. .

. .

(SI) 1

, 6
, Gauss 8
, Ampere, Faraday 10
, Maxwell 12
, 14
15
, m 17
, , 20
25

28
29
33

2009
 SI



r m metre
, , a, b, h m metre
, x, y, z m
, z, rT, RT m
, , r, R m
S m2
V m3
m
, , k m1
t sec second
, sec second
f, Hz Hertz
, sec1
m kg 103 g kilogram
v m/sec
, , c, c m/sec
F N kgm/sec2 Newton
() Nm
p Pa N/m2 = 105 bar Pascal
, W J Nm = Wsec Joule
P W J/sec Watt
, q C sec Coulomb
, C/m3
, C/m2
, C/m
, Q C Coulomb
, i A C/sec Ampere
, J A/m2
, K A/m
, I A Ampere
E V/m
H A/m

D C/m2
,
, Wb/m2
B
, =T Tesla
, g S/m
, p Cm
, , P C/m2
, pS C/m
, p C Coulomb
, 0 F/m
, F/m
, ( ) r
()

1
( SI : )



, m Am2
, , M A/m
, mS A Ampere
, m Am
, 0 H/m
, H/m
, r
e C Coulomb
m Wb Vsec Weber
ee V Volt
em A Ampere
U V J/C = W/A Volt
R V/A Ohm
, Z0 Ohm
G S 1/ Siemens
C F Farad
L H Henri
Wem J Nm =Wsec Joule
, wem J/m3
Pem W J/sec = VA Watt
,
N W/m2
, Poynting
P W Watt
, p W/m3
, Fem N Newton
, fem N/m3

Tem,ij N/m2
( i, j)
,
V Volt

A Wb/m Tm
m A Ampere
, :
o m ( )
m ( )
o , , ( )
( )
Tem,ij ( )
[, T , (Kelvin).]
o [m] ( )
[C/m] ( )
o p [Pa] ( )
p [W/m3] (.., p, )
p ( )

2 . .



deci d 101 deca D 10+1
centi c 102 hecto H 10+2
milli m 103 kilo k 10+3
micro 106 mega M 10+6
nano n 109 giga G 10+9
pico p 1012 tera T 10+12
femto f 1015
atto a 1018
.
(kg) kilo, gram (-
cgs), 103 kg = 1 g.
( + ), .
m T, , milli tera,
( metre Tesla).

( SI)

0 = 4 107 H/m () 1,256 637 106 H/m

0 = 1/0c2 8,854 185 1012 F/m
c = (00) 2,997 925 108 m/sec
Z0 = (0/0) = 0c 3,767 304 102 120
e 1,602 192 1019 C
me 9,109 558 1031 kg
mp 1,672 614 1027 kg
mn 1,674 920 1027 kg
u 1,660 531 1027 kg
Avogadro NA 6,022 169 1023 mol1
R 8,314 34 1023 JK1mol1
Boltzmann KB = R/NA 1,380 622 1023 JK1 1 eV/(11 605 K)
h 6,626 196 1034 J/Hz
Planck
= h/2 = 1,054 592 1034 Jsec
G 6,673 2 1011 Nm2kg2

3

1 (Angstrm) = 1010 m
1 in (inch) = 25,4 mm
1 ft (foot) = 12 in = 0,304 8 m

1 yd (yard) = 3 ft = 0,914 4 m
1 st. mile = 1 760 yd = 1,609 344 km
1 naut. mile = 1,852 km
1 min = 60 sec

1 hr = 60 min = 3 600 sec
1 lb (pound) = 0,453 592 37 kg
1 kp (kilopond) = 9,806 65 N

1 dyn = 105 N
1 atm = 1,013 25 bar

1 att = 1 kp/cm2 = 0,980 665 bar
1 kcal = 4,186 8 kJ

1 erg = 107 J
1 kcal/h = 1,163 W

1 PS = 75 kpm/sec = 0,735 498 75 kW
1 M (Maxwell) = 108 Wb
1 Gs (Gauss) = 104 T
1 Oe (Oerstedt) = (1/4) 103 A/m

, , ..
1609 m
1 mile 1609 m 1 ,
1 mile
1 hr
1 hr = 3600 sec 1= ,
3600 sec
mile mile 1609 m 1 hr 75 1609 m m
75 75 = 33,52 .
hr hr 1 mile 3600 sec 3600 sec sec

4 . .


