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Fluid Mechanics
(Fluid Mechanics)

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Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics i
1 (Basic concept and Fluid property) 1-1

1.1 1-1
1.2 (Dimension) 1-1
1.3 (Unit) 1-2
1.4 1-4
1.5 (Basic concept and Fluid property) 1-5
1.5.1 (Density) 1-5
1.5.2 (Specific weight) 1-5
1.5.3 (Specific gravity) 1-5
1.5.4 (Specific volume) 1-6
1.5.5 (Viscosity) 1-6
1.5.6 (Compressibility) 1-13
1.5.7 (Surface tension) 1-14
2 (Fluid static) 2-1

2.1 (Pressure) 2-1
2.1.1 (Pressure at a point in fluid) 2-2
2.1.2 (Variation of pressure in static fluid) 2-3
2.1.3 (Measurement of Pressure) 2-6
2.1.4 (Pressure Units) 2-6
2.1.5 (Pressure gauge) 2-8
2.2 (Pressure Force on a Plane Surface) 2-11
2.3 (Pressure Force on a Curved Surface) 2-18
2.4 (Buoyancy Force) 2-27
2.4.1 2-30
(Stability of Floating and Submerged Bodies)
2.5 2-36
(Variation of fluid pressure in moving container)
2.5.1 2-36
(Fluid pressure in Linear moving container)
2.5.2 2-42
(Fluid pressure in angular moving container)
Contents
ii Fluid Mechanics
3 (Basic of flow theorem) 3-1

3.1 (Flow classification) 3-2
3.2 (Flow analysis with Control Volume method) 3-5
3.3 (Reynolds Transport Theorem) 3-7
3.4 (Mass Conservation) 3-11
4 (Energy equation) 4-1

4.1 Euler (Eulers Energy equation) 4-1
4.2 Bernoulli (Bernoullis equation) 4-3
4.3 (Energy equation) 4-12
4.3.1 (Head loss) 4-12
4.3.2 (Pump) 4-21
4.3.3 (Turbine) 4-24
5 (Momentum equation) 5-1

5.1 (Linearly Monentum Equation) 5-2
5.3 5-14
(Momentum equation for moving control volume)
6 (Flow in Pressure Conduit) 6-1

6.1 (Behavior of flow in pipe) 6-2
6.2 (Entrance Flow Development) 6-3
6.3 (Friction head loss or Major loss) 6-5
6.3.1 6-7
(Friction factor for larminar flow)
6.3.2 6-9
(Friction factor for turbulent flow in smooth pipe)
6.3.3 6-12
(Friction factor for turbulent flow in rough pipe)
6.4 (Minor loss) 6-14
Contents
Fluid Mechanics iii
7 (Open channel fFlow) 7-1

7.1 (Type of channel) 7-1
7.2 (Open channel flow classification) 7-2
7.2.1 7-2
(Classified by flow pattern)
7.2.2 (Classified by stage of flow) 7-5
7.3 (Basic equation of open channel flow) 7-6
7.3.1 (Continuity Equation) 7-7
7.3.2 (Energy Equation) 7-8
7.3.3 (Momentum Equation) 7-9
7.4 (Steady Uniform Flow) 7-10
7.5 7-15
(Specific energy and steady rapidly varied flow)
7.6 7-2
(Momentum function and steady rapidly varied flow)
8 (Dimension analysis and Similarity) 8-1

8.1 (Dimension analysis) 8-1
8.1.1 (Dimension and Unit) 8-2
8.1.2 8-4
(Dimension analysis by Buckingham Pi Theorem)
8.2 (Similarity) 8-13
8.2.1 (Similarity analysis) 8-13
8.2.2 8-15
(Dimensionless term in Similarity analysis)
8.2.3 (Case study of similarity analysis) 8-18
(Exercise) E-1
1 E-1
2 E-3
3 E-11
4 E-13
5 E-15
6 E-17
7 E-20
8 E-21
R-1
A-1
Contents
iv Fluid Mechanics
Contents
Fluid Mechanics 1-1
1.1
(Fluid mechanics)

(Fluid Statics)
(Fluid Dynamics)
1.2 (Dimensions)

2
1.2.1 (Primary Dimensions or Basic Dimensions)

4
- (Mass) M
- (Length) L
- (Time) T
- (Temperature)
1.2.2 (Secondary Dimensions)

(L) (L) (L)
L3 (L) (T) L/T
1.2
1.1 (F)
F = ma
m () M a () LT-2
F () MLT-2 Ans
1 (F)

Fluid Property
1-2 Fluid Mechanics
1.2
-
T (N) T-1 Ans
-
T () T-1 Ans
1.2

1.3 (Unit)

2
- System International Unit SI SI
- British Gravitational System BG
SI 1.1
1.2
1.1 SI BG
1.2
Fluid Property
Fluid Mechanics 1-3
1.3
Newton F = ma
N (Newton)
m () M kg
-2
a () LT m/s2
F () MLT-2 kg m/s2
1 N = 1 kg m/s2 Ans
Prefixes
Prefixes

2.5 (km) 2103 2,000 (m) k 103
1.5 (mm) 1.510-3 0.0015 (m) m ()
10-3
1.3 Prefixes
Fluid Property
1-4 Fluid Mechanics
1.4
(Fluid)
(Liquid) -
(Free surface)

(
)
(Gas)

1.1
Fluid Property
Fluid Mechanics 1-5
1.5
1.5.1 (Density or Mass Density)
(mass) (Volume)
( rho)
Mass m
: ./.. (kg/m3)
Volume

O
4 C 1 1,000 ./.. (W)

1.5.2 (Specific Weight)
(Weight)
(Volume) ( gamma)
Weight mg
g : /.. (N/m3)
Volume

4OC 1
9,810 /.. (W)
1.5.3 (Specific Gravity)

4 OC 1 S SG
W g
SG :
Ww w w g w
4OC 1 1
Fluid Property
1-6 Fluid Mechanics
1.5.4 (Specific Volume)
(Volume) (mass)

Volume 1
: ../. (m3/kg)
Mass M
1.5.5 (Viscosity)
(Deformation)
(shear stress)

(Viscosity)
(Friction)
1.2
(Cohesion Force)
1.2
1.2 (AD) V (BC)

V+v v t = 0
ABCD t = t
ABCD
a
tan
y
a
tan
y
= a v t
Fluid Property
Fluid Mechanics 1-7
v t v
--------- (1.1)
y t y

Rate of shear strain ( )
t
Shear stress ()
v
--------- (1.2)
t y
Shear stress
dv
--------- (1.3)
dy
1.3
(Newtons equation of viscosity) ( mu)
(Dynamic Viscosity) (Absolute Viscosity)
FL-2T N s / m2 lb sec / ft2
dv/dy

1.3 (dv/dy)
Fluid Property
1-8 Fluid Mechanics
1.4 (Absolute Viscosity)

(Kinematic Viscosity) ( )

--------- (1.4)

L2/T m2/s ft2/sec
Fluid Property
Fluid Mechanics 1-9
1.5 (Kinematic Viscosity)
Fluid Property
1-10 Fluid Mechanics

dv/dy (Newtonian fluid)

dv/dy (Non-Newtonian fluid)
3
1) (Dilatant fluid)
2) (Pseudoplastic fulid)
3) (Plastic fluid)
(yield) Newtonian
1.6 (dv/dy)
Fluid Property
Fluid Mechanics 1-11
1.4 plate
(F) plate v ( )

dv v v 0 v

dy y a 0 a
dv v

dy a
F = A A = ( 2 )
A = 2 (2b b) = 4b2
4vb 2
F 4b
v 2
F = t A F Ans
a a
1.5
parabola
6 m/s
3 m

Parabola
2
(v-k) = C(y-h) ; (h,k) parabola
parabola y = 0 ; v = 6
h=0m k = 6 m/s
(v-6) = C(y-0)2
y = 3 ; v = 0
(0-6) = C(3)2 C = -(6/9) = -(2/3)
v 6 32 y 2
dv dv
43 y y=3 43 3 4 s 1
dy dy
= = (910 m /s)(1000 kg/m ) = 0.009 kg/s m ( N s/m2)
-5 2 3
dv
= (0.009 Ns/m2)(4 s-1) = 0.036 N/m2 Ans
dy
Fluid Property
1.6 1 ./
2 ./ (
)
dv V

dv b

SG W 8 10
4
0.91,000 0.72 kg Ns
2
s m m
V 3 kN
0.72 4.32 2
b 0.0005 m
F A DL 4.32 0.05 0.20 = 135.7 N Ans
Fluid Property
1.5.6 (Compressibility)

( )

Compressibility
(Modulus) ()
Bulk Modulus (k)
dp
k --------- (1.5)
d

dp =
d =
=
- (Incompressible fluid)

- (Compressible fluid)

1.7 Incompressible fluid Compressible fluid
Fluid Property
1.5.7 (Surface tension)

Fs L w --------- (1.5)
Fs = (N)
= (N/m)
= ()
Lw = (m)
1.8
1.9
2
(A)
(C)
2

1.10 () ()

Fluid Property
1.10

1.10 () ()

1.11
P
Pa
r
1.11 ()
Fs
= P r 2 Pa r 2
2r = P Pa r 2
2
r --------- (1.6)
P Pa
1.11 ()
r
Fs
= P r 2 Pa r 2
2 2 r = P Pa r 2
4
r --------- (1.7)
P Pa
1.6 1.7
4
Fluid Property
Capillarity

1.12 Capillarity
2cos
h --------- (1.8)
r
r = =
1.4
Fluid Property
Fluid Mechanics 2-1
(Fluid Statics)

2.1 (Pressure)
( FL-2 ML-1T-2) dF
dA A
dF
P --------- (2.1)
dA
F
P --------- (2.2)
A
SI / (N/m2)
2.1
Fluid Static
2-2 Fluid Mechanics
2.1.1 (Pressure at a point in fluid)

2.2
2.2
F ma Y
Py dxdz Pdxdlsin = 1 2 dxdydz a y
dlsin dz
Py dxdz P dxdz = 1 2 dxdydz a y
Py P = 1 2 dy a y
dy 0 1 2 dy a y 0
Py P --------- (2.3)
Z
Pz dxdy Pdxdlcos 1 2 dxdydz = 1 2 dxdydz a z
dlcos dy
Pz dxdy P dxdy 1 2 dxdydz = 1 2 dxdydz a z
Pz P = 1 2 dz a z 1 2 dz
dy 0 1 2 dz a z 0
Pz P --------- (2.4)
2.3 2.4
(Pascals law)
Static Pressure
Fluid Static
Fluid Mechanics 2-3
2.1.2 (Variation of pressure in static fluid)
2.3
P
2.3
Y
p y p y
Fy p xz p xz
y 2 y 2
p
Fy xyz --------- (2.5)
y
Y X
p
Fx xyz --------- (2.6)
x
p
Fz xyz --------- (2.7)
z
2.5 2.6 2.7

Fs Fx i Fy j Fz k
p p p
Fs i j k xyz --------- (2.8)
x y z

p p p
p i j k --------- (2.9)
x y z
2.8 2.9 3

Fs p xyz --------- (2.10)
Fluid Static
2-4 Fluid Mechanics

- w k xyz k --------- (2.11)

F ma

Fs w k xyz a --------- (2.12)
2.10 2.11 2.12

p xyz xyz k xyz a

p k a --------- (2.13)
2.13

() 0 2.13

p k = 0
p p p
i j k k = 0 --------- (2.14)
x y z
X
p i 0 --------- (2.15)

x
Y
p
j0 --------- (2.16)
y
2.15 2.16
X Y 0

Fluid Static
Fluid Mechanics 2-5
Z
p k k

z
dP
--------- (2.17)
dz
2.17 Z

0

2.4

2.17 dP dz
P2 z2
dP = dz
P1 z1
P2-P1 = -(z2-z1)
P z --------- (2.18)
2.18 z
z

Fluid Static
2-6 Fluid Mechanics
2.1.3 (Measurement of Pressure)

2
- (Absolute pressure) (absolute
zero pressure)

- (Gauge Pressure)

(mean
sea level : MSL) 0
2.5
2.1.4 (Pressure Units)

SI (N/m2)
- SI
(Pa) (N/m2)
(m of water ; mm.Hg)
(bar) 105 (105 N/m2)
- BG
/ (psi = lb / in2)
(ft of water ; in.Hg)
* atm (Standard atmospheric pressure)

1 atm (1.013105 N/m2)
1 atm = 1.013105 N / m2 (Pa) = 14.7 lb / in2 (psi)
= 1.013 bar (1bar = 105Pa)
= 760 mm.Hg = 29.9 in. Hg
= 10.33 m of Water = 33.9 ft of Water
Fluid Static
Fluid Mechanics 2-7
2.1 2
- 0.5 .
- 0.5 .
Pa = 1 atm
P1 = P2+w(h1-h2)
P2 = Pa+oil(h2-0)
Pa = 1 atm = 1.013 105 N/m2
P2 = (1.013 105) +(0.85w)(0.3-0)
= 103801.6 N/m2
P1 = 103801.6 +w(0.4)
P1 = 107725.6 N/m2 Ans
P3 = P2+w(h3-h2) = 103801.6+w(0.2)
0.5 m P3 = 105763.6 N/m2 Ans
= 107725.6-101300
= 6425.6 N/m2 Ans
0.5 . = 105763.6-101300
= 4463.6 N/m2 Ans
Fluid Static
2-8 Fluid Mechanics
2.1.5 (Pressure gauge)
2.1.5.1 (Barometer)

2.6
( )

()

(absolute pressure)
2.6
Pair = Pv+ h
2
Pv = 0.000023 lb/in
Pair = h --------- (2.19)
( : mm.Hg)

2.1.5.2 (Manometer)

barometer
(gauge pressure)
2.7 U
Fluid Static
Fluid Mechanics 2-9
- (Piezometer)
2.7 ()
A PA = h --------- (2.20)
A PA = Pair+h --------- (2.21)
- U (U-tube Manometer) Piezometer

(h)

U
Gage Fluid ( ) h
2.7 ()
A PA = 2h2-1h1 --------- (2.22)
A PA = Pair+2h2-1h1 --------- (2.23)
- (Incline Tube Manometer) manometer

2.7 ()
A PA = 2(L sin)-1h1 --------- (2.24)
A PA = Pair+2(L sin)-1h1 --------- (2.25)
2.1.5.3 (Bourdon gauge)

2.8
Fluid Static
2.2 B A 25 mm-Hg ( m)
1 mm-Hg = (110-3 m.)SGHgw = 0.00113.69810 = 133.4 Pa
PA = 25 mm.Hg = 25133.4 = 3335.4 Pa = 3.34 kPa
PB = PA + (0.15) w + (0.30) HG - (0.45) Oil
= 3335.4 + (0.15) (9810) + (0.30) (13.69810) - (0.45) (0.809810)
= 41.31103 Pa = 41.31 kPa Ans
2.3 U 3
(Unknown fluid)

0.045W + 0.015 0.035 0.015W 0.005Oil = 0
(0.045-0.015)W 0.005(0.8)W + (0.015-0.035) = 0
(0.03-0.004) W = 0.02
= 1.3W
= (/g) = (1.3W)/g
= 1.3W = 1.3(1,000) = 1,300 kg/m3 Ans
Fluid Static
2.2 (Pressure Force on a Plane Surface)

(Static Pressure)

2.9

2.9

(Pressure Force : FR)
(Center of Pressure : CP)
2.10 A X
Y h

2.10
Fluid Static
C (Centroid of Surface)
CP (Center of Pressure)
yC Y
yP Y
hC ( )
hP ( )
dF h dA
FR dF h dA
A
h = y sin FR y sin dA
A
FR sin ydA
A
ydA y c A ( X)
A

FR y c A sin
hc = yc sin FR hc A --------- (2.26)
Y (yR)
O X
FR y P = ydF
A
= y h dA
A
2
= y sin dA
A
2
y sin dA
A
yP =
FR
2
y sin dA
A
=
A y c sin
2
y dA
A
yP = --------- (2.27)
Ay c
y 2 dA I x ()
A
IX
yP = --------- (2.28)
Ay c
Fluid Static
X (IX)
IX = I XC Ay 2c --------- (2.29)
IXC X
X
I Ay 2c
yP = xc
Ay c
I
y P y c xc --------- (2.30)
Ay c
2.11
Y
O Y
FR x P = xdF
A
= x h dA
A
= xy sin dA
A
xy sin dA
A
xP =
FR
xy sin dA
A
=
A y c sin
xydA
A
xP = --------- (2.31)
Ay c
xydA I xy ( XY)
A
XY (IXY) Ixy Ixyc Ax c y c
I Ax c y c
xP = xyc
Ay c
Fluid Static
Ixyc
Y xP xc --------- (2.32)
Ax c
( Y : Ixyc = 0)

2.12
2.11
2.2
FR PA --------- (2.33)
2.13

O X
FR y P = ydF
A
= yPdA
A
P FR=PA
P ydA
A
yP =
PA
Fluid Static
ydA
yP A
--------- (2.34)
A
ydA
A
2.34 X
A
yP y c --------- (2.35)
O Y
FR x P = xdF
A
P xdA
A
xP =
PA
xdA
xP A --------- (2.36)
A
xdA
A
2.36 y
A
xP x c --------- (2.37)
2.35 2.37
Fluid Static
2.4 1.2 m 1.8 m

F P ( )
FR = hCA
hC = 3.9 sin 60O = 3.38 m
A = 1.2 1.8 = 2.16 m2
FR = W(3.38)(2.16)
= 98103.38 2.16
= 71,621 N = 71,621 kN
Ixc bd3 1.2 1.8 3
yP yc ; I xc 0.583 m 4
Ay c 12 12
0.583
yP 3.9 3.97 m
2.16 3.9
MHinge = 0
0.97FR = (1.8F)
F = (0.97FR)/1.8
= (0.9771621)/1.8
= 38,596 N Ans
Fluid Static
2.5 1.0 m
1,500 kg
(h)
0.9

F = F1+F2
F1 P = Oilh F1

F1 OilhA 0.9 12 h W 0.7069h W ---- (1)
4
F1
D 1.0
y P1 0.5 m ---- (2)
2 2
F2 F2
0.6
F2 W hC 2 A 1.0 2 W 0.2356 w ---- (3)
2 4
1.0 3
( hC 2 y C 2 sin 0.3 m )
2 5
F2
I
y P 2 y C 2 XC 2
y C2 A
1.0 D 4 1.0 4
y C2 0.5 m I XC 2 0.0491 m 4
2 64 64
0.0491
y P 2 0.5 0.625m ---- (4)
2

0.5 1.0
4

MO 0 F1y P1 F2 y P 2 aW 0
0.7069h W 0.5 0.2356 W 0.625 = 0.4 1,500 9.81
0.353h + 0.147 = 0.6 ---- (5)
(5) h = 1.283 Ans
Fluid Static
2.3 (Pressure Force on a Curved Surface)

2.14

2.14

(FH)
(FV) 2.15
2.15 AB
2.15 abc abfd 2.15 ()

F1 aced F2 bcef
2.15 ()
0 FX 0
Fx = F1
Fx F1
acde Fx (FH)
yz (F1) aced
2.15 () 2.16
Fluid Static
2.16
0 FY 0
Fy = F2 + W
Fy W
F1 bcef
Fy (FV)
xy (F2) bcef
(W) 2.15 () 2.17
2.17
Fluid Static
2.6 4 . 2 .

