Plane and Solid Geometry Formulas Prepared by: RTFVerterra

ASIAN Given four sides a, b, c, d, and sum of

two opposite angles:
10 sides
11 sides
=
=
decagon
undecagon
RADIUS OF CIRCLES
DEVELOPMENT 12 sides = dodecagon Circle circumscribed about a triangle
FOUNDATION A= (s a)(s b)(s c)(s d) abcdcos2 15 sides = quindecagon (Cicumcircle)
16 sides = hexadecagon
COLLEGE s=
a+b+c+d A circle is circumscribed about a triangle if it
Tacloban City 2 Sum of interior angles passes through the vertices of the triangle.
A + C B + D The sum of interior angles of a polygon
= or = of n sides is:
2 2 Sum, = (n 2) 180
The content of this material is one Circumcenter a r
of the intellectual properties of Given four sides a, b, c, d, and two Sum of exterior angles of the triangle
opposite angles B and D: c
Engr. Romel Tarcelo F. Verterra of The sum of exterior angles is equal to
360. b
Asian Development Foundation Divide the area into two triangles abc
= 360 r=
College. Reproduction of this A = ab sin B + cd sin D
4A T
copyrighted material without
consent of the author is punishable AT = area of the triangle
by law. Circle inscribed in a triangle (Incircle)
Parallelogram Number of diagonals, D
The diagonal of a polygon is the line A circle is inscribed in a triangle if it is tangent to
Part of: B C segment joining two non-adjacent sides. the three sides of the triangle.
Plane and Solid Geometry by The number of diagonals is given by: B
d1 d2 Incenter of
RTFVerterra October 2003 b n the triangle
D = (n 3)
2 AT
A D r= c
a a
PLANE GEOMETRY Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included
angle :
Regular polygons s
s = (a + b + c)
r r
Polygons whose sides are equal are called r
PLANE AREAS A = d1 d2 sin equilateral polygons. Polygons with equal
interior angles are called equiangular polygons. A C
Given two sides a and b and one angle A: b
Polygons that are both equilateral and
Triangle B
A = ab sin A equiangular are called regular polygons. The Circles escribed about a triangle
area of a regular polygon can be found by
(Excircles)
c Rhombus C considering one segment, which has the form of
a h D an isosceles triangle. A circle is escribed about a triangle if it is
d1 tangent to one side and to the prolongation of
d2 x Circumscribing
a circle the other two sides. A triangle has three
C A 90 escribed circles.
b x
x Inscribed
Given base b and altitude h B a A R R
circle
ra
A = bh Given diagonals d1 and d2:
A = d1 d2 r ra
c
Given two sides a and b and included a
angle : x Apothem x ra
A = ab sin Given side a and one angle A:
A = a2 sin A x b
Given three sides a, b, and c: (Heros AT AT AT
Formula) x = side ra = ; rc = ; rb =
Trapezoid a sa sc s b
= angle subtended by the side from the
A= s( s a)(s b)(s c ) center
R = radius of circumscribing circle Circle circumscribed about a quadrilateral
a+b+c h
s= r = radius of inscribed circle, also called the
2 a+b apothem A circle is
A= h circumscribed b
2 n = number of sides
The area under this condition can also be b about a r c
solved by finding one angle using cosine law quadrilateral if it
Cyclic Quadrilateral C = 360 / n passes through a
and apply the formula for two sides and
included angle. A cyclic b Area, A = R2 sin n = x r n the vertices of d
quadrilateral is a B c the quadrilateral.
Given three angles A, B, and C and one quadrilateral Perimeter, P = n x
side a: whose vertices d1 n2
lie on the Interior angle = 180 (ab + cd)(ac + bd)(ad + bc )
a 2 sin B sin C d2 D n r=
A= circumference of a 4 A quad
2 sin A a circle. Exterior angle = 360 / n
d
The area under this condition can also be A + C = 180 A Circle Aquad = ( s a)(s b)(s c )(s d)
solved by finding one side using sine law and B + D = 180
apply the formula for two sides and included r s = (a + b + c + d)
Circumference = 2 r = D
angle. Area = ( s a)( s b)( s c )( s d) D
2
a+b+c+d Area, A = r2 = D
Rectangle s= 4 Circle incribed in a quadrilateral
2 b
d A circle is
a Sector of a circle inscribed in a
Ptolemys theorem quadrilateral
r C r
