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CIRCUITS
1. Calculate the reactance of a coil of inductance 0.2 H when it is connected to (a) a 50 Hz,
X L 2 f L 2 50 0.2
(a) Inductive reactance, = 62.83
X L 2 f L 2 600 0.2
(b) Inductive reactance, = 754
X L 2 f L 2 40 103 0.2
(c) Inductive reactance, = 50.27 k
2. A coil has a reactance of 120 in a circuit with a supply frequency of 4 kHz. Calculate the
XL 120
X L 2 f L 2 f 2 4 103
hence, inductance, L = = 4.77 mH
3. A supply of 240 V, 50 Hz is connected across a pure inductance and the resulting current is 1.2 A.
V 240
XL
Inductive reactance, I 1.2 = 200
XL 200
X L 2 f L 2 f 2 50
hence, inductance, L = = 0.637 H
Determine (a) the reactance of the coil, and (b) the current flowing in the coil.
X L 2 f L 2 2 103 50 10 3
(a) Inductive reactance, = 628
5. A 120 mH inductor has a 50 mA, 1 kHz alternating current flowing through it. Find the p.d.
X L 2 f L 2 1 103 120 10 3
Inductive reactance, = 753.982
3
P.d. across inductor, VL I X L 50 10 753.982 = 37.7 V
1 1
XC
(a) Capacitive reactance, 2 f C 2 20 20 10 6 = 397.9
1 1
XC
(b) Capacitive reactance, 2 f C 2 500 20 106 = 15.92
1 1
XC
(c) Capacitive reactance, 2 f C 2 4000 20 10 6 = 1.989
the capacitor.
1 1 1
XC
2 f C 2 f X C 2 50 80
Capacitive reactance, from which, capacitance, C =
= 39.79 F
8. Calculate the current taken by a 10 F capacitor when connected to a 200 V, 100 Hz supply.
1 1
XC
Capacitive reactance, 2 f C 2100 10 10 6 = 159.155
Determine its capacitance and the current taken from the supply.
1 1 1
XC
2 f C 2 f X C 2 25 400
Capacitive reactance, from which, capacitance, C =
= 15.92 F
V 100
Current, I = X L 400 = 0.25 A
10. Two similar capacitors are connected in parallel to a 200 V, 1 kHz supply. Find the value of
V 200
XC
I 0.628 = 318.47
1 1
318.47 CT
2 f C 2 10 318.47
3
i.e. , hence, total capacitance, = 0.50 F
0.50
C1
Since for parallel connection of capacitors, CT C1 C 2 2C1 , then 2 = 0.25 F
R 2 X L 2 122 162
Impedance, Z = = 20
Calculate the circuit impedance and the current taken from the supply. Find also the phase angle
X L 2 f L 2 100 80 10 3
Inductive reactance, = 50.265
R 2 X L 2 602 50.2652
Impedance, Z = = 78.27 (see impedance triangle in the diagram
below)
V 200
Current, I = Z 78.27 = 2.555 A
XL
tan
From the impedance triangle, R
50.265
tan 1
hence the circuit phase angle, = 60 = 39.95 lagging
3. An alternating voltage given by v = 100 sin 240t volts is applied across a coil of resistance 32
and inductance 100 mH. Determine (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the p.d.
R 2 X L 2 322 24 2
Circuit impedance, Z = = 40
V 0.707 100
(b) Current flowing, I = Z 40 = 1.77 A
(Note r.m.s. current = 0.707 maximum value)
VR I R 1.77 32
(c) P.d. across the resistance, = 56.64 V
VL I X L 1.77 24
(d) P.d. across the inductance, = 42.48 V
4. A coil takes a current of 5 A from a 20 V d.c. supply. When connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz a.c.
supply the current is 25 A. Calculate the (a) resistance, (b) impedance and (c) inductance of the
coil.