ABC

FX 0 FX = F1
F1 AC F1 W hC A AC
2
A AC 2 4 8 m 2 : hC 2.5 3.5 m
2
F1 = W 3.5 8 = 28 W
FX = 28 W
(FH) FX
FH = 28 W = 274.68 kN Ans
I
y P yc
A AC y c
2
y C hC 2.5 3.5 m : A AC 2 4 8 m : I XC
4 23
2 12
4 23

12
yP 3.5 3.60 m Ans
8 3.5
FY 0 FY = F2 + W
F2 BC F2 PBC A BC
PBC 2.5 W : A BC 2 4 8 m 2
F2 2.5 W 8 20 W
Fluid Static
F2 BC
2
x 2 1 m C
2
W
W = 1 2 2 4

4
W = 4 W

W ABC
4 2 8
x3 0.85 m C
3 3

Fy = 20 W 4 W = 20 4 W
(FV) Fy
FV 20 4 W = 319.48 kN Ans
FV FV
F2 W
FV x = F2 1 W 0.85
20 W 1 4 W 0.85
x =
20 4 W
x = 0.94 m C Ans

F = FH2 FV2
= 28 W 2 20 W 4 W 2
= 421.33 kN Ans

FV 20 4 W
tan = =
FH 28 W
= 49.31O Ans
Fluid Static
2.7 4 . 2 .

ABC

FX 0 FX = F1
F1 AC F1 W hC A AC
2
A AC 2 4 8 m 2 : hC 2.5 3.5 m
2
F1 = W 3.5 8 = 28 W
FX = 28 W
(FH) FX
FH = 28 W = 274.68 kN Ans
I
y P yc
A AC y c
2
y C hC 2.5 3.5 m : A AC 2 4 8 m : I XC
4 23
2 12
4 23

12
yP 3.5 3.60 m Ans
8 3.5
FY 0 FY = F2 - W
F2 BC F2 PBC A BC
PBC 4.5 W : A BC 2 4 8 m 2
F2 4.5 W 8 36 W
F2 BC
2
x 2 1 m C
2
W ABC

Fluid Static
W4 ADBC
W4 = 2 2 4W = 16 W
W4 ADBC
2
x4 1 m B
2
W5 ADB
W5 = 1 2 2 4

4
W = 4 W

W5 ADB
4 2 8
x5 0.85 m B
3 3

Fy = 36 W 16 W 4 W = 20 4 W
(FV) Fy

FV 20 4 W = 319.48 kN Ans
FV FV
F2 W4 W5
FV x = F2 1 W 4 1 W5 0.85
20 4 W x = 36 W 1 16 W 1 4 W 0.85
36 16 4 0.85
X =
20 4
= 0.942 m B Ans

F = FH2 FV2
F = 28 W 2 20 W 4 W 2
= 421.33 kN Ans

FV 20 4 W
tan = =
FH 28 W
= 49.31O Ans
Fluid Static
2.8 AB 4 . 2 .
F
B
ABC
F1
F1 = W hC A
hC 2.5 1 3.5 m ; A 2 4 8 m 2
F1 = W 3.5 8
= 28 W
I
F1 y P yc
A AC y c
23 4
y C hC 3.5 m ; I 2.667 m 4
12
2.667
yP 3.5 3.60 m
8 3.5
F1 A 1.1 m
F2 W
F2 BC F2 PBC A
F2 = 4.5 W 8
= 36 W
F2 BC : x2 = 1.0 m C
W ABC
W = W 22 4
1
4

= 4 W
4 2
W ABC : x3 = 0.85 m C
3
A 0
1.1F1 1.0 F2 = 0.85 W 2.0 F
1.128 W 1.0 36 W = 0.854 W 2.0 F
56.12 W
F =
2
F = 275.26 kN Ans
Fluid Static
2.9 AOB 5 . 2 .
3
1 F
(
0.75)
ABC

F1 + F2
F1
AC
F1 PO A
1 O 2 5
1 0.75 W 10 7.5 W
F1 AC
y 1 1 0.5 1 2.5 m
F1 O 1.0 m
F2 AC F2 W hC A
hC 1 0.5 1.5 m ; A 2 5 10 m 2
F2 = W 1.5 10 15 W
I
F2 y2 yC
A AC y C
y C hC 1.5 m ; I
23 5
3.333 m 4
12
3.333
y2 = 1.5 1.722 m
101.5
F2 O 2.5 - 1.72 = 0.78 m

F4+W
F4 BC F4 PBC A
F4 = 0.5 W 1 O 2 5
= 0.5 W 0.75 W 10
= 12.5 W
Fluid Static
F4 BC F4 O x 4 1.0 m
W ABC

W5 AOBC
W5 = W 2 2 5
=
20 W
W5 AOBC
W5 O x 5 1.0 m
W6 ABC
W 2 2 5 = 5 W
1
W6 =
4
W6 ABC W5 O
4 2
x6 0.85 m
3

O 0
1F1 0.78F2 0.85 W6 = 1 W5 1F4 2 F
17.5 0.7815 0.855 W = 120 112.5 W 2 F
32.55 W 32.5 W = 2 F
0.05
F = W 0.025 W
2
F 245.25 N Ans
Fluid Static
2.4 (Buoyancy Force)
ABCD 2.18
DAB F1
DCB F2 F1 HE F2 FG

2.18
ABC CDA
ABC CDA ABC CDA

(FB)
2.19 Fb
W ABCD ABCD

2.19

2.19 AB DC A
AB F1 = h1A
DC F2 = h2 A
Fluid Static

Fb = F2 F1 W
= h 2 A h1A W
Fb = h2 h1 A W --------- (2.38)
2.19 h2 h1 A Box
Box = h2 h1 A --------- (2.39)
W

W = Box --------- (2.40)
2.39 2.40 2.38
Fb = Box Box
Fb = --------- (2.41)
Fb
Fb
FB --------- (2.42)
Fluid Static
2.10
Fy 0
W = FB Oil FB W
= Oil Oil W W
= Oil 0.8 W W
Oil 0.8 W
=
W
0.3 0.35 0.20 0.8 0.3 0.35 0.15
SG =
0.3 0.35 0.35
SG = 0.886 Ans
2.11 1.01.00.5 m3 20 kN

T = F1 + W
F1
F1 = PA = 2 W 1 1
= 2 W
T = 2 W 20 103
= 39.62 kN Ans
T = W - FB
FB = 1 1 0.5 W
= 0.5 W
T = 20 103 0.5 W
= 15.095 kN Ans
Fluid Static
2.4.1 (Stability of Floating and Submerged Bodies)
3
- Stable Equilibrium

- Neutral Equilibrium

- Unstable Equilibrium

2.4.1.1 (Stability of Submerged Bodies)
2.20() (C) (G)

(Stable)
2.20
(G) (C)

(Unstable) 2.20()
2.4.1.2 (Stability of Floating Bodies)

(Metacenter)
(Metacentric Height)
G
C
Fluid Static
(Metacenter)
M
2.21 ()

2.21()

2.21()
2.21
2.22
(Metacentric Height)
2.22() GM
Fluid Static
(GM)
2.23
2.23 ()
C C
ABFE = ABFE
+ BBO
- AAO
A 'B'FE x = ABFE x1 B'BO x 2 A ' AO x 3
x Y A 'B'FE
x1 Y ABFE
x 2 Y B'BO
x 3 Y A ' AO
ABFE Y x1 0
A 'B'FE x = B'BO x 2 A ' AO x 3
A 'B'FE x = x d x d --------- (2.43)
B ' BO A ' AO
2.23() d = x tan dA --------- (2.44)
2.44 2.43
A 'B'FE x = x x tan dA x x tan dA
B ' BO A ' AO

A 'B'FE x = tan x 2 dA x 2 dA --------- (2.45)
B'BO
A ' AO
2 2 2
x dA x dA x dA
B ' BO A ' AO A ' AOB' B
( z) GHIJ 2.23 () 2.43
A 'B'FE x = tanIZ --------- (2.46)
Fluid Static
2.23() A 'B'FE
x = tanIZ
x IZ
= --------- (2.47)
tan
x
2.23() (C)
tan
(M) (Metacentric Radius) CM
I
CM Z --------- (2.48)

CG (C) (G)
(M) CM CG

GM CM CG --------- (2.49)
GM (+) GM (-)

Fluid Static
2.12 30 . 60 . 30 . 318 N

0
W = FB
= W
318 = 0.3 0.6 d W
318
d = = 0.18 m
0.3 0.6 W
0.3
(G) 0.15 m
2
0.18
(C) 0.09 m
2
CG = 0.15 0.09 = 0.06 m
= 0.3 0.6 0.18 = 0.0324 m3
Y X
I
CM CM I I

IX
0.3 0.63
0.0054 m 4
IY
0.33 0.6
0.00135 m 4
12 12
0 . 00135
Y CM 0 . 4167 m
0 . 0324
GM CM CG 0.042 0.09 0.048
GM (-) Ans
Fluid Static
2.13 Platform 0.250.30 . 10 .

Platform 600 ./..
0
W = FB ----(1)
W = g 2 0.3 0.25 10
= 600 g 2 0.75
= 8.829 kN
FB = 2 0.3 10 d W = 6d W
(1) 8.829 103 = 6d W
8.829 103
d = = 0.15 m
6 W
0.25
(G) 0.125 m
2
0.15
(C) 0.075 m
2
CG = 0.125 0.075 = 0.05 m
Y X
IX
0.3 103
2 50 m 4
12
IY
1.2 10 0.6 3 10
3
1.26 m 4
12 12
Y
I 1.26
CM Y 1.4 m
2 0.3 0.15 10
GM CM CG 1.4 0.05 1.35
GM (+) Ans
Fluid Static
2.5
(Variation of fluid pressure in moving container)

(dv)

( 2.13)

2.13 p k = a
X Y Z
P
= a x --------- (2.50)
x
P
= a y --------- (2.51)
y
P
= g a z --------- (2.52)
z
2.50 2.51 2.52
X Y Z
2.24
2.24
2.5.1
(Fluid pressure in Linear moving container)
2.25
Fluid Static
Y Z 2.25 a
2 yz ( y ,
z ) ( y+dy , z+dz ) 2.24
P P
dP = dy dz --------- (2.53)
y z
2.26 2 yz
2.51 2.52 2.53
dP a y dy a z g dz --------- (2.54)
2.54

0
dP = 0 2.54
0 = a y dy a z g dz

dz ay
--------- (2.55)
dy g a z
2.55

2.27
2.27
Fluid Static
(a=0) 2.55
0

2.1.2 ay az
2.54 0 2.52
dP g dz dz
2.17 2.1.2
Fluid Static
2.14 1.20 . 0.45

. 1.45 .
-

-
- 3 m/s2

dz ay
2.53
dy g a z
z : a z 0
dz a
y ---- (1)
dy g

dz 0.15 0.15

dy 1.45
0.15 0.15 a
(1) = y
1.45 g
0.15 0.15
ay = g
1.45
ay = 2.030 m/s2 Ans
2.54 dP a y dy a z g dz
P a y y gz C ---- (2)
(2) 4 P y z C
E ( )
D 0 C
D : y = -0.725 ; z = +0.15 ; P = 0 (2)

0 = 2.03 - 0.725 g 0.15 C
C = 0

A : y = -0.725 ; z = -1.05 (2)
PA = 2.03 - 0.725 g - 1.05 0
= +11.77 kPa Ans
B : y = +0.725 ; z = -1.05 (2)
PB = 2.03 0.725 g - 1.05 0
= +8.83 kPa Ans
Fluid Static
3
dz 3
0.306
dy g
DC D
dz
z y 0.306 0.725 0.222 m
dy
DC
ABFG
d d z b 0.222 0.15 0.072 m
= 1.45 0.45 1.05 0.072
= 0.638 m3 Ans
2.15
a
-
-
dz ay
2.55
dy g a z

dz 0. 5 0. 5 1

dy 2. 0 2
4
a y acos a
5
3
a z asin a
5
4 a

5
1
=
2 g 3 a

5
a = 11 g
5 = 4.459 m/s2 Ans
2.54 dP a y dy a z g dz
P a y y a z g z C
D E 0 C
Fluid Static
E : y = +1.0 ; z = 0 ; P = 0 (2)
0 = 45 115 g 1.0 g 35 115 g 0 C
C = 11 w
4
A B
A : y = 0 ; z = -1.5
PA = 45 115 g 0 g 35 115 g - 1.5 114 w
= 16 = +14.269 kPa
11 w
B : y = +2.0 ; z = -3.0
PB = 45 115 g 2 g 35 115 g - 3 114 w
= 20 = +17.836 kPa
11 w
B 17.836 kPa Ans
Fluid Static
2.5.2 (Fluid pressure in angular moving container)
z
z
2.28()
2.28
(Polar Coordinate)
r Z
( 2.53)
p p p
dP = dr d dz --------- (2.56)
r z
5.24()
p p dr dzrd p p dr dzrd r dr d dz a
Fr ma r r
r 2 r 2
p
ar - r2 r2 --------- (2.57)
r
p d p d
F ma p drdz p drdz r dr d dz a
2 2
p
ra

a 0
p
0 --------- (2.58)

Fluid Static
Fz ma z
p p dz dr rd p p dz dr rd r dr d dz r dr d dz a
r
z 2 z 2
p
g a z --------- (2.59)
z
2.57 2.58 2.59 2.56
dp r2 dr g a z dz --------- (2.60)
2.60

0
dP = 0 2.60
0 r 2 dr g a z dz

dz r2
--------- (2.61)
dr g a z
2.61

2.61
r 2
dz dr --------- (2.62)
g az
2.60
2 2
z r C --------- (2.63)
2g a z
2.63
(Paraboloid)
2.27
Fluid Static
2.27
0 z = C
C
r
Fluid Static
2.16
z 0.4 m/s2
-

-

( O) ( A)
r = 0.6 m z = 1.0 m
1 2 2
2.63 z r C
2 g az
C = 0 m.

