BI GING MN:

CNG NGH SINH HC NM N V

NM DC LIU
SH03055

CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V CH BIN NM

1. C s khoa hc v k thut thu hoch nm

2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo

qun nm
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM

1. C s khoa hc v k thut thu hoch nm

- tui thu hi
- nh hng ca thu hi nm khng ng
tui ti nng sut thc thu; cht lng v
nguy c nhim mi trng
- Cch thc thu hi nm m bo k thut
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM

2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo

qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti

2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm

2.3. C s khoa hc v k thut mui nm

 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM

2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm

2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.1. S bin i ca nm ti sau thu hoch

- Nm n v nm dc liu sau khi thu hi phi c bo

qun v ch bin ngay v bn thn qu th nm vn c s

h hp, chuyn ho sau khi tch ri khi c cht trng

nm
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.1. S bin i ca nm ti sau thu hoch
a) S mt nc:
- Do qu trnh h hp
- Do qu trnh bc hi nc b mt

Qu trnh mt nc ph thuc ?
- Tui ca qu th nm
- iu kin bo qun
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.1. S bin i ca nm ti sau thu hoch

b)S bin i mu sc nm
- Mu sc thay i theo chng loi nm
- Mu sc thay i theo iu kin bo qun nm
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.1. S bin i ca nm ti sau thu hoch
c) S ha nu:
nm c men polyphenolaz, men ny xc tc
phn ng oxi ha hp cht phenolic khng mu ca nm
thnh quinon, l cht c mu n nu .
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.1. S bin i ca nm ti sau thu hoch
- Quinon kt hp vi cc cht chuyn ho ca acid
amin thnh phc hp.
- Phn ng xy ra vi s hin din ca oxy v lm cho
nm chuyn sang mu nu
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.1. S bin i ca nm ti sau thu hoch

- Hin tng ha mu khc khng cn men xc tc lin

quan n s bin i ca cht ng, do phn ng vi
cc hp cht b oxy ha khc.
- Tuy nhin, qu trnh ny din ra rt chm.
- Nm ha nu s lm gim gi tr thng phm.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.1. S bin i ca nm ti sau thu hoch
d) S thi nhn
Thng thng nm c m cao, nu thu hoch
xong khng c bin php bo qun th thng xy ra hin
tng thi nhn.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.1. S bin i ca nm ti sau thu hoch
e) S bin i khc
Sau mt s ngy bo qun, nu iu kin bo qun
khng tt, lng ng a nm theo thng k thng ban
u l trn 10%, sau gim xung 5%.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.1. S bin i ca nm ti sau thu hoch
- Trong khi , chitin vch t bo tng ln 50% lm
tai nm tr nn dai, chc hn.
- Cht bo trong nm cng b bin i, bao gm cc
acid bo khng no, xy ra qa trnh ocid ha , gy mi
kh chu, thm ch gy c cho ngi dng.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.2. Bo qun nm ti sau thu hoch
Nguyn l bo qun:
- Gim bt hm lng nc trong nm;
- H bt nhit mi trng lm gim hot tnh ca
men trong nm, h bt cng h hp ca nm;
- Ngn chn tc nhim v sinh sn ca vi sinh vt.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.2. Bo qun nm ti sau thu hoch
* Nhng yu cu qu trnh bo qun nm t hiu
qu cao
- Thu hi ng tui
- Trc khi thu hi t nht 6- 8 ting khng c ti;
- Nm thu hi khng b dp nt;
- qu trnh bo qun nm phi c thc hin ngay sau
khi thu hoch;
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.2. Bo qun nm ti sau thu hoch
* Phng php bo qun nm ti sau thu hoch
a. Phng php bo qun lnh:
- Sau khi thu hi nm, ct chn nm, loi b nm gi.
ng nm thnh ti nh.
- Bo qun trong t lnh hoc kho lnh c nhit t 2
- 100C, thi gian bo qun t 2- 8 ngy.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.2. Bo qun nm ti sau thu hoch
* Phng php bo qun nm ti sau thu hoch
b. Phng php bo qun bng iu ho cht kh:
* Phng php bo qun bng cch rt kh trong ti nilon
(ht chn khng).
* Bo qun bng cch iu ho cht kh: s dng kh CO2
bm vo ti lm tng lng thn kh, c ch hot ng ca
men.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.2. Bo qun nm ti sau thu hoch
c. Cch bo qun n ti n gin:
- Cho nm vo nc si, un n im si tr li.
- Vt ra, ngm trong nc lnh ti khi nm ngui
bng nhit nc ban u, sau cho nm vo
khay hoc ti nilon, xm xp nc v
trong t lnh dng dn
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.2. Bo qun nm ti sau thu hoch
* Ngoi ra cn cc phng php bo qun bng
ho cht, bng chiu x nhng khng ph bin v
hp th hiu ngi tiu dng nc ta.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.1. K thut bo qun, s dng nm ti
2.1.3. Phng php s dng nm ti sau thu hoch
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.1. Nguyn tc cn bn ca vic phi sy nm kh

