BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

AnimalCell

PlantCell


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 BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

CellComponents
1. TheNucleusCellPrimeMinisterandInfoStorage
a. Large,dense,sphericalorganelle
b. Enclosedbydoublemembrane(nuclearmembrane)
c. Hasnucleoplasm,darksphere(nucleolus)
d. Chromatin(uncondensedchromosome)innucleoplasm
e. Chromosomescarrygeneticinformationthatdeterminecellcharacteristic+function
f. Controlsallcellactivities
2. RoughEndoplasmicReticulumHighway+RibosomesFactoryWorkers
a. RERNetworkoffoldedmembraneforminginterconnectedsacs
b. Physicallycontinuouswithnuclearmembrane
c. Hasribosomesattachedtosurface
d. TransportsMadeinRibosomeProteinsandenclosestheminvesicleswhenexiting
e. RibosomeCompactsphericalorganellesattachedtoRERorfreeincytoplasm
f. Consistsof2subunits(small+large)madeofRNA+Protein
g. Synthesisesproteinsbasedonchromosomeinfo
SynthesisMaking
3. NuclearMembraneCheckpoint
a. Madeofproteins+phospholipids Vesiclescontainers

b. Boundaryseparatescellfromenvironment
c. Semipermeable,selectivebarrier
d. Regulatessubstancemovementinandoutofcytoplasm
4. MitoChondriaPowerPlant
a. Sphericalorcylindricalorganelles
b. Involvedincellularrespiration
c. Releasesenergywhenfood(egglucose)isbrokendownwithmitochondrionenzymes
d. EnergystoredinATP(adenosinetriphosphatetrysayingthat10times)
5. GolgiApparatusFactory
a. Stackofflattenedmembranoussacs
b. Processes,packagesandtransportscarbohydrates,proteins,phospholipidsandglycoproteins
c. VesiclesfusewithGA,stuffgoesintoGA,modified,sorted,packagedintovesicles
d. Vesiclesbudoffandtraveltootherorganellesorplasmamembrane
6. SmoothEndoplasmicReticulumFatandPoisonCenter
a. Continuouswithnuclearmembrane
b. Detoxifiestoxinsandproduceslipidssuchassteroids




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 BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

7. CentriolesNorthandSouth(AnimalOnly)
a. Smallcylindricalstructuresoutsidenucleus,composedofmicrotubules
b. FormspindlefibresinanimalcelldivisionONLY
8. LysosomesStuffSmasher
a. Membraneboundsacswithhydrolyticenzymes
b. Enzymesbreakdowncomplexorganicmolecules
c. Eliminateoldorganellesforcellrenewal
d. Certainlysosomesbreakdownfoodinvacuolesanddigestbacteria(breakdowncellwall)
9. ChloroplastsSolarPanels(PlantOnly)
a. Lensshaped,containmembranousstructureswithgreenpigmentchlorophyll
b. Chlorophylltrapssunlightandturnslightenergytochemicalenergyinphotosynthesis
10. VacuolesTheRefrigerator(MajorinPlants/MinorinAnimals)
a. Fluidfilledsacsurroundedbytonoplast(semipermeablemembrane)
b. Fluidinvacuoleiscellsap(water+dissolvedsubstances)
c. Typicalplantcellhas1largevacuole,youngplantcellhasmanysmallvacuoles
d. Freshwatermicroorganismshavecontractilevacuoles+foodvacuoles(Parameciumsp.)
e. Contractilevacuolesregulatewaterbalance
11. CellWallsBigFrigginWalls(PlantOnly)
a. Rigidouterlayer,surroundsplantcellplasmamembranes
b. Composedofcellulose,toughandfibrouscarbohydrate
c. Permeabletoallfluids,hastinypores
d. Givesshapeandmechanicalsupportforcell
e. Protectscellfromexplodingfortoomuchwater

Now rest your brain for a while after reading all this OK~
More to read after the break from This Guy

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 BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Unicellular

Amoebasp.(species)

