Fire escape

To support the means of escape design, it will be necessary to divide the

building into a number of fire evacuation zones,
separated from each other by fire rated walls along lines dividing the main
functions of the building.
This approach enables an area at risk to be evacuated upon activation of the
fire warning system, while adjacent spaces remain occupied.
This is particularly beneficial for auditorium spaces, where evacuation for a
remote fire incident may not be required.
sustainability

Operational carbon neutrality

Self-sufficiency in Water Use: Develop conservation and recycling techniques
which treat water as a precious resource, effectively discriminate between grey
water and black water, Combine water-saving technology with education for
building occupants.
Use of Sustainable Materials
Ability to Cope with Future Climate Change
Make a Positive Contribution to the Community and Built Environment
Sustainability in Operation

Some key issues to consider in the design of the building will include the use of:
High levels of thermal insulation
Materials which provide thermal storage
Materials with low embodied energy
Natural ventilation
Renewable energy sources
Low-energy lighting
Control systems which reduce energy use
Good orientation and avoidance of solar
gain
Avoidance of unnecessary space and
equipment.

1 Front of house
Their design needs to:
attract people in and encourage them to find out more;
promote additional income generation;
provide space for additional activities such as conferencing, exhibitions, education
and community events.

Public areas
Arrival and drop-off
External display
Entrance doors and draught lobby
Foyers and open-plan circulation paths and stairs
Reception and information counter
Box office and ticket collection
 Kiosk sales confectionery and programmes
Show merchandising
Cloakroom
Toilets
Bars
Catering and food service
Hospitality suites (conference breakout spaces)
Education suite
Informal performance areas
Exhibition area.

Support areas
Duty managers office and security office
FOH equipment store
First aid room
Attendants changing rooms and briefing office
Telephone, internet and mail bookings office
Box office managers and cash offices
Merchandising, programme, ice cream and
confectionery stores
Local and central bar stores, chilled cellar, spirits
and empties stores
Kitchens, cold and dry stores
Local and central cleaners stores
Refuse store, compacting and recycling space.

Accessibility
Level approach negating the need for separate entrances or complicated ramps
and handrails
Wide automatic doors avoiding queues or obstructions physical and
psychological
Clear points of entry and unintimidating views of the activities within.

Legibility and ease of circulation

The circulation needs to be simply laid out, creating a point of arrival where all the
facilities are set:
Ticket office
Cloakroom
Sales points (confectionery and programmes)
Stairs and lifts
Toilets
Bars, cafs, restaurants and shops
Entrances into the auditorium
and clearly identifying the auditorium as the eventual destination The facilities
need to be designed and sited to avoid creating bottlenecks or generating long
queues or cross routes which could impede easy circulation.

Loose fit
A distinction needs to be made between foyers that are essentially auditorium-
related and usually
contain the theatre bars and areas for those attending a performance and
concourses found in larger
developments with free access to the general public, encouraging cultural tourism
and having education facilities, cafs, restaurants, shops, public toilets and other
arts facilities opening from them.
2 The journey through front of house
The theatrical experience commences upon arrival at the theatre. Routes
from car parks and pedestrian walkways to the main entrance need to create
the sense of arrival while taking account of safety and security requirements.
Theatres in busy streets can cause overcrowding on pavements and danger
with passing traffic. This needs to be avoided by providing forecourts or
entrance foyers that allow audiences to enter quickly into the building.
After a show the reverse happens, with exits discharging a large number of
people rapidly onto the street.
A clear sign displaying the name of the theatre helps patrons locate the building from
a distance or a side street. For theatres with long runs it may be the name of the
show that is significant.

Building exterior
The style, quality and dominance of show signs is the province of the
theatre owners, producers and their advertising agents. This can take many
forms but should be considered at the briefing and design stage as a large
number of poster panels, external banners and flags, etc. can detract from
the appearance of the building.
Alternatively, a large LED (light-emitting diode) screen, linked to the box
office media display, is a highly effective and flexible method.