1 2
1.0 0.6 2 0 7.53 rad / s Ans
2 g 4
2.58
dP = r2 dr g a z dz
1 2 2
P = r g a z z C1
2
C1 O
O : r = 0 ; z = 0 ; P = 0 C1 = 0
D r = 0 ; z = -0.5
1
PD = 0 2 7.53 2 g 4 - 0.5 0
2
= 6.905 kPa
B r = +0.6 ; z = -0.5
1
PB = 0.6 2 7.53 2 g 4 - 0.5 0
2
= 17.11 kPa
17.11 kPa Ans

( O)
( A) r = 0.6 m z = 1.5 m
2
2
2.61 z r C
g az
C = 0 m.
Fluid Static

1 2
1.5 0.6 2 0 10.73 rad / s Ans
2 g 4
***

=
1.2 2 1.5 1.2 2 1.5
=
4 4
2
3
= 0.848 m
=
= 1.2 2 1.0 0.848
4
3
= 0.283 m Ans
Fluid Static
Fluid Mechanics 3-1

Kinematics of Fluid Flow

- Streamline
streamline

- Streakline

- Pathline
()
streamline streamline streakline pathline
( 3.5)
3.1 (Pathline)
x
streakline 3.1()

streamline 3.1 ()
3.1 streamline streakline pathline
Flow Theorem
3-2 Fluid Mechanics
3.1 (Flow classification)
(
)

5
3.1.1 (Real Fluid and Ideal Fluid)
(Real Fluid)
(Ideal Fluid)
( )

3.2 () ()
3.1.2 (Compressibility)
(Compressible Fluid)
3.3()
(Incompressible Fluid)

3.3 ()
3.3
Flow Theorem
Fluid Mechanics 3-3
3.1.3

Steady Flow

Unsteady Flow
3.4 Steady flow Unsteady flow
3.1.4
- (Laminar Flow)
( StreamLine)
( 3.5 )
- (Turbulent Flow)

( 3.5 )

3.5
Flow Theorem
3-4 Fluid Mechanics
3.1.5
2
- (Rotational Flow)
- (Irrotational Flow)
Irrotational Flow
3.6
Flow Theorem
Fluid Mechanics 3-5
3.2 (Flow analysis with Control Volume method)
-
(Differential Approach)
-
(Finite Region)
- (Dimensional Analysis and
Modeling)

(Control Volume Approach)
- (System)

- (Surrounding)
- (Control Volume)

- (Control Surface)

(Fix Control Volume)
3.7 ()
(Moving Control Volume)
Flow Theorem
3-6 Fluid Mechanics
3.7 ()
(Deforming Control Volume)
3.7 ()
3.7
Flow Theorem
Fluid Mechanics 3-7
3.3 (Reynolds Transport Theorem)

(General Conservation Equation)
3.3.1
3.8

3.8

B =
3.7 () t = t BSYS(t)
BCV(t)
BSYS(t) = BCV(t) --------- (3.1)
t

B sys t t = B CV t t BI t t BII t t --------- (3.2)
BI t t BII t t
t
B
B sys B sys t t B sys t
= --------- (3.3)
t t
Flow Theorem
3-8 Fluid Mechanics
3.1 3.2 3.3

B sys B CV t t BI t t BII t t B CV t
=
t t
B sys B CV t t B CV t BI t t BII t t
= --------- (3.4)
t t t t
B DB
t 0 sys sys
t Dt
B t t BCV t BCV
CV
t t

3.4
DB sys B CV BI t t BII t t
= --------- (3.5)
Dt t t t
B t t
I
t
BI t t
B In
t
B t t
II
t
BII t t
B Out
t
3.5
DB sys BCV
= B In B Out --------- (3.6)
Dt t
3.6
DB sys BCV
B In B Out --------- (3.7)
Dt t
3.7 (Raynolds Transport Theorem)

QIn/Out = (-) In / Out
t
b =
( )
B
b =
m
Flow Theorem
Fluid Mechanics 3-9
( B In )
mb b
B In In In In In In In In bIn
t t t
B In = InQInbIn --------- (3.8)
( B Out )
m b b
B Out Out Out Out Out Out Out Out b Out
t t t
B Out = Out Q Outb Out --------- (3.9)
3.7
DB sys BCV
InQInbIn Out Q Outb Out --------- (3.10)
Dt t
3.3.2
3.9
3.9
B sys b dm b d
sys sys

DB sys d
b d --------- (3.11)
Dt dt sys
B CV b dm b d
CV CV

dBCV d
b d --------- (3.12)
dt dt CV
Flow Theorem
3.9 () t+dt (II)

vn v n --------- (3.13)
v =
n =
3.9 ()
BOut bv ndA t --------- (3.14)

B
B Out Out bvndA --------- (3.15)
t

B Out bvndA --------- (3.16)
CS Out

BIn bv n dA t --------- (3.17)

v n v n

B
B In In bv n dA --------- (3.18)
t

B In bv n dA --------- (3.19)
CSIn
( 3.7)

B CV
DB CV
= B Out B In ]
Dt t
B CV
= bv n dA bv n dA
t CS Out CSIn

DB sys B CV
bv n dA --------- (3.20)
Dt t CS
d d
b d b d bv n dA --------- (3.21)
dt sys dt CV CS
Flow Theorem
3.4 (Mass Conservation)
3.7
DMsys MCV
M In M Out --------- (3.22)
Dt t
DM

sys 0
Dt
MCV
0 = M In M Out
t
MCV
M In M Out --------- (3.23)
t
3.23 (Mass Conservation)

(Continuity Equation)
3.21
m d
b 1 b d 0
m dt sys
d
b d bv n dA 0 --------- (3.24)
dt CV CS
3.24
(Mass Conservation)

3.20 b
m
()
Dsys CV
v n dA --------- (3.22)
Dt t CS
1
Dsys CV
v n dA --------- (3.23)
Dt t CS
Dsys
0
Dt
CV
v n dA --------- (3.24)
t CS
v n dA v n dA v n dA 3.24
CS CS Out CSIn
CV
= v ndA v ndA
t CS Out CSIn
Flow Theorem
CV
= v n dA v ndA
t CSIn CS Out
v ndA Q
CS
CV
QIn Q Out --------- (3.25)
t
(Fix Control Volume)

(Steady Flow)
CV
0
t
QIn Q Out --------- (3.26)
Flow Theorem
3.1
Y
0.1 cms 0.3 cms
(SGAlcohol = 0.8)

DB sys BCV
B In B Out
Dt t
Fix Control Volume

MCV
M In M Out
t

MCV
0
t

M In = w Q w AlcoholQ Alcohol
= 0.1w 0.3 0.8 w

M Out = Mix Q Mix

0 0.1 w 0.3 0.8 wl Mix Q Mix ----- (1)

Q In Q Out Q w Q Alcohol = Q mix
(0.1) + (0.3) = Q mix
Q mix = 0.4 cms
(1) 0 = 0.1 w 0.3 0.8 wl Mix 0.4
Mix = 0.1 0.3 0.8

w
0.4
= 0.85 w = 850 kg/m3 Ans
Flow Theorem
3.2 1 l/s
6 mm
100 mm (V)
() 600 rpm

DB sys BCV
B In B Out
Dt t
Moving Control Volume

MCV
M In M Out ----- (1)
t

MCV
0
t
M In = w Q in = 0.001w
M Out = 2w Q Out

QOut = A Out W = 0.006 2 W
4
W

M Out = 2 w 0.006 2 W
4
(1)

0 = 0.001w - 2 w 0.006 2 W
4
0.001
W = = 17.68 m/s
2
2 0.006
4
V WU
2 600
U = R = 0.1 = 2 m/s
60

V = (-17.68) + (+2) = -11.40 m/s Ans
Flow Theorem
3.3 (Plunger)
500 ..
300 cc/min
0.1
DB sys BCV
B In B Out
Dt t
Deforming Control Volume

MCV
M In M Out ----- (1)
t
M In 0
M Out = Q 0.1Q
(1)
MCV
= 0 Q 0.1Q
t
MCV
= - 1.1Q ----- (2)
t
MCV dCV d AL
= =
t dt dt
MCV dL
= A ----- (3)
t dt
dS dL
V = = ----- (4)
dt dt
(3) (4) (2) A V = 1.1Q
1.1Q
V =
A
10 6
1.1 300
60
=
500 10 6
V = 0.011 m/s Ans
Flow Theorem
3.4
500 / 1.0015
1.0012

1.6552 ()
DB sys BCV
B In B Out
Dt t
Fix Control Volume

MCV
M In M Out ----- (1)
t
In
M = inQ in
= 1.0015W 1.0 ----- (2)
Out
M = out Q out
= 1.0012W 1.0 ----- (3)
t = 0 Control Volume 1 2 t = t
Control volume 1 2

M CV = m1 m m1 m 2
= m m 2 = 2 2
= 2 = 3600 3 1.6552 1.00121000
M CV = 7,063,200 kg = 7,063.2 ton
Control volume
MCV MCV 7,063.2 103
= = ----- (4)
t t t
7,063.2 103
(2) (3) (4) (1) = 1.0015 1.0012W
t
7,063.2
t = = 47,088,000 = 545 Ans
1.0015 1.0012
Flow Theorem
Fluid Mechanics 4-1

3

Streamline Steady flow
Leonhard Euler
(streamline) Bernouli Euler

4.1 Euler (Eulers Energy equation)
streamline 4.1
4.1
streamline as
-
P
P dA P ds dA
s
- dW d dA ds
2

F ma
Energy Equation
4-2 Fluid Mechanics

P
P dA P ds dA dW sin mas --------- (4.1)
s
dV
a s V f s, t
dt
a V ds V dt V V V --------- (4.2)
s s dt t dt s t
V V dV
(Steady flow) 0
t s ds
4.2
a V dV --------- (4.3)
s
ds

m d dA ds --------- (4.4)
4.3 4.4 4.1

P dV
P dA P ds dA dA ds sin dA ds V
s ds
P
P P ds ds ds V
dz dV
s ds ds
P dP
Steady flow
s ds
dP dz dV
P P ds ds ds V
ds ds ds

dP V dV
dz 0 --------- (4.5)
g
4.5 Leonhard Euler
Energy Equation
Fluid Mechanics 4-3
4.2 Bernoulli (Bernoullis equation)
Bernoulli Leonhard Euler

dP V dV
dz 0
g

P V2
z C --------- (4.6)
2g
P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 z 2 --------- (4.7)
2g 2g
4.7 Bernoulli Bernoulli
Bernoulli
streamline 1 2
4.7
4.2 Bernoulli
4.6 4.7 (L)

P FL
2

MLT 2 L2 2
V 2 LT 1
L
z: L : L :
ML 2 T 2 ML 2 T 2 2g LT 2
Energy FL
= : L
Weight F
Bernoulli
Energy Equation
4-4 Fluid Mechanics
(Energy
Head) (Head)
Z
(Potential head or Elevation head)
P
(Pressure head)

V2
(Velocity head)
2g
(Steady flow)
(Ideal Fluid) (Incompressible fluid)
streamline

streamline 4.2 (Energy
Grade Line ; E.G.L.)
(Hydraulic Grade Lime ; H.G.L.)
( ; Static head Piezomatic head)
Energy Equation
Fluid Mechanics 4-5
4.1 1.0 . 0.7 .

0.2 . 10 .
( )

Bernoulli A C
2 2
PA VA PC VC
zA = zC
2g 2g
(Datum) 0
A : zA = +0.7 m ; PA = 0 ; VA = 0
C : zC = +0.2 m ; PC = 0
VC2
(1) 0.7 0 0 = 0.2 0
2g
VC = 3.13 m/s
Q A C VC
4 0.10 2 3.13 0.012 m 3 / s 12.29 l / s Ans
4.2 A B
A 10 .
68.67 kPa B 7.5 .
( B)

Bernoulli A B
2 2
PA VA PB VB
zA = zB ----- (1)
2g 2g
(Datum) 0
A : zA = 0 ; PA = 68.67 x 103 Pa B : zB = 0 ; PB = 0
2
3
68.67 10 VA VB2
(1) 0 = 00
2g 2g
2g 6.957 0 = VB2 VA2 ----- (2)
2
AB DB 0.075 2
Q A A VA A B VB VA VB VB VB 0.5625 VB
AA D
A 0. 10
= VB 0.5625VB 2
2
(2) 2g 6.957
VB = 14.13 m/s
Q A B VB
4 0.0752 14.13 0.06242 m 3 / s 62.42 l / s Ans
Energy Equation
4-6 Fluid Mechanics
4.3 AG A-B 15 . C-G 10 . A

39.24 kPa G A 78.3 l/s

Q A BA VBA A GC VGC
0.0783 0.0783
VGC 2 9.97 m s ; VBA 2 4.43 m s
4 0. 1 4 0. 15
2 2
PA VA 4.43
E.G.L. A z A 3.5 4 8.50 m
2g 2g
P
H.G.L. A z A A 3.5 4.0 7.5 m

G A
2 2
PG VG P V
zG = zA A A
2g 2g
PG 9.97 2 39.24 10 3 4.43 2
6.5 = 3.5
2g 2g
PG
= -3.06 m

P VG2 9.97 2
E.G.L. G z G G 6.5 3.06 8.5 m
2g 2g
P
H.G.L. G z G G 6.5 3.06 3.44 m

F A
PF VF2 PA VA2
zF = zA
2g 2g
3 2
PF 9.97 2 39.24 10 4.43
6.5 = 3.5
2g 2g
PF
= -3.06 m

Energy Equation
Fluid Mechanics 4-7
PF VF2 9.97 2
E.G.L. F z F 6.5 3.06 8.5 m
2g 2g
P
H.G.L. F z F F 6.5 3.06 3.44 m

E A
PE VE2 PA VA2
zE = zA
2g 2g
3 2
PE 9.97 2 39.24 10 4.43
5.0 = 3.5
2g 2g
PE
= -1.56 m

P VE2 9.97 2
E.G.L. E z E E 5.0 1.56 8.5 m
2g 2g
P
H.G.L. E z E E 5.0 1.56 3.44 m

D A
PD VD2 PA VA2
zD = zA
2g 2g
PD 9.97 2 39.24 10 3 4.43 2
3.5 = 3.5
2g 2g
PD
= -0.06 m

2 2
P VD 9.97
E.G.L. D z D D 3.5 0.06 8.5 m
2g 2g
P
H.G.L. D z D D 3.5 0.06 3.44 m

C A
2 2
PC VC P V
zC = zA A A
2g 2g
3 2
PC 9.97 2 39.24 10 4.43
3.5 = 3.5
2g 2g
PG
= -0.06 m

Energy Equation
4-8 Fluid Mechanics
PC VC2 9.97 2
E.G.L. C z C 3.5 0.06 8.5 m
2g 2g
P
H.G.L. C z C C 3.5 0.06 3.44 m

B A
PB VB2 PA VA2
zB = zA
2g 2g
3 2
PB 4.43 2 39.24 10 4.43
3.5 = 3.5
2g 2g
PB
= 4.0 m

PB VB2 4.43 2
E.G.L. B z B 3.5 4 8.50 m
2g 2g
P
H.G.L. B z B B 3.5 4.0 7.5 m

E.G.L. H.G.L.
Energy Equation
Fluid Mechanics 4-9
Bernoulli
- Venturi meter
Venturi meter

4.3 Venturi
4.3 Piezometer (H1 , H2) Static head

Bernoulli 1-2
2 2
P1 V1 P2 V2
z1 z 2
2g 2g
H1 , H2 static head 1 2
2 2
V V
H1 1 H2 2
2g 2g
2gH2 H1 V2 V1
2 2
D12
A1V1 A 2 V2 V2 2 V1
D2

2 gH
V V1 4 --------- (4.8)
D1
1
D2
4.8
(CV)
2gH
V C V 4 C W 2gH --------- (4.9)
D1
1
D2
CV
CW 4
D1
1
D2
Energy Equation
- Pitot tube
Pitot tube
4.4
4.4 pitot tube
4.4 Pitot tube Pitot

tube Static head Velocity head (Total
Energy Head)
Bernoulli 1-2
P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 z 2
2g 2g
H1 , H2 static head 1 2
V2
H1 1 H2 0
2g

V V1 2g H --------- (4.10)
4.10
(CP)
V C P 2g H --------- (4.11)
4.5
Energy Equation
4.4
Venturi 1 2
D 0.5D

h

Ideal Fluid
Bernoulli 1 2
P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 z 2
2g 2g
z1 = z2
2 2
P1 P2 V2 V1
------- (1)
2g
P1 W h1
P2 W h2
P1 P2 W h1 h2 W h ------- (2)
Q1 = Q2
2
A1 D1 D 2
A1V1 A 2 V2 V2
V1 V1 V1 4 V1 ------- (3)
A2 D2 0.5D
(2) (3) (1)
W h

4 V1 2 V1
2
15 V12 2g h
W 2g
2g h
V1 ------- (4)
15
2g h
Q A1V1 D 2 Ans
4 15
Energy Equation
4.3 (Energy Equation)
Bernoulli

()
(
)
(Pump and Turbine)
Bernoulli
4.3.1 (Head loss)
- (Major loss)
(Friction head loss)
hf
- (Minor loss)

(Fitting Devices)
hm
4.6
Bernoulli
2 2
P V P V
z1 1 1 z 2 2 2 hf hm ------- (4.12)
2g 2g
Energy Equation
4.7
Energy Equation
4.5
A-H
2 2
PA VA PH VH
zA = zH h f hm
w 2g w 2g
PA = 0 , PH = 0 , VA = 0
2
VH
zA = z H h f h m ------- (1)
2g
hf A H 1 1 1 2 2 7m
hm A H 1.5 1 1 2 1.5 7m
2
V
(1) 15.0 = 0.0 H 7.0 7.0
2g
VH = 4.429 m/s
Q A H VH