Sy nm khng sy kh kit m vn gi li m t 12-

14%.
- Khi sy nm phi theo nguyn tc hi nng i qua nm
hoc nm chuyn ng trong khng kh nng rt nc
nm.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.1. Nguyn tc cn bn ca vic phi sy nm kh

*S liu thng k:
1m3 khng kh 150C c th kh c 12g hi nc.
1m3 khng kh 200C c th kh c 17g hi nc.
1m3 khng kh 400C c th kh c 30g hi nc.
1m3 khng kh 500C c th kh c 95g hi nc.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.1. Nguyn tc cn bn ca vic phi sy nm kh
* Cch n gin nht l phi kh nm: mc nh, Linh
chi c th chn nhng ngy c nng thu hi v phi
kh nm.
- Trong nhng ngy tri ma, m cc loi nm cng
pht trin mnh v vy cn c l sy ch ng v cht
lng nm m bo.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.2. Thit b sy nm: phi m bo 3 nguyn tc:
- Ch ng iu chnh c nng m trong l;

- Ch ng c hng gi ca l, bt gi nng thi u

trn mt khay nm lm nm kh u;

- Ch ng c cch o kh nng trong l, cc v tr

trong l chnh lch nhau < 50C.

 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.3. Quy trnh sy nm

a. Thu hi nm ti:
Hi nm ng tui, trc khi hi ngng ti
6- 8 gi (nm m, nm s) ; 3- 4 ngy (mc nh, Linh
chi).
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.3. Quy trnh sy nm
b. S b phn cp v ct sa: Dng mt quan st phn
cp s b theo kch thc to nh, dy mng ct cung
theo yu cu, ct sa nhng vt en, xm v loi b
nm h, nm xu. Nm s phi x ring tng cnh
nm, nm rm phi b i, nm m ct lt 3- 4 mm.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.3. Quy trnh sy nm