(SI) Gauss Heaviside Lorentz

J = (/t) J = (/t) J = (/t) J = (/t) J = (/t)

Lorentz f = E + JB f = E + JB f = E + JB f = E + c1JB f = E + c1JB

Gauss D = D = 4 D = 4 D = 4 D =

Gauss B = 0 B = 0 B = 0 B = 0 B = 0

Faraday E = (/t)B E = (/t)B E = (/t)B cE = (/t)B cE = (/t)B

Ampere H = J + (/t)D H = 4J + (/t)D H = 4J + (/t)D cH = 4J + (/t)D cH = J + (/t)D

D(E) D = 0E + P D = E + 4P D = c2E + 4P D = E + 4P D=E+P

B(H) B = 0(H + M) B = c2(H + 4M) B = H + 4M B = H + 4M B=H+M

Poynting N = EH N = (1/4)EH N = (1/4)EH N = (c/4)EH N = cEH

we = E(D)dD we = (1/4)E(D)dD we = (1/4)E(D)dD we = (1/4)E(D)dD we = E(D)dD

wm =H(B)dB wm = (1/4)H(B)dB wm = (1/4)H(B)dB wm = (1/4)H(B)dB wm =H(B)dB

B = A B = A B = A B = A B = A

E = (/t)A E = (/t)A E = (/t)A E = c1(/t)A E = c1(/t)A

Lorentz A + c2(/t) = 0 A + c2(/t) = 0 A + c2(/t) = 0 A + c1(/t) = 0 A + c1(/t) = 0

2A = 0J 2A = 4c2J 2A = 4J 2A = 4c1J 2A = c1J

2 = (1/0) 2 = 4 2 = 4c2 2 = 4 2 =

5
 ,

, , (, , ) q ( ).

: dQ = {dV, dS, d, q}, dV, dS, d, .

: Q = VdQ. dV, dS d V (
, , 0). , Q q
V.

J, K (, ) i ( ).

: dI = {JdS, Kid, i}, dS, d ( d i

), .

: I = SdI. dS d S (
J, K 0). , I i S.

() dS

d S
dI = dQ , : dS
S dt V V

S: ( Gauss), dV

V: S,
dS = indS: S, V .
: , ,
S, ( )
.

()

, , :

J = , , :
t

J = Jx + Jy + Jz
x y z
1 1
= ( rT JT ) + J + J z
rT rT rT z
1 2 1 1
= 2
r r
r Jr + ( )
r sin
( J sin ) +
r sin
J .

6 . .
 S, :

i n ( J + J ) = K , : dS = indS
t +
dS
: S S

in: S, +
J: J, S, .
( i,

, ):
,
S S
Gauss (, .).
( q,
, ):
, Gauss S S

(, .).

: p = qd q , d 0 , p(t ) =
r(r, t )dV .
V

d = , ( qj) ( +qj).
: dp = {PdV, pSdS, pd, p}, dV, dS, d, .
P ( V, S, ):
p = P, p = i n ( P+ P ) , p = 2rT iT P (rT 0) , q p = 4r 2 i r P(r0) ,
.

: (A , , q .)
pS = d, p = d, p = qd.

1
: m = iS i , S 0 , m(t ) =
2 r J(r, t )dV .
V

S = , i.
: dm = {MdV, mSdS, md, m}, dV, dS, d, .
M ( V, S ):
J M = M , K M = i n ( M + M ) , iM = 2rT i M (rT 0) .

: (A .)
mS = (ind)K+, m = d(ii+),
m|| = KS, m = iS.

7
 , Gauss
(V/m): , Fe = qE.

, , D (C/m2)
: D = 0E + P, .
D = E ,
(F/m) .

D dS = dQ
S V
S,
D= i n ( D+ D ) = (r
T DT ) rT 0
=

2
(r 2
Dr , ) r 0
=
q
4
V

E dr = 0

E=0 i n ( E+ E ) = 0 (r
T E
) rT 0
=0

dS rir
S dS= indS

V + S
rTiT i
dr

: /s = 0, s = {x, y, z, },
Es = 0, .