During the interval, bars, toilet facilities and a change of space are the basic
needs of an audience before they return to their seats for the second or even
third act.
If a range of different types of area can be provided a place to stand to look
around, a quiet intimate corner to sit and chat, or an open space to drink with
a party of friends so much the better.
At the end of the evening some of the audience may want to stay and talk to friends
and perhaps again use the bars and toilet facilities before collecting their coats, etc.
and heading home.

3 foyer design and layout

Consideration needs to be given to the movement of people around the foyers:
Drawing visitors into the building avoiding logjams in the entrance lobby
Avoiding paths crossing
Queues obstructing circulation routes
Adequate space on landings and in front of lifts and counters
Ensuring passage widths and stair widths are sufficient.

Regardless of the format of the auditorium, foyer space should aim to be

distributed to match the population in the various sections of the auditorium
and to consolidate the audience in physically and visually connected spaces,
maintaining a bond among members of the audience.
 Also depending on the proposed business model for the theatre thought
needs to be given to the inclusion and location of:
Studio space
Meeting rooms
Reception rooms
Public bars
Caf
Restaurant.
These spaces need to look open and available when in use but not detract
from the visitors theatre experience when they are closed.
Secondary spending is an important part of a venues income. Sales points
need to be provided for:
Bar sales and catering
Programmes, ice creams and confectionery
Show merchandising i.e. branded T-shirts, masks, CDs and play texts, etc.

Environmental design
The foyer is a transition zone between the street and the events on stage.
It should provide an environmental gradient between the outside noise and
bustle and the controlled environment within the auditorium.
While daylight is desirable, foyers should avoid stark contrasts of light (such
as direct sunlight or glare) and excessive differences in temperature with the
auditorium.

4 Facilities within the foyer

Reception and information point:
Box office:
The box office is normally located in the entrance foyer and may be
open at times when the rest of the theatre is closed.
It is useful for the entrance foyer to be configured to prevent access to
the remainder of the theatre at such times.
Box offices vary from small enclosed kiosks separated from the
customer by glass security screens, to open-plan counters.
it is best for the box office counter not to have glass separating the
customer from the cashier as glass restricts sound and information
exchange.
Eye-level contact with the customer is preferable for staff. Customers
who are purchasing tickets also like to see where they are to sit;
therefore, seating plans need to be displayed or computer screens
used that can be turned to face the customer.
A separate box office counter may be available for advance booking with
customers choosing to book in person for future performances.
Displays around the box office may include poster panels and leaflet racks.
Video screens/TV monitors are becoming a popular and more flexible method
for promoting forthcoming events.
Despite mobile phones a public telephone should be available.
A wall-mounted, fixed IP address screen allows customers to browse future
events from the venues own website
 Box office managers and cash office, telephone, internet and mail bookings
office:
These support spaces are best located behind the box office. The office needs to
accommodate the mail and telephone sales team, the managers office, a safe (for cash
from ticket sales), box office server, ticket stock and post room. As cash handling is carried
out in this area, consideration needs to be given to the security of doors, windows and alarm
systems.

Cloakrooms: 0.1m2 per coat for storage. 25% of the audience

Kiosk and confectionery store: Usually located in the entrance foyer it needs
a very prominent position but without causing queues where they might
obstruct. The display system needs to be flexible and adaptable, able to stock
and display a variety of merchandise.
Programme sales points: Programmes and brochures are an integral part of
front of house revenue streams; the selling of them needs to be from a
location that is highly visible, does not block circulation and is conveniently
close to the central distribution point.
Show merchandising: Facilities should include:
Display space that does not inhibit wayfinding, circulation or escape routes.
Each sales point will need electricity supplies for lighting and data-cabling
for tills and credit card authorisations.
Storage will be required (unless the franchisee brings in merchandise on
each occasion) and displays will be set up prior to each show.

5. Bar and catering

The detail design of the bar front counter and back bar and local storage will vary or
need to be adaptable to work with the type of venue and genre regularly staged.
Opera and ballet audiences will provide higher sales of wines and spirits while
comedy gigs or rock concerts will have higher beer sales; childrens shows will sell
mostly soft drinks; while matinees will see more tea and coffee sales.
Thought needs to be given to:
The ergonomics of the staff task in reaching and walking within the bar area.
The correct counter height is important for those working behind the bar and for
wheelchair users. If lowered sections are incorporated, these should not be
relegated to one end where they risk being ignored by staff or used to serve just
coffee or to clear dirty glasses.
Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS) systems are popular with customers and
increasingly theatres are taking credit cards for bar sales.

