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Unit-4 - 041 - Slabs PDF
Unit-4 - 041 - Slabs PDF
UNIT 4 SLABS
Structure
4.1 Introduction
Objectives
4.2 General Principles of Design and Detailing of Slabs
4.3 Design and Detailing of a Cantilever Slabs
4.4 Design and Detailing of One-way Simply Supported Slabs
4.5 Design and Detailing of Two-way Simply Supported Slabs
4.6 Design and Detailing of Two-way Restrained Slabs
4.7 Summary
4.8 Answers to SAQs
4.1 INTRODUCTION
A slab is like a flat plate loaded transversely and supported on its edges. Under
the loads, it bends and the directions of its bending depend on its shape and
support conditions. A beam bends only in one direction, i.e. in its own plane;
whereas a slab may have multidirectional bending. Therefore, slabs may have
different names depending upon its bending, support conditions and shapes. For
example, a slab may be called
(a) One-way simply supported rectangular slab,
(b) Two-way simply supported or restrained rectangular slab,
(c) Cantilever rectangular slab,
(d) Fixed or simply supported circular slab, etc.
One-way slab means it bends only in one direction and, therefore, reinforcement
for bending (i.e. main reinforcement) is provided only in that direction. A slab
supported on all sides bends in all the directions so the main reinforcements
provided shall be such that they may be effective in all directions. For ease of
analysis and convenience of reinforcement detailing, the bending moments in a
slab are calculated in two principal directions only and, therefore, such a slab is
called a two-way slab.
A slab is designed as a beam of unit width in the direction of bending. In this unit,
only the most commonly used rectangular slabs, with uniformly distributed load
is described.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
describe the design and detailing of cantilever slabs,
design and explain detailing of one-way and two-way simply
supported slabs, and
explain the design and detailing of two-way restrained slabs.
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Theory of Structures-II
4.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN AND
DETAILING OF SLABS
Following are the general principles for design and detailing applicable to all
types of slabs.
1
(a) The maximum diameter of reinforcing bars shall not exceed th of
8
total thickness (D) of the slab.
(b) Normally, shear reinforcement is not provided in slabs. The shear
resistance requirements may, then, be complied either by increasing
the percentage of tensile reinforcement or by increasing the depth of
slab, but the latter is preferred as it is economical. For solid slabs, the
design shear strength for concrete slab shall be c K, where K has the
values given below :
Overall 300 or 275 250 225 200 175 150 or
Depth of more less
Slab
(mm)
K 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
Example 4.1
Design the cantilever slab of a bus stand shown in Figure 4.1. Load data
and design parameters are given below :
Load Data
Lime terrace topping of 100 mm thickness is provided over the slab.
fck = 25 N/mm2;
fy = 415 N/mm2 and Nominal cover = 30 mm.
or d = 195.8 mm
Hence, provided D = 550 mm and d = 515 mm as above.
Tensile Reinforcement (Ast)
Ast f y
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d 1
bd f ck
Ast 415
132.2 106 = 0.87 415 Ast 515 1
1000 515 25
= 0.12 N/mm 2
the design is same as that for simply supported beam of unit width, as the
slab bends mainly along the short span (Figure 4.3). Only temperature and
shrinkage reinforcement is provided along the long span.
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Theory of Structures-II
Example 4.2
Design a roof slab simply supported on all its four edges of effective spans
3 m 7 m. The top of slab is covered with 100 mm lime terrace. Imposed
load may be taken as 1.5 kN/m2. Design parameters are :
fck = 20 N/mm2; fy = 415 N/mm2 and Nominal Cover = 20.
Solution
ly 7
= = 2.33 > 2
lx 3
Hence the slab will be designed as one-way simply supported slab.
Depth of Slab (D)
From Deflection control
l ef
< k B k1 k 2 k 3 k 4
d
where kB = 20; and
k1 = 1 as lef < 10 m
Assuming Ast required = Ast provided
A st required
f s = 0.58 f y = 0.58 415 = 240 N/mm2
A st provided
Assuming balanced section, for M 25 and Fe 415
pt% = 0.96%
Therefore, k2 = 1
80
k3 = k4 = 1 as the slab is singly reinforced and it is not a flanged Slabs
section. Substituting all the values in the above equation.
3 1000
20 1 1 1 1
d
3 1000
or d = 150 mm
20 150
8
D = d + Nominal Cover + = 150 + 20 + = 174 mm
2 2
Taking D = 185 mm
8
D = 185 20 = 161 mm
2
From Moment of Resistance Consideration
Loads
Self = 1 1 0.185 25 = 4.625 kN/m
Lime concrete = 1 1 0.1 18.8 = 1.880 kN/m
Ceiling plaster = 1 1 0.01 20.4 = 0.204 kN/m
Total DL = 6.709 kN/m
IL = 1.500 kN/m
Total (DL+IL) = 8.209 kN/m
Ast 415
or 13.849 106 = 0.87 415 Ast 161 1
1000 161 20
or 7.492 Ast2 58129.05 Ast + 13.849 106 = 0
l 2.839
Vu = wu c d = 12.31 0.161 = 15.492 kN
2 2
Vu 15.492 10 3
= = = 0.096 N/mm 2
bd 1000 161
For Ast,min and M 20 concrete
k c min = k 0.28 = 0.28k > 0.096 N/mm 2 (k 1)
Hence, O.K.
Detailing of Reinforcements
s 8 0.87 415
Ld = = = 376
4bd 4 1.6 1.2
(a) The positive main reinforcement shall extend into the support a
Ld 376
distance of = = 125
3 3
1.3M 1
(b) Ld + Lo
V
Ast f y
where M1 = 0.87 fy Ast d 1
bd f ck
Taking Ast as 50% of total reinforcement at mid span extending into the
support.