*
(/1 = /2 = 0) (/ = 0, /z = 0) (/x = /y = 0)
S: , S:
S:
L ( ), S0

1 1
D(r ) = i r

4r 2
dQ D(rT ) = iT
2rT L
dQ D(rT ) = i z D( z = ) +

1
S0
dQ

V V V
dQ: dQ: dQ: z < z
r< r r < r L S0
*
D(z = ) , ..
.

8 . .
: dQ = jdQj dQj Dj(r) Ej(r),
D(r) = jDj(r) E(r) = jEj(r).

.
.
( , j(r) = (r), .)

: J = gE ( Ohm),
g (S/m) .

: .. E(r, t > 0) = E(r, t = 0)exp(gt/)

E, D J, , , q,
g.
= in(D+ D)
[ ].

: g >> /T, T .

( )

/g: = ( J ) = J (i J ) .
g g

/g: = + ( i n J ) .
g+ g

E
: g ( 0, ), J = gE.

I R =

SR
J dS R , U R =
E dr , / R = 1/ G = U
+
R / IR .

: , Q , D = E.

QC =
SC
D dSC , U C =
+
E dr , I C = dQC / dt ,

C = QC /U C .

: , ( ) Fs .
1 +
= e =
q
Fs dr = = U s =
+
E dr .

, +
. .

9
 , Ampere, Faraday
(, ) B (Wb/m2 = ):
, Fm = qvB.

(A/m)
: = (1/0) , M .
= ,
(/m) .

B dS = 0
S
B = 0 i n ( B+ B ) = 0 (r
T BT ) =0 (r 2
Br , ) =0
. S, rT 0 r0
V

H dr = dI
S H = J in ( H+ H ) = K (r
T H ) =
i
,
rT 0 2
. S

dS dS S dS = indS rir

S
+ S rTiT
V i

dr

: , :
ix iy iz iT rT i iz ir ri r sin i
1 1
H= = = 2
x y z rT rT z r sin r
Hx Hy Hz HT rT H Hz Hr rH r sin H

SdI = 0 (. J = 0 .).
, H
,
J = H .

s={x, y, z, }, /s = 0 :
Js, = 0, Hs = 0, ., , Hs 0.
Js, = 0, Hs = 0, ., Hs 0.

10 . .

( )
(/ = 0 J = 0) (/z = 0 Jz = 0)
, ,
rT = ., z = . || ( L) .

i0 rT = 0: H = ii0/2rT iK0 rT = a: H(rT < a) = izK0, H(rT > a) = 0

izK0 rT=a: H(rT < a)= 0, H(rT > a) = iK0a/rT ixK0 y = 0: H = iz[H0 + (K0/2)sgn(y)]

I: H() = iI/2rT, H() = 0 H0: K0

: d = jdIj dIj Hj(r) Bj(r),

(r) = jHj(r) (r) = jBj(r).
.
( , j(r) = (r), .)
, SdIj = 0 (. Jj = 0 .).

: , m, B = H.
m =
SL
B dS L , . = Nm ( N = )

1
I L =
N H dr , U L = d / dt , L = / I L .

i: m ,i =
B dS
Si
i i U m ,i =
Li
H i dri

Rm ,i = 1/ Gm ,i = U m ,i /m,i .

: em ,i = N i I i .
Kirchhoff:
j i j
( )ij m,i = 0 , i ( )i U m,i = i
( )i em , i .

: (d/dt)SBdS 0, :
Edr = (d/dt)SBdS, E = (/t)B ., SDdS = 0, D = 0 .
:
s={x, y, z, }, /s = 0 :
Bs/t = 0, E,s = 0, ., E,s 0.
Bs/t = 0, E,s = 0, ., E,s 0.
, B(r, t):
, H E, J (/t)B .

11
 , Maxwell
Maxwell: [ , S
( ) , .]

S
S,
V

S
D dS =
dQ
V
D = i n ( D+ D ) = (r
T DT ) rT 0
=

2
(r 2
Dr , ) r 0
=
q
4

S
B dS = 0 B = 0 i n ( B+ B ) = 0 (r
T BT ) rT 0
=0 (r 2
Br , ) r 0
=0

,
S

d
E dr = dt BdS S
E =
B
t
i n ( E+ E ) = 0 (r
T E
) rT 0
=0

H dr
d
H = J +
D
t
in ( H+ H ) = K (r
T H ) =
i
2
dt DdS

rT 0
= dI +
S S

: s={x, y, z, }, /s=0
Js, = 0, Es = 0 Hs = 0.
Js, = 0 = 0, Hs = 0 Es = 0.
[ , J .]