Location
Long straight bars with multiple cash tills produce quicker service while
segmented bars with specific serving positions encourage the customers to
queue in front of each section.
Bars in the foyer should be located away from walls adjoining the auditorium,
as should their associated pot-cleaning machines, dishwashers, compressors
and fridges. If space planning results in these adjacencies, additional
independent walls need to be provided and all noisy and vibrating equipment
efficiently isolated from the auditorium structure.
To reduce delays, audiences are frequently encouraged to pre-order their
interval drinks. This requires shelving where drinks can be laid out away from
 the bar and out of busy circulation paths. Drinks shelves need to be
sufficiently long to allow drinks to be found and removed for consumption in
comfort.
The bars should be divided into 1.5m1.8m modules to suit a typical servery
workstation; this is predicated by the width of equipment, i.e. bottle fridges, a
range of spirits, soft drink dispensers, beer pumps, clean glasses and a till.
Each workstation, with one well-trained and experienced member of staff, is
able to serve drinks to an audience of 100 people during a normal interval.
Each bar should have a local bar store for spare stock, a white wine fridge, possibly a
coffee maker, and a wash-hand basin. Central storage, easily accessible from all
parts of front of house, will be needed for:
Secure wine and spirit store
Chilled cellar, where beer and soft drinks are stored
Empties/recycling store.

Informal performance
Informal performances either during the day and before or after the show will
enliven the foyers. They need:
A focal point at which to perform
A raised platform for suitable sightlines
Space for spectators to assemble or sit around
Possibly acoustic treatment to surrounding surfaces
Infrastructure for temporary sound and lighting rigs
Adjacent storage (say for a piano).

Sponsors lounges, hospitality rooms and

conference breakout space
The majority of events may only be entertaining 5-10 guests at a time
or there could be two or three groups on the same evening.
On other occasions, say a first night or a last night, larger parties may be held with
50 or more guests. Again flexibility is essential, for example, one large space that can
be divided into two or three smaller rooms.
Sponsors and hospitality areas will need:
Ready access to kitchens or a food preparation space
A suitable clearing area for dirty plates and glasses
Lounge furniture
Separate bar facilities
Easy access from the front of house
Accessibility even when the auditorium is not open to the public
Quick direct access to the house keep seats for VIP visits.

Exhibition space
The foyers may also provide a gallery for a more
cultural programme; such as displaying paintings,
photographs, sculpture or work for sale by local
craftspeople. They will need additional requirements:

An integrated hanging and display system should be considered in the overall design
 Suitable lighting and environmental conditions
Additional security measures
Location that enables fit-ups and dismantling not to interfere with other activities
High-level and floor-level power supplies, even water and drainage
IT and data outlets, a lot of modern exhibitions use projectors, film and video, digital
art, etc.

Routes and signage

Entrance doors and lobbies
Each entrance has to be controlled by a member of staff to check tickets so it is good
practice to avoid unnecessary doorways
Doors should be wide enough for people to get into the auditorium without queuing
but manageable for checking tickets, with space nearby for selling programmes
Doors should be wide enough for people to get into the auditorium without queuing
but manageable for checking tickets,
Between the foyer and the auditorium there need to be lobbies. These lobbies are
required to provide fire separation, reduce sound transference and avoid light spill
into the auditorium. They need to be planned so that one set of doors closes before
the next set opens.To aid circulation, doors should be on hold-open devices (as
permitted by the licensing authority) and swing inwards for entry and outwards when
leaving. Double swing doors will need careful specification to meet fire and acoustic
requirements.
Latecomers
If the theatre holds a tight policy on the admission of latecomers to the auditorium,
thought should be given to accommodating them with either a box at the rear of the
auditorium, accessible without interrupting others enjoyment of the performance, or
good audio and visual relay to a position in the foyer.
If late entry is permitted, then latecomers video monitors should be located near
their entrance doors for quick entry at the appropriate point in the performance. At
other times the same monitors can be used for promotional and advertising
purposes. Viewing ports may also be necessary in the auditorium doors to enable
attendants to usher latecomers quickly to their seats
at a suitable moment in the performance.

