Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Week02 - Bracketing Methods PDF
Week02 - Bracketing Methods PDF
WEEK 2
Roots of Equations: Bracketing method
Graphical method
Bisection method
False Position method
2
LESSON OUTCOMES
1
9/14/2012
Roots of Equation
Root of equation is obtained at value of x when the f(x)=0
Before digital computers, root of algebraic and transcendental
equations could be found by
direct method that can be solved analytically, but not easy for complex
function
plot function and determine where it crosses the x axis, but it lacks of
precision
Why?
b b 2 4ac
ax 2 bx c 0 x
2a
But
ax 5 bx 4 cx 3 dx 2 ex f 0 x ?
sin x x 0 x ?
4
Roots of Equations
Graphical Methods
This is a simple method to get an estimate of the root of the
equation f(x) =0.
2
9/14/2012
Example
Use the graphical approach to determine the drag coefficient c needed
for a parachutist of mass m = 68.1kg to have a velocity of 40m/s after free
falling for time t=10s. Note: acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2.
Solution
From equation that derived Inserting all the known
from Newtons second law parameters:
for the parachutists velocity:
667.38
f (c ) (1 e 0.146843c ) 40
c
f(x) f(x)
*
* * *
x x
Xl Xu Xl Xu
a. f(xl) and f(xu) have the same sign, no c. f(xl) and f(xu) have the same sign, no
roots or even number of roots in interval roots or even number of roots in interval
f(x)
f(x)
Xu
* Xl
*
x
x
* Xl
*
Xu
b. Function has different signs at the end d. Function has different signs at the end
points, there will be an odd number of points, there will be an odd number of
roots in the interval roots in the interval
3
9/14/2012
Bisection Method
From the graphical method, we found that when a function f(x) is continuous
and real in the interval from xl to xu , and f(xl) and f(xu) have opposite signs,
f(xl) f(xu) < 0
then there is at least one real root between xl and xu.
10
If f(xl) f(xr) <0 the root lies in the lower subinterval, then
set xr as xu, and repeat to find new xr
If f(xl) f(xr) >0 the root lies in the upper subinterval, then
set xr as xl, and repeat to find new xr
Example
Use the bisection method to determine the drag coefficient c needed for a
parachutist of mass m = 68.1kg to have a velocity of 40m/s after free falling
for time t=10s. Note: acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. Given s=0.5%
and true value = 14.7802.
667.38
f (c ) (1 e 0.146843c ) 40
c
Solution
Guess two values of the unknown that give values for f(c) with different signs.
From previous example, f(c) changes sign between 12 and 16. Therefore,
set xl = 12 and xu = 16.
12
4
9/14/2012
13
14
Exercise
Find the root of the 3rd-order polynomial using bisection
f ( x) x3 x 2 10 x 8 0
in the interval [3.75,5]. The tolerance s is 0.5%.
15
5
9/14/2012
16
f ( xu )( xl xu )
xr xu
f ( xl ) f ( xu )
6
9/14/2012
Example
Use the false position method with guess of xl = 12 and xu = 16 to determine
the drag coefficient c needed for a parachutist of mass m = 68.1kg to have a
velocity of 40m/s after free falling for time t=10s. Note: acceleration due to
gravity is 9.8 m/s2. Given s=0.5% and true value = 14.7802.
667.38
f (c ) (1 e 0.146843c ) 40
c
First iteration
xl 12 f ( xl ) 6.0669
xu 16 f ( xu ) 2.2688
2.2688(12 16)
x r 16 14.9113
6.0669 ( 2.2688)
19
Second iteration
xl 12 f ( xl ) 6.0669
0.2543(12 14.9113)
x r 14.9113 14.7942
6.0669 ( 0.2543)
14.7942 14.9113
a 100% 0.79%
14.7942
20
Third iteration
xl 12 f ( xl ) 6.0669
0.0273(12 14.7942)
x r 14.7942 14.7817
6.0669 ( 0.0273)
14.7817 14.7942
a 100% 0.0846%
14.7817
21
7
9/14/2012
Exercise
Find the root of the 3rd-order polynomial using FP
f ( x) x3 x 2 10 x 8 0
in the interval [3.75,5]. The tolerance s is 0.5%.
22
Lets try
Use both the bisection and false-position method to find the
root of
f ( x) x 4 2 0
23
Exercise
(5.4) Determine the roots of f(x) = -12 21x +18x2 2.75x3
with
a) Bisection
b) False position
Using initial guess of xl = -1 and xu = 0 and stopping criterion
of 1%.
24