: (, ) = ., :
2 1
E 2 E = + J , B = Edt ,

2

t t
2
2 H 2 H = J ,
t
D = ( H J ) dt ,

:
.. 2E = (E) (E),
.. ix2E = 2Ex.

, (, J).. :
, ,
, .

12 . .

( iz), {, , c = ()},
:
1
H = i z E , Z = c = (c)1 = (/). [ , Z0 = = (0/0) = 120 .]
Z
, K = iyK0f(t) z = 0:
E = i y 1 2 c K 0 f (t z / c ), H = i x 1 2 K 0 f (t z / c )sgn( z ) .
(= ):
Ez = 0 Hz = 0 ( z = ) H = Hz(rz)f(t z/c), E = iz (cH).
K = izc.
, CL = .

: A(r, t) (r),
A(r, t) = Re{(r)exp(jt)}, /t j.
, (r) A(r, ) A(r).
z = +, (r) = (r)exp(jz).
Maxwell (): D = , B = 0, E = jB, H = J + jD .
1
: 2E + k 2E = + J , 2 H + k 2 H = J , k2 = 2.
t

, :
: Ez = E0ez (r ) exp( jz ), H z = H 0 hz (r )exp( jz ) ,
2ez (r ) + h 2ez (r ) = 0, 2 hz (r ) + h 2 hz (r ) = 0 , h2 = k2 2.
ez = 0 i n hz = 0 h.

:
1
E = j 2 E0 ( ez ) H 0 i z ( hz ) exp( jz ),
h
1
H = j H 0 ( hz ) + E0 i z ( ez ) exp( jz ).
h2

( ):
( Hz = 0) ( Ez = 0).
1
TM : H = i z E , ZT = / < Z. TE : E = ZTE i z H , ZT = / > Z.
ZTM
: (/c)2 2 = h2 ( h = hnm, / ).
() c , nm = hnm c = ( = 0). > c.
( >> c), {, } ( c, ZT Z, ZT Z).

13
 ,

d
:
S
N dS +
dt Vwem dV =
V
E ( JdV + KdS I + id I i )
N = E H ( Poynting), wem = we + wm (. = . + . ),
D ( r ,t ) B ( r ,t )
we =
E(D) dD wm =
H (B ) dB
2
1
2 E ,
1
2 H 2
0 D = E 0 B = H

: N + (/t)wem = EJ, in(N+ N) = EK, .

: , P = EJdV = IRUR.
2 2
R, G = ., P RIR = GUR .
: , We = wedV, dWe/dt = ICUC.
2 1 2
C = ., We CUC = C QC .
: , Wm = wmdV, dWm/dt = ILUL.
2 1 2
L = ., Wm LIL = L .
: , P = EJdV = eIs.

Lorentz: Fem = dFem. ( , iT, i, ir, i .)

dFem = ( E + J B ) dV .
E + E B + B
dFem = + +K + dS .
2 2
i
dFem = d E iT + id i B i .
2 rT rT 0 2 rT rT 0

q
Fem = q E i r .
4r 2 r 0
, .

( )
, ( , Fe, > 0 Fm, > 0):

Fe, = We ( , , Q) = + We ( , , U ), Fm , = Wm ( , ,m ) = + Wm ( , , I ) .

, ( , Te, > 0 Tm, > 0):

Te, = We ( , , Q) = + We ( , ,U ), Tm , = Wm ( , ,m ) = + Wm ( , , I ) .

, V ( , pe,V > 0 pm,V > 0):

pe,V = We (V , , Q) = + We (V , ,U ), pm,V = Wm (V , ,m ) = + Wm (V , , I ) .
V V V V

14 . .

: pj t < t,
t

p
1
P(r, t ) =
V j V
j = P0 (r, t ) +
G

p ( r, t , E(r, t) ) dt = P(E).

: mj B t < t,
t

m
1
M (r, t ) =
V j V
j = M 0 (r, t ) +
G

M (r, t , B(r, t )dt = ().

: vj qj t < t,
t

q v
1
J (r, t ) =
V j V
j j = J 0 (r, t ) +
G

J ( r, t , E(r, t) ) dt = J(E).

1
: , D =0E + P(E), = 0 B M(B) = 0[ + ()], J = J(E).

