sinh vt t dng pht trin mnh, thc y nhanh qu trnh oxy ho
amoni thnh nitrat.
Kt qu xc nh vi khun nitrat ho cng kh ph hp vi kt qu trn: trong 19 t ly mu
ko di hn 4 thng, mt vi khun nitrat ho trong cc ngn dao ng t 10 2 n 106 t
bo/ml, mt tng i n nh khong 104 t bo/ml. Mt vi khun Nitrosomonas cao
hn vi khun Nitrobacter v ngn sau mt cao hn ngn trc.
Trong h kho st, qu trnh kh nitrat thnh kh nit xy ra trong lng cc ht huyn ph
(sinh khi) do iu kin thiu kh l khng ng k, s chnh lch gia chng c th coi l phn
tham gia vo thnh phn t bo ca vi sinh vt.
Hiu qu x l photpho.
Cng nh trong qu trnh x l ym kh ring r, x l hiu kh n thun cng khng c kh
nng loi b hp cht photpho, ngoi tr mt phn nh (1-2mg/l) tham gia vo cu to t bo vi
sinh.
~ 196 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, song song vi qu trnh oxy ho cht hu c, amoni cng
c oxy ho thnh nitrit v nitrat. Tr mt phn nh tham gia vo s hnh thnh t bo, tng
nit (nit trong hp cht hu c, amoni, nitrit v nitrat) trong h x l hiu kh l khng thay i.
~ 197 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Qu trnh hnh thnh nitrat (oxy ho amoni) xy ra trong giai on hiu kh v l k tip hai
giai on: hnh thnh nitrit v t nitrit hnh thnh nitrat. Qu trnh kh nitrat, nitrit (v cc hp
cht nit c ho tr dng) v kh nit (ho tr khng) xy ra di iu kin thiu oxy (anoxic)
v cn ngun carbon hu c (1g NO3-N cn khong 3g COD), v vy giai on x l thiu kh
thng c lp t trc giai on hiu kh (predenitrification) nhm tn dng ngun cht hu
c t nc thi cha qua x l hiu kh hoc nu lp t sau giai on hiu kh (post-
denitrification) th phi b xung thm ngun carbon (v d ru metanol).
H thng lp ni tip nhiu cp hiu kh thiu kh ngoi li th s dng cht hu c ca
ngun thi cn tn dng c iu kin kh nitrit (hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh oxy ho
amoni thnh nitrat) v dng kh nit, tc l tit kim c oxy cho qu trnh oxy ho nitrit v
nitrat v cho lng cht hu c phn hu trong thi gian tng ng. Nhiu cng trnh nghin
cu ch ra rng nc thi qua x l hiu kh nhn chung c hm lng nitrit thp (nh hn 0,1
mg/l) [7], song cng c nhiu loi cha hm lng nitrit rt cao trong qu trnh x l hiu kh,
vi nc thi cha nhiu nitrit th h lp ghp nhiu cp hiu kh thiu kh s c hiu qu cao
hn cc h thng thng.
d p dng kt qu t phng th nghim vo thc t x l nc thi ch bin thy sn, qu
trnh x l ng thi COD v hp cht nit c nghin cu theo phng php m k tip giai
on trong cng thit b ( Sequence Batch Reactor SBR technology), chng c tnh tng ng
nh s lp ghp nhiu cp hiu kh - thiu kh.
Tn dng s oxy ho cha trit (ch n nitrit) kh COD v hp cht nit l ni dung
kho st ca phn hu thiu kh.
Thit b phn ng tin hnh theo k thut bn hot tnh, p dng ch sc kh gin on gi
l thit b hot ng gin on. Qu trnh din ra trong thit b hot ng gin on cng tng
t nh trong thit b sc kh vi bn hot tnh bn c phn b u trong thit b. Mt im
khc bit ca thit b hot ng gin on l c s xen k gia cc giai on sc kh (cung cp
oxy ho tan) v khuy trn (khng cung cp oxy ho tan, to mi trng thiu kh). Thit b trn
c s dng nh gi kh nng loi b cc tp cht trong nc thi, c bit l kh nng loi
b nit cng vi carbon.
Th nghim c tin hnh song song trong hai thit b phn ng c cng th tch l 10 lt,
cng mt sinh khi 4 g/l v thi gian thc hin trong 360 pht. Khng kh c cp vo thit
b phn ng nh my thi kh, giai on khuy trn c thc hin bng my khuy. Hai thit b
c thc hin vi hai t l thi gian sc kh v khuy trn khc nhau, c th l 2:1 v 3:1.