V 20
(a) From a d.c. circuit, resistance, R = I 5 =4
V 200
(b) From an a.c. circuit, impedance, Z = I 25 = 8
XL 6.9282
2 f 2 50
Also, X L 2 f L from which, inductance, L = = 22.05 mH
5. A resistor and an inductor of negligible resistance are connected in series to an a.c. supply. The
p.d. across the resistor is 18 V and the p.d. across the inductor is 24 V. Calculate the supply voltage
VR 2 VL 2 182 242
Supply voltage, V = = 30 V
VL 24
Tan = VR 18 from which,
24
tan 1
phase angle between voltage and current, = 18 = 53.13 lagging (i.e. current lags
voltage in an inductive circuit)
6. A coil of inductance 636.6 mH and negligible resistance is connected in series with a 100
resistor to a 250 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the inductive reactance of the coil, (b) the
impedance of the circuit, (c) the current in the circuit, (d) the p.d. across each component, and
X L 2 f L 2 50 636.6 103
(a) Inductive reactance of coil, = 200
R 2 X L 2 1002 2002
(b) Impedance, Z = = 223.6 (from impedance triangle)
V 250
(c) Current, I = Z 223.6 = 1.118 A
VR I R 1.118 100
(d) Voltage across resistance, = 111.8 V
VL I X L 1.118 200
Voltage across inductance, = 223.6 V
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 182
XL
tan
(e) From impedance triangle, R
1. A voltage of 35 V is applied across a C-R series circuit. If the voltage across the resistor is 21 V, find the
VR 2 VC 2 V 2 VR 2 VC 2
Supply voltage, V = i.e.
352 212 VC 2
i.e.
100 Hz is connected across the arrangement find (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current
flowing, and (c) the phase angle between voltage and current.
1 1
XC
2 f C 2 100 20 106
(a) Capacitive reactance, = 79.577
R 2 X C 2 502 79.577 2
Impedance, Z = = 93.98
XC XC 79.577
tan tan 1 tan 1
(c) R from which, phase angle, = R 50 = 57.86 leading
3. A 24.87 F capacitor and a 30 resistor are connected in series across a 150 V supply. If the current
flowing is 3 A find (a) the frequency of the supply, (b) the p.d. across the resistor and (c) the p.d. across the
capacitor.
V 150
(a) Impedance, Z = I 3 = 50
R 2 XC2 302 X C 2
Also, impedance, Z = i.e. 50 =
1
XC
Capacitive reactance, 2 f C from which,
1 1
2 X C C 2 40 24.87 10 6
frequency, f = = 160 Hz
VC I X C 3 40
(c) P.d across the capacitor, = 120 V
4. An alternating voltage v = 250 sin 800t volts is applied across a series circuit containing a 30
and 50 F capacitor. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the p.d.
across the resistor, (d) the p.d. across the capacitor, and (e) the phase angle between voltage and
current.
1 1 1
XC
2 f C C 800 50 106
(a) Capacitive reactance, = 25
R 2 X C 2 302 252
Impedance, Z = = 39.05
V 0.707 250
(b) Current, I = Z 39.05 = 4.526 A
VC I X C 4.526 25
(d) P.d across the capacitor, = 113.2 V
XC XC 25
tan tan 1 tan 1
(e) R from which, phase angle, = R 30 = 39.81 leading
5. A 400 resistor is connected in series with a 2358 pF capacitor across a 12 V a.c. supply.
Determine the supply frequency if the current flowing in the circuit is 24 mA.
V 12
3
Impedance, Z = I 24 10 = 500
1 1
2 f C 2 f 2358 1012
Hence, 300 =
1
2 300 2358 1012
from which, supply frequency, f = = 225 kHz
100 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the phase angle between
voltage and current, (d) the voltage across the coil, and (e) the voltage across the capacitor.
X L 2 f L 2 100 80 10 3 50.265
(a) Inductive reactance,
1 1
XC 39.789
2 f C 2 100 40 106
Capacitive reactance,
R 2 X L X C 82 10.4762
2
Impedance, Z = = 13.18
XL XC
tan
(c) R from which,
XL XC 10.476
tan 1 tan 1
phase angle, = R 8 = 52.63 lagging
VC I X C 15.17 39.789
(e) Voltage across capacitor, = 603.6 V
V 2400
16035 (131 j91.772)
Circuit impedance, Z = I 1.5 35
1 1
XC
X L X C 91.772 2fC 2 50 40 106
and Now, = 79.577
171.349
2 f L 171.349 and inductance, L = 2 50
i.e. = 0.545 H
3. Three impedances are connected in series across a 100 V, 2 kHz supply. The impedances
Assuming no mutual inductive effects between the two inductances calculate (a) the circuit
impedance, (b) the circuit current, (c) the circuit phase angle and (d) the voltage across each