: P = P( E )i E , M = M ( H )i H , J = J ( E )i E .

: P = 0 e E D = E , M = m H B = H , J = g E ,
( )
: = 0 I + e = ( e = ),
= ( I + ) = . (
0 m m = . ),
g = .

: P = 0 eE D = E, M = m H B = H, J = gE .

:
B = 0M 0 + H , , = 00 + ( = I ),
D = P0 + E , , D = 0 + ( = I ).
: = , = .
: :

P, M B
Pmax, max






Pmax, max
0
P = 0e, M = mH,
max

cr, cr ,

15
: D = 0 + .
:
( E ) = P0 , E = 0 . , ,

,
E dS = dQ P dS = dQ
S

V S
0
V
,
E dr = 0 .
( E).
D2 ( = 0, D = D1 + D2):
D2 P
D2 = 0, = 0 J m . , ,

D2
,
S
D2 dS = 0,

dr =
dI
S
m .

( D2 H).

: = 00 +
B:
B M
B = 0, = J + 0 0 = J . , ,

B
,
S
B dS = 0,

dr = dI .
S
( )
2 ( J = 0, = 1 + 2):
( H 2 ) = 0 M 0 m , H 2 = 0 . , ,

,
S
H 2 dS =
dQ , H
V
m 2 dr = 0 .

( 2 ).

: .
: D = D(E) [= iD(E) ]

D dS = dQ
S V

E dr = 0 , .
: = () [= iB(H) ]

B dS = 0
S

H dr = dI , .
S

( L, S) () H(B):
Thevenin ,
Ampere , ( NI )Th = Rm ,Thm + LH ( B =m S ) .

16 . .
 , m
:

:
r
E = 0, E = (r ) (r0 ) = r0
E(r) dr ( ).

: ( = , ).

B = 0 B = A ( A = 0).

A dr = m (= ).

m:
r
J = 0 ( H = 0), H = m m (r ) = m (r0 ) r0
H (r) dr .

: .

{, }:

{B = 0, E = /t} B = A , E = A
t

[ ]
R = r r, R0 = r0 r,
r0 R0
R = |R| = |r r|, R0 = |R0| = |r0 r|.
[]
R = ( x x ) i x + ( y y ) i y + ( z z ) i z R
r
= rT iT rTiT + ( z z ) i z r [ = ]
= ri r r ir , 0

( x x ) + ( y y ) + ( z z ) ( x x ) + ( y y )
2 2 2 2 2
R= RT =

= rT2 + rT2 2rT rT cos ( ) + ( z z ) = rT2 + rT2 2rT rT cos ( ) ,

2

= r 2 + r 2 2rr cos cos + sin sin cos ( ) ,

iT cos ( ) sin ( ) iT
i = i ,

sin ( ) cos ( )
ir cos cos + sin sin cos cos sin + sin cos cos sin sin ir

i = sin cos + cos sin cos sin sin + cos cos cos cossin i
i sin sin cos sin cos i

= .

17
 ( )

, = , :
1 dQ qj

1
dQ = {(r)dV, (rS)dS, ()d} qj: (r ) =
4 R
+
4 j R j
,

1 RT2 1 RT2
d = {(r)dS, ()d} j: ( rT ) =
4


d ln 2
RT 0 4
j
j ln 2 ,
RT 0
1 dp R pj R

1
dp = {P(r)dV, pS(rS)dS, p()d} pj: (r ) =
4 R 3
+
4 j
R3
,

p x p cos
p = p0ix : ( r ) = 0 2 2 = 0 ,
2 x + y 2 rT
p i R pS 0
pS0 S, indS:
4 S
(r ) = S 0 dS n 3 =
R 4
.

, g = , :
1 dQ

dQ = { ( r) dV , ( rS ) dS , ( ) d }, q : ( r ) =
4g R
,

q = .

, = , :
1 dm dS R dm
B m(t): ( r, t ) =
4 dt S R 3
=
4 dt
,

dS = () S (= ),
= S(dSR)/R3 = , S.

m, = , :
1 dS R
B i: m ( r ) = i
4 S R 3
= i.
4

, = , /t = 0, :
J ( r ) dV
[J(r)dV] = {J(r)dV, K(rS)dS, i()dr}: A (r ) =
4 R
V
,

dm R
dm = {M(r)dV, mS(rS)dS, m()d} mj: A(r ) =
4 R3
.

