-

: :
. IV2

, 2017.

:
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
2.1
2.2 R/W
2.3 MIG
2.4 Thin film heads
2.5 Magnetoresistive
2.6 Giant MR
2.7 Tunnel MagnetoResistive Read Sensor (TMR)
3.
3.1
3.2 MFM
3.3 RLL
3.4 ESDI
3.5 ATA/IDE
3.6
3.7 S.M.A.R.T.
3.8
3.9 SCSI
3.10 RAID
3.11 SATA
4. -
4.1 Te HDD
4.2 Bit pattern
4.3 HAMR
5.
6.
6.1 HDD
 6.2 timeline HDD
6.3
7.

1 .
1.1 .
,
, , .
, ,
,
.

1725. ,
(Basile Bouchon) . ,
,
,
, .
,
,
( 1.1).
23. , 1884.
, (Herman Hollerith),
Tabulating Machine Company
Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation,
IBM, .
187,325 82,55 mm
80 , 12 ( 1.2 1.3).
, , .
, ,
.

. ,
. ,

. ,

( ),
, .
,
.
,
, .
,
( 600 15000 RPM-rotations per minute,
, ) ( ) ( 1.4).
 , ,
, , -
.
,

.

1.1- 1.4 IBM 650

1.2 80- EBCDIC 1964. 1.3

1.2
, ,
, .
,
,
.
,

. 1980,
,
,
. 30
, ,
 .
,
, . ,
,
,
, , mainframe .
,
IBM- 305 RAMAC , RAMAC Random Access
Method of Accounting and Control, ,
( 1.8). RAMAC 305 IBM Model 350
( 1.9). IBM Model 350 je IBM-,
(Reynold Johnson),
, . IBM
Model 350 50
, .
R/W ,
, .
, 1956. ,
( ).
( 5 ),
( ),

.
HDD .
IBM 1301 Disk storage unit 1961. ,
,
. IBM 1316 ,
. 1973. IBM,
,
IBM 3340 Winchester,
,
(
).
,
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
,
20 ,
, 4
(1=1000G=1000000) . ,
, ( )
, ,
.
,
.
 1.8
- IBM 305 RAMAC 1.9
-
IBM Model 350

1.10
-
HDD

1.11- Winchester 885

1.3
, , ,
,
.
,
.
( 1.7 1.8) : ,
, , ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
, ,
.
( HDA, Hard Disk Assembly)
, ,
.
,
. ,
( 3000 15000 RPM,
), ,
.
access arm, ,
, , , .
,
, .
,
,
. , ,
, read/write
,
, 7 m. ,
R/W landing ,
. ,
R/W
, . ,
HDD ,
.
,
, ,
,
. :
- / HDD ( MB, GB, TB);
- HDD( RPM- rotations per minute);
- ( s,ms);
- ;
- ( cm inch );
- ;
 - ;
- ( , ,
, ,...)
- , , .

, , ,
, 50 .
,
,
, .
, R/W
, ,
, .
,
, .

1.5

36 GB, 10,000 RPM,
IBM SCSIHDD

1.6 Hitachi GST, 2TB

 1.
7 HDD

1.
8- HDD
 2 .
2.1
1900. ,
(Valdemar Poulsen)

.
,
, .

.
, .

nonvolatile ,
, .

- ,
. ,
.
10nm
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
. ,
, .
,
( 2.1), 2005.
( 2.2), .
(III)-,
. ,

, . ,
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
, , (
 )
( 2.3).
etal in gap (MIG) Thin film .
, ,
Magnetoresistance (MR) Giant Magnetoresistance
.
.

2.1
-

2.2-

2.3-
2.2 R/W
R/W .

U, ( 2.4).
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
. , ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
. ,
50 .

C 2.4- R/W Seagate ST-251

2.4 MIG

Metal-in-gap ( ) MIG .
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
MIG 50 100 , 1979.
, Thin film .

2.3 Thin film heads

Thin film (TF) , Thin film inductive (TFI) ,
MIG ( 2.5).
. TF

.
, 1979. ,
.
- , .
,
. TF

.
100 1000 .
, , TF
. , ,
Magnetoresistive (, ),
MR , , .
 2.5- hinfilm

2.4 Magnetoresistive AMR

, Magnetoresistive
R/W .
, ,
.
,
, Anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR)
. AMR
. ,

, .
,
( 2.6).
AMR ,
read . AMR
,
, AMR
. AMR
, ,
.
,
.
AMR MR ,
. thin film .
,
.
 . ,
,
, .
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, , .
AMR 1991. , IBM-,
. AMR
1GB,
.
, AMR

. AMR 1GB
30GB. , AMR ,
, GMR .