For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product of the Arc C = r radians = if it is tangent
b diagonals equals the sum of the products of the 180 to the three
Area, A = ab a c
opposite sides r 2 sides of the
Perimeter, P = 2(a + b) d1 d2 = ac + bd Area = r2 radians = r r quadrilateral.
360
Diagonal, d = a 2 + b 2 Area = C r O
d
POLYGONS A quad
Square Note: 1 radian is the angle such that C = r. r= ; s = (a + b + c + d)
s
d There are two basic types of polygons, a convex Segment of a circle C
Area, A = a2 a and a concave polygon. A convex polygon is Aquad = abcd
Perimeter, P = 4a one in which no side, when extended, will pass Area = Asector Atriangle
a inside the polygon, otherwise it called concave Area = r2 r r2 sin
Diagonal, d = a 2 polygon. The following figure is a convex Area = r2 (r sin ) r r
polygon.
General quadrilateral
b
C 4 r = angle in radians
O
SOLID GEOMETRY
3 4
Area = Asector + Atriangle POLYHEDRONS
B 5 Area = r2 r + r2 sin = 360 -
c 3 5
Area = r2 (r + sin ) r r A polyhedron is a closed solid whose faces are
d1
a polygons.
d2 2 Parabolic segment
2 6
D
1 2
A d 1 6 Area = bh
3 h
Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included Polygons are classified according to the number
angle : of sides. The following are some names of
polygons. Ellipse b
A = d1 d2 sin Area = a b PRISM
3 sides = triangle Perimeter, P
4 sides = quadrangle or quadrilateral b
a a
5 sides = pentagon a2 + b2 A prism is a polyhedron whose bases are equal
6 sides = hexagon P = 2 b polygons in parallel planes and whose sides are
7 sides = heptagon or septagon 2 parallelograms.
8 sides = octagon Prisms are classified according to their bases.
9 sides = nonagon Thus, a hexagonal prism is one whose base is a
Plane and Solid Geometry Formulas Prepared by: RTFVerterra
hexagon, and a regular hexagonal prism has a Like prisms, cylinders are classified according to ELLIPSOID
base of a regular hexagon. The axis of a prism their bases.
is the line joining the centroids of the bases. A Azone = 2rh Z
right prism is one whose axis is perpendicular Fixed straight line Directrix 2
to the base. The height h of a prism is the h
Volume = (3r h) b
distance between the bases. 3
a a
Spherical segment c X
h of two bases
r
h Y
h Ab
As = 2rh 4
Volume = abc
Ab h 2 3
Volume = Ab h Volume = (3a + 3b 2 + h2 ) b
6 Prolate spheroid
Volume = Ab h
Right circular cylinder Spherical cone or spherical sector Prolate spheroid is formed by revolving the
ellipse about its major (X) axis. Thus from the
r figure above, c = b, then,
Rectangular parallelepiped Volume = Ab h = r2 h
h 4
h r Volume = ab 2
Lateral area, AL 3
d2 c AL = Base perimeter h
r r arcsin e
d1 AL = 2 r h As = 2b2 + 2ab
e
b 1 2
a CONE Volume = A zone r = r 2 h e= a2 b2 / a
3 3
Volume = Ab h = abc
Lateral area, AL = 2(ac + bc) A cone is the surface generated by a straight Oblate spheroid
line, the generator, passing through a fixed Spherical lune and wedge
Total surface area, AS = 2(ab + bc + ac)
point, the vertex, and moving along a fixed Prolate spheroid is formed by revolving the
Face diagonal, d1 = a2 + c 2 curve, the directrix. ellipse about its minor (Z) axis. Thus from the
figure above, c = a, then,
Space diagonal, d2 = a2 + b2 + c 2 Similar to pyramids, cones are classified r r
according to their bases. 4 2
Vertex Volume = a b
Cube (Regular hexahedron) 3
Volume = Ab h = a3 Ab = base area
Lateral area, AL = 4a2 h = altitude b 2 1 + e
As = 2a2 + ln
Total surface area Lune Wedge e 1 e
Generator
AS = 6a2 d2 h
Face diagonal a d1 A lune 4r 2 r 2
d1 = a 2 Directrix = Alune = PARABOLOID OF REVOLUTION
a 360 90
Space diagonal
a Ab 4 3
d2 = a 3 r
Vwedge r 3
= 3 Vwedge =
360 270 h
Truncated prism 1
Volume = Ab h
AR = area of the right section 3 Spherical polygons
r
n = number of sides A spherical polygon is a polygon on the surface
Right circular cone of a sphere whose sides are arcs of great
r = base radius L 1 2
circles. Volume = r h
h4 h = altitude h n = number of sides; r = radius of sphere 2
E = spherical excess 3/2 3
4r r 2 r
h1 h3 AL = 2 4
+ h 2