, = ( Biot-Savart) , :
1 J ( r ) dV
[J(r)dV] = {J(r)dV, K(rS)dS, i()dr}: H=
4 R3
V
R.

i, j, = ( Neumann):
m ,ij dri dr j
Lij =
ii
=
4
i
Rij
j
(m,ij = . j, ii).

18 . .
 {, }, 0, 0:
1 ( r, t ) dV J ( r, t ) dV
(r, t ) =
40 R
, A(r, t ) = 0
4 R
,

t = t R/c.

r0 (= )
, :
,
,

( ),
, .
, .
, r0 , ..:
dQ 1 1 dpR R R dmR R R
R
dQ ,
R R0 R 3 R
dp 3 30 ,
R0 R 3
R R0
dm 3 30 .


1
: ( (r ) ) = (r ) + P0 2 = (r ) ,
= 0
P = 0

0

: ( (r ) ) = 0 = 0 . 2
= 0

: ( g (r ) ) = (r ) 2 = 0 .
g = 0
=0

1
( /t = 0): ( A ) = J 2 A = J ,
= 0
A = 0

: ( (r )m ) = 0 2m = 0 .
= 0

+ pS (rS )
: + = (rS ) + i n ( P0 + P0 ) , + = ,
n + n p
+ d
: + = 0 , + = m .
n + n dt
+
: g+ g = (rS ) , + = 0 ,
n + n
1 1
: i n A + A = K , i n ( A + A ) = mm S ,
+
m +
: + m = 0 , m + m = i .
n + n

19
 , ,

: 2 = ( ) ,
: 2A = (A) ( A),
is(2A) = 2(isA) = 2As s = {x, y, z}.
2 2 2
2 = + +
x 2 y 2 z 2
1 1 2 2
= rT + +
rT rT rT rT2 2 z 2
1 2 1 1 2
= 2 r + sin + .
r r r r 2 sin r 2 sin 2 2

Laplace
= {, , Ax, Ay, Az, m, , m}: Vc
c, g c, c dS
V, : 2 = f , S
S, V, rc
dS
L = (rS):
rS
Dirichlet, L = ( rS ) = S (rS ) , dV
r
Neumann, L = = nS (rS ) , V
n S , g,

( rS ) dS = f ( r ) dV ,
0
nS
S V
, L = Dirichlet, Neumann,

, L = ( rS ) + ( rS ) = * ( rS ) ,
n S
(rS) > 0.
:
Dirichlet: gc >> g c >> , m c >> , c << ,
Neumann: gc << g c << , m c << .

E
2 = f V, L = * S = + , :

1 1 1
: : = f (r ) (r ) =

f (r )dV +

f c (rc )dVc .

2

4 R Rc
V Vc
*
: = 0 V L = L S.
2

20 . .

s = {x, y, z, rT, , r, }, 2 = f = (s), :
f = (1/hs2)f1(s), hx = hy = hz = hT = hr = 1, h = r = rsin, h = r,
S s = s1,2 = /n = /hs,
S in is /n = 0.

= 0 /n = 0
:
, g ( V).
z , g, z , g,
:
dQ . dQ . ,
dp . = dp .
,

z=0 (z = 0) ( ).
Vc
:
c, g c, c , :
dQc .
>> <<
dpc .
gc << g, c << , c >> ,
, g, , :
, g,
gc >> g, c >> , c << .

I: 1, g1, 1 1, g1, 1

dQ1, dp1 . dQ1, dp1 . 1, g1 1

= :
.
z=0 (z = 0)
:
,

( ).
dQ2, dp2 . dQ1c, dp1c . :
dQ2c, dp2c .
II: 2, g2, 2 1, g1, 1
,
.
:
g g2 1
dQ1c = 1 2 dQ1 , dQ1c = 1 dQ1 , i1c = 2 i1 ,
1 + 2 g1 + g 2 1 + 2

:
21 2 g1 2 2
dQ2 c = dQ2 , dQ2 c = dQ2 , i2 c = i2 .
1 + 2 g1 + g 2 1 + 2

: 1 2.

21
 ( a)

: :

=U =U () = 0

a dQ a dQ

0 0
V Vc Vc V

: :
() = U () = 0

dQ dQc QU dQc dQ

0 c 0 c

2
a a a a2
dQc = dQ, c = . QU = 4aU , dQc = dQ, c = .