Din bin ca cc qu trnh hiu kh (giai on sc kh) v thiu kh (giai on khuy trn)
c nh gi thng qua cc thng s: pH, kim tng, amoni, nitrit, nitrat, nit Kjeldahl v
DO.
~ 198 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Hiu qu x l COD
Bng kt qu 14. 8, 14. 9, 14. 10 v hnh 14. 7, 14. 8 cho thy kt qu x l COD ca qu
trnh x l k tip giai on hiu kh thiu kh.
Bng 14. 8. S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh : thiu kh l 2:1 theo thi
gian trong 360 pht
Thng pH Kim COD N-NH3 N-NO2- N-NO3- TKN Oxy ho
s (mg (mgO2/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) tan
Thi CaCO3/l)
(mg/l)
gian TN
u vo 6,9 244 876 21,3 - - 41,7 -
(6,4- 7,2) (196 - 360) (567 - 1730) (9,4 - 37,5) (33 -72)
~ 199 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Bng14. 9: S thay i thnh phn nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh : thiu kh l 3:1 theo thi
gian trong 360 pht.
Thng pH Kim COD N-NH3 N-NO2- N-NO3- TKN Oxy ho
s (mg (mgO2/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) (mgN/l) tan
Thi CaCO3/l)
(mg/l)
gian TN
u vo 6,9 244 876 21,3 - - 42 -
(6,4 - 7,2) (196 - 360) (567 - 1730) (9,4 - 37,5) (33 -72)
Hiu qu x l COD ca c hai phng thc x l l rt cao, t trn 90% (93,8 v 94,8%)
sau 360 pht th nghim. Hiu qu x l COD hai thit b sau 360 pht khng khc nhau.
giai on u ca sc kh, thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian 3:1 c hiu sut x l COD cao
v t 52,5% sau 90 pht, cn thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian 2:1 t 43,5% sau 60 pht.
Khi thi gian hot ng ko di th hiu qu x l ca c hai thit b u tng ln, nhng tc
phn hu cht hu c ca hai thit b cng gim dn. Trong thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian
3:1, sau 90 pht hiu qu t 52,5% nhng sau thi gian 210 v 330 pht ch tng ln tng ng
26% v 9,8%. Trong thit b hot ng vi t l thi gian 2:1, sau thi gian 60, 150, 240, 330
pht hiu sut x l COD tng tng ng l 43,5%, 22,5%, 16,5% v 6,2% (bng 14. 10).
T bng s liu 14. 8, 14. 9 cho thy, trong giai on thiu kh COD ca nc thi cng
gim. Vi th nghim c t l thi gian sc kh : khuy trn l 2:1 th trong 30 pht cc pha
khuy khc nhau COD gim 5,3%, 6,0%, 4,6% v 6,1%, vi th nghim c t l thi gian sc kh
: khuy trn l 3:1 cc gi tr tng ng l 4,3%, 5,9% v 4,9%. Giai on thiu kh ng gp
22% trong th nghim vi t l 2:1 v 15,1% trong th nghim vi t l 3:1 ca khong 90% hiu
qu loi b COD ca c qu trnh.
Bng 14. 10: Hiu qu x l COD (%) theo thi gian trong giai on hiu kh v thiu kh.
~ 200 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
2000 u vo
COD, mgO2/l
Th t th nghim, t
Hnh 14. 7. S bin thin COD ca nc thi trong th nghim
vi t l thi gian sc kh v khuy l 2:1
~ 201 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Phn COD gim i trong giai on khuy trn (giai on thiu kh) chnh l phn COD tham
gia vo phn ng kh nitrit, nitrat. Trong th nghim vi t l 2:1 hiu qu x l COD cao hn
cht t so vi th nghim kia.
2000 u vo
1800 Sau 90 pht
COD, mgO2/l
~ 202 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
c thu phn thnh amoni, mt phn amoni chuyn ho thnh nitrit, nitrat v tham gia vo cu
to t bo vi sinh.
cc giai on sc kh, s hnh thnh nitrit, nitrat u c xu hng tng ln theo thi gian v
theo s gim nng cht hu c (bng 14. 8 v 14. 9). iu ny xy ra l do sau khi loi b
c phn ln COD, vi sinh vt t dng oxy ho amoni c iu kin pht trin khng b cnh
tranh bi vi sinh vt d dng.