4

0.10 2 4.429 0.035 m 3 s
A-B
2 2
PA VA P V
zA = z B B B h f hm AB
w 2g w 2g
D H2 0.10 2
PA = 0 , VA = 0 VB 2 VH 2 4.429 1.968 m / s
DB 0.15
hm A B 1. 5m h f A B 0m
PB 1.968 2
15.0 0 0 = 10.0 1.5 0
w 2g
PB
= = 3.303 m
w
Energy Equation
2 2
PB VB 1.968
B E.G.L. = zB 10 3.303 13.5 m
w 2g 2g
P
H.G.L. = z B B 10 3.303 13.303 m
w
B-C ()
2 2
P V PC in VC in
zB B B = z C in h f hm
w 2g w 2g
PB VB2
z B 13.5 m VC VB 1.968 m / s
w 2g
h f BC 1m hm BC 0m
PB 1.968 2
13.5 = 10.0 1.0 0
w 2g
PC in
= 2.303 m
w
2 2
P V 1.968
Cin E.G.L. = z C C C 10 2.303 12.5 m
w 2g 2g
P
H.G.L. = z C C 10 2.303 12.303 m
w
- C
PC in VC2in PC out VC2out
z C in = z C out h f h m
w 2g w 2g
PC in VC2in
z C in 12.5 m VC in VC out 1.968 m / s z C in z C out
w 2g
h f C C
in out
0m hm C C
in out
1m
PC out 1.968 2
12.5 = 10.0 0 1.0
w 2g
PC out
= 1.303 m
w
PC out VC2out 1.968 2
Cout E.G.L. = z C out 10 1.303 11.5 m
w 2g 2g
PC out
H.G.L. = z C out 10 1.303 11.303 m
w
Energy Equation
C D
PC out VC2out PD in VD2in
z C out = z D in h f h m
w 2g w 2g
PC out VC2out
z C out 11.5 m VC out VD in 1.968 m / s
w 2g
h f C
out D in
1.0 m hm C
out D in
0 m
PD in 1.968 2
11.5 = 5.0 1.0 0
w 2g
PD in
= 5.303 m
w
PD in VD2in 1.968 2
Din E.G.L. = z D in 5.0 5.303 10.5 m
w 2g 2g
PD
H.G.L. = z D in in 5.0 5.303 10.303 m
w
- D
PD in VD2in PD out VD2out
z D in = z D out h f h m
w 2g w 2g
PD in VD2in
z D in 10.5 m VD in VD out 1.968 m / s z D in z D out
w 2g
h f D D
in out
0 hm D D
in out
1.0 m
PD out 1.968 2
10.5 = 5.0 0 1.0
w 2g
PD out
= 4.303 m
w
PD out VD2out 1.968 2
Dout E.G.L. = z D out 5.0 4.303 9.5 m
w 2g 2g
PD out
H.G.L. = z D out 5.0 4.303 9.303 m
w
Energy Equation
D - E
PD out VD2out P V
2
z D out = z E E E h f h m
w 2g w 2g
PD out VD2out
z D out 9.5 m VD out VE 1.968 m / s
w 2g
h f D
out E
1.0 m hm D
out E
0
PE 1.968 2
9.5 = 5.0 1.0 0
w 2g
PE
= 3.303 m
w
2 2
P V 1.968
E E.G.L. = z E E E 5.0 3.303 8.5 m
w 2g 2g
P
H.G.L. = z E E 5.0 3.303 8.303 m
w
E - F
2 2
PE VE P V
zE = z F F F h f hm
w 2g w 2g
2
P V
z E E E 8.5 m
w 2g
D E2 0.15 2
A E VE A F VF VF VE
0.10 2 1.968 4.428 m / s
D F2
h f EF 0 hm EF 2.0 m
PF 4.428 2
8.5 = 5.0 0 2.0
w 2g
PF
= 0.500 m
w
2 2
P V 4.428
F E.G.L. = z F F F 5.0 0.5 6.5 m
w 2g 2g
P
H.G.L. = z F F 5.0 0.5 5.5 m
w
Energy Equation
F G
P V
2 PG in VG2in
zF F F = z G in h f h m
w 2g w 2g
2
P V
z F F F 6.5 m VG in VF 4.428 m / s
w 2g
h f FG
in
2.0 m hm FG
in
0
PG in 4.428 2
6.5 = 5.0 2.0 0
w 2g
P G
= -1.500 m
w
PG in VG2in 4.428 2
Gin E.G.L. = z G in 5.0 1.5 4.5 m
w 2g 2g
PG
H.G.L. = z G in in 5.0 1.5 3.5 m \
w
- G
PG in VG2in PG out VG2out
z G in = z G out h f h m
w 2g w 2g
PG in VG2in
z G in 4.5 m VG in VG out z G in z G out
w 2g
h f G G
in out
0 hm G G
in out
1.5 m
PG out 4.428 2
4.5 = 5.0 0 1.5
w 2g
PG out
= -3.000 m
w
PG out VG2out 4.428 2
Gout E.G.L. = z G out 5.0 3.0 3.0 m
w 2g 2g
PG out
H.G.L. = z G out 5.0 3.0 2.0 m
w
Energy Equation
G - H
PG out VG2out P V
2
z G out = z H H H h f hm
w 2g w 2g
PG out VG2out
z G out 3.0 m VG out VH 4.428 m / s
w 2g
h f G
out H
2.0 m h m G
out H
0
PH 4.428 2
3.0 = 0.0 2.0 0
w 2g
PH
= 0.000 m
w
2 2
P V 4.428
H E.G.L. = zH H H 0 0 1.0 m
w 2g 2g
P
H.G.L. = zH H 0 0 0 m
w
Ans
Energy Equation
4.6 1
2
2.5 cm

D
Bernoulli A G
2 2
PA VA PG VG
z A z G h f hm ------- (1)
2g 2g
H (Datum) 0
A : zA = +1.3 m ; PA = 0 ; VA = 0
G : zG = +0.3 m ; PA = 0
hf
A G
0.15 0.15 0.3 m ; hm
A G
0.1 0.15 2 0.15 0.55 m
VG2
(1) 1.3 0 0 = 0.3 0 0.3 0.55
2g
VG = 2.971 m/s
Q A G VG
4 0.025 2 2.971 0.0006 m 3 / s 0.6 l / s Ans
Bernoulli A D
2 2
PA VA PD VD
z A z D h f hm ------- (2)
2g 2g
D : zD = +0.8 m ; VD = VG = 2.971 m/s
hf
A D
0.15 m ; hm
A D
0.1 0.15 0.25 m
PD 2.9712
(2) 1.3 0 0 = 0.8 0.15 0.25
2g
PD
= -0.05 m

PD = -490.5 N/m2 Ans
Energy Equation
4.3.2 (Pump)
4.8
(hP)
(HP)
4.8
Bernoulli

2 2
P V P V
z1 1 1 HP z 2 2 2 hf hm ------- (4.13)
2g 2g
(Power ; PW)
Work Wight Volume
PW H
Volume t P
t

PW QHP ------- (4.14)
(PP)

P PP PW ------- (4.15)
P
Energy Equation
4.7
1 2
0.594 ../

60 %
A-F
2 2
PA VA P V
Z A HP = Z F F F h f h m
w 2g w 2g
5.0 0 0 HP = 25.0 0 0 h f hm ----- (1)
Q 0.594
BC VB C 2 1.50 m s
A B 4 0.71
Q 0.594
DE VD E 2 2.50 m s
A D 4 0.55
2 2 2
BC hf hm B C 6.0 VB C 1.0 VB C 7.0
VB C
2g 2g 2g
2 2 2
VD E VD E VD E
DE hf hm D E 9.5 4.0 13.5
2g 2g 2g
(1)
VB2 C VD2 E
HP = 25 5 7.0 13.5
2g 2g
2
1.5 2.5 2
= 25 5 7.0 13.5
2g 2g
= 25.1 m

Pw = QHP
= 0.594 25.1
= 146,261.214 W = 146.26 kW Ans

PW 146.26 kW 146.26 kW
PP = =
P 0.60 0.60
= 246.77 kW Ans
Energy Equation
Cavitations ( )

(suction zone)

4.9 Cavitations
4.10 Cavitations
Energy Equation
4.3.3 (Turbine)
4.11
(HP) (hT)

4.9
Bernoulli

2 2
P V P V
z1 1 1 z 2 2 2 HT hf hm ------- (4.16)
2g 2g
(Power ; PW)
Work Wight Volume
PW H
Volume t T
t

PW QHT ------- (4.17)
(PT)
PP T PT ------- (4.18)
T
Energy Equation
4.8
+150 . +95 .

0.594 cms

75 %

A-F
2 2
PA VA P V
Z A HT = Z F F F h f h m H T
w 2g w 2g
150 0 0 = 95 0 0 H T h f hm ----- (1)
Q 0.954
BC VB C 2.50 m s
A B 4 0.55 2
Q 0.954
DE VD E 1.50 m s
A D 4 0.71 2
VB2 C VB2 C VB2 C
BC hf hm B C 12.5 3.5 16.0
2g 2g 2g
2 2
VD E VD E VD2
DE hf hm D E 10.2 5.0 15.2
2g 2g 2g
(1)
VB2 C VD2 E
HT = 150 95 16.0 15.2
2g 2g
2
2.5 1.5 2
= 150 95 16.0 15.2
2g 2g
= 48.16 m

Pw = QH T
= 0.594 48.16
= 280,635.06 = 280.64 kW Ans

PT = TPW
= 280.64 kW 0.75
= 210.48 kW Ans
Energy Equation
Energy Equation
Fluid Mechanics 5-1

(Impulse momentum)

5.1
5.1

(Impulse momentum)
(Reynolds Transport Theorem)
Momentum Equation
5-2 Fluid Mechanics
5.1 (Linearly Momentum Equation)

5.2
5.2
5.2 5.1 ()
5.1 ()
(H)

DHsys HCV
= H In H Out --------- (5.1)
Dt t
H

dV
F = ma = m
dt
F dt = m dV --------- (5.2)

5.2 (Impulse momentum) F dt

(Impulse) m dV
5.2 5.1
m sys dVsys

Fsys dt =

DHsys
F sys = --------- (5.3)
Dt
5.3

( F sys )
Momentum Equation
Fluid Mechanics 5-3
5.3 5.1

HCV
F sys = H In H Out --------- (5.4)
t
()
(Incompressible Fluid) (Steady Flow)

HCV
= 0 --------- (5.5)
t

mV V
H = =
dt dt

H = Q V --------- (5.6)
5.4

Fsys Out Q Out VOut In Q In VIn --------- (5.7)
5.7 (Momentum Equation) (Incompressible

Fluid) (Steady stage)
Momentum Equation
5-4 Fluid Mechanics
5.1 2
0.30 ../ 1 10 kPa
2
-
- 1.5 Velocity head 1
-

Mmentum

F Out Q Out VOut In Q In VIn ---- (1)

Out Q Out VOut = w Q V2 ---- (2)

In Q In VIn = w Q V1 ---- (3)

F F2
2 2

1
P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 = z2 ---- (4)
2g 2g
Q 0.3 Q 0.3
V1 2 2 1.53 m s ; V2 2 2 6.12 m s
4 1 D 4 0 . 5 1 D
4 2 4 0. 25 1
P1 , V1 V2 (4)

10 10
3

1.53 2
=
P2 6.12 2

2g 2g
P2 = -7.56 kPa
1 2

F1 P1A 1 P1 4 D12 10 10 3 4 0.5 2 1.96 kN
F2 P2 A 2 P2 4 D 22 7.56 103 4 0.25 2 370.44 N
FX
F

= F1 FX F2
= 1.96 10 3 FX 370.44
F = 2330.44 FX ---- (5)
Momentum Equation
Fluid Mechanics 5-5
(2) , (3) (5) (1)

2330.44 FX = w 0.3 1.53 w 0.3 6.12
FX = 0.953 kN Ans
2 1.5 Velocity head 1

P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 = z 2 hL
2g 2g

10 103 1.53 2
=
P2 6.12 2
1.5
1.53 2
2g 2g 2g
P2 = -9.312 kPa
1 2

F1 P1A 1 P1 4 D12 10 10 3 4 0.5 2 1.96 kN
F2 P2 A 2 P2 4 D 22 9.31 103 4 0.25 2 457.00 N
FX
F

= F1 FX F2
= 1.96 10 3 FX 457
F = 2417 FX ---- (6)
(2) , (3) (6) (1)
2417 FX = w 0.3 1.53 w 0.3 6.12
FX = 1.04 kN Ans
Momentum Equation
5-6 Fluid Mechanics
5.2 A
5.0 2.5
( A) 88.29 kPa
2
-
- 1.5 Velocity head A
-

Mmentum

F Out Q Out VOut In Q In VIn ---- (1)

Out Q Out VOut = w Q VB ---- (2)

In Q In VIn = w Q VA ---- (3)

F = FA FX ---- (4)
(2) , (3) (4) (1)
FA FX = w Q VB w Q VA ---- (5)
(5) VA VB

1
PA VA2 PB VB2
zA = zB
2g 2g
0

88.29 10
3

VA
2
= 00
VB
2
2g 2g
2
A D 5 2
Q VA A A VB A B VB A VA A VA VA 4 VA
AB DB 2.5

88.29 10
3

VA
2
=
16 VA2
2g 2g
VA = 3.43 m/s
VB = 13.72 m/s
Q =
3.43 4 0.05
2
= 0.0067 m3/s
(5)
PA A A FX = w Q 13.72 w Q 3.43
FX
= 88.29 10 3 4 0.05 2 w 0.0067 13.72 3.43
= 104.41 N
FX
FX
104.41 N Ans
Momentum Equation
Fluid Mechanics 5-7
2 1.5 Velocity head A

2 2
PA VA PB VB
zA = z B hL
2g 2g
0
88.29 10 3

2
VA
=
VB
2
0 0 1.5
2
VA
2g 2g 2g
2
AA DA 5 2
Q VA A A VB A B VB VA VA VA 4 VA
AB DB 2.5

88.29 103 VA2
=
16 VA2
1.5
VA2
2g 2g 2g
VA = 3.27 m/s
VB = 13.09 m/s
Q =
3.27 4 0.05
2
= 0.0064 m3/s
(5)
PA A A FX = w Q 13.09 w Q 3.27
FX
= 88.29 10 3 4 0.05 2 w 0.0064 13.09 3.27
= 110.51 N
FX
FX
110.51 N Ans
Momentum Equation
5-8 Fluid Mechanics
5.3
5.3
-
5.7

FX Out Q Out VOut X In Q In VIn X --------- (5.8)

FY Out Q Out VOut Y In Q In VIn Y --------- (5.9)

FZ Out Q Out VOut Z In Q In VIn Z --------- (5.10)
5.4 X-Y
Momentum Equation
Fluid Mechanics 5-9
5.3
1 150 kPa

- X-Y
V3 Q in Q out
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
V3 A 3 = Q1 Q 2
Q1 Q 2
V3 = ----- (1)
A3

Q 1 V1A 1 5 4 0.5 2 5 0.196 0.98 m 3 s

Q 2 V2 A 2 10 4 0.2 2 10 0.031 0.31 m 3 s
0.98 0.31 0.98 0.31
(1) V3 =
4
0 . 15 2 =
0 . 018
= 37.2 m/s
Q3 = Q1 - Q3 = 0.67 m3/s
X-Y
2 3
2 3
P2 P3
1 2
P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 = z2
2g 2g
3 2 2
150 10 5 P2 10
0 = 0
2g 2g
P2 = 112.5 kPa
1 3
2 2
P1 V1 P3 V3
z1 = z3
2g 2g
3 2
150 10 5 P3 37.2 2
0 = 0
2g 2g
P3 = -529.42 kPa
Momentum Equation

X
Fx = Q out Vout X Q in Vin X ----- (2)

FX = FX F2 F3 cos 45 O
= P2 A 2 P3 A 3 cos 45 O FX
= 112.5 0.031 529.42 0.018 cos 45 O FX
FX = 10.23 FX kN ----- (3)
Q in Vin X = 0 ----- (4)
Q out Vout X =
W Q 2 V2 W Q 3 V3 cos 45 O
= W 0.3110 W 0.67 37.2 cos 45 O
= 14.52 (kN) ----- (5)
(3) , (4) (5) (2)

10.23 FX kN = 14.52 0
FX = 4.29 kN
X
FY = Q out Vout Y Q in Vin Y ----- (6)

O
FY = FY F1 F3 sin 45
= FY P1A 1 P3 A 3 sin 45 O
= FY 150 0.196 529.42 0.018 sin 45 O
FY = FY 36.14 kN ----- (7)
Q in Vin Y = W Q 1 V1
= W 0.98 5 = -4.9 (kN) ----- (8)
Q out Vout Y =
W Q 3 V3 sin 45
O

O
= 0.67 37.2 sin 45
= -17.62 (kN) ----- (5)
Momentum Equation
(7) , (8) (9) (6)

FY 36.14 = (-17.62) (-4.9)
FY = 23.42 kN

F = FX2 FY2
2 2
= 4.29 23.42
= 23.81 kN
F 1 23.81
= tan 1 Y = tan = 79.62
O
Ans
FX 4.29
5.4

