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The unit is fitted with a constant head tank and the flow rate which can be
varied by adjustment to the head tank height, can be measured using the
volumetric tank.
A dye injector is situated at the entrance to the 16 mm bore tube and thus
it is possible to detect whether the flow is streamline or turbulent.
hf
i=
l
When Reynolds plotted the results of his investigation of how energy head
loss varied with the velocity of flow, he obtained two distinct regions
separated by a transition zone. In the laminar region the energy loss per
unit length of pipe is directly proportional to the mean velocity. In the
turbulent flow region the energy loss per unit length of pipe is proportional
to the mean velocity raised to some power, . The value of being
influenced by the roughness of the pipe wall.
hf hf
v 1.7 For smooth pipes in this region but v2 for very rough pipes.
l l
1.7
hf
Example v 2. . The dimensionless unit Reynolds number (Re) =
l
vd/ and has a value below 2000 for laminar flow and above 4000 for
turbulent flow (when any consistent set of units is used) the transition
zone lying in the region of Re 2000 4000 (example lower critical
2
velocity LCV at Reynolds number of 2000 and upper critical velocity UCV
at a Reynolds number of 4000)
3
AIMS
4
THEORY
(Re)=vd/
5
The value of which was concerned with the fluid motion. Fluid motion was
found to be laminar for Re numbers below 2000 and turbulent flows for Re
greater than 4000.
APPARATUS
Consist of:-
2) Beaker
3) Measuring Cylinder
4) Stopwatch
6
[Figure 1- Osbourne Reynolds Apparatus]
METHODOLOGY / PROCEDURE
Measuring flow-rate
The flow rate of water is measured through the apparatus and achieved
by using the Hydraulic Bench volumetric measuring tank or smaller
graduated vessel (not supplied), which is used to collect the known
quantity of water.
1. The apparatus is set up with the dye reservoir is fitted and filled,
and with a steady flow of water through the inner tube.
2. The small cock on the base of reservoir is opened to permit dye to
flow from the nozzle at the entrance to the channel. The colored dye
7
will be visible along the passage. If the dye accumulates around the
nozzle, the velocity of the water flow in the passage has to be
increased or regulate the flow from the dye reservoir. The
adjustments of the dye flow are made up by using the tube outlet
tap.
3. The stream will be visible along the whole length of the passage
under laminar flow conditions. If it not so, the water flow is reduced
until continuous stream of dye is visible along the passage.
4. The water flow rate is increased by raising the height of the variable
head tank and the condition of the fluid in the channel carefully
note, for example, the streamline and turbulent. The height of head
tank is increased until instability of water flow leading to the break
up of the dye system is occurred.
5. The break up position in the passage is noted and the corresponding
value of the flow rate is measured by timing the collection of known
amount of water in the volumetric measuring tank.
6. The dose is maintain and the observation of the passage is
continued further increasing the flow rate until the whole system is
turbulent with no visible dye stream at any point.
RESULTS
8
100
8 90 9.6 x 10-5 2547.26 Transition
98
110
9 92 1 x 10-4 2653.40 Transition
98
106
10 124 1.16 x 10-4 3077.94 Transition
118
128
11 134 1.32 x 10-4 3520.49 Transition
134
124
12 138 1.3533 x 10-4 3590.05 Transition
144
138
13 148 1.4467 x 10-4 3820.9 Transition
148
174
14 156 160.67 4264.27 Turbulent
152
9
CALCULATIONS
Q= s (m/s)
Q = volumetric flowrate
= volume
s= time
Q
V= A
V=Velocity
A=Area of the pipe
vd
Re =
Where,
10
= density (kg/m )
d = diameter (m)
V = velocity (m/s)
= viscosity (kg/ms)
Water density, = 1000 kg/m
Water viscosity, = 1.0 10kg/ms
NUMBER VELOCITY vd
OF (m/s)
Re =
DESCRIPTION
ROTATIO
N
1 V(ml)= 23 ml Re=
V(m)= 2.3 x 10 m
1000 (0.03833)( 0.016)
2.3 x 10 m Laminar
Q= 1.0 10 .
3s
= 613.33
= 7.667 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
m3
7.667 x 10
s
2.01 10 m2
=0.03833 m/s
2 V(ml)= 46 ml Re=
V(m)= 4.6 x 10 m
1000 (0.07629)(0.016)
4.6 x 10 m Laminar
Q= 1.0 10 .
3s
= 1220.56
= 1.533 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
m3
1.533 x 10
s
2.01 10 m2
=0.07629 m/s
11
3 V(ml)= 53.33 ml Re=
V(m)= 5.333 x 10
1000 (0.08844)(0.016)
m Laminar
1.0 10 .
5.333 x 10 m
Q= 3s =1415.06
= 1.778 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
3
m
1.778 x 10
s
2
2.01 10 m
=0.08844 m/s
4 V(ml)= 70.33 ml Re=
V(m)= 7.033 x 10
1000 (0.1166)(0.016)
m Laminar
1.0 10 .