, :
1 1 1
(r ) =
4
dQ *
R (r, r ) R (r, r )
, :

R 2 = r 2 2r r cos cos + sin sin cos ( ) + r 2 ,

2
r
R = r 2 2r r cos cos + sin sin cos ( ) + a 2 .
*2

:
, Q Q, g .

:
:
o ( i), r = . (r < a, r > a).
o inH = Hn = 0 r = a
:
o ( V),
o i, ,
o rc = a2/r, ic = (r/a)i.

22 . .
 ( a)

:
: (r = , = ), d, .

|a = 0:
, , c = (rc = c = a2/, c = ).
1 RT2 (rT ; rT )
: ( rT , ) =
4
d ln *2
RT (rT ; rT )
,
2
r
R ( rT ; rT ) = rT 2rT rT cos ( ) + r , R ( rT ; rT ) = T rT2 2rT rT cos ( ) + a 2 .
2
T
2
T
2 *2
T
a
(/n)|a = 0 < a ( ):
, , c = + (rc = c = a2/, c = ).

(/n)|a = 0 > a ( ):
, , c = + (rc = c = a2/, c = ),
0 = r0 = 0.

(/n)|a = 0 d:
1 R 2 (r ; r ) R*2 (r ; r )
( rT , ) =
4
d ln T T T 2 2T T T , RT2 = ..., RT*2 = ... .
rT L

(rT < a) = 1 (rT > a) = 2:

1 2 2 2
1 < a 0 1c = 2 c = , 2 = a2/1.
1 + 2 1 + 2

I (1) II (2) 1 1 2 2
x 1c x 2c 2c 0 x
0 0 0
a 1 a 1 2 a 1 2

21
2 > a 1c = , 2c = 2 1 , 1 = a2/2, 2c 0
1 + 2 1 + 2

I (1) II (2) 1 1 2 2
x 0 0 1c x 2c 2c x
0 0 0
a 2 a 1 2 a 1 2

23
 :

E D q dQ d

E J g q dQ d

, /z = 0 iz z iz 1 i z Jz d

:
,
/.

:
Jacobi:
1
(
i(,nj) = i(n1,1)j + i(+n1,1)j + i(,nj1)1 + i(,nj+1)1 ,
4
)
1
(
i(,nj), k = i(n1,1)j , k + i(+n1,1)j , k + i(,nj1)1, k + i(,nj+1)1, k + i(,nj, k1)1 + i(,nj, k1)+1 .
6
)
Gauss-Seidel ():
1
(
i(,nj) = i(n1,) j + i(,nj)1 + i(+n1,1)j + i(,nj+1)1 ,
4
)
1
(
i(,nj), k = i(n1,) j , k + i(,nj)1, k + i(,nj), k 1 + i(+n1,1)j , k + i(,nj+1)1, k + i(,nj, k1)+1 .
6
)
:
1
(
i(,nj) = (1 + ) i(n1,) j + i(,nj)1 + i(+n1,1)j + i(,nj+1)1
4
)
(
i(n1,1)j + i(,nj1)1 + i(+n1,1)j + i(,nj+1)1 . )
Rayleigh-Ritz

( r; 1 , 2 , 3 ,...) = f 0 (r ) + f (r) , :
n
n n

f 0 ( r =rS ) = ( r =rS ) ,

f n ( r =rS ) = 0 , ( n, n 0)
( f ) ( f
V
n n ) dV = 0 , n n.

: n =
( f ) ( f ) dV
V
n
.
0

f dV
2
n
V

24 . .


= X(x)Y(y), 2 = 0 X = K x X , Y = K yY , Kx + Ky = 0.

X(x):
Kx = 0 X(x) = {x, 1},
Kx = k2 < 0 X(x) = {sin(kx), cos(kx)},
x = k2 > 0 (x) = {exp(kx), exp(kx)}, X(x) = {sinh(kx), cosh(kx)}.
: {} = ,
: k > 0.