1 2 1.12 .
-

- Mmentum X

FX Out Q Out VOut X In Q In VIn X ---- (1)
F2 2
P2
2
P1 V12 P2 V2
z1 = z 2 hL
2g 2g
2 2
58.86 3 P2 V2
0 = 0 1.12 ---- (2)
9.81 2g 2g
2
A1 D1 0.3 2
V2 V1 V1 V1 4 V1 4 3 12 m s (2)
A2 D
2 0. 15
2 2
58.86 3 P 12
0 = 0 2 1.12
9.81 2g 2g
P2 = -19.62 kPa
Momentum Equation

FX = F1 F2 X FX
= P1A 1 P2 A 2 45 FX
= 58.86 4 0.3 2 45 19.62 4 0.15 2 FX
= 4.438 - FX (kN)
Q out Vout X = w V2 A 2 45 V2
= 45 w 4 0.15 2 12 2
= +2.036 (kN)
Q in Vin X = w V1A 1 V1 = w 4 0.30 2 3 2
= +0.636 (kN)
(1)
4.438 - FX = (+2.036) (0.636)
FX = 3.038 kN
- Mmentum Y

FY Out Q Out VOut Y In Q In VIn Y ---- (2)

F Y = F2 Y FY = P2 A 2 35 FY
= 35 19.62 4 0.15 2 FY
= 0.208 FY (kN)
Q out Vout Y = w V2 A 2 35 V2 = 35 w 4 0.15 2 12 2
= +1.527 (kN)
Q in Vin Y = 0
(2)
0.208 + FY = (+1.527)
FY = 1.319 kN
F = FX2 FY2
2 2
= 3.038 1.319
= 3.312 kN
F
tan 1
1.319
= tan 1 Y =
FX 3.038
O
= 23.47 Ans
Momentum Equation
5.5 20 mm
7 m/s
5 cm
10 cm

(V)
2
P1 V12 P2 V2
z1 = z2
2g 2g
2 2
7 V
00 = 0.1 0
2g 2g
V = 7.14 m/s
-

- Mmentum X

FX Out Q Out VOut X In Q In VIn X ---- (1)
Fx = -FX

Q out Vout X = 0
Q in Vin X = 0
(1)
FX = 0
- Mmentum Y

FY Out Q Out VOut Y In Q In VIn Y ---- (2)

F Y = FY
Q out Vout Y = 0
Q in Vin Y = W QV = W AV 2
= W 4 0.02 2 7 2
(2)
FY =
0 W 4 0.02 2 7 2
FY = 15.3 N

F = FY = 15.3 N Ans
Momentum Equation
5.2 (Momentum equation for moving control volume)
5.5
5.5()

V = V2 V1 --------- (5.11)
5.6
(V2)
()

5.4() 1 = V1 u --------- (5.12)

V2 = 2 u --------- (5.13)
5.12 5.13

V2 V1 = 2 1

V = --------- (5.14)
5.14

Momentum Equation
5.7

5.6
5.6 FX = FX

Out Q Out VOut X = Q v u cos

In Q In VIn X = Q v u

FX = Q v u cos Q v u
FX = Q v u 1 cos --------- (5.15)
FY = FY

Out Q Out VOut Y = Q v u sin

In Q In VIn Y = 0

FY = Q v u sin 0
FY = Q v u sin --------- (5.16)
5.15 5.16
5.15 5.16
Momentum Equation
5.7
25 mm 10 m/s 45O
M 1 kg
(u)

FX = VX Q out VX Q in ---- (1)
FX = -FX = -T

Q V U A V U 0.025 2
4
VX Q out = W Q v u cos 45 O

= W 0.025 2 v u 2 cos 45 O
4
VX Q in = W Q v u

= W 0.025 2 v u 2
4
(1)

-T = W 0.025 2 v u 2 cos 45 O W v u 2 cos 45 O
4
T =

4

W 0.025 2 v u 2 1 cos 45 O
(1g) =

W 0.025 2 10 u 2 1 cos 45 O
4

u
u = 1.91 m/s Ans
Momentum Equation

(pump) (Hydraulic turbine)

(Absolute path : V) (Relative path : )
5.8 5.12
5.8 Radial-flow centrifugal pump
5.9 Axial-flow centrifugal pump
Momentum Equation
5.10 Impulse Turbine (Pelton Turbine)
5.11 Reaction Turbine Fransis (radial-flow)
5.12 Reaction Turbine Kaplan (axial-flow)
Momentum Equation
Fluid Mechanics 6-1
()
(Flow in Pressure Conduit) (Steady
Incompressible Flow in Pipe)

( )

6.1

- Closed conduit
- Pipes
- Duct

- Pipes ()
- Fitting Devices ()
- Flowrate control devices ()
- Pump or Turbine ( )
Flow in Pressure Conduit

6-2 Fluid Mechanics
6.1 (Behavior of flow in pipe)
.. 1883 (Osborne Reynolds)

6.2
6.2
1) (Laminar Flow)

2) (Turbulent Flow)

3) (Transition Flow)

3
(Reynolds Number ; Re)
Re < 2000
2000 < Re < 4000
Re > 4000

Fluid Mechanics 6-3
Reynolds Number
VD VD
Re --------- (6.1)

V =
D =
=
= (Absolute Viscosity ; 1.0 103 )
Water at 22 o C
= (Kinematic Viscosity ; 1.0 106 )
Water at 22 o C
6.2 (Entrance Flow Development)

(Entrance length : LE)
6.2.1 (Entrance condition in laminar flow)
6.3
6.3
3

6-4 Fluid Mechanics
1) (Invicid core length : LI)

(x) (y) Li

2) (Development length : Ld) Li

(x) (y)
Li
3) (Developed flow)
(Ld)
(y)
(x)

(Entrance length : LE)

LE = Li + Ld --------- (6.2)
LE 0.065 D Re --------- (6.3)
Li 1 --------- (6.4)
4 LE
Re =
D =
(Entrance condition in turbulent flow)

6.2.2

6.4

Fluid Mechanics 6-5

(Li Ld )

(Ld)
6.4
Re > 105
Li 10 D --------- (6.5)
Ld 40 D --------- (6.6)
LE 120 D --------- (6.7)
6.3 (Friction head loss or Major loss : hf)
6.5
R 6.5
P 1 V 12 P 2 V 22
Z1 = Z2 h f
2g 2g
V1 = V2
P1 P2
hf = Z1 Z 2 --------- (6.6)

F = Out Q Out VOut In Q In VIn
V1 = V2

F = 0
P 1 A P 2 A AL sin O 2 RL = 0

6-6 Fluid Mechanics
O
A
P1 P2 O 2 RL
L sin = --------- (6.7)
A
6.5 L sin Z2 Z1 6.7
P1 P2 O 2 RL
Z1 Z 2 = --------- (6.8)
A
6.8 6.6
O 2 RL
hf =
A
O 2 RL
hf =
R 2
O 2L
hf = --------- (6.9)
R
(O) (V)
() () (D)
() (Dimensionless analysis)
D V (repeating variables)
O
= , --------- (6.10)
V 2 VD D
( )
6.10
O VD
= ,
V 2 D
VD
(Re)

O = V 2 R e , D --------- (6.11)
6.11 6.9
hf = V 2 R e , D 2L
R
f = 8R e , D
hf = V 2 f 2L
8 R
L V2
hf f --------- (6.12)
D 2g

Fluid Mechanics 6-7
6.12
(Henry Darcy)
.. 1857
(Julius Weisbach)
.. 1850 - (Darcy-Weisbach Equation) f
(Darcy friction factor) (friction
factor)

8O
f = --------- (6.13)
V 2

f = R e , D --------- (6.14)
6.3.1 (Friction factor for larminar flow)
6.6
()
dV
r Vr r y y = R r
dy
r
dV r
= --------- (6.15)
dr
6.9 r
2L
hf =
r
dV r 2 L
=
dr r
hf
dVr = r dr
2 L
hf r 2
Vr = C --------- (6.16)
2L 2

6-8 Fluid Mechanics
(
6.6) r = 0 Vr = Vmax
C = Vmax
h
Vr = Vmax f r 2 --------- (6.17)
4L
r = R (Vr = 0)
6.17
hf 2 hf 2
Vmax = R = D --------- (6.18)
4L 16L
6.16 6.17
Paraboloid R Vmax
Paraboloid
V = 0.5 Vmax
6.7 Paraboloid
6.18
hf 2
2V = D
16 L
32 VL
hf =
D 2
VL V 2
= 32
gD 2 V 2
L V2
hf = 64 --------- (6.19)
VD D 2 g
6.19 6.12

64
f 64 --------- (6.20)
VD Re
6.20 Hangen-Poiseuille law

Hangen
Poiseuille

Fluid Mechanics 6-9
6.3.2
(Friction factor for turbulent flow in smooth pipe)

r (u(t)) (t)
Re 6.8 (Re > 4000)

r 6.9

6.8

6.9 r

u t yu *
= --------- (6.21)
u*
6.21 law of wall
u t = y t
u* = friction velocity
O
y = R r ( )
= kinematic viscosity
O
u* =

1
2
=
u * O

2 V2 V 2
V = --------- (6.22)
u *
2 O
6.13 6.22
V 8
= --------- (6.23)
u* f

6.10 r
r
3
- (Viscous sublayer)

- (Outer layer)

- (Overlab
layer)
u t yu *
= 2.44 ln 0.5
u*
u t
R r u *
= 2.44 ln 0. 5 --------- (6.24)
u*

6.11 r
R
Q = u t dA
0

Q = VA ( V )
dA = 2 r dr ( r)
R
1
V =
R 2 0
u t 2rdr --------- (6.25)
6.24 6.25
1 R R r u * 0.5 ] 2 rdr
V = 2 u * [ 2.44 ln
R 0
V Ru *
= 2.44 ln 1.34 --------- (6.26)
u*
6.23 6.26
8 D 2 V f
= 2.44 ln 1.34
f 8
1
= 1.99 logR e f 1.02 --------- (6.27)
f
.. 1935 Prandtl 6.27 Nikuradse
( Prandtl)
1
2.00 logR e f 0.80 --------- (6.27)
f

(smooth pipe)
( f = [ Re ] )
6.12

6.3.3
(Friction factor for turbulent flow in rough pipe)
Nikuradse
(roughness : )

3
u *
5

(f = [ Re ])
u *
5 7

f R e , D
u * (Fully rough flow or Complete
7

turbulence flow)
Re
f D
.. 1939 Colebrook

1 D 2.51
2 log --------- (6.28)
f 3.7 Re f
.. 1983 Haaland Cloebrook
Haaland 10-15%
1 D 1.11 6.91
1.88 log
--------- (6.29)
f 3. 7 Re
(Fully rough flow) Karman

1 3.7
2 log --------- (6.30)

f D
.. 1944 Lewis F. Moody Hangen-
Poiseuille ( 6.20) Prandtl ( 6.27) Colebrook ( 6.28)
Karman ( 6.30) Re D friction factor (f)
6.13

6.13 Moody Diagram
6.1

6.4 (Minor loss : hm)
Minor Loss

(Minor loss coefficient : k) (Velocity Head) 6.31
V2
hm k --------- (6.30)
2g
k 6.2
6.2 (Minor loss coefficient : K)
6.14

6.15 -
6.16
6.17

6.1 1 2
z
- 40 l/s

- 35 m

A B
2 2
PA VA PH VH
zA = z H hf hm
2g 2g
zA 0 0 = z H 0 0 hf hm
Z = hf hm --------- (1)
B G

2
L V
hf = hfB G = f
D 2g
2
10 10 10 20 V
= f
0.10 2g
V2
hf = f 500 --------- (2)
2g
-
(B : kB = 0.5) (Globe
valve : kvalve = 10) 90O (E F : kE = kF = 1.5) (G : kG = 1)
( k 6 .2)
2 2 2 2 2
V V V V V
hm = k B k valve k E k F k G
2g 2g 2g 2g 2g
2
= k B k valve k E k F k G V
2g
2
V
= 0.5 10 1.5 1.5 1.0
2g
2
V
hm = 14.5 --------- (3)
2g
(2) (3) (1)
2 2
V V
Z = f 500 14.5
2g 2g
2
V
Z = 500 f 14.5 --------- (4)
2g

- ( Z )
Q 0.04
Q = VA V = = 2
A 4 0.10
V = 5.09 m/s
VD 5.09 0.1
Re = =
1 106
Re = 5.09X105
Wrought iron = 0.045 mm ( 6.1)

0.045 10 3
= = 0.00045
D 0.10
Moody diagram f = 0.0175
V f (4)
5.09 2
Z = 0.0175 500 14.5
2g
Z = 30.70 m Ans
- Q 35 m ( Z = 35 m) Trial & Error

f = 0.020 (4)
V2
35 = 0.020 500 14.5
2g
V = 5.294
VD 5.294 0.1
Re = = = 5.29 X 105
1 10
6
3
0.045 10
= = 0.00045
D 0.10
Moody diagram : f 0.0175 f
f = 0.017 (4)
V2
35 = 0.017 500 14.5
2g
V = 5.464
VD 5.464 0.1
Re = = = 5.46 X 105
1 10 6

3
0.045 10
= = 0.00045
D 0.10
f = 0.0173 (4)
V2
35 = 0.0173 500 14.5
2g
V = 5.446
VD 5.446 0.1
Re = = = 5.45 X 105
1 10 6
3
0.045 10
= = 0.00045
D 0.10

V = 5.446 m/s
Q = 5.446 4 0.10 2 = 0.0427 m3/s
= 42.7 l/s Ans

6.2 12 . wrought iron

300 0.7
5X10-7 m2/s 10.3 kPa
1 .
(1) (2)
2 2
P1 V1 P2 V2
z1 = z 2 hf
O 2g O 2g
z1 z 2 V1 V2 V
P2 P1
= hf
O O
2
P LV
= f
O D 2g
2
P 12,000 V
= f --------- (1)
O D 2g
10.3 kPa/km
P = (10.3 kPa/km) (12 km)
= 123.6 kPa
(1)
123.6 kPa 12,000 V
2
= f
0.7 9810 D 2g
2
V
0.0294 = f --------- (2)
D
wrought iron = 0.045 mm
Q = 300 l/min = 5 l/s
D = 10 cm
0.045 mm
= 0.00045
D 100 mm
Q 0.005
V = = = 0.637 m/s
A
4 0.12
VD 0.637 0.1 5
Re = = 1.3 10
O 5 10 7
Moody diagram f 0.0195 (2)

2
0.637
0.0294 = 0.0195
0.1
. 0.0294 0.0791


D = 15 cm
0.045 mm
= 0.0003
D 150 mm
Q 0.005
V = = = 0.283 m/s
A
4 0.152
VD 0.283 0.15 4
Re = = 8.5 10
O 5 10 7

2
0.283
0.0294 = 0.020
0.15
. 0.0294 0.0107

D = 12.25 cm
0.045 mm
= 0.0004
D 122.5 mm
Q 0.005
V = = = 0.424 m/s
A
4 0.12252
VD 0.424 0.1225 5
Re = = 1.0 10
O 5 10 7

2
0.424
0.0294 = 0.020
0.1225
. 0.0294 0.02935

12.25 cm Ans

6.3
20 l/s
1.5 m + 25.0 m
- 65 %

- I ( BI
9 m)
H A
PH VH2 PA VA2
zH HP = zA h f hm
W 2g W 2g
HP = z H z A h f hm --------- (1)
Q 0.02
Q = VA VGE = = 2 = 2.546 m/s
A GE 4 0.10
Q 0.02
VDB = = 2 = 4.527 m/s
A DB 4 0.075
G B
GE DB
2.546 0.1
GE R e GE =
1 10 6
R e GE = 2.546X105

= 0.15 mm ()
0.15
= = 0.0015
D 100
Moody diagram fGE = 0.0225
4.527 0.075
GE R e DB =
1 10 6
R e DB = 3.395X105

= 0.15 mm ()
0.15
= = 0.002
D 75
Moody diagram fDB = 0.024

hf = h fGE h fDB
2
L GE VGE L DB VDB2
= fGE fDB
D GE 2 g D DB 2g
2 2
7.5 2.546 33.0 4.527
hf = 0.0225 0.0240
0.1 2g 0.075 2g
hf = 11.588 m
(foot valve : kG = 2.0) (Gate valve : kvalve = 2.5)

90O (F C : kF = kC = 1.5) (B : kB = 1)
( k )
2
VGE VDB2
hm = k G k F k valve k C k B
2g 2g
2 2
2.546 4.527
= 2.0 1.5 2.5 1.5 1.0
2g 2g
hm = 4.594 m
hf hm (1)
HP = 25.0 1.5 11.588 4.594
= 42.682 m

PW = QHP = 9810 0.02 42.682
= 8374.208 Watt

PW 8374.208
PP = =
P 0.65
= 12883.398 Watt
PP = 12.883 k Watt Ans
I A
PI VI2 PA VA2
zI = zA h f hm
W 2g W 2g
2
PI VDB
15.5 = 25.0 0 0 h f hm
W 2g
2
PI V
= 9.5 DB h f hm --------- (2)
W 2g