80
u vo
70
Sau 330 pht vi t l 2:1
60
TKN, mgN/l
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Th t th nghim, t
~ 203 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
7 Sau 60 pht
Sau 90 pht
NO2-, mgN/l
6
Sau 150 pht
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Th t th nghim, t
~ 204 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
5 Sau 90 pht
NO2-, mgN/l
2
Sau 330 pht
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
Th t th nghim, t
T kt qu nh gi qu trnh phn hu thiu kh (trc hoc sau thiu kh) c thc hin
thng qua k thut gin on cho thy:
- Qu trnh kh nitrat c tc nhanh hn nhiu (khong 3 ln) so vi qu trnh oxy ho amoni.
- Hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh oxy ho amoni l nitrit trong nhiu trng hp c nng
kh cao v qu trnh kh n v dng kh nit xy ra vi tc cao hn so vi nitrat.
- Kh nitrit v kh nit s thun li hn v phng din cp kh t hn cho qu trnh hiu kh (
oxy ho nitrit thnh nitrat v lng cht hu c tng ng trong giai on ) v cn t lng
cht hu c cho qu trnh kh do ho tr ca nit trong nitrit l +3 v trong nitrat l +5.
- x l hp cht nit, h thng lp ghp ni tip cc cp hiu kh- thiu kh s mang li hiu
qu cao hn c v phng din cht lng v gi thnh vn hnh.
Thc vt nc c vai tr rt quan trng trong x l nhim nc thi. Trong khi vi sinh vt
tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh phn hu cht hu c v to ra cc cht v c (nit, photpho,
cc cht khong khc...) cho thc vt s dng th nhiu loi thc vt nc c th cung cp O 2
tng cng qu trnh phn hu hiu kh cc cht hu c. tng trng, thc vt nc hp th
~ 205 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 206 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
Nc thi thy sn sau x l ym kh c nng amoni l 20,6 mg NH4 -N/l v tng photpho
l 3,6 mg P/l. Bo tm c nui trng trong mi trng nc trn. Theo di s bin i cc
thng s amoni, nitrat, photpho v COD ca nc trong thi gian 10 ngy cng nh mc tng
trng sinh khi ca h nghin cu. Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 14. 12.
~ 207 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 208 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 209 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
cc cht rn thp (xng, vy c), do khng th tch bn lin tc nn chng b ngm lu trong
nc, tit ra cht gy nhim. Do ngm lu trong nc cht lng ca chng gim khi s dng
lm nguyn liu sn xut ph phm.
K thut tch cht thi rn v vy c tp trung vo thit b lc dng tang trng quay. N p
ng c cc tiu ch: khng gy tc dng, loi b nhanh cht rn ra khi dng thi, kch thc
ca cc phn t rn c th vt c ch ph thuc vo kch thc ca mt li lc, d c kh ho
nhm gim thiu lao ng nng nhc.
X l vi sinh ym kh.
Kt qu kho st phn hy nc thi ch bin thy sn trong iu kin ym kh cho thy:
- Hiu qu x l ca k thut ym kh i vi COD ca nc thi thu sn t 70 80% vi thi
gian lu thu lc l 8 gi.
- Yu t nh hng n hiu qu x l COD l mt vi sinh, kh nng tip xc (chuyn khi)
v thi gian lu, trong hai yu t u c tc ng mnh hn.
- X l ym kh theo phng thc ni tip cho hiu qu cao hn so vi phng thc mt giai
on vi cng cc thng s k thut (thi gian lu thu lc, mt vi sinh).
- Hiu sut hnh thnh kh metan thp nn vic thu hi chng cc c s sn xut qui m nh c
li ch kinh t khng ln.
- Kh nng loi b hp cht nit, photpho trong h x l ym kh n c khng cao, s suy
gim ca cc thnh phn trn ch l phn tham gia vo thnh phn cu to t bo.
- Trong thnh phn cht gy nhim, c mt t l cht rt kh phn hu di iu kin ym kh,
chng chim 20 30% ca COD dng tan.
~ 210 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 211 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
~ 212 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
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~ 213 ~
X l nc thi giu hp cht N v P L Vn Ct
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~ 214 ~
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