Escape routes
The practical way of achieving this is to position escape routes from the lobbies
between the foyer and the auditorium.
On the upper floors, within fire protected zones, refuges safe spaces for people in
wheelchairs awaiting rescue will be required with one refuge space for each
wheelchair position in the adjoining part of the auditorium.

Way finding and signage

Auditorium (if not obvious or where there

is more than one auditorium)
Seating level (e.g. stalls, circle or gallery)
Door or aisle (e.g. auditorium left or right)
Seating row
Seat number.

Lifts
Lift and escalator installations need to run
as silently as possible, isolated from the
auditorium structure.
Have floor numbers in Braille and/or in
raised numerals.
Lift cars need to be large enough for
wheelchairs to turn around.
Have talking level indicators which should
be coordinated with the nomenclature used
for parts of the auditorium.
Lift cars should have easy-to-maintain walls
and floors.
Lift cars should be provided with hooks and
protective wall coverings.

Toilets
Counters that can be kept clean and dry.
Materials that enable floors, wall and tiled
services to be easy to clean.
Ample ventilation to avoid odours.
Easy-to-maintain lights, hand-dryers and
other electrical fittings.
Cubical doors that swing open and do not
appear to be locked when unoccupied.
Cubicles that are sufficiently wide to
accommodate sanitary dispensers.
Easy-to-maintain taps and waste systems
with flushing systems.
Well-positioned mirrors, complementary
lighting and dry handbag shelves.
At least one full-length mirror.
Movement-sensitive taps.
Basins with wastes and overflows that
cannot be maliciously blocked.
Easy-to-see and use towel dispensers and
waste bins.
Choice of paper towels and hand-dryers.
(Hand-dryers create less rubbish but are
noisy and cause queues.)
Toilet paper holders that contain a spare roll
and cannot be tampered with.
Local storage for toilet paper, soap and
towels.
Avoid views of urinals from adjacent areas.

Toilets should be located away from walls adjoining

the auditorium or special measures taken to ensure that
cisterns and hand-dryers do not cause intrusive noise.

Toilets for disabled

accessible toilets should:
Be close to where the wheelchair users are
seated and in sufficient number.
Have a travel distance not exceeding 40m.
Be unisex cubicles enabling carers to assist
if necessary.
Where more than one disabled persons
lavatory is provided, offer a left or right or
centrally positioned WC pan.
And also wider cubicles with outwardopening
doors and grab rails should be
provided in all male and female toilets to
aid the less ambulant

supporting areas
Duty managers and security office
It usually has to accommodate two or three staff
and a multitude of activities, including pre-performance briefings and the
cashing-up of programme, ice cream and other sales money, requiring a safe
that is separate from the one used for box-office takings.
the start of a performance and this is often accompanied by foyer
announcements from the duty manager or from the stage manager. Dimming
the foyer lights provides a visual signal to deaf people.
If the plan is to have a security presence on-site then a control room or CCTV
space may be needed

First aid room

A first aid room should be provided in larger venues, with a bed, a supplies cupboard
and a screened space to store a wheelchair and stretcher/carrying chair. A
washbasin, with drinking water, will be required and ideally an en-suite WC.
Staff briefing and changing areas

FOH equipments store

Door locks, once removed from emergency

exits, available for easy inspection
Key safe
Radio recharge point
Infrared headsets (usually dispensed from
the cloakroom)
Tables and chairs not in use
Sponsors materials
Conference print
Meeting equipment including flipchart or
electronic equivalent, projectors, screens
and audio equipment
VIP equipment; visitors book, umbrellas,
red carpet
Photocopier for rotas, etc.
Cash bags for programme sellers
Programme boxes for current show

Housekeeping and cleaners store

vacuum cleaners, mops, buckets, brushes, dustpans, back-pack vacuums, buffing
machines and items restricted by the control of substances hazardous to health
The cleaners room should:
 Contain a sink or bucket sink, where buckets of water will be used during cleaning,
and space for the storage of cleaning appliances and materials.
Be ventilated to allow for drying of equipment.

Auditorium design