2.6- AMR

2.5 GMR

Giant Magnetoresistive ( ) GMR

( 2.7) MR ,
. GMR
,
,
, , (Peter Grnberg)
 (Albert Fert), .
,
,
.
,
.
GMR ,
IBM-a ,
. GMR

, thin film thin film R/W .
1997. IBM GMR
,
, ,
.
GMR
: ( 2.7 2.8)
- , e
, ;
- (
) ,
;
- , ,
;
- , (
)
.
,
. ,
(
),
.
.
( ),
,
.
, .
GMR , MR ,
. MR
2% ,
GMR 5% 8%.
,
, ,
. , GMR
,
,
, .
, GMR ,
,
,
 .

2.7- 4
GMR

2.
8-
GMR
2.7 Tunnel MagnetoResistive Read Sensor (TMR)

Tunnel MagnetoResistive Read Sensor (TMR), TMR

2005. (Seagate),
400 GB. TMR ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
, .
2006. , ,
2011. , TMR .

3 .
3.1
,
,
. , ,

, .
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
, .
.
,
, , ,
, .
,
, , , , , , ,
.
,
, , , . ,
,
, ,
mainframe , .
HDD , ,
.
3.2 MFM
MFM (Modified Frequency modulation)
PC .
MFM MFM ,
. Modified Frequency modulation
,
.
, , MFM
17 (),
,
.
MFM .
Seagate ( ) , ,
.

. S506/412,
S506 ( 5 Mb) S412 ( 10 Mb).
140 Mb, 5Mbit/s
(625 B/s). MFM Seagate- S225
20 Mb, RLL .
.

3.3 RLL
RLL(Run length limited) , MFM
. RLL
R/W
, .
RLL , 27 ().
.
, RLL ,
MFM,
.
, . MFM.
MFM. ,
,
. , , .
, RLL 2.7 50% ,
. 3.9, ARLL,
MFM.
RLL
MFM , 2/3
, .
, . MFM RLL
MFM ,
. , 50%,
, MFM

, 26 .
RLL
MFM ()
R/W .

3.4 ESDI
ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface)
, MAXTOR, ,
MFM RLL .
ESDI IBM PC.
, .
ESDI
, CD- .

, .
24 Mbit/s, 10Mbit/s.
1983.,
1985. . ISO10222:198H.
ESDI MFM RLL,
. ESDI . BIOS
, ,
MFM RLL. ESDI S506/412,
.

3.5 . ATA/IDE
,
PC-.
-
.
-
ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) .

. .
(MFM, RLL, ESDI, SCSI),
, .
RLL IBM- PC- ,
, .

:
- (3 inch 5 inch)
-
- ASIC
 ,
.
, , , ,
.

.
, .
, ,
.
(Low Level Format),
, .

. , ,
, .
- , .
, ,
( Attachment - ).

(), IDE- Integrated Drive Electronic (
). , ,
, IDE .
, IDE
( IDE ). , IDE
( , ).
/IDE , :
.
, .
,
.
-1, -2 -3 ,
. , , IDE,
Fast, Ultra
.

:
-
-
-
-
-
- -

:
-
-
- /W
- read/write
- /
 S.M.A.R.T. (Self Monitoring, Analysis
and Report Technology).
backup (
,
) .
,
. ,
. S.M.A.R.T. 3
.
: .
, , ,
, . ,
, . (
), ( )
( ).
.

3.6

, PIO DMA.
PIO (Programmed Input/Output)
. 16-
, . .
IN OUT,
. PIO
, , ,
. , .
PIO , 0 4.

