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Haigh diagram I

Surface roughness
a = FLP
a = FL a time

m = 0 m = FLP
Loaded
volume
Size of raw
material
a a

Y Y
FL
FLP Plastic FL
deformations FLP
m m
FLP Y UTS FLP Y UTS
Haigh diagram Reduced Haigh diagram

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Haigh diagram II

AA'
SFa = m = const
AP
OB'
SFm = a = const
OA
OC' Kf a
SFam = = const
Kf = 1 + q( Kt 1) OP Kt m
a Kf Kt
a
A
C
( K t m , Kf a )
P
P m m
Y UTS O
A B
Service stress Safety factors
Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg
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Modern Fatigue Design

Background
Evolution in structural design due to
increased computational power
CAD/CAE - software
Need for new fatigue design methods that are
valid for a general type of loading
easy to implement in a computer code
Several options, but no method with general validity
HCF: equivalent stress is defined and compared to a
fatigue limit (expressed in the equivalent stress)
LCF: calculation of damage connected to the
constitutive model of the material. Fatigue damage
connected to the plastic deformation
LEFM: effective stress intensity range

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Multiaxial high cycle fatigue initiation

Problem:
The Haigh diagram is valid for
Uniaxial loading
One stress component
Solution:
Assume that, in the general case,
fatigue behaviour is influenced by
Applied shear stress amplitude
Hydrostatic stress
Based on these assumptions, derive a fatigue initiation
criterion that defines a limiting stress magnitude for
which fatigue cracks will develop) for a general type of
loading.
Assumes undamaged material (continuum mechanics)

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Hydrostatic stress
The hydrostatic stress is the mean value
of normal stresses acting on the material
point (positive in tension)
A tensile (positive) hydrostatic stress
opens up microscopic cracks (Stage II
crack growth)
1
(
h = x +y +z
3
)
The hydrostatic stress is a stress invariant
11 12 13
ij = 21 22 23

31 32 33
1 1
h = ii = ( 11 + 22 + 33 )
3 3
regardless of coordinate system

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Shear stress measures

The shear stress initiates slip bands which
leads to microscopic cracks (stage I crack
growth)
Since a static shear stress have no
influence on the fatigue damage, the
shear stress amplitude is employed
Two measures
Tresca shear stress
1 3
Tresca =
2
von Mises stress
1
vM = (1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2
2
We need to define the amplitudes of these

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Equivalent Stress Measures

a Shear stress Plastic
amplitude
zone
Y
Stresses e3 FATIGUE
during one
FATIGUE NO
FL FLP
load cycle
NO FATIGUE e3
FATIGUE c3
Service Plastic e3
stress zone FATIGUE
NO FATIGUE m Plastic
Y UTS zone
Uniaxial Case Multiaxial Case
One stress component Six stress components (general case)
Mid value and amplitude of this stress Hydrostatic stress and shear stress
component are taken to reflect the amplitude are taken to reflect the
fatigue properties fatigue properties
The stresses during a load cycles are The stresses during a load cycles are
defined by a service stress defined by a closed curve
Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg
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Shear Stress Amplitude

General
It has been found empirically that a superposed static
shear stress does not have any influence on the fatigue
initiation
FL = FLP whereas FL FLP

In order to eliminate the influence of a superposed shear

stress, the shear stress amplitude is normally used in
multiaxial HCF-criteria
This amplitude is the difference between the current
shear stress magnitude and the mid value of the shear
stress for the current stress cycle
For the general case, this amplitude is rather
complicated to compute (see Fatigue a Survey,
Appendix I)

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Shear stress Uniaxial case

Mohrs stress circle for loading in a uniaxial case

max max x
max x
x
2 = 0
2 = 0 1 = max 2 = 0 1 = max 1 = max

time

45 45 45
Max normal and shear stress correspond to the same
directions throughout the load cycle
P max max
time time mid
time

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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The deviatoric stress tensor

The stress tensor

xx xy xz

ij = yz yy yz
zx zy zz
Split into volumetric and a deviatoric part
xx xy xz 1 0 0 xx h xy xz

ij = yz yy yz = h 0 1 0 + yz yy h yz

zx zy zz 0 0 1 zx zy zz h
= h I + sd
The volumetric part contains the hydrostatic stress
The deviatoric part reflects influence of shear stresses

