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Chapter 2b HYDROSTATIC FORCE PDF
Chapter 2b HYDROSTATIC FORCE PDF
Hydrostatic Forces
In most cases, the other side of the plate is open to the atmosphere
(such as the dry side of a gate), and thus atmospheric pressure acts
on both sides of the plate, yielding a zero resultant. In such cases, it
is convenient to subtract atmospheric pressure and work with the
gauge pressure only.
FR =pA =gh.A
where ;
p = uniform pressure on the bottom
A = area of the bottom
The rigid L-shaped gate OAB is 3 m width and hinged at O and rests against a rigid
support at B. Find the hydrostatic force acting on the plate AB.
Fig E2.13
Solution :
FR = p A = gh A
= (1000)(9.81)(7 )(2 3)
= 412 kN - - - - acting through the centroid of plate AB
For the present we will assume that the fluid surface is open to
the atmosphere. Let the plane in which the surface lies intersect the
free surface at O and make an angle with this surface. The xy
coordinate system is defined so that 0 is the origin and y is directed
along the surface as shown. The area can have an arbitrary shape as
shown. Now, we wish to determine the direction, location, and
magnitude of the resultant force acting on one side of this area due
to the liquid in contact with the area.
= sin A ydA
The integral of ydA is the first moment of the area with respect to
the x axis or ydA = ycA, so we can write,
FR = sin .y c A = y c sin . A
where ;
hc = vertical distance from free surface to the centroid of the area.
Note that the magnitude of the force is independent of the angle and
depends only on the specific weight of the fluid, the total area, and
the depth of the centroid of the area below the surface.
FR y R = A ydF
FR y R = A siny 2 dA
siny siny
2 2 2
Thus, yR = A
dA
= A
dA y
= A
dA
FR Ay c sin yc A
Ix
yR = I x = I xc + Ay c
2
with
yc A
where Ixc is the second moment of the area with respect to an axis
passing through its centroid and parallel to the x axis. Thus,
I xc
yR = + yc
yc A
I xc sin2
hR = + hc since yR= hR/sin and yc = hc/sin
hc A
Both result shows that the resultant force does not pass through the
centroid but is always below the centroid, since Ixc/yc A > 0.
I xc
(i) y cp or y R = + yc
yc A
I xc sin2
(ii) hcp or hR = + hc
hc A
8. Sketch the FR acting on the cp, perpendicular to the area (or the
whole free body diagram if necessary).
9. Calculate other force magnitude if required using M=0 for
equilibrium.
Note :
For inclined plane case, follow all steps 1 to 7.
For vertical plane case, follow steps 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 (ii).
Step 8 and 9 is required if problem involved solving using M=0.
# Example 2.14 : Hydrostatic Force on the Vertical Plane
The rigid L-shaped gate, OAB, of Fig. E2.14 is hinged at O and rests against a rigid
support at B. What minimum horizontal force, P, is required to hold the gate closed if
its width is 3 m? Neglect the weight of the gate and friction in the hinge. The back of
the gate is exposed to the atmosphere.
Fig E2.14
In this case, we should decompose the force analysis of L gate into two parts:
i. determination the resultant force FR(AB) which acting on plate AB.
ii. determination of the resultant force FR(OA) which acting on the plate OA.
Solution :
iii. From Eg. E2.13, FR(OB) acting on plate AB has been calculated which is
equal to 412 Kn.
I xc
hR (OA ) = hc +
h c .A
16
= 5+
(5)(4 3)
= 5.27m
M hinge = 0
FR (OA ) (5.27 3) + FR ( ) (1) = P ( 4)
AB
588600(2.27) + 412000(1) = 4P
P = 437kN
An open tank has a vertical partition and on one side contains gasoline with a
density 700 kg/m3 at a depth of 4 m, as shown in Fig. E2.15. A rectangular gate that
is 4 m high and 2 m wide and hinged at one end is located in the partition. Water is
slowly added to the empty side of the tank. At what depth, h, will the gate start to
open?
Fig E2.15
Solution :
FR gasoline = p c A = ghc A
= (700 )(9.81)(2 )(4 2 )
= 109.9 kN
bd 3 2(4 )
3
I xc = = = 10.67 m 4
12 12
I xc
hR gasoline = hc +
h c .A
10.67
= 2+
(2)(4 2)
= 2.67m
FR water = p c A = ghc A
= (1000)(9.81)(h / 2 )(h 2 )
= 9810h 2
bd 3 2(h )
3
I xc = = = 0.167h 3 m 4
12 12
I xc
hR water = hc +
hc . A
0.167h 3
= h/ 2+
(h / 2)(2h )
= 0.667h
For equilibrium,
M hinge =0
(
FR water (h hR water ) = FR gasoline 4 hR gasoline )
9810h 2 (h 0.667h ) = 109900(4 2.67 )
3266.73h 3 = 146167
h = 3.56m
A pressurized tank contains oil (SG = 0.9) and has a square, 0.6-m by 0.6-m plate
bolted to its side, as is illustrated in Fig. E2.16. When the pressure gauge on the top
of the tank reads 50 kPa, what is the magnitude and location of the resultant force on
the attached plate? The outside of the tank is at atmospheric pressure.
