(1)

Beam Bending -Review

--Plane sections remain plane.

y M M

: radius of curvature; k = 1/ :curvature; M: moment

Compatibility : xx= - y/ Independent of material behavior

compression y

neutral
axis
xx

tension

Equilibrium: M = -xx y dA Independent of material behavior

A

M
y

xx
 (2)
Elastic beam bending

elastic material behavior : xx =E xx E

1

compression y

neutral
xx =E xx = -E (y/) xx=-M y/I axis
xx

tension

linear stress distribution

2
M = -xx y dA = E / y dA M=EI /
A A EI
I : second moment of area
1
1/
linear moment-curvature relationship

for rectangular beams

2 H
3
I = BH /12
I = y dA
A
for
I-b
ea B
ms

3 3
h I = (BH -bh )/12
H

b/2 b/2
 (3)
Elastic -plastic beam bending

elastic-perfectly plastic material behavior y

1

nonlinear Moment-curvature relationship

y y
Mp M ->Mp :fully plastic regime:
||=y at all fibers of beam
xx

y y
Me
M>Me : elastic-plastic regime: ||=y at outer fibers of beam
xx

EI y

M<Me : elastic regime: || <y at all points

xx
1
1/

In the elastic regime xx=-M y /I -> | max | =M ymax /I

Yielding initiates at the outer fibers of the beam when | max |= y. This corresponds to a bending moment Me :

Me = (y I )/ymax
2
for rectangular beams : Me = (y BH )/6

Elastic -plastic beam bending (4)
y
elastic-perfectly plastic
material behavior

y = y/E
For M>Me the beam is in the elastic-plastic regime: the core of the beam (between y=- c and y=c)
is in the elastic regime, while the outer fibers are in the plastic regime (=y).

for -c<y<c =/E

y y

c c
y y
y xx = -y/ y xx
-c -c

For |y| = c , =-y/E --> -y/ = c/=-y/E--> the extension of the elastic region is given by:

c= (y/E)

The moment-curvature relationship is then given by:

For a rectangular beam :
c -c ymax
2
M = -xx y dA = E / y dA + -y y dA + -y y dA
A -c -ymax c
M = y (3H2 -4c2 ) B/12

y y
For very large curvatures c-->0 and the moment approaches the

limit moment Mp, where the entire section is in the plastic regime xx

M p = -y y dA
2
A for rectangular beams : Mp = (y BH ) / 4 = 1.5 Me
 Elastic -plastic beam bending . Unloading /springback (5)

material behavior: elastic unloading

E E

= E 1 1

The beam unloads elastically

y y

xx
M
(1/)=M / EI =-M loaded /EI
M loaded

M
(1/)unloaded =(1/)loaded-M loaded /EI
EI EI

1 1
(1/)unloaded (1/)loaded 1/

(1/)
Stress distribution upon unloading

y y y y

xx xx xx

stress distribution in the Change in stress Residual stress

loaded configuration upon unloading distribution
loaded =(Mloaded y)/I residual M =0