I B

hf = h fIB
L IB VDB2
= fDB
D DB 2 g
2
9.0 4.527
= 0.0240
0.075 2g
= 3.008 m
(kB = 1.0)
V2
hm = k B DB
2g
2
4.527
= 1.0
2g
hm = 1.045 m
(2)
2
PI 4.527
= 9.5 3.008 1.045
W 2g
= 12.508 m
PI = 12.508 W = 122.703 kPa Ans

6.4
+210.0 .. +125.5 ..
0.5 cms 55 %
A I
PA VA2 PI VI2
zA = zI H T h f hm
W 2g W 2g
HT = z A z I hf hm --------- (1)
Q 0.50
Q = VA VBE = = 2 = 2.546 m/s
A BE 4 0 . 50
Q 0.50
VFH = = 2 = 1.132 m/s
A FH 4 0.75
B H BE
FH
2.456 0.5
BE R e BE =
1 10 6
R e BE = 1.228X106
= 0.20 mm ()
0.20
= = 0.0004
D 500
Moody diagram fBE = 0.016
1.132 0.75
FH R e FH =
1 10 6
R e FH = 8.49X105
= 0.15 mm ()
0.15
= = 0.0002
D 750
Moody diagram fFH = 0.015

hf = h fB E h fF H
2 2
L V L V
= fBE BE BE fFH FH FH
D BE 2g D FH 2g
2 2
150 2.546 35 1.132
= 0.016 0.015
0.5 2g 0.75 2g
hf = 1.632 m
( : kB = 3.50) (Gate valve : kvalve

= 0.39) 45O (C D : kC = kD = 0.20) 90O (kG = 0.30) (H : kH
= 1.00)
2 2
VBE VFH
hm = k B k C k D k valve k G k H
2g 2g
2
2.546 1.132 2
= 3.50 0.2 0.2 0.39 0.3 1.0
2g 2g
hm = 1.502 m
hf hm (1)
HT = 210.0 125.5 1.632 1.502
= 81.366 m

PW = QH T = 9810 0.5 81.366
= 399.100 k Watt

PP = T PW = 0.55 400.125
= 219.050 k Watt Ans

(Pipe in parallel)

6.18
6.18
6.18 1 2
ABCDEFG ABCDHIEFG ABCJKLG
( A)
( G)

6.18
z A z B z h f hm BCDEF h f hm BCDHIEF h f hm BCJKL

6.5
Fully rough flow (complete turbulent)
A G ABCDEFG
ABCDHIJG
PA VA2 PG VG
2
zA = zG hf hm BD hf hm DF
W 2g W 2g
zA zG = hf hm BD hf hm DF --------- (1)
2 2
P V P V
zA A A = z G G G hf hm BD hf hm DJ
W 2g W 2g
zA zG = hf hm BD hf hm DJ --------- (2)
(1) (2)
hf hm DF = hf hm DJ --------- (3)
(1) (2)
2z A z G = 2 hf hm BD hf hm DF hf hm DJ --------- (4)

Fully rough flow f
D
0.20 0.002 f 0.0235
BD
D BD 100
0.20 0.004 f f 0.0285
DF DJ
D DF D DJ 50
2 2
L V V
hf hm BD = fBD BD BD k DF BD
DBD 2g 2g
2
10 VBD
= 0. 0235 0. 5 1. 5
0.10 2g
2
V
= 4.35 BD
2g

LDF VDF2 V2
hf hm DF = fDF k DF DF
DDF 2g 2g
2
15 VDF
= 0.0285 0.9 1.5 0.39 1.0
0.05 2g
2
VDF
= 12.34
2g
LDJ VDJ2 VDJ2

hf hm DJ = fDJ k DJ
DDJ 2g 2g
2
20 VDJ
= 0.0285 0.9 1.5 0.39 1.5 1
0.05 2g
2
V
= 16.69 DJ
2g
(3)
2 2
V V
9.84 DF = 16.69 DJ
2g 2g
VDF = (1.302) VDJ --------- (5)
(4)
VBD2 VDF2 VDJ2
2 30 12 = 2 4.35 12.34 16.69
2g 2g 2g
2
VBD VDJ2 VDJ2
36 = 8.70 20.919 16.69
2g 2g 2g
2
VBD VDJ2
36 = 8.70 37.609 --------- (6)
2g 2g

QBD = QDF + QDJ
4 0.12 VBD = 4 0.052 VDF 4 0.052 VDJ
(4) VBD = VDF + VDJ
(5)
(4) VBD = (1.302) VDJ + VDJ
(1.738) VBD = VDJ --------- (7)

(7) (6)
2
VBD
8.70 37.609
1.738 VBD 2
36 =
2 g 2 g
2
36 = 8.70 37.609 1.7382 VBD
2g
VBD = 2.403 m/s
VDJ = (1.738) 2.403 = 4.176 m/s
VDF = (1.302) 4.176 = 5.438 m/s
QBD = 4 0.10 2 2.403 = 0.01887 m3/s = 18.87 l/s
QDF = 4 0.052 4.176 = 0.00820 m3/s = 8.20 l/s
QDJ = 4 0.052 5.438 = 0.01067 m3/s = 10.67 l/s Ans


Fluid Mechanics 7-1
(Open Channel Flow)

(Atmospheric pressure)
(Gravity)

7.1
7.2
7.1 (Type of channel)

2
- (Natural channel)
(Non-Prismatic channel)
( 7.1)
- (Artificial channel)

(Prismatic channel)
( 7.2)
Open Channel Flow

7-2 Fluid Mechanics
7.2 (Open channel flow classification)

2 (Type of flow)
(State of flow)
7.2.1 (Type of flow)

2
1)
a) (Steady flow)
(y) (V) (Q) (A)

d
y , A , v, Q 0
dt
b) (Unsteady flow)

d
y, A, v, Q 0
dt
2)
a) (Uniform Flow : UF) (y)
(A)
b) (Varied flow Non-Uniform flow)
2
- (Gradually Varied Flow : GVF)

- (Rapidly Varied Flow : RVF)

7.3
Open Channel Flow

Fluid Mechanics 7-3

- (Steady Uniform flow)
Steady uniform flow

7.4 Steady uniform flow
- (Steady Gradually Varied flow)

Steady gradually varied flow

7.5 Steady gradually varied flow
- (Steady Rapidly Varied flow)

Steady rapidly varied flow

7.6 Steady rapidly varied flow
Open Channel Flow

7-4 Fluid Mechanics
- (Unsteady Uniform flow)

Unsteady uniform flow

7.7 Unsteady uniform flow
- (Unsteady Gradually Varied flow)

Unsteady gradually varied flow

7.8 Unsteady gradually varied flow
- (Unsteady Rapidly Varied flow)

Unsteady rapidly varied flow

7.9 Unsteady rapidly varied flow
Open Channel Flow

Fluid Mechanics 7-5
7.2.2 (State of flow)

7.2.2.1 (Reynold number : Re)

Reynold number (Vicous
force) (Inertia force)
(
8) Re
VR
Re --------- (7.1)

R = (Hydraulic radius)
V =
=
3
- (Laminar flow)
500
- (Turbulent flow)
2,000
- (Transitional flow)
500 2,000
7.2.2.2 (Froude number : Fr)

Froude number
(Gravity force) (Inertia force)
( 8)
V
Fr --------- (7.2)
gD
D = (hydraulic depth)
g =
3
- (Critical flow) 1

- (Subcritical flow) 1

- (Supercritical flow) 1

Open Channel Flow

7-6 Fluid Mechanics
7.10
7.3 (Basic equation of open channel flow)

(Ideal fluid , Incompressible fluid)
(Steady flow)

- (Depth :y)
- (Top width :B)
- (Hydraulic depth :D)

A
D ( D y )
B
- (Wetted perimeter :P)

- (Hydraulic radius :R)
A
R
P
7.11
Open Channel Flow

Fluid Mechanics 7-7
7.3.1 (Continuity Equation)

MCV
M In M Out
t
7.12 (incompressible fluid)
(steady state)
MCV
= 0
t
M In = Q1 = A 1V1
M Out = Q 2 = A 2 V2
0 = A 1V1 A 2 V2
A 1V1 = A 2 V2 --------- (7.3)

B y1 V1 = B y 2 V2
y 1V1 = y 2 V2 --------- (7.4)
7.12
Open Channel Flow

7-8 Fluid Mechanics
7.3.2 (Energy Equation)
4 (Energy head)
streamline (Elevation head)
(Pressure head) (Velocity head)
(Static head)
7.13
7.13
static head 1 2
P h
z1 1 z1 1 z1 h1 z y

P h
z 2 2 z 2 2 z 2 h2 z y

static head

2 2
V V
z 1 y 1 1 z 2 y 2 2 hL --------- (7.5)
2g 2g
hL =
yi = i
zi = i
Vi = i
sf =
sw =
so =
Open Channel Flow

Fluid Mechanics 7-9
7.14
z 7.5

(y)
7.3.3 (Momentum Equation)
5
7.14
7.15 Control volume
7.14 5.7

Fsys = Out Q Out VOut In Q In VIn
F1 F2 FX f = QV2 QV1
F FX + f

F = F1 QV1 F2 QV2
= y 1 A 1 QV1 y 2 A 2 QV2
F Q
2
Q
2
= y A
1 1 gA 2 2 gA y A --------- (7.6)
1 2
7.6
Open Channel Flow

7.4 (Steady Uniform Flow)

7.16 (Sw)
(So) (Sf) 7.17
7.16 Uniform flow
7.17 Uniform flow
7.16
F1 F2
f = W sin
(L) sin tan s o
PL = AL tan
AL s o
=
PL
= Rs o --------- (7.7)
(Wall shear stress)
Open Channel Flow


.. 1773 Antoni Chezy
(V)
V2
= KV 2 (K ) --------- (7.8)
7.8 7.7
KV 2 = Rs o
Rs o
V =
K
V C Rs o --------- (7.9)

7.9 Chezy Chezy (Chezys Formula) C
K
Chezy (Chezy coefficient)

.. 1890 Robert Manning Chezy

Chezy
Manning (Mannings roughness coefficient) 7.10 7.11
1 1
SI C = R 6 --------- (7.10)
n
1.49 1
BG C = R 6 --------- (7.11)
n
n Manning (Mannings roughness coefficient)

Chezy ( 7.1)
7.9 Chezy
Manning
1 2 1
SI V R 3 S 2 --------- (7.12)
n
1 2 1
Q A R 3 S 2 --------- (7.13)
n
1.49 2 1
BG V R 3 S 2 --------- (7.14)
n
1.49 2 1
Q A R 3 S 2 --------- (7.15)
n
7.12 7.14 Manning Manning (Mannings Formula)
Open Channel Flow

7.1 Manning (Mannings roughness coefficient)
Open Channel Flow

7.1
2 m.
0.015 0.001

A b my y 4 2 2 2 16 m 2
2 2
P b 2y 1 m 4 2 2 1 2 12.94 m
A 16
R 1.24 m
P 12.94
1 2 1
Manning V = R 3 S 2
n
1 2 1
= 12.94 3 0.001 2 --------- (1)
n
... Manning 0.015 (1)
1 2 1
V = 12.94 3 0.001 2 --------- (2)
0.015
1 2 1
Q = VA Q = 12.94 3 0.001 2 16
0.015
= 38.88 cms Ans
7.2 7.1 29 cms (yn)

7.1
A b my n y n
A b my n y n P b 2y n 1 m 2 R
P b 2y n 1 m2
Manning
2
1 1 b my y 3 1 2
b my n y n
2
Q = AR 3 S10 2 = n n
2
S0
n n b 2y n 1 m
2
1 4 2y y 3
29 = 4 2y n y n n n
2

1
0.001 2
0.015 4 2y n 1 2
yn ( trial & error)
yn = 1.73 m Ans
Open Channel Flow

7.3 4 m.
(Main channel) (Floodplain) 0.015 0.035
0.001
Main Channel : 1
A1
4 14
2
2.5 14 1.5 43.5 m
2
2
P1 4 2 2.5 1 2 15.18 m
43.5
R1 2.87 m
15.18
1 2 12 1 2 1
Q = A 1R1 3 S 01 = 43.5 2.87 3 0.001 2
n1 0.015
= 185.20 cms
Floodplain : 2 3
A 2 A 3
10 14.5
2
1.5 18.38 m
2

P2 P3 10 1.5 1 3 2 14.74 m
18.38
R 2 R3 1.25 m
14.74
1 2 12 1 2 1
Q2 = Q3 = A 2R 2 3 S 0 2 = 18.38 1.25 3 0.001 2
n2 0.035
= 19.27 cms

Q = Q1+Q2+Q3 = 185.20+19.27+19.27
= 233.74 cms Ans
Open Channel Flow

7.5
(Specific energy and steady rapidly varied flow)
( 7.5)
V2
(y)
2g
(Specific energy)
V2
E = y --------- (7.16)
2g
2
Q
E = y 2 --------- (7.17)
2 gA
7.5
z 1 E1 = z 2 E 2 hL --------- (7.18)

z 2 z1 = E1 E 2 hL --------- (7.19)
7.18
(E)

Q
q = ()
B
VA
= = Vy
B
q
V = --------- (7.20)
y
Open Channel Flow

V2
7.16 E = y
2g
q2
E = y 2 --------- (7.21)
2g y
q E y Hyperbola
7.19
7.19

(alternate depth) 7.19
(critical flow)
(critical depth : yc)
(critical specific energy : Ec)
( y > yc )
( V < Vc ) (subcritical flow)
( y < yc )
( V > Vc ) (supercritical flow)
7.21
dE dy q 2 d 1
=
dy dy 2 g dy y 2
2
dE q 1
= 1 3
dy g y
2
dE q
= 1 3 --------- (7.22)
dy gy
Open Channel Flow

7.22 0
dE
y = yc 0
dy
2
q
0 = 1 3
g yc
2
q
yc = 3 --------- (7.23)
g
7.2
(D = y) 7.23
V D c 2
Dc = 3
g
V D c 2 V
1 = 3 =
gDc gDc
V V
1 = = = Frc --------- (7.24)
gDc gyc
7.24 Vc gy c 7.16
V
2
gy c 2
Ec = yc c = yc
2g 2g
3
Ec = 2 yc --------- (7.25)
y y c ; V Vc Fr 1
1
y y c ; V Vc Fr 1
1
(Steady Rapidly
Varied flow)

Open Channel Flow

7.4 3 m y1 1.55 m V1 1.83 m/s

- z = 0.2 m
-

( )
1

V 1.83
Fr 1 1 0.47 1 1 Subcritical flow
gy 1 g 1.55
Vc
Frc 1 1 --------- (1)
gy c
q q
V Vc (1)
y yc
q
= gy c
yc
q2
yc = 3 --------- (2)
g
q v 1 y 1 v 2 y 2 v i y i (2)
V1y 1 2 1.55 1.83 2
yc = 3 = 3
g g
yc = 0.94 m
7.19 ( )
z 2 z1 = E 1 E 2 --------- (3)
V12 1.83 2
E1 y 1 1.55 1.72 m z 2 z 1 0.2 m
2g 2g
(3) E2 = 1.72 0.2 = 1.52 m
q
2
V1y 1 2
E2 y 2 y
2
2g y 2 2 2
2g y 2
1.83 1.55 2
E2 1.52 = y2
2g y 2 2
y2 = 1.76 m 0.71 m
Open Channel Flow


(subcritical flow : y > yc)

(supercritical flow : y < yc)

(y > yc)
y2 = 1.76 m Ans
V1 y 1 1.83 1.55
q v 1y 1 v 2 y 2 V2 = =
y2 1.76
V2 = 2.25 m/s Ans

E2 = Ec

7.19
z 2 z1 = E 1 E 2
z max = E 1 E c --------- (4)
3 3 0.94
7.25 Ec = 2 yc = 2 --------- (5)
(5) (4) z max = 1.72 32 0.94
z max = 0.31 m Ans
Open Channel Flow

7.5 3 m
(y2=yc)
0.50 m

0.9 m (y2=0.9)
critical flow
q2
y2 = yc = 3
g
2
q
0.9 = 3
g
q = 2.674 m3/s/m
q 2.674
V2 2.971 m s
y2 0.9
7.19 1 2
z 2 z1 = E 1 E 2 --------- (1)
V22 2.971 2
E 2 y 2 0.9 1.350 m z 2 z 1 0.5 m
2g 2g
(1) E1 = 1.350 0.50 = 1.850 m
2
q
E1 y 1
2
2g y 1
2.674 2
E1 1.850 = y1
2g y 1 2
y1 = 0.525 m 1.728 m

y1 1.728 m
Ans
Open Channel Flow

7.19 2 3
z3 z2 = E 2 E 3 --------- (3)
2
V2 2.971 2
E 2 y 2 0.9 1.350 m z 3 z 2 0.5 m
2g 2g
(3) E3 = 1.350 0.50 = 1.850 m
2
q
E3 y 3

2
2g y 3
2.674 2
E1 1.850 = y3
2
2g y 3
y3 = 0.525 m 1.728 m

subcritical flow y3
1.728 m

supercritical flow y3
0.525 m
Ans
Open Channel Flow

7.6 (B1) 3 m (B2) 2.0 m (B3)