7.033 x 10 m
Q= 3s = 1866.14
= 2.344 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
3
m
2.344 x 10
s
2
2.01 10 m
=0.1166 m/s
5 V(ml)= 75.33 ml Re=
V(m)= 7.533 x 10
1000 (0.1249)(0.016)
m Laminar
1.0 10 .
7.533 x 10 m
Q= 3s = 1998.81
= 2.511x 10 m/s
Velocity =
12
m3
2.511 x 10
s
2
2.01 10 m
=0.1249 m/s
6 V(ml)= 83.67 ml Re=
V(m)= 8.367 x 10
1000 (0.1388)(0.016)
m Transition
1.0 10 .
8.367 x 10 m
Q= 3s = 2220.10
= 2.789 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
m3
2.789 x 10
s
2.01 10 m2
=0.1388 m/s
7 V(ml)= 82 ml Re=
V(m)= 8.2 x 10 m
1000 (0.1360)(0.016)
8.2 x 10 m Transition
Q= 1.0 10 .
3s
= 2175.79
= 2.733 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
m3
2.733 x 10
s
2.01 10 m2
=0.1360 m/s
8 V(ml)= 96 ml Re=
V(m)= 9.6 x 10 m
1000 (0.1592)(0.016)
9.6 x 10 m Transition
Q= 1.0 10 .
3s
= 2547.26
= 3.2 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
13
m3
3.2 x 10
s
2
2.01 10 m
=0.1592 m/s
9 V(ml)= 100 ml Re=
V(m)= 1.0 x 10m
1000 (0.1658)(0.016)
1.0 x 10 m Transition
Q= 1.0 10 .
3s
= 2653.40
= 3.333 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
m3
2.733 x 10
s
2.01 10 m2
=0.1658 m/s
10 V(ml)= 116 ml Re=
V(m)= 1.16 x 10m
1000 (0.1924)(0.016)
1.16 x 10 m Transition
Q= 1.0 10 .
3s
= 3077.94
= 3.867 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
m3
3.867 x 10
s
2.01 10 m2
=0.1924 m/s
11 V(ml)= 132 ml Re=
V(m)= 1.32 x 10m
1000 (0.2189)(0.016)
1.32 x 10 m Transition
Q= 1.0 10 .
3s
= 3502.49
= 4.4 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
14
m3
4.4 x 10
s
2
2.01 10 m
=0.2189 m/s
12 V(ml)= 135.33 ml Re=
V(m)= 1.353 x 10m
1000 (0.2244)(0.016)
1.353 x 10 m Transition
Q= 1.0 10 .
3s
= 3590.05
= 4.51 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
m3
4.51 x 10
s
2.01 10 m2
=0.2244 m/s
13 V(ml)= 144 ml Re=
V(m)= 1.44 x 10m
1000 (0.2388)(0.016)
1.44 x 10 m Transition
Q= 1.0 10 .
3s
= 3820.9
= 4.8 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
m3
4.8 x 10
s
2.01 10 m2
=0.2388 m/s
14 V(ml)= 160.67 ml Re=
V(m)= 1.607 x 10m
1000 (0.2665)(0.016)
1.607 x 10 m
Q= 1.0 10 .
3s
= 4264.27
= 5.357 x 10 m/s
Velocity =
15
m3
5.357 x 10
s
2
2.01 10 m
=0.2665 m/s
DISCUSSION
We observe that the red dye line change with the increasing of water
flow rate. The shape change from thin threads to slightly swirling which
still contains smooth thin threads and then fully swirling. We can say that
this change is from laminar flow to transitional flow and then to turbulent
flow and its not occurs suddenly.
16
CONCLUSION
As the water flow rate increase, the Reynolds number calculated also
increase and the red dye line change from thin thread to swirling in shape.
Laminar flow occurs when the Reynolds number calculated is below than
2300; transitional flow occurs when Reynolds number calculated is
between 2300 and 4000 while turbulent flow occurs when Reynolds
number calculated is above 4000.
17
RECOMMENDATIONS
Compare with the result diagram in the laboratory, there are bit different
between the
results collected. This might be some of parallax error such as the slow response
during
collecting the water, the position of eyes during taking the value of water
volume, time taken for the volume of water and regulating the valve which
control the flow rate of water unstably.
During the experiment there are several precaution steps that need to be
alert. The
experiment should be done at suitable and unshaken place. To get appropriate
laminar smooth
stream flow, the clip and the valve which control the injection of red dye must be
regulate slow
and carefully. When removing the beaker from the exit valve, we notice that
some water still
enter the beaker because of the slow response between the person who guide
the stop watch and collecting beaker. So to avoid this parallax error, it is better
to take same person who guard the stop watch and the collecting beaker.
Lastly, do this experiment at steady place, control the clip and valve
carefully to get long thin of laminar dye flow, and remove the beaker which uses
to collect the amount of water at sharp when the time is up, to avoid error flow
rate error.
18
REFERENCE
Online Journal
19
APPENDIX
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