:

PIO mod min [ns] Vmax [106B/s] Vmax [MB/s]

1 600 3,33 3 , 17
2 383 5,22 4 , 98
3 240 8,33 7 , 95
4 180 11,11 10 , 60
5 120 16,67 15 , 89
Tmin - Vmax -

( ), ,
. , ,

, .
DMA (Direct Memory Access).
DMA
, . ,
. DMA , ,
. DMA
PIO , .
, , .
ANSI DMA ,
:

DMA [] x [106 B/s] x

[MB/s]
0 480 4,17 3 , 97
1 150 13,33 12 , 72
2 120 16,67 15 , 89
-DMA 120 33,33 31 , 79
-DMA 6690 66,67 64 , 20
-DMA100 80 100,00 98 , 97
- x -

3.7 S.M.A.R.T.
-3
. S.M.A.R.T.
(Self Monitoring Analysis and Report Technology) ,
.

. ,
. 1
253, 64.
(
), .
, ,
.

:
- backup
-

,
.

3.8.

.
, ,
.
,
, .
,
.
SCSI-.
SCSI, SCSI , , .
, .
,
.

3.9. SCSI
Shugart Associates 1979.
IPI (Intelligent Peripheral Interface). SASI (Shugart Associates System Interface)
,
. 1980. Shugart
SASI X39 ,
.
NCR 1982. SASI- X39
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) SASI. SCSI-
SASI , .
1984. NCR NCR5380, SCSI
, SCSI
. Apple Macintosh ,
je . , ANSI SCSI ANSI
X3.131-1986 , SCSI-2 .
SCSI , 21.
.
,
( , , , ,
, WORM-, , CD-ROM-, DVD-,
, ) SCSI
, .
SCSI , ,
. SCSI
. ,
. ,
, .
SCSI SCSI ID
. 0 7 (
ID- 15), . SCSI ID-
, LUN (Logical Unit Number)
0 7. ,
SCSI () SCSI ID.
SCSI (8-bit), ,
. SCSI- 4,77 MB/s,
5.000.000 B/s. , . ,
, SCSI
 . SCSI ,
.
SCSI . ,
8- (narrow) (wide)
16 32- . WIDE B
. .
5 MHz (SCSI),
10 MHz (Fast SCSI), 20 MHz (Ultra SCSI) 40MHz (Ultra2 SCSI/LVD-Low voltage
differential).

, , ( ),
.
,
, 5%. Differential SCSI
, , .

p SCSI [MB/s]

5 MHz(SCSI) 10 MHZ(FastSCSI
) 20 MHz( Ul traSCSI) 40 MHz(Ultra2/LVD
)
Narrow 4,77 9,54 19,07 38,15
8-bit
WIDE 9,54 19,07 38,15 76,29
16-bit
WIDE 19,07 38,15 76,29 152,59
32-bit
je Ultra2 32-bit
, 152,59 MB/s.
SCSI
.
.
. ,
. SCSI ,
. SCSI
SATA SATA2 .

3.10. RAID
RAID - Redundant Array of Independent/Inexpensive Disks (
/ ) ,
. RAID SCSI (
), IDE.
.
, .
RAID ,
. SCSI
. RAID : RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 4, RAID 5.
RAID ( 10),
. RAID
.
IDE .
RAID ,
.
RAID 0 spanning-
.
.

. ,
-
, ,
, .
, RAID
.
RAID 1 mirroring- .
,
, .
IDE , RAID 1
, , ,
. , RAID
. Hot Swap

, . RAID 1
,
.
RAID 4 RAID 1. ,
,
/ . () ,
,
(-1)/ , - . RAID 4
.
( ),
.
,
RAID 1 . ,
, ,
.
RAID 5 RAID 4 . ,
.
3.11 SATA

SATA , SATA Serial ATA ( ),

Intel Developer , 2000. ,
1.0 .
SATA 2001.,
2002. 2003. ,
.
,
.
SATA
master slave,
, 7 (3 ,
4 , ,
). ,
, :
.
, ATA ,
5 ,
5 .
, 0.4 ,
. ,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
. SATA
1500 bit/s.
2 ,
,
2 ,
. SATA2
300/ , -,

60% SATA ( solid state drives
,
,
)
3 27. 2009.
600/,
. , 3

, ,
.
 4. - 4.1
HDD

,
, ,
.
, : ,
. ,
,
, .
,
,
. ,
(TOSHIBA) bit pattern , (Seagate) HAMR .
, ,
,
.

4.2 Bit pattern

21.
, , solid
state , ,
. HDD
2005.,
,
. , ,
---,
.
,

, . ,
, read write ,
. , bit pattern
,
, .
,
, .
TOSHIBA Directed self-assembly (DSA) ( ),
,
2nm 5nm , .
 .
,

,
4.1.