2.0 m 8.51 cms y1 2.0 m
(y2) (y3)

Q Q 8.51
q1 q 3 2.8367 cms m
B1 B 3 3
2 2
q 2.8367
y c1 y c 3 3 3 0.936 m
g g
subcritical flow (y1 > yc)

Q 8.51
q2 4.255 cms m
B2 2
q 22 4.255 2
y c2 3 3 1.227 m
g g
7.19 1 2
z 2 z1 = E1 E 2 --------- (1)
2 2
q 2.8367
E1 y 1 2 2.0 2 2.1025 m

2g y 1
2 g 2.0
2
q2 4.255 2 0.9228
E2 y 2 2 y2 2 y2 z 2 z 1 0
2g y 2 2g y 2 2
y2
0.9228
(1) y2 2 = 2.1025
y2
y2 = 1.8256 m 0.8628 m

subcritical flow
supercritical flow
critical flow

critical flow
subcritical flow : y2 = 1.8256 m
Ans
Open Channel Flow

7.19 2 3
z3 z2 = E 2 E 3 --------- (2)
2 2
q 4.255
E2 y 2 2 1.8256 2 2.1025 m

2g y 2
2 g 1.8256
q 32 2.8367 2 0.4101
E3 y 3 2 y2 2 y3 z 3 z 2 0

2g y 3
2g y 3
2
y3
0.4101
(2) y3 2 = 2.1025
y3
y2 = 2.0000 m 0.5070 m

subcritical flow
supercritical flow
critical flow

critical flow
subcritical flow : y3 = 2.00 m
Ans
Open Channel Flow

7.6
(Momentum function and steady rapidly varied flow)
7.6
F Q
2
Q
2
= y A y A
1 1 gA 2 2 gA
1 2
2
Q
Momentum function (M) = yA --------- (7.26)
gA
7.6
F
= M1 M 2 --------- (7.27)

Momentum function

b 2 bq 2 1
M =2 y g y --------- (7.28)

7.28
7.20
7.20

(conjugate depth) 7.20
(critical flow)
Open Channel Flow

7.7 3 m
1 y1 2.0 m V1
1.75 m/s
- y2 1.75 m
1 2
- 1 2
11.5 kN
F
7.27 = M1 M 2

F f
f
= M1 M 2 --------- (1)

7.28 (1)
f b 2 bq 2 1 b 2 bq 2 1
w
= 2 y1 g y 2 y 2 g y --------- (2)
1 2
3 2 3 2 1.75 2 1 3 2 3 2 1.75
2
1
= 2 2 1 . 75
g 2 2 g 1.75
f = 7.873 6.734 w = 11.173 kN Ans
f 11.5 kN (2)
11.5 10
3
3 2 3 2 1.75 2 1 3 2 3 2 1.75 2 1
= 2 y2
w 2 g 2 2 g y2
3 2 3 2 1.75 2 1
6.700 = y2
2 g y2
y2 = 0.610 m 1.741 m
V1y 1 2 2 1.75 2
yc = 3 = 3 = 1.117 m
g g
Momentum function
y1 > yc
subcritical flow y2 = 0.610 m

subcritical flow (y2 > yc)
1.741 m Ans
Open Channel Flow

7.8 3 m
Hydraulic jump
y1 0.4 m V1 7 m/s

Hydraulic jump
F
7.27 = M1 M 2

F 0
M1 = M2 --------- (1)
7.28 (1)
b 2 bq 2 1 b 2 bq 2 1
2 y1 g y 2 y 2 g y
=
1 2
3 2 3 7 0.5
2
1 3 2 3 7 0.5 2 1
2 0.5 g
=
0.5 2 y2 g

y2

2 3.746
0.375 7.492 = 1.5 y 2 y
2
y2 = 2.00 m 0.5 m
Momentum
function
conjugate depth
Momentum function
0.5
Hydraulic jump

2.00 m
q 7 0. 5
V2 = = = 1.75 m/s Ans
y2 2.00
7.19 z 2 z1 = E1 E 2 hL
z 2 z 1 0
hL = E1 E 2 --------- (2)
V12 72
: E1 y 1 0.5 2.9975 m
2g 2g
V22 1.75 2
: E 2 y 2 2.00 2.1561 m
2g 2g
Open Channel Flow

(2) hL = 2.9975 2.1561

= 0.8414 m Ans

Hydraulic jump
supercritical flow subcritical flow

Open Channel Flow

Hydraulic jump
( 7.21 ) ( 7.21 )
(
7.21 ) hydraulic jump
(supercritical flow) (subcritical flow)
(critical flow)
(turbulent) (eddy current)

7.21 Hydraulic jump
Hydraulic jump
(spillway)

hydraulic jump
(stilling basin) ()

Open Channel Flow

Fluid Mechanics 8-1

(Dimension analysis) (Similarity or Similitude)
8.1
8.1 (Dimension analysis)
Dimension Analysis & Similarity

8-2 Fluid Mechanics
8.1.1 (Dimension and Unit)
(Dimension)

2
- (Primary Dimensions or Basic Dimensions)

4
(Mass) M
(Length) L
(Time) T
(Temperature)
- (Secondary Dimensions)
(L) (L) (L)
L3 (L) (T)
L/T
(Unit)

2
- System International Unit SI SI
(Mass) (kg)
(Length) (m)
(Time) (s)
(Temperature) (K)
- British Gravitational System BG
(Mass) (Slug)
(Length) (ft)
(Time) (sec)
(Temperature) (R)
SI

Fluid Mechanics 8-3
8.1

8-4 Fluid Mechanics
8.1.2 (Dimension analysis by Buckingham Pi Theorem)
(Dimensionless terms)
Edgar BuckingHam (Pi)

1) ( k )
3
- (l) (D) (B)
(h) (A) ()
- () ()
()
- (P)
(g) (V) (F)
()
() (g)

2) FLT MLT ()
(Reference dimension) ( r )
MLT
(D) L 1
() M 1 L - 1 T - 1
() M 1 L - 3
(V) L 1 T-1
(P) M 1 L - 1 T - 2
M L T 3 (r = 3)
3) (Repeating variable)

( )
M L T
3 (r = 3) (D) () (V)
()
(P) (D)

Fluid Mechanics 8-5
4) (-term)

k r
5 (k = 5)
3 (r = 3) (D) () (V)
() (P)
2 (n = k r = 5 3)
1 D a b V c ; 2 P D d e V f
a b c d e f -term 1 (i : M 0 L 0 T 0 = 1)
5)

-

-

-

6)
1 , 2 , 3 ,..., n 0


8-6 Fluid Mechanics
8.1
(P/l)
(D) () Dynamic
Viscosity () (V)
()

- D ,
- ,
P
- , V , g

6 (k = 6)
MLT
D : L1 : L1
: M 1 L 3 : M 1 L 1 T 1
P
: M 1 L 2 T 2 V : L 1 T 1 g : L 1 T 2

M L T ( r = 3 ) D , , V
P
, , , g 4 (k-r = 4)

(-term)
L 1 L 1 M 1 L 3 L 1 T 1
a b c
1 D a b V c
M M 0 0 b 0 M 0 b 0

L L 1a3 bc L 0 a c 1 a 1

T T 000c T 0 c0

1
D

Fluid Mechanics 8-7
M 1 L 1 T 1 L 1 M 1 L 3 L 1 T 1
d e f
2 D d e V f
M M 10 e 0 M0 e 1

L L 1 d3 e f L0 d f 2 d 1

T T 100f T 0 f 1

VD
2
DV
P g h i
M 1 L 2 T 2 L 1 M 1 L 3 L 1 T 1
g h i
3
D V

M M 10h0 M 0 h 1

L L 2 g 3 h i L0 g i 1 g 1

T T 2 0 0 i T0 i 2

P D
3
V 2
L1 T 2 L1 M 1 L 3 L1 T 1
j k n
4 g D j k V n
M M 0 0 k 0 M 0 k 0

L L 1 j3 k n L 0 j n 1 j 1

T T 200n T 0 n 2

gD V2
4
V2 gD

VD P D V2

, , , 0 Ans
D V 2 gD

2
V
h f f
D 2g
P
hf h f

P V D
2 P
f 2 2 f
D 2g V

8-8 Fluid Mechanics
f R e , D
VD
3 Re

4
gD
V 2

V2
gD

V
gD
Fr Froude number

f , R e , FR
D

Fluid Mechanics 8-9
8.2 m D

(Drag force)
V

- D
- , ,
- m , V , g , F
g , g 6
MLT
D : L1
: M 1 L 2 T 2 : M 1 L 1 T 1
m : M1 V : L 1 T 1 F : M 1 L 1 T 2
M L T ( r = 3 )
D , , V
, m , F
3 (k-r = 3)
(-term)
1 D a b V c M 1 L 1 T 1 L1 a M 1 L 2 T 2 b L1 T 1 c
M M 1 0 b 0 M 0 b 1

L L 1 a 2 b c L 0 a c 1 a 2

T T 1 0 2 b c T 0 c 1

V
1
D2

2 m D d e V f M 1 L1 d M 1 L 2 T 2 e L1 T 1 f
M M 1 0 e 0 M 0 e 1

L L 0 d 2 e f L 0 d f 2 d 4

T T 002 ef T 0 f 2
mV 2
2
D4
3 F D g h V i M 1 L1 T 2 L1 g M 1 L 2 T 2 h L1 T 1 i
M M 1 0 h 0 M 0 h 1

L L 1 g 2 h i L 0 g i 3 g 3

T T 2 0 2 h i T 0 i 0
F
3
D3

V
mV 2 F
2 , , 3
0 Ans
D D 4
D

8.3 F B H
A Y V

- B,Y,A ( H )
- ,
- V,g,F
A = B B B A 7 ( k = 7 )
MLT
B : L1 Y : L
: M 1 L 3 : M 1 L 1 T 1
V : L 1 T 1 g : L 1 T 2 F : M 1 L 1 T 2
M L T ( r = 3 )
Y , , V
B , , g , F
4 (k-r = 4)
(-term)
1 B Y a b V c L1 L1 a M 1 L 3 b L1 T 1 c
M M 00b 0 M 0 b 0

L L 1 d 3 b c L 0 a c 1 a 1

T T 000c T 0 c0
B
1
Y

2 Y d e V f M 1 L 1 T 1 L1 d M 1 L 3 e L1 T 1 f
M M 1 0 e 0 M 0 e 1

L L 1 d 3 e f L 0 d f 2 d 1

T T 1 0 0 f T 0 f 1

VY
2 Re
YV
3 g Y g h V i L1 T 2 L1 g M 1 L 3 h L1 T 1 i
M M 00e0 M 0 e 0

L L 1 g 3 h i L 0 g i 1 g 1

T T 2 0 0 i T 0 i 2

gy V
3 FR
V2 gy
4 F Y j k V n M 1 L1 T 2 L1 j M 1 L 3 k L1 T 1 n
M M 1 0 k 0 M 0 k 1

1 j 3 k n
L L L j n 4 j 2
0

T T 2 0 0 n T 0 n 2

F
4
Y 2 V 2

B F
, R e , FR , 0 Ans
Y Y 2 V 2

8.2 (Similarity)
(model)
(prototype)

8.2.1 (Similarity analysis)
1) (Geometric Similarity)

8.2
8.2
m Dm Lm A m L 2m m L 3m
--------- (8.1)
p Dp Lp A p L 2p p L 3p
2) (Kinematic Similarity)

8.3
8.3
V m L m T m1 a m L m T m2 V m T m1 Q m L 3m T m1 V m A m
; ; --------- (8.2)
V p L p T p1 a p L p T p 2 V p T p1 Q p L 3p T p1 V p A p

3) (Dynamic Similarity)

8.5
- Inertia force (Fi) ( )

F i ma L 3 LT 2 L 2 V 2 --------- (8.3)
- Gravity force (Fg)
F g mg L 3 g --------- (8.4)
- Pressure force (Fp)
F p PA PL 2 --------- (8.5)
- Viscosity force (FV)
dV V
F v A A L 2 VL --------- (8.6)
dy L
- Elastic force (Fe)
d
F e dP A k A ; k C 2

F e C 2 L 2 ; C Sonic velocity --------- (8.7)
- Surface tension force (Fe)
F e L L --------- (8.8)

Fi m Fg m Fp m F V m Fe m Fs m
--------- (8.9)
Fi P Fg P Fp P F V P Fe P Fs P

8.2.2 (Dimensionless term in Similarity analysis)
Reynold number (Re)

Osborne Reynold

Fi m F V m Fi Fi

Fi P F V P F V m F V p
F
i
FV
Fi V 2 L 2 VL VL

FV VL
Reynold number (Re)
VL VL
Re --------- (8.10)

Rem Rep --------- (8.11)
Euler number (Eu)

Leonhard Euler

Fi m F V m Fi Fi

Fi P F V P F V m F V p
F
p
Fi
Fp PA PL 2 P

Fi V L 2 2
V L 2 2
V 2
Euler number (Eu)
P
Eu --------- (8.12)
V 2

Eum Eup --------- (8.13)

Froude number (FR)

William Froude

Fi m F g m Fi Fi

Fi P F g P F g m F g p
Fi

Fg
Fi V 2 L 2 V2 V

Fg gL 3 gL gL
Froude number (FR)
V
FR --------- (8.14)
gL

FR m FR p --------- (8.15)
Mach number (Ma)

Ernst Mach

Fi m F e m Fi Fi

Fi P Fe P Fe m Fe p
F
i
Fe
Fi V 2 L 2 V2 V

Fe C 2 L 2 C2 C
Mach number (Ma)
V
Ma --------- (8.16)
C

Mam Map --------- (8.17)

Weber number (We)

Weber number

Fi m Fs m Fi Fi

Fi P Fs P Fs m Fs p
F
i
Fs
Fi V 2 L 2 V 2 L

Fs L
Weber number (We)
V 2 L
We --------- (8.18)

We m We p --------- (8.19)
3

1 m 1 p ; 2 m 2 p ; 3 m 3 p ;...; n m n p --------- (8.20)

8.2.3 (Case study of similarity analysis)
1) (Flow through closed conduit)
8.6

- Inertia force
- Viscosity force

- Pressure force

- Elastic force

Renold number (Re) Euler number (Eu) Mach number (Ma)

8.4 1:30
227,500 N/m2
( air = 1.25 kg/m3 , air = 210-5 kg/m-s Water = 110-3 kg/m-s)

Lm 1
1:30
L p 30
clossed conduit

E u m E u p P2 P2
V m V p
p 150 km hr 1 1
1 --------- (1)
m 150 km hr 10 10

VL VL
R e m R e p
m p
Vp m L m p 1000 1 2 10 5 8
3 --------- (2)
Vm p L p m 1.25 30 1 10 15
(2) (1)
2
Pp 1.25 Vp 1.25 8
2
0.00035
Pm 1000 Vm 1000 15

Pp 0.000356 Pm 0.000356 227,500 80.9 N m 2 Ans

8.5 1.5 l/s

40 cm 400 kPa
8 cm

Lm Dm 8 1

L p D p 40 5
clossed conduit

Q m Vm L2m Vm L2m Vm 1 2

Q p Vp L2p Vp L2p Vp 5
V 1
Q m m Q p --------- (1)
V
p 25

VL VL
R e m R e p
m p
Vp m L m p
--------- (2)
Vm p L p m
m p ; m p
Vp L m 1 V L 5
m m --------- (3)
Vm L p 5 Vp L p 1
Q m Q p 1.5 0.3 m 3 s
5 1 1
(1) Ans
1 25 5

E u m E u p P2 P2
V m V p
2 2
Pm m V Vm 5
2
m Pm Pp 400 10,000 kPa
V Ans
Pp p Vp p 1

2) (Flow around immerse

bodies)
8.7

- Inertia force
- Viscosity force

- Pressure force

- Elastic force

Renold number (Re) Euler number (Eu) Mach number (Ma)
(Drag
force :FD)
FD C D V L
1 2 2
2
CD = Drag force coefficient
CD CD
CD
CD
F F
C D m C D p 1 D2 2 1 D2 2 --------- (8.21)
2 V L m 2 V L p

8.6 (Drag force) 150 km/hr

1:10 Compressibility
150 km/hr
12.5 N
100 kPa

L 1
1:10 m
L p 10
Flow around immerse bodies

2
P P P V
E u m E u p 2 2 m m m
V m V p Pp p Vp
2 2
Vm 150 km hr
Pm m Pp m Pp m Pp --------- (1)
p Vp p 150 km hr p

VL VL
R e m R e p
m p
p V L
m m p --------- (2)
m Vp L p m
: m = p (2)
p 150 km hr 1 1
1 --------- (3)
m 150 km hr 10 10

Pm Pp 10 Pp 10 100 1,000 kPa
10
Ans
1
Drag force coefficient
C D m C D p
FD FD
2 2 2 2
V L m V L p
2
1 150 km hr 10
2 2
Vp Lp
2
FD p p FD m 12.5
m Vm Lm 10 150 km hr 1

FD p 125 N Ans

3) (Flow with free surface)
8.8

- Inertia force
- Gravity force ( )
- Surface tension force

- Viscosity force

Froude number (FR) Weber number (We) Renold number (Re)
Froude number

8.7 5 m 12 m
1:10
6 cm
50 l/s

Lm 1 H d L 1
1:10 m m m
L p 10 H p d p L p 10

FR m FR p V V
gL m gL p
Vp L 10
g p
Vm Lm 1

2
Q m Vm A m Vp L p 10 10
2
Q p 2 Q m 0.05
Q p Vp A p Vm L m 1 1
Q p 15.81
Q p 15.81 cms q p 1.32 cms m Ans
Bp 12

8.8 1:15
1 m 3 m 2.4 m/s 40 cm
70 N
.. 0.9 0.54 10-3 Ns/m2 0.9 10-3 Ns/m2

Lm 1
1:25
L p 15
Dm Lm 1
D p D m 15 0.40 6 m
15
Ans
D p L p 15 1

VL VL
R E m R E p m Vm L m p Vp L p

m p m p
Vm Lp p m 15 1 0.54
10
V
p Lm m p 1 0.9 0.90

V 2.4
Vp m 0.24 m s Ans
10 10
Drag force coefficient C D m C D p
FD FD
2 2 2 2
V L m V L p
2 2
V L
FD p p p p FD m
m Vm L m
2 2
1 1 15
70 175 N
0.9 10 1
FD p 175 N Ans


Fluid Mechanics E-1
1 9. plate
1. Density (F)
- Density plate v
- Density
2. Specific weight
- Specific weight
- Specific weight
3. 10.
4. Specific gravity parabola
5. 0.4 m/s 2.5 m
17% ()

5.1)
11.
parabola
0.3 m/s 3 m
()
5.2)
12.
parabola
0.5 m/s 0.4 m
()
6. Incompressible Fluid
7.
(*) 13.
1) density parabola
2) specific weight 0.25 m/s 0.25 m
3) viscosity ()
4) specific volume
8. (Viscosity)(*)
Exercise
E-2 Fluid Mechanics
14. 0.5 m 1 m 1 18.