RT
Total resistance, = 2 + 5 + 3 = 10
1 1
XC 7.958
2 f C 2 2000 10 10 6
Capacitive reactance,
XL XC
tan
(c) R from which,
X L XC 4.86
tan 1 tan 1
phase angle, = R 10 = 25.92 lagging
Z1 R 12 X L1 2 22 5.6552 5.998
V1 I Z1 8.99 5.998
Voltage across first impedance, = 53.92 V
Z2 R 2 2 X L2 2 52 7.1632 8.735
V2 I Z 2 8.99 8.735
Voltage across second impedance, = 78.53 V
X C3 7.958
from earlier
Z2 R 2 2 X L2 2 32 7.9582 8.505
V3 I Z3 8.99 8.505
Voltage across third impedance, = 76.46 V
V1 V2
4. For the circuit shown below determine the voltages and if the supply frequency is 1 kHz.
Draw the phasor diagram and hence determine the supply voltage V and the circuit phase angle.
X L1 2 f L 2 1000 1.9110 3 12
XL 12
tan 1 tan 1 67.38
Z1 R X L1 5 12 13
1
2 2 2 2
R 5
and lagging
XC 32
tan 1 tan 1 72.65
Z2 R 2 X C2 10 32 33.526
2 2 2 2
R 10
and leading
I Z2 2 33.526
Voltage, V2 = = 67.05 V at 72.65 leading
(i) (ii)
V1 V2
The supply voltage V is the phasor sum of voltages and . V is shown by the length ac in
diagram (ii).
from which, ac = 50 V
1
from which, sin 0.3340 19.51 and from diagram (ii), 72.65 19.51 53.14 leading.
1. Find the resonant frequency of a series a.c. circuit consisting of a coil of resistance 10 and inductance
50 mH and capacitance 0.05 F. Find also the current flowing at resonance if the supply voltage is 100 V.
1 1
fr
Resonant frequency,
2 LC 2 50 10 0.05 10
3 6
= 3.183 kHz
V 100
At resonance, current, I = R 10 = 10 A
2. The current at resonance in a series L-C-R circuit is 0.2 mA. If the applied voltage is 250 mV at
a frequency of 100 kHz and the circuit capacitance is 0.04 F, find the circuit resistance and
inductance.
1 1 1
fr 2f 2f
2
At resonance, resonant frequency, 2 LC i.e. LC and LC
1 1
C 2f 0.04 10 6 2100 103
2 2
0.12 F across a 200 V, variable frequency supply. Calculate (a) the resonant frequency, (b) the
current at resonance and (c) the factor by which the voltage across the reactance is greater than
1 1
fr
2 LC 2 100 103 0.12 10 6
(a) Resonant frequency, = 1.453 kHz
V 200
(b) At resonance, current, I = R 25 = 8 A
1 L 1 100 103
(c) Q-factor = R C 25 0.12 10 6 = 36.51
4. A coil of 0.5 H inductance and 8 resistance is connected in series with a capacitor across a 200 V, 50 Hz
supply. If the current is in phase with the supply voltage, determine the capacitance of the capacitor and the
If the current is in phase with the supply voltage, then the circuit is resonant.
1
2 f L
X L XC 2 f C
At resonance, i.e. from which,
1 1
2f L 2 50 0.5
2 2
capacitance, C = = 20.26 F
= 3928 V = 3.928 kV
5. Calculate the inductance which must be connected in series with a 1000 pF capacitor to give a resonant
1
fr
Resonant frequency, 2 LC
1 1
2 LC LC
from which, fr and 2 f r
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
12 3
2 f r C 2 f r 1000 10 2 400 10
and LC = and inductance, L =
= 158 H or 0.158 mH
6. A series circuit comprises a coil of resistance 20 and inductance 2 mH and a 500 pF capacitor.
Determine the Q-factor of the circuit at resonance. If the supply voltage is 1.5 V, what is the
1 L 1 2 103
Q-factor = R C 20 500 1012 = 100
VC
VC VQ 1.5 100
Q= V hence, voltage across the capacitor, = 150 V
1. A voltage v = 200 sin t volts is applied across a pure resistance of 1.5 k. Find the power dissipated in the
resistor.
2
Power dissipated in the resistor, P = I R
V
200 / 2
Current, I = R 1500 = 0.09428 A (note that in the formula for power I has to be the r.m.s. value)
I 2 R 0.09428 (1500)
2
apparent power.