Amoebaliveinfreshwater
Constantlychangingshapeinresponsetostimuli
Adversestimulilikeacidicwaterandbrightlightcausesittorunaway
Movesbyextendingpseudopodia(falsefeet),stickingittothegroundandflowingcytoplasminto
thefoot
Cytoplasmis2layers,inner(endoplasm)andouter(ectoplasm)
Pseudopodiaalsousedforeating,surroundingfood
(phagocytosis),packagingitinafoodvacuoleanddigestsit
Osmoregulation
withlysozyme(lysosomeenzyme)
Regulatewater
Exchangeofsubstancesthroughplasmamembranebydiffusion
Watergoesintothecellbyosmosisandfillsthecontractile
vacuole,whenfull,blowsoutthewaterfromtimetotime(osmoregulation)
Amoebasp.reproducesbybinaryfission,butproducesspores
whencannotdobinaryfission

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 BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Multicellular
Cellsgrow,changeshapeanddifferentiateinmulticellularorganisms.
Maturecellscarryoutdifferentfunctions,likedifferentmedicalspecialistsareexpertsintheirfield,
likeacardiologistintheheart,theneurologistinthebrain,etc.
Theyundergospecializationtocarryouttheirfunctionsmoreefficiently.
Organisationisinthisform:

Cellsthatcarryoutafunctionaregroupedintotissues.
Differenttissuesthatcarryoutafunctionaregroupedintoanorgan.
Severalorgansthatcontributetoonesectionofanorganismsfunctions(circulatory,muscular)are
groupedintoasystem.
Severalsystemsmakeupanorganism.

Animals
Thereare4maintypesoftissueinananimal:

Epithelialtissue(LiningandProtection)
o Consistsof1ormorelayersofcells
o Epitheliumcellsaretightlyinterconnected,formcontinuouslayeroverbodysurfaces(skin+
mouth)andinnercavitylinings(digestivetractsandlungs)
o Somehaveglands(exocrineandendocrine)
o Skinepitheliumformsabarrieragainstinfections,mechanicalinjuryanddehydration
o Intestineepitheliumhasgobletcellswhichsecretemucusintothedigestivetract
o Tracheaepitheliumhassmall,hairlikeprojectionscalledcilia

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 BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Muscletissue(Movement)
o Composedofmusclefibres
o 3typesofmuscletissue:
Smoothmuscle(intestine,bloodvessels,urinaryandreproductivetract)
Involuntarymovements
Contractslowly,foralongtime
Skeletalmuscle(armsandlegs)OnDemand
Voluntarymovements
Contract,relaxtomovebones
Cardiacmuscle(heartwalls)Work,Work,Work,24/7,365daysayear
Bloodpumpingtobodyparts,involuntary
Nervetissue(InformationTransfer)
o Composedofneuronesornervecells
o Neuronehasacellbodyandnervefibres(dendritesandaxons)
o Neuroensdetectstimuliandtransmitelectricalsignals(impulses)tomuscles/glands
o Directsandcoordinatesbodyactivities
Connectivetissue(MultipleUses)
o Consistsofvariouscellsandfibresseparatedbyextracellularmatrix
o Typesofconnectivetissue:
Looseconnectivetissue
Mostwidespread
Bindsepitheliatounderlyingtissuesandholdsorgans
Densefibrousconnectivetissue
Alotofcloselypackedcollagenousfibres
Foundintendons(muscleboneconnection)andligaments(bonebone
connection/joints)
Cartilage
Strongandflexible
Supporttonose,earsandcoversboneendsatjoints
Cartilagediscsbetweenvertebraeabsorbpressure
Bone
Cellsembeddedincollagenmatrix,hardenedbycalcium
Harderthancartilage,protectsorgans,supportsbody






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 BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Bloodcells
Producedinbonemarrow(endsoflongbones)
Regulating,transportingandprotectivefunctions
Adiposetissue
Tightlypackedcells,storingfat
Foundinskindermisandaroundmajororgans
Energyreserve,insulationandprotection
Eachcellhasanoildroplet,energyusedup,thedropletshrinks

Tissuesworktogethertoperformaspecificfunction.Thesearecalledorgans.Examplesarelungs,heart,
kidneys,brainetc.Example:Theskin:

Consistsofvarioustissuesjoinedtogether
2mainlayers,theepidermisandthedermis
Epidermisismadeofepithelialtissue,whichconstantlydivides
Dermisismadeofconnective,nerve,epithelialandmuscletissue
Bloodissuppliedthroughbloodcapillarynetwork
Nerveendingsarescatteredthroughouttheskin,transmitimpulsestonervoussystem
Epithelialcellsproducehairfollicles,sweatglandsandoilglands