250
i.e. Ast = = 125 mm2/m < Ast, min (= 193.2 mm2/m)
2
82
Hence, all the reinforcement shall extend into the support Slabs
250 415
M1 = 0.87 415 250 161 1
1000 161 20
or M1 = 14.06 kN-m/m
wu lef 12.31 3
Vu at simple support = = = 18.465 kN
2 2
1.3M 1
Ld + Lo
V
1.3M 1
or Lo Ld
V
= 193.2 mm 2 /m
M x = x w l x2
and M y = y w l x2
where w = Design loads per unit area and lx and ly = Short and Long spans,
respectively, Mx and My = moments of strips of unit width spanning lx and ly,
respectively and x and y are the coefficients given in Table 4.1.
ly
It is evident from the above table that if > 2 , the slab will be treated as
lx
one-way and designed as in Section 4.4.
At least 50% of the reinforcement provided at mid span shall extend into the
supports and the remaining 50% may extend to within 0.1 lx or 0.1 ly of support as
appropriate.
The other specifications for design and detailing for the slab are the same as those
for simply supported beams (Section 3.2).
SAQ 1
behaves as a two-way slab. Being monolithic with the beams, the corners are
prevented from lifting and, therefore, torsional reinforcements are provided to
resist the resultant torsional moments. Main reinforcements are provided along
both the principal axes to resist corresponding moments Mx and My, respectively.
Detailing of reinforcement is done in the following manner :
(a) A slab is divided in edge strips and a middle strip in both directions as
shown in Figure 4.7.
(b) The maximum moments Mx and My both for spans and supports are
determined as
M x = x w l x2
and M y = y w l x2
The values of x and y for different edge conditions are given in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 : Bending Moment Coefficients for Rectangular Panels Supported
on Four Sides with Provision for Torsion at Corners 85
Theory of Structures-II Case Type of Panel Short Span Coefficients, x Long Span
No. and (Values of ly/lx) Coefficients, y for
Moments All Values of
Considered
86
(c) Tension reinforcement provided at mid-span in the middle strip shall Slabs
extend in the lower part of the slab to within 0.25 l of a continuous
edge (Figure 4.8), or 0.15 l of discontinuous edge.
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Theory of Structures-II
Example 4.3
88
kB = (20 + 26)/2 = 23 (for one edge continuous and other Slabs
discontinuous).
For M 20 and Fe 415, pt% = 0.96 % for balanced steel k2 = k3 = k4 = 1
l ef 3.5 10 3
d = = 152.17 mm
k B k1 k 2 k 3 k 4 23 1 1 1 1
8
D = d + Nominal cover + = 152.17 + 20 + = 176.17 mm
2 2
Taking D = 180 mm
8
d = 180 20 = 156 mm
2
From Moments of Resistance Consideration
Loads
Self = 0.180 1 1 25 = 4.5 kN/m2
Lime concrete = 0.12 1 1 18.8 = 2.26 kN/m2
Ceiling plaster = 0.01 1 1 20.4 = 0.20 kN/m2
Total DL = 6.96 kN/m2
IL = 1.50 kN/m2
= 8.46 kN/m2
Values of coefficients x and y and Bending Moments Mx and My
are given in Figure 4.11.
Figure 4.11 : Values of Moment Coefficient and Moment along X and Y-axes
Illustration for calculation of x , y and M for three edges
discontinuous and one short edge continuous (S1).
For (+)ve moment at mid-span
(0.087 0.076)
x = 0.076 + (1.57 1.5) = 0.079
(1.75 1.5)
xu , max x
M u = 0.36 1 0.42 u , max f ck bd 2
d d
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Theory of Structures-II
12.28 10 6 = 0.36 0.48 (1 0.42 0.48) 20 1000 d 2
Ast 415
12.28 10 6 = 0.87 415 Ast 156 1
1000 156 20
Ast = 24.74 mm 2
Ast f y
M u = 0.87 f y Ast d 1
bd f ck
Ast 415
7.93 10 6 = 0.87 415 Ast 156 1
1000 156 200
SAQ 2
4.7 SUMMARY
Four types of slab have been described in this unit :
(a) Cantilever slab
(b) One-way simply supported slab
(c) Two-way simply supported slab
(d) Two-way restrained slab
Cantilever Slab
This type of rectangular slab has one edge fixed and the other three edges
free. Therefore, under gravity loads, it bends about its axis of support
causing hogging bending moment and requiring main reinforcement only
on top face perpendicular to its support axis.
One-way Simply Supported Slab
This type of slab may be either simply supported on two opposite faces or,
ly
if supported on all four edges the ratio > 2 . Therefore, under gravity
lx
loads, it bends only in one direction.
Two-way Simply Supported Slab
ly
A slab simply supported on all its four edges having 2 , bends about
lx
both of its principal axes under gravity loads. Hence, main reinforcements
are provided in both directions.
Two-way Restrained Slab
ly
When a slab 2 is monolithic with its supporting beams and the
lx
corners are prevented from lifting under bending, additional reinforcements
are provided at the corners to resist torsion. Hogging bending moments at
the supports are taken care of by providing reinforcement at the top face.
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Theory of Structures-II
4.8 ANSWERS TO SAQs
SAQ 1
(a) Refer Section 4.1.
(b) Refer Section 4.2.
(c) Refer Section 4.2.
(d) Refer Section 4.2.
SAQ 2
(a) Refer Section 4.3.
(b) Refer Section 4.5.
(c) Refer Section 4.6.
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