4.1- bit pattern

4.3 HAMR

, Seagate, HAMR
, Heat-assisted magnetic recording (
). , ,
, 2015.
,
,
, .
. , write
, . HAMR
, ,
. ,
,
.
Seagate-research-a ,
, 100 nm ,
. , Seagate-
, 50 nm ,
, ,
 . ,
, ,
.

4.2-

4.2- write HAMR

 5.
,
,
,
.
100Gbit/inch ,
, 300 ,
50 .
, , .
, HDD ,
, .

, , , ,
, . ,
, ,
, 2003. ,
.
, ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, !

6 .
6.1. HDD
, 4 : Seagate,
Western Digital, Samsung Toshiba.
,
.
-Apple, Inc. Lisa 20MB Widget drive 1984. ,

-Atasi Corporation

-Areal Technology Tomen

-Cogito Systems

-Computer Memories Incorporated (CMI) 1986.

-Conner Peripherals Seagate 1996.

-Conner Technologies ExcelStor 2001.

-Control Data Corporation / Imprimis Seagate- 1989.

-Cornice LLC 2007.

-Data General

-Data Storage International

-Digital Equipment Corporation Quantum- 1994.

-Epson

-Evotek

-ExcelStor Technology

-Fujitsu HDD Toshiba 2009.

-Hewlett-Packard

-IBM Hitachi 2002.

-Integral Peripherals 1.8" ; 1998.

-International Memories (IMI) Memorex- 1977.;

1985.

-Iomega
-JT Storage 1999.

-JVC

-Kalok 1994.

-Kyocera

-LaPine Technologies

-Maxtor Seagate- 2006.

-Memorex Burroughs- 1981., Unisys 1986.; HDD

1988.

-Micropolis Corporation - 1997.

-Microscience International 1992.

-MiniScribe , Maxtor 1990.

-Ministor Peripherals 1.8" ; 1998.

-Mitsubishi
-NEC

-Plus Development Quantum-; Hardcard; Quantum 1992.

-PrairieTek 2.5" HDD; 1991.

-Priam Systems Prima International- 1991.

-Quantum Corporation Maxtor- 2000.

-Rahm Rotationals amir Tech- 1994. ( Quantum

1995. )

-Rodime 3.5" HDD; 1991;

, 1500000$ 2003.
Sportech PLC

-Sony

-Storage Technology Corporation (StorageTek STK)

-Syquest 1998. ; Iomega.

.

-Tandon Corporation Western Digital- 1988.

-Texas Instruments
-Tulin Corporation -

-Wng Laboratories

6.2 imeline HDD .

1950-: , direct access .

1951: , ,

1956: IBM: 305 RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control).
5MB 50 24-

1961: Bryant Computer 4240 90 M, 24 39"

1961: IBM : IBM 1301 "Advanced Disk File"

28 M, 25 24"

1963: 14" : IBM 1311 "Low Cost File"

2.69 M, 6 14"
1965: voice coil , : IBM 2310 "Ramkit"
1.024 M, 14"

1966: : IBM 2314 -- 29.17 M, 11

14"

1971: 100: IBM 3330-1 "Merlin" 100 M, 11 14"

1973: IBM 3340 Winchester, 3340 ,

30

1975: : IBM 62 GV "Gulliver" 5 9 M,

14"

1976: : IBM 3350 "Madrid" -- 317.5 ,

8 14"

1979: HDD thin film : IBM 3370 "New File Project" 571.4 M,
14"

1979: 8- : IBM 62PC "Piccolo" 64.5 , 8"

1980: 1G: the IBM 3380 250 kg

1980: Seagate Technology , ST506, 1/4"

, , 5 M
1981: 10.5" : Fujitsu F6421 "Eagle" 446 M, 10.5"

1982: Morrow Designs 20 MB

1982: 9" : Control Data 9715-160 "FSD" 150 M, 9"

1983: Rodime 3.5" : RO 352 10 M, 3.5"

1983: 5.25 , : Maxtor XT1140

126 M, 5.25"

1984: 8.8" : Hitachi DK815-5 460 M, 8.8"

1986: SCSI, Mac

,

1988: Conner 3 1/2" 1": Conner Peripherals CP3022 21

M, 3.5"

1988: PrairieTek 2 1/2" : PrairieTek 220 20 M, 2.5"