Plants
Twomaintypesoftissueinplants:

Meristematictissue
o Consistsofsmallcellswiththinwalls,largenuclei,densecytoplasmandnovacuoles
o Young,activelydividingcells,undifferentiated,locatedatroottipsandshootbuds
Permanenttissue
o Differentiated/partlydifferentiatedmaturetissues
o Threeetypesofpermanenttissue:
Epidermaltissue
Outermostlayer,coveringstems,leavesandrootsofyoungplants
Flat,withlargevacuoles
Wallsthatareexposedtoaircoveredwithwaxywaterproofcuticle
Cuticlereduceswaterloss,mechanicalinjuryandinfection
Rootcellshaveroothairstoincreasewaterabsorption
Guardcells,containingchloroplasts,openandclosestomata



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 BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Groundtissue
Consistsofparenchyma,collenchymaandsclerenchymatissue
Formthebulkofaplant
o Parenchyma
Leastspecializedcells
Thinprimarywalls,largevacuoles
Storesugarandstarch
Turgid,givessupportandshapetoherbaceousplants
o Collenchyma
Unevencellwalls
Supportsherbaceousplants,youngstemsandpetioles(leaf
branches)
o Sclerenchyma
UniformcellwallswithThickeningLignin,maybedead
Support+mechanicalstrengthtomatureplaces
Vasculartissue
Continuousthroughouttheplant
Consistsof:
o Xylem
Consistsofxylemvesselsjoinedendtoendfromroottoleaf
Nocytoplasm,easywater,mineraltransport
CellwallswithThickeningLigninforsupportnstrength
o Phloem
Sievetubesendtoend,formingtubelikestructures
Transportsorganiccompounds(carbohydrates,aminoacids)

Organsinplantsareleaf,stem,rootandflower.Systemsarerootandshootsystems.

Rootsystemallplantroots.Shootsystemstem,leaf,bud,flowerandfruit.Stem,branchforsupport
system.Leafforphotosynthesis.Flowersforpollination.

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 BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Internalenvironmentconsistsofbloodplasma,interstitialfluidandlymph.
Interstitialfluidfillsspacesbetweencellsandbathesthecells.Itexchangessubstanceswiththeblood
plasmaandthelymph.
Physicalfactorsandchemicalfactorsofinternalenvironmentmustbemaintained.
Physicalfactorsincludetemperature,bloodpressureandosmoticpressure.
ChemicalfactorsincludepH,saltandsugarcontent.
Homeostasisismaintenanceofconstantinternalenvironmentforoptimalcellperformance.Any
changeintheinternalenvironmentwillcausehomeostasistokickinandworktocancelthechange.
Thisisgovernedbythenegativefeedbackmechanism.
Bodytemp.isregulatedbyintegumentarysystem(skin+glands),nervous,circulatory,muscularand
endocrinesystem.Skinreceptorsdetectrisesinbodytemp,nervecellstransmittheinfotothe
hypothalamus,thebrainstempcontrol.Itactivatesbloodvesselsdilationtoallowmorebloodflowto
skinforheatlossandsweatglandstoproducesweattoincreaseheatloss.
Oxygenandcarbondioxidelevelsareregulatedbytherespiratory,circulatoryandnervoussystem.
Circulatorysystemtransportsoxygentocellsandcarbondioxidetolungs.Levelchangesaredetected
bynervoussystemlikeanincreaseinCO2anddecreaseinoxygen.Heartbeatandbreathingincreaseto
getnormaloxygenandCO2levels.
Bloodglucoselevelisregulatedbyendocrine,circulatoryanddigestivesystem.Pancreassecretes
insulintochangeglucosetoglycogenwhenlevelsarehighandglucagontochangeglycogentoglucose
whenlevelsarelow.
Bloodosmoticpressureisregulatedbynervous,endocrine,excretoryandcirculatorysystems.
Chemicalcontentsareregulatedbyexcretory,circulatory,nervousandendocrinesystems.Ureais
transportedtothekidneysbybloodstreamtobeexcreted.
pHisregulatedbyrespiratory,circulatoryandexcretorysystemsbycontrollingH+(hydrogenion),OH
(hydroxylion)andHCO3(hydrogencarbonateion)levelsinbloodplasmaandinterstitialfluid.
-Biology chapter 2 end-

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