r 3h
2
AR a B
h2 2 2
L = slant height = r + h
r
h 1 1 2 A PRISMOIDAL RULE
Volume = AR Volume = Ab h = r h b
n 3 3
PYRAMIDS Lateral area, AL = r L d

Frustum of a cone C Am
A pyramid is a polyhedron with a polygonal base D A1 A2
and triangular faces that meet at a common A1 = lower base area c
point called the vertex. A2 = upper base area A2
r 2E
h = altitude Area =
Similar to prisms, pyramids are classified h 180 L/2 L/2
according to their bases. Vertex E = sum of angles (n 2)180
A1 L
Ab = area of the base Spherical pyramid
L
h = altitude,
perpendicular h
Volume = A 1 + A 2 + A 1A 2 B
Volume = [A 1 + 4A m + A 2 ]
h A 6
distance from 3
the vertex to D The prismoidal rule gives precise values of
the base Frustum of right circular cone C volume for regular solid such as pyramids,
r
Ab R = lower base radius r cones, frustums of pyramids or cones, spheres,
r = upper base radius; h = altitude and prismoids.
r = radius of sphere
1 r E = spherical excess of the polygon
Volume = Ab h E = sum of angles (n 2)180 SIMILAR SOLIDS
3
L r 3E
Frustum of pyramid h Volume = Two solids are similar if any two corresponding
540 sides or planes are proportional. All spheres,
A frustum of a pyramid is the volume included cubes are similar.
between the base and a cutting plane parallel to SOLID OF REVOLUTION
the base. R
x1 x2 x1 x2
A1 = lower base area
A2 = upper base area L = slant height = h2 + (R r ) 2 Axis of
h = altitude rotation
( )
h 2 2 cg
Volume = R + r + Rr
3
A2 Lateral area = (R + r) L x1 x2

h x1 x2
SPHERE R
For all similar solids:
A1 First proposition of Pappus
2 3
4 3 r The surface area generated by a surface of As1 x V1 x
Volume = r = 1 and = 1
h 3 revolution equals the product of the length of the
Volume = A 1 + A 2 + A 1A 2 Surface area, As = 4r2 generating arc and the distance traveled by its
As 2 x2 V2 x2
3 centroid.
As = L 2 R Where As is the surface, total area, or any
CYLINDERS Spherical segment of one base Second proposition of Pappus corresponding area. The dimension x may be
the height, base diameter, diagonal, or any
A cylinder is the surface generated by a straight The volume area generated by a solid of corresponding dimension.
line intersecting and moving along a closed h revolution equals the product of the generating
plane curve, the directrix, while remaining h area and the distance traveled by its centroid.
parallel to a fixed straight line that is not on or r r
parallel to the plane of the directrix. r r Volume = A 2 R