1 1
XC
2fC 2 200 50 10 6
Capacitive reactance, = 15.915
V 100
Current, I = X C 15.915 = 6.283 A
3. A motor takes a current of 10 A when supplied from a 250 V a.c. supply. Assuming a power
factor of 0.75 lagging find the power consumed. Find also the cost of running the motor for 1
= 1875 W
Hence, cost of running motor for 1 week = 315 12.20 = 3843 p = 38.43
4. A motor takes a current of 12 A when supplied from a 240 V a.c. supply. Assuming a power
= 2016 W or 2.016 kW
5. A transformer has a rated output of 100 kVA at a power factor of 0.6. Determine the rated power output and
1
If cos = 0.6, then = cos 0.6 = 53.13
6. A substation is supplying 200 kVA and 150 kvar. Calculate the corresponding power and power
factor.
150 103
0.75
Hence, 200 103 sin = 150 103 from which, sin = 200 10
3
1
and = sin 0.75 = 48.59
7. A load takes 50 kW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the apparent power and the reactive power.
P 50
Apparent power, S = VI = cos = 0.8 = 62.5 kVA
1
Angle = cos 0.8 = 36.87o hence sin = sin 36.87o = 0.6
R 2 X L 2 4002 502.652
Impedance, Z = = 642.39
V 75
Current, I = Z 642.39 = 0.11675 A
XL XL 502.65
tan tan 1 tan 1
From the impedance triangle, R and R 400 = 51.49
I 2 R 0.11675 400
2
Alternatively, P = = 5.452 W
9. An 80 resistor and a 6 F capacitor are connected in series across a 150 V, 200 Hz supply. Calculate
(a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing and (c) the power dissipated in the circuit.
1 1
XC
(a) Capacitive reactance, 2 f C 2(200)(6 10 6 ) = 132.63
R 2 X L 2 802 132.632
Impedance, Z = = 154.9
V 150
(b) Current, I = Z 154.9 = 0.968 A
XC XC 132.63
tan tan 1 tan 1
(c) From the impedance triangle, R and R 80 = 58.90
I 2 R 0.968 80
2
Alternatively, P = = 75 W
10. The power taken by a series circuit containing resistance and inductance is 240 W when
connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz supply. If the current flowing is 2 A find the values of the
i.e. 240 =
2
2 2
2 2 R
Power, P = I R from which, resistance, R = = 60
V 200
Impedance, Z = I 2 = 100
80
2 50
i.e. 2 f L = 80 from which, inductance, L = = 0.255 H or 255 mH
11. The power taken by a C-R series circuit, when connected to a 105 V, 2.5 kHz supply, is 0.9 kW and the
current is 15 A. Calculate (a) the resistance, (b) the impedance, (c) the reactance, (d) the capacitance,
(e) the power factor, and (f) the phase angle between voltage and current.
900
0.9 10 15 R 15
3 2 2
2
(a) Power, P = I R i.e. from which, resistance, R = =4
V 105
(b) Impedance, Z = I 15 = 7
1 1
XC
(d) Capacitive reactance, 2 f C i.e. 5.745 = 2 (2500) C
1
from which, capacitance, C = 2(2500)(5.745) = 11.08 F
R 4
(e) Power factor, p.f. = Z 7 = 0.571
X C 5.745
(f) Tan = R 4
5.745
tan 1
and the phase angle between voltage and current, = 4 = 55.15 leading
0.6 from a 50 V, 100 Hz supply. Find (a) the current flowing, (b) the circuit phase angle, (c) the
(a) Power, P = V I cos i.e. 210 = (50) I (0.6) since p.f. = cos
210
Hence, current, I = 50 0.6 =7A
1
(b) If cos = 0.6 then circuit phase angle, = cos 0.6 = 53.13 lagging
210
210 =
7
2 2
2 7 R
(c) Power, P = I R i.e. from which, resistance, R = = 4.286
V 50
(d) Impedance, Z = I 7 = 7.143
5.71425
2 100
i.e. 2 f L = 5.71425 from which, inductance, L = = 9.095 mH
13. A 200 V, 60 Hz supply is applied to a capacitive circuit. The current flowing is 2 A and the
power dissipated is 150 W. Calculate the values of the resistance and capacitance.
2
Power, P = I R i.e. 150 = from which, resistance, R = = 37.5
2 150
2
R
2
2
V 200
Impedance, Z = I 2 = 100