N 0.5 mm. (M) 0.20 kg
20OC (V) ()
0.5 m/s 9.010-4 m2/s
(**) (
)
1) ( = 0.0006 kg/m/s)
2) ( = 0.83 kg/m/s)
3) ( = 1.52 kg/m/s)
4)
15. m D H 19.
(M) 2.5 kg
plate A B
(V)

2 m/s
plate
() 8.010-4 m2/s
plate
(

)
16. M A B C
V ( ) 20.
() 8.010-4 m2/s
d V (T)
( 6 rad/s (
) )
17. D 0.5D

V M

d
(V)
Exercise
Fluid Mechanics E-3
2 26.
21.

22. 1 2
1
1 2 A ..
0.75
.. 0.80 13.6

1.013105 Pa 1
2 (P1 P2)
27.

( )
23. 1 A .. 1.1
2 B .. 0.9

(Oil) (Hg) 28. 20OC ( = 7.94
0.8 13.6 kN/m3) A 98
B
(*)
29. 20OC
101.03 kPa
24. A B 231.3 kPa
(PA-PB = ?) SAE 30 ..= 0.89 ..=
13.6 ( = 9.79 kN/m3)
25. A , B
D 0.8 , 1.2 1.9
C
Exercise
E-4 Fluid Mechanics
30. A B (SGB = 0.8) 34. 25 Psi

P1 P4 30 Psi 40
P2 P3 mm
P1 P2 P3
A 30 Psi
35. 1
31. A B (SGB = 0.8)
F
P1 P4
P2 P3
P2 P3 P4
A

36. 0.5 m
2.0 m .. 0.8
0.5 m3

32.

0.85
105 kPa 1
atm
(z = ?)

37.
1.0 m
1.013X105

33.
1 atm
35 kPa
11.75 kPa X Y ( 38.
P1 V1 P2 V2
A ) PV nRT
T1 T2
20 m

Exercise
Fluid Mechanics E-5
39. 46. AB CD
40. 2.0 x
1.0 m2
41. AOB CD (h)
AOB 4.0
m O F
A

47. 2 kN
P

42. ABC W
W

48. OA 0.8 x 1.0 2

O
O 0.8 . 0.5
.
43. Center of Pressure
0.9

5 (***)
44. AB
AB 2.0
4.0 m2 A 2.0 m 49.
1.0 m 1.0
m F (
)
45. 1.5 x 1.5 m2

Exercise
E-6 Fluid Mechanics
50. 1 m 55.
(h2)
0.8 F

56.

51. 1.0 m
1,500 kg
(h)
57. z

) 2x2 m2
) 2 m
52. 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.5 m3 20 kN ) 2 m 2 m
T
(**)
53.

h2/h1 : 1.05
54. V
0.5 m
Exercise
Fluid Mechanics E-7
58. 2.0 m 4.0 m 63. (ABC) 4 .

3.5 m A 6 .
B

59. 2.0 m 2.5 m 64.

2.0 m 1.05

(
A) :
96.57kN/3.89m,78.2kN/1.12m
60. OAB 1.0 .

B (T)
65. 1.5 m 2.0 m

61. OAB 1.0 .
B

66.
1 m 4 m

62. F 0.8
1.2
Exercise
E-8 Fluid Mechanics
67. 50 mm
50 cm
68. 2 m
4 m A

69.

70.
ABC
71.
AB F

72. L ABCD

Exercise
Fluid Mechanics E-9
73. 81. 0.5

74. 1x1x1 m3 4 kN : Y

(*)
75. 5 cm
10 cm 7 cm
(*)
76. (.. 7.85)
82.
(.. 13.6) a
0.6
b (**)

0.8
77. D H
0.8 (H)

83. Hydrometer 21.57x10-3 N
.. 0.8

25 cm Hydrometer
78. A B h 2.794 mm ..
0.8 B > A (h)

79. H 151.08 N
84. 5x10x3.m depth 1,500 kN
( X Y) (*,2.56 m)
85. 1.5 1.0 0.4 m3
0.4 70 kg

(CGm) 1.0 m

80. a 2a 4a E
0.5

Exercise
E-10 Fluid Mechanics
86. U 90. 2 m x 2.5 m x 4.5

m
) 6 m/s2 0.5 m
: 0.55m
) D
5 m/s2 B C D
87. 4 cm 2.5 cm
3.5 cm
: 3.924m/s2
88. 1.0 . 91. 25 cm 100 cm

1.0 .
1 ./2 2 m/s2 3 s

89. 1.20 m 0.45 m 92.

1.50 m 1.0 m a
A B C D
- 0.5g
- 0.5g
- 0.5g
Exercise
Fluid Mechanics E-11
3 98.
M sys MCV
93. M Out M in
t t

..
94.
0.95 ,

1.10 , 0.08 1.00
95. A

B 0.95 1.20
15 l/s
A 0.5 cms
1.54 l/s
(C)

1.05 B (

)
96. 99. A B
4 (C)
A 1.5
15 l/s B 0.5 5
l/s C
C (
Steady Flow )
97. 0.50.751.5 m3
25 l/s
-

100.
-
4 /
2.5 cm 1.2 5
72
0.6

Exercise
101. 10 mm 50
m/s Bucket 5
m/s

Bucket
102. 10 mm 10
m/s 2 m/s

500 millisecond

103. A B
(C,D,E)
A 1.5
10 l/s B 0.5
20 l/s
(
Steady Flow )
Exercise
4 109.
104. 100 .
1.2 .
105. () () 1.5 .

110. 150 mm
62 l/s 200 kPa

106. 1 2 100 mm
2.5 cm 1)
2) 1.5

D
111. 150 mm
200 kPa
100 mm
150 kPa
107. 1 2 1)
2.5 cm 2) 1.5

D
112. A C
5 .
B
108.
2 3 (h2 h3)
Exercise
113. 2 1
2 1 +29.8 m
-0.5 m () BD
2.5 cm
C
114. 13.25 /
+25.0 .

(
) 65 %
115. +150.0 .
+95 .
0.594 .. /
75 %

Exercise
5 121.
116. 15 . / 1 20 cm
32 kPa 2 m/s
2 10 cm

122.
117. 15 m/s
1 50 cm

255.06 kPa 4 m/s
B 0.75 A
2 25 cm
C 0.25 A
58.86 kPa

118. (SG = 0.88)

A 32. m/s A 123.
1 20 cm
150 kPa
32 kPa 2

10 cm

1.5
velocity head 1
119. 4
10 5
117.72 124.
kPa ( 1 50 cm
) 255.06 kPa 4 m/s
2 25 cm

1.5 velocity head
1
120.
10 6
50 kPa
Exercise
125.
1
25 cm 34 kPa
3 m/s 2
20 cm

0.5 Velocity Head 1
126. 1
50 cm 58.86 kPa
5 m/s 2 3

2 80 % 3 20%
2 3
30 cm 15 cm

127. 1
50 cm 58.86 kPa
( 2
3)
2 3 25 cm

Exercise
6 132.
128.
129. 133.

88.4 l/s
75 %
134.
1 2 3.5 m.
200 mm.
130. 80 m.
+140.0 msl +95.5 msl - 1 2
+97.2 msl (P1 P2 = ?)
75 % 314.55 l/s -
K

135. k 90o 1.5

2.5 5.0
.
131.
( 15 m)
26.5 l/s
65 %
Exercise
136. (Cast iron) 140. 8.14 x 10-2 N.s/m2

A B 869 kg/m3 0.0142 m3/s
- 100 l/s
A B 23.94 kPa 300 m (**)
- ZA ZB = 10 m 141. 20 m
100 mm 200 m friction factor = 0.02
80 mm 300 m friction
factor = 0.025 minor loss
(***)
142. 1.5 m
137. G 30 cm 300
m 1 2

(f) = 0.02
(K)
0.5 1.0 (**)
143. 0.45 cms

138.
144. A B
(HL

) (**)
1) HL1=HL2+ HL3+ HL4

2) HL2=HL4+ HL3
3) HL1=HL2+ HL3
145. 1
(Complete
2
turbulence)
139. A B
f = 0.01 (**)
50 l/s A B +25.0 m
+5.0 m
Exercise
146. 149.

(Complete turbulence)
1
0.63 cms
- 2 3
- (Z)
147.
Galvanized iron

1 7.5 l/s
- 2 3
-
148. A B
(Galvanized iron)

75 m

Exercise
7
150.
200 cms
0.0005

Manning 0.0125
Steady Uniform
Flow
151.
1 m (side slope)
1 : 1
0.01 (bed
slope) 0.0001 Steady
Uniform Flow 2 m

152. 4 m 1
m/s 1.5 m B
A 15 cm
z
A
153. 5 m A
1 m/s 2.4 m B
20 (Z = 20 cm) B
(Y = ?) z
A

Exercise
8 161. (P)
154.
155. P = f( Q , D , , , )
(F) () (N) P = (Power)
156. Dimensionless term(*) Q =
D =
1) V gL 2) Vt L
=
3) P L2 4) t =
157. a b =
d (Dimensionless terms)
V 162.

F
(P)
(FD)
(A B)
(u)

158.

163. B
SO V
Y
159.
Capillary rise

( , Y )
160. B H
y1 y2

Q

Exercise
164. Model Spillway 170.

( Dimensionless number) 3.00 m
(*) 60 cm
1) Reynold number 5.00 m 1.5 m/s
2) Froude number
3) Mach number
4) Reynold number , Froude number Mach 43 kN
number ( 0.90010-3 N-s/m2
165. Model
(Dimensionless number) 0.8 0.50410-3 N-s/m2)
(*)
1) Reynold number
2) Froude number
3) Mach number
4) Reynold number , Froude number Mach
number
166. Distorted Model 171.
6 1
scale ratio X (Xr) =1:20
2 cms
Y(Yr)=1:10

0.0005
1:10
(**)

167.
6 m 1 m 2 m3/s
172. 300 mm
1.57x10-5 m2/s
Froude number
600 mm
1:1,000
9.96x10-7
(**)
m2/s 1 m/s
168.
2.5 m/s (*)
scale ratio (Lm/Lp)
1:10
173. 61440 watt
8:1

2:1
(Am/Ap) (*)

169. 12 m/s
(***)
10OC
1:25
174. Axial Flow

20OC
Rotor

50 kW 400
3.65 N
r/min
5 kW 5 l/s 2 m
900 r/min Rotor =
800 mm (**)
Exercise
175.
1:10
Reynolds number Froude number

176. 154
4.0 m 4.4 m

5
350 km/hr

51.2 kPa
11.36 kN

70.4 m

177.
150 m3/s

0.474 m3/s
-

- 20 N

-
30

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exercise
Exercise
Fluid Mechanics R-1
1) Ven Te Chow, Open-channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1973
2) , ,
, 1991
3) Bruce R. Munson, Donald F. Young, and Theodore H. Okiishi, Fundamentals of fluid mechanics,
2 nd. Ed., Jhon Wiley & Sons Inc., 1994
4) Ranald V. Giles, Jack B. Evett, and Cheng Liu, Schaums Outline of Theory and Problems of
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, 3 rd. Ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., 1994
5) Joseph B. Franzini & E. John Finnemore, Fluid Mechanics, 9 th. Ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., 1997
6) , , (- ), 1999
7)
, ,
, 2000
8) Larry W. Mays, Water Resources Engineering, 1 st. Ed., Jhon Wiley & Sons Inc., 2001
9) , , , 2001
10) Jack B. Evett, and Cheng Liu ( ), (), 2500

, , 2004
References
R-2 Fluid Mechanics
References
Fluid Mechanics A-1
Appendix
Appendix
A-2 Fluid Mechanics
A1
A2 1 20 oC
A3 1 20 oC
Appendix
Fluid Mechanics A-3
A4 1
A5
Appendix
A-4 Fluid Mechanics
A6
Appendix
Fluid Mechanics A-5
A7
A8
Appendix
A-6 Fluid Mechanics
A9
Appendix
Fluid Mechanics A-7
A10 Manning (Mannings roughness coefficient)
Appendix
A-8 Fluid Mechanics
A1 centroid Moment of inertia
Appendix
Fluid Mechanics A-9
A2 Moody Diagram
Appendix

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Fluid Mechanics

1 (Basic concept and Fluid property) 1-1

2 (Fluid static) 2-1

3 (Basic of flow theorem) 3-1

4 (Energy equation) 4-1

5 (Momentum equation) 5-1

6 (Flow in Pressure Conduit) 6-1

7 (Open channel fFlow) 7-1

8 (Dimension analysis and Similarity) 8-1

1.2.1 (Primary Dimensions or Basic Dimensions)

1.2.2 (Secondary Dimensions)

1.5.1 (Density or Mass Density)

1.5.2 (Specific Weight)

1.5.3 (Specific Gravity)

1.5.4 (Specific Volume)

1.2 (AD) V (BC)

1.4 (Absolute Viscosity)

1.5 (Kinematic Viscosity)

1.7 Incompressible fluid Compressible fluid

1.5.7 (Surface tension)

2.1.1 (Pressure at a point in fluid)

2.1.2 (Variation of pressure in static fluid)

2.5 2.6 2.7

2.10 2.11 2.12

2.1.3 (Measurement of Pressure)

2.1.4 (Pressure Units)

2.1.5 (Pressure gauge)

- U (U-tube Manometer) Piezometer

A PA = 2h2-1h1 --------- (2.22)

A PA = Pair+2h2-1h1 --------- (2.23)

- (Incline Tube Manometer) manometer

A PA = 2(L sin)-1h1 --------- (2.24)

A PA = Pair+2(L sin)-1h1 --------- (2.25)

2.1.5.3 (Bourdon gauge)

1 mm-Hg = (110-3 m.)SGHgw = 0.00113.69810 = 133.4 Pa

PA = 25 mm.Hg = 25133.4 = 3335.4 Pa = 3.34 kPa

PB = PA + (0.15) w + (0.30) HG - (0.45) Oil

= 3335.4 + (0.15) (9810) + (0.30) (13.69810) - (0.45) (0.809810)

= 41.31103 Pa = 41.31 kPa Ans

0.045W + 0.015 0.035 0.015W 0.005Oil = 0

(0.045-0.015)W 0.005(0.8)W + (0.015-0.035) = 0

= 1.3W = 1.3(1,000) = 1,300 kg/m3 Ans

2.2 (Pressure Force on a Plane Surface)

hc = yc sin FR hc A --------- (2.26)

2.4 1.2 m 1.8 m

2.3 (Pressure Force on a Curved Surface)

2.15 abc abfd 2.15 ()

2.4 (Buoyancy Force)

2.4.1 (Stability of Floating and Submerged Bodies)

2.4.1.1 (Stability of Submerged Bodies)

2.20() (C) (G)

2.4.1.2 (Stability of Floating Bodies)

2.13 Platform 0.250.30 . 10 .

2.51 2.52 2.53

2.14 1.20 . 0.45

D : y = -0.725 ; z = +0.15 ; P = 0 (2)

B 17.836 kPa Ans

2.5.2 (Fluid pressure in angular moving container)

2.57 2.58 2.59 2.56

3.1 streamline streakline pathline

3.1 (Flow classification)

3.1.1 (Real Fluid and Ideal Fluid)

3.4 Steady flow Unsteady flow