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Mid value of the deviatoric stress tensor

In-phase
ij = aij + cij f (t )
aij and cij are constants
f (t ) is a common time dependent function
Fixed principal directions
Every component of corresponds to a fixed direction
throughout the loading
xx
d
(t ) xy
d
(t ) xz
d
(t ) 1d (t ) 0 0
d
ij (t ) = yx (t ) yy (t ) yz (t ) = 0
d d d
2 (t )
d
0
d ( t ) d ( t ) d ( t ) 0 0 d
3 ( t )
zx zy zz

a11
d
0 0 c11d
0 0

= 0 a22 0 + 0 c22 f (t )
d d
0
0 0 d
a33 d
0 0 c33
Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg
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Movie 1 Click me!

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Mid value of the deviatoric stress tensor III

Limitations In-phase loading

stress
In in-phase loading, the
stresscomponents have their
time max- and min-magnitudes at
the same instant in time
In out-of-phase loading, max-
stress and min magnitudes occur at
different instants of time for
time different stress components

The case of out-of-phase loading is much more difficult to

analyse, for instance due to difficulties in
Defining a stress cycle
Defining a mid value of the shear stress

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Mid value of the deviatoric stress tensor IV

Limitations Fixed principal directions

Rotating principal directions

1d 0 0

" ij,p " = 0
d
1d 0
0 0 3d

corresponds to a rotating coordinate system
Instead we have to look at the full deviatoric stress tensor and
find its mid value
( xx h ) ( xy ) ( xz )

ijd,m = sm = ( yz )
d
( yy h ) ( yz )
( zx ) ( zy ) ( zz h )
m

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Mid value of the deviatoric stress tensor V

Finding the mid value in a general case Click me!

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Amplitude of the deviatoric stress tensor

The mid value of the deviatoric stress tensor is found as
1d m 0 0

ij,m
d
= sdm = 0 1d m 0 (proportional loading)
0 0 d
3m

(m denotes mid-value of component during stress cycle)

or as
( xx h ) ( xy ) ( xz )

ijd,m = sm = ( yz )
d
( yy h ) ( yz ) (general)
( zx ) ( zy ) ( zz h )
m
the amplitude of the deviatoric stress tensor is defined as
ijd,a (t ) = ijd (t ) ijd,m (or sad (t ) = sd (t ) sdm )

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Amplitude of the deviatoric stress tensor II

For in-phase loading with fixed principal directions (proportional
loading), we can express the amplitude of the Tresca and von Mises
stress using the amplitude of the deviatoric stress tensor
1,a
d
(t ) 3,a
d
(t )
Tresca,a (t ) = where ( 1,a d
(t ) = 1d (t ) 1,m
d
etc)
2
vM,a (t ) =
1
2
( 1,a ( t ) 2,a )
( t )
2
+ ( 2,a ( t ) 3,a )
( t )
2
+ ( 3,a ( t ) 1,a )
( t )
2

(it can be shown that using a or ad gives the same results)

The max values are given as
1,a
d
3,a
d
d
d
Tresca,a = where ( 1,a
d
= 1,max 1,min
)
2 2
vM,a =
1
2
(1,a 2,a ) + ( 2,a 3,a ) + ( 3,a 1,a )
2 2 2

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Equivalent stress criteria

Sines criterion

EQS =
1
2
( 1d,a ) +(
d 2
2,a 2d,a ) +(
d 2
3,a 3d,a )
d 2
1,a + cS h,mid > eS

Crossland criterion
1
(1,a 2,a ) + ( 2,a 3,a ) + ( 3,a 1,a )
2 2 2
EQC = + cC h,max > eC
2
Dang van criterion

1,a 3,a
EQDV = + cDV h,max > eDV
2

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Concluding remarks

Fatigue analysis
Calculate the state of stress
Apply the equivalent stress criterion, fatigue if
eq > e
In the case of no fatigue, calculate safety coefficient as
e
SF = EQ
Pros Cons
Suitable for computer analysis Corrosion correction etc.
General state of stress Lack of empirical knowledge
Identify critical parts of component Separates between fatigue / no fatigue
Have a physical basis

Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg

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Lunc
h
Solid Mechanics High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) part II Anders Ekberg