d. Xp vo khay:
- Xp vo khay sy theo tng loi, nm to, dy gn
ngun nhit, nhng khay nm mng, nh xa ngun
nhit, phn m nm i nghch vi hng gi.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.3. Quy trnh sy nm
e.Thao tc sy:
- Sau khi xp lng nm vo l ban u sy nhit
35- 400C, trong 1- 4 gi trnh to thnh lp v
cng nm, m ht ca gi.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.3. Quy trnh sy nm
e.Thao tc sy:
- Bc vo giai on lm kh, mi gi tng 20C ti khi
t ti 550C. Theo hng gim ca lng nc bc hi v
nhit , cn ng hp dn ca gi.
- n giai on sy kh duy tr nhit 60- 650C trong
thi gian 1- 2gi, ng hon ton ca gi.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc sy
a. Nhit sy:
- 90C th ng c trong nm bt u b bin i to ra
cht mu do cc phn ng to mu (phn ng melanoidin)
xy ra mnh.
- Do vy, sy nm thng dng ch sy n ha, nhit
sy khng qu 60C.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc sy
- Qu trnh sy cn ph thuc vo tc tng
nhit ca vt liu sy.
- Nu tc tng nhit qu nhanh th b mt qu
th nm b rn li v ngn qu trnh thot m.
Ngc li, nu tc tng nhit chm th cng
thot m yu.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc sy
b. m khng kh
Mun nng cao kh nng ht m ca khng kh
th phi gim m tng i ca n xung.
Sy chnh l bin php gim m tng i
ca khng kh bng cch tng nhit .
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc sy
b. m khng kh
Nu m ca khng kh sy qu thp
s lm nm to ra lp v kh trn b mt, lm nh
hng xu n qu trnh thot hi m tip theo.
Nhng nu m qu cao s lm tc sy gim.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc sy
b. m khng kh
Khng kh nng khi vo l sy c m 10
13%. Khi ra khi l sy, m khng kh tng ln, thng
thng khong 40 60%.
Nu khng kh i ra c m qu thp s tn nng
lng, ngc li, nu m qu cao s d gy ra hin
tng nm kh ht m ca khng kh, lm h hng sn
phm sy.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc sy
b. m khng kh
iu chnh m ca khng kh ra khi l
sy bng cch iu chnh tc lu thng ca
khng kh qua l sy v lng nm ti cha trong
l sy.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc sy
c. Lu thng ca khng kh
Trong qu trnh sy, khng kh c th lu thng t
nhin hoc cng bc.
Trong cc l sy khng kh lu thng t nhin vi
tc nh (nh hn 0,4m/s), th thi gian sy thng ko
di, lm cht lng sn phm sy khng cao.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc sy
c. Lu thng ca khng kh
khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta dng qut
thng gi cng bc trong l sy vi tc khong 0,4
4,0m/s. Nu tc gi qu ln (trn 4,0m/s) s gy tn
tht nhit lng.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc sy
d. dy ca lp nguyn liu sy
dy ca lp nm cng nh hng n qu
trnh sy.Lp nguyn liu cng mng th qu trnh sy
cng nhanh v cng ng u, nhng nu qu mng
s lm gim nng sut ca l sy.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc sy
d. dy ca lp nguyn liu sy
Nu nm qu dy th s lm gim s lu thng
ca khng kh sy, dn n sn phm b m hi
do hi m ng li.
Thng thng nn xp mt nm lp trn cc
khay sy vi khi lng 5 6 kg/m din tch khay sy
l ph hp.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.2. C s khoa hc v k thut sy nm
2.2.5. Cc bin i ca nm khi sy
a. S bin i v cu trc ca sn phm
b.S bin i mi v
c. S bin i mu sc
d.S bin i v gi tr dinh dng
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.3. C s khoa hc v k thut mui nm
2.3.1. Nguyn l
Dung dch nc mui t ti bo ha s sinh p
sut thm thu rt cao:
- Nc trong t bo thm thu ra ngoi, cht
nguyn sinh teo li tch ra khi mng t bo, dn
n hin tng t bo vi sinh vt b kh sinh l m
cht, khng gy h thi nm.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.3. C s khoa hc v k thut mui nm
2.3.2. Cch pha dung dch mui
pha dung dch mui dng mui nm, cn
mui theo t l sau: C 350 400 gam mui ht vo 1
lt nc sch .
Dng B-m k th vo dung dch va pha o
nng dung dch, nng t 22Be l dung dch mui
t yu cu.
Nu khng c B-m k, kim tra nng

th thc hin nh sau: un si nc, mui

vo khuy cho n khi mui khng tan na,

cn ng li mt lp y ni l t dung dch

mui bo ha.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.3. C s khoa hc v k thut mui nm
2.3.2. Quy trnh mui nm
a. Thu nhn, la chn v ra nm
b. Luc nm
Luc nm trong nc si, va luc va n chm nm trong
nc, thi gian un si tr li cng nhanh cng tt.
- Tu theo nm nh hoc to, luc nm t 5- 7 pht, tnh t
lc si tr li yu cu nm phi chn.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.3. C s khoa hc v k thut mui nm
2.3.2. Quy trnh mui nm
c. Lm ngui nm
- Vt nm chn ra thau cha nc sch lm ngui;
chuyn nm t thau nc ny sang thau nc khc t 3 4
ln nm ngui nhanh hn.
- Hoc c th nm trong mt thng ri nc chy
lin tc, chy trn n khi nm ngui bng nhit ca
nc th dng lm ngui.
Vt nm ngui vo r cho ro nc. Kim tra,
loi b ht cc tp cht cn st li trong nm.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.3. C s khoa hc v k thut mui nm
2.3.2. Quy trnh mui nm
d. Mui nm
Nm m, nm s: 1kg nm m luc+ 0,3 lt
nc mui bo ha +0,3kg mui ht kh + 3 gam acid
citric.
Nm rm: 1kg nm rm luc : 0,4kg mui
kh (c mt lp nm, mt lp mui), khng b sung cid
citric.
 CHNG III: S CH, BO QUN V
CH BIN NM
2. C s khoa hc v cng ngh s ch, bo qun nm
2.3. C s khoa hc v k thut mui nm
2.3.2. Quy trnh mui nm
e.Bo qun nm mui
Sau 15 ngy mui nm, tin hnh kim tra cht lng nm
mui, ch cc tiu chun sau y:
- Kim tra mn ca dung dch nm mui bng B-m k, yu
cu phi t 22-23Be.
- Kim tra pH dung dch mui bng giy o pH hoc my o pH,
yu cu pH = 3,5-4,0.
- Kim tra trong ca nc mui nm, mu sc, mi v, tnh trng
vng mc, chc ca qu th bng gic quan: nm chc, c mu
v mi thm t nhin l t.