Fig E2.16
Solution :
FR = p c A = (p air + ghc ). A
[( ) ]
= 50 10 3 + (900 )(9.81)(2.3) (0.6 0.6 )
= 25.3 kN
bd 3 0.6(0.6)
3
I xx = = = 0.0108 m 4
12 12
I xc
hR = hc +
h c .A
0.0108
= 2. 3 +
(2.3)(0.6 0.6)
= 2.31m
The 4 m diameter circular gate of Fig. E2.17 is located in the inclined wall of a large
reservoir containing water. The gate is mounted on a shaft along its horizontal
diameter. For a water depth of 10 m above the shaft, determine:
(a) the magnitude and location of the resultant force exerted on the gate by the
water,
(b) and the moment that would have to be applied to the shaft to open the gate.
Fig E2.17
Solution :
FR = ghc . A
(
FR = (1000)(9.81)(10) (2) = 1230 kN
2
)
R 4 (2)4
I xx = = = 4 m4
4 4
I
y R = y c + xx
y c .A
10 4
= +
sin 60 (10 / sin 60) (2)2 ( )
= 11.6m
b. The moment that would have to be applied to the shaft to open the gate.
Pressure Prism
JUST CHECK!....
The resultant force must pass through the centroid of the pressure
prism which is located along the vertical axis of symmetry of the
surface, and at a distance h/3 above the base (since the centroid of a
triangle is located at h/3 above its base) or 2/3h from the upper end.
Or it can be proved as follows,
I
hR = hc + xc
hc A
h bh 3 / 12
= +
2 h / 2 bh
h h
= +
2 6
2
= h
3
Note :
The use of pressure prisms for determining the force on submerged
plane areas is convenient if the area is rectangular so the volume
and centroid can be easily determined. However, for other
nonrectangular shapes, integration would generally be needed to
determine the volume and centroid. In these circumstances it is more
convenient to use the equations developed in the previous section.
This same graphical approach can be used for plane surfaces that do
not extend up to the fluid surface as illustrated in Fig. 2.23. In this
instance, the cross section of the pressure prism is trapezoidal.
However, the resultant force is still equal in magnitude to the volume
of the pressure trapezoidal, and it passes through the centroid of the
volume.
Fig. 2.23 : The pressure distribution on the vertical plates located far
below from the free surface.
FR = F1 + F2
FR y A = F1y 1 + F2 y 2
F1y 1 + F2 y 2
yA =
FR
Solution :
Fig E2.18
F1 = (ps + h1 )A
= [(50000) + [(0.90 1000 9.81)(2)]](0.6 0.6)
= 24.4 kN
h h
F2 = 2 1 A
2
0.6
= (0.90 1000 9.81) (0.6 0.6)
2
= 0.954 kN
FR y o = F1 (0.3) + F2 (0.2)
So,
F1 (0.3) + F2 (0.2 )
yo =
FR
=
(24.4 10 )(0.3) + (0.954 10 )(0.2) = 0.296m
3 3
(25.4 10 )3
= 0.296m
W=gV
Fx=gh2.Avertical
FY=gh1.Ahorizontal
Note that :
vertical surface = the projection of the curved surface on a
vertical plane,
horizontal surface = the projection of the curved surface on a
horizontal plane.
From the Fig. 2 25 (b), for the equilibrium, the force balances in the
horizontal and vertical directions give;
FH = Fx and FV = Fy + W
FR = FH + FV
2 2
FV
And its direction, = tan1
FH
Fig. E2.19
Solution :
From the free body diagram of the fluid on the curve surface,
FH = Fx
And FV = Fy + W
where,
Fx = ghAy
3
= (1000)(9.81)6 + (5 3)
2
= 1104 kN
Fy = ghAx
= (1000)(9.81)(6 )(5 3)
= 883kN
r 2
W = g = g
4
(3 )2
= (1000)(9.81) 5
4
= 347kN
Therefore, FH = Fx = 1104 kN
Thus,
FR = FH + FV
2 2
= (1104 )2 + (1230)2
= 1653kN
FV 1230
and = tan1 = tan 1 = 48
FH 1104
# Example 2.20: Hydrostatic Force on the Curve Surface
Fig. E2.20
Solution :
From the free body diagram of the fluid under curve surface,
FH = Fx
and FV = Fy W
where,
Fx = ghAy
0.8
= (1000)(9.81)4.2 + (0.8 1)
2
= 36.1kN
Fy = ghAx
= (1000)(9.81)(5)(0.8 1)
= 39.2kN
R 2
W = g = g ( R
2
)
4
(0.8 )2
= (1000)(9.81)(0.8) (1)
2
4
= 1.3kN
Therefore, FH = Fx = 36.1 kN
Thus,
FR = FH + FV
2 2
= (36.1)2 + (37.9)2
= 52.3kN
FV 37.9
and, = tan1 = tan 1 = 46.4
FH 36.1