1988: 9.5" : Hitachi DKU-86i 1,890 M, 9.5"

1991: 2.5" 100

1991: : IBM 0663 "Corsair" 1,004

M, 3.5"

1991: 1.8" : Integral Peripherals 1820 "Mustang" 21.4 M, 1.8"

1992: 1.3" : Hewlett-Packard C3013A "Kittyhawk" 21.4 M, 1.3 "

1993: Seagate 7,200 RPM, Ultra ATA :

ST12550 "Barracuda" 2,139 M, 3.5"

1993: 6.5" : Hitachi H-6588-314 2,920 M, 6.5"

1994: IBM Laser Textured Landing Zones (LZT)

1995: 3" : JTS N0640-2AR 641.7 M, 3"

1995: Quantum Fireball 1.2GB HDD

1996: IBM GMR (Giant MR) read

1997: giant magnetoresistive : IBM Deskstar 16GP "Titan"

16,800 M, 3.5"
1997: 10,000 RPM : Seagate Technology ST19101 "Cheetah 9" 9,100 M,
3.5"

1998 - UltraDMA/33 ATAPI

1998: 10,000 RPM 3" : Seagate Technology ST118202 "Cheetah 18"

18,200 M, 3"

1998: 12,000 RPM : Hitachi DK3E1T-91 9,200 M, 2.5"

2000: Seagate 15,000 RPM HDD: Seagate Technology ST318451 "Cheetah

X15" 18,350 M, 2.5"

2002: 137 GB

2003: Serial ATA

2004: eSATA, External SATA

2005: 500 GB (Hitachi GST)

2005: Serial ATA 3G

2005: HDD

2005: 0.85" : Toshiba

2006: 200 GB 2.5" ( Toshiba )

2006: 750 GB

2006: Fujitsu heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR)

1terabit/inch square

2007: Hitachi GST 1

2008: Seagate 1.5

27. , 2009: Western Digital 2TB, "Cool

and Quiet, Caviar Green" 5400 RPM

4. , 2009: Seagate 7,200RPM, 2TB

Constellation ES,

9. , 2009: Western Digital 4TB My Book Studio Edition

Dual-drive External Storage System

29. , 2009: Samsung Spinpoint F3

500GB , 1TB ,

6.3
 6.1- ;
,

6.2-

7 .
1. , , ,

2. 3, . , ., .

3. http://www.toshiba.com/-Toshiba HDD New patterning technology for media drives

4. http://forums.legitreviews.com/- The history of storage

5. http://www.fel.fujitsu.com/- General Notes on Hard Disk Head Design

6. http://www.smarthdd.com/en/sata.htm- Serial Data Transfer Mode in Hard Disk Drive (SATA)

7. http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/- Seagate Swings "HAMR" To Increase Disc Drive

Densities By A Factor Of 100

8. http://www.datarecoverytools.co.uk/- Read/write heads technologies

 9. http://www.pcguide.com/- Giant Magnetoresistive ( GMR) Heads

10. http://www.engadget.com/- New HDD writing methods could boost platter densities by 5x
or more, Tim Stevens

11.Magnetic materials, processes, and devices VI: applications to storage and

Microelectromchanical systems (MEMS), S. Kronbelg et al.

12. www.wikipedia.org-

13. http://gadgets.fosfor.se/- History of data storage

14. http://www.technologyreview.com/- Heating Up Magnetic Memory,Katherine Bourzac

15. http://www.pcguide.com/- Head sliders of hard disk drive

16. http://hddinfo2010.blogspot.com/2010/07/hard-drive-parts_15.html

17. http://advancedstorage.blogspot.com/2007/11/ibm-62pc-hdd-circa-1979-early-8-disk.html

18. http://www.electroiq.com/index.html- Solid state technologies

19. http://www.taylor-hobson.com/- Hard Disk, MEMS & Semiconductor

20. Disk drives take eventful spin, George Rostky

21. Tunneling magnetoresistance from a symmetry ltering effect, WilliamHButler

22. History of Magnetic Disk Storage Based on Perpendicular Magnetic Recording,

AlbertS.Hoagland

23. Magnetoresistive sensors, P.P.Freitas, R.Ferreira, S.Cardoso F.Cardoso

24. Computer architecture- A quantitative approach, John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson

25. The History of Magnetic Storage, RAID, and I/O Buses, Albert S. Hoagland