Kx = 0 Kx = k2 < 0 Kx = +k2 > 0

X(x) X() X()
x 1 exp() exp
2
sin
1 1 2
0 cosh sinh
0 x
2
1 1 2
1 cos 2 1 0 1 2
1 1

: /
sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin ,
( sin ) = cos , ( cos ) = sin , cos ( ) = cos cos sin sin ,
( exp ) = exp , ( exp( ) ) = exp , exp ( ) = exp exp ( ) ,

( sinh ) = cosh , ( cosh ) = sinh . sinh ( ) = sinh cosh cosh sinh ,

cosh ( ) = cosh cosh sinh sinh .
:
o X ( x = x0 ) = 0 , :
X = x x0 , X = sin [ k ( x x0 ) ] , X = sinh [ k ( x x0 ) ] .
d
o X ( x) = 0 , :
dx x = x0

= 1, X = cos [ k ( x x0 ) ] , X = cosh [ k ( x x0 ) ] .
o (x = +) = 0, :
X = exp ( kx ) = cosh ( kx ) sinh ( kx ) .
o (x = ) = 0, :
X = exp ( + kx ) = cosh ( kx ) + sinh ( kx ) .

25
 Y(y): , Ky = Kx ( k).

:
,
.

y
(.. y = b): L = f(x)
b
o Xn(x) kn

L4 = 0

L3 = 0
(x = 0, x = a),
2 = 0
o Yn(y) ,
o = nAnXn(x)Yn(y), x

A (L Y )
0 L2 = 0 a
o L = f n n y =b
X n ( x) = f ( x) ,
n

0 ( n n ) ,
a

o Xn(x):
0
X n ( x) X n ( x)dx = 1 + n ,0
a ( n = n ) ,
2
a a
o An: An (L Yn ) y = b
0
dxX n2 ( x) =
dxf ( x) X ( x) .
0
n

= (x, y, z) = X(x)Y(y)Z(z),

2 = 0 KxX = 0, Y yY = 0 Z zZ = 0, Kx + Ky + Kz = 0.

X(x), Y(y), Z(z): , .. Kz = (Kx + Ky).

, . z = c, L = f(x, y).
= nmAnmn(x)m(y)nm(z)
a b a
b

Anm X n ( x)dx Ym2( y )dy (L Z nm ) z = c =


dxX n ( x) dyYm( y ) f ( x, y ) .
2

0 0 0 0

26 . .

d dRT d 2F
= RT(rT)F(), = 0 rT 2
Tr = K R
T T 2
= K F , K + K = 0.
drT drT d
F():
K = 0 F() = {, 1},
K = m2 < 0 F() = {sin(m), cos(m)},
= m2 > 0 F() = {exp(m), exp(m)}, F() = {sinh(m), cosh(m)}.
X(x) ,
: m > 0,
m = , (rT, + 2) = (rT, ).
RT(rT): = rT/a, a = ,
T = = 0 RT ( T ) = {1, ln T } ,
T = = m2 > 0 RT ( T ) = { Tm , T m } ,
T = = m2 < 0 RT ( T ) = {sin(m ln T ), cos(m ln T )} .
:
ln T = rT = 0, ,
Tm = rT = 0, T+m = rT = ,
sin(m ln T), cos(m ln T) rT = 0, ,
RT(rT a) RT.
:
o RT(rT = rT0) = 0, :
m m
r r r r
RT ( rT ) = ln T , RT ( rT ) = T T 0 , RT ( rT ) = sin m ln T .
rT 0 rT 0 rT rT 0
o (d/drT)RT|rT=rT0 = 0, :
m m
r r r
RT ( rT ) =, RT ( rT ) = T + T 0 , RT ( rT ) = cos m ln T .
rT 0 rT rT 0
: = m2 0 m = .
m = 0 F0 = 1, RT 0 ( T ) = {1, ln T } ,
m = 1, 2, 3, ... Fm() = {sin(m), cos(m)}, RTm ( T ) = { Tm , T m } .
2
:
0
dFj ( ) Fk ( ) = 0 Fj Fk.
2 2 2

0
12 d = 0,
0
sin 2 m ( 0 ) d =
0
cos 2 m ( 0 ) d = .

:
m ( ) .

27

:
A + B = B + A, B+A
A A+B
A B = A + (B),
A + (A) = 0, AB
B
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.

:
kA
B = kA, :
A
o A, kA
kA kA
o = |k|A,
k>1 0 < k < 1 1 < k < 0 k < 1
o B A, k > 0,
o B A, k < 0.
k(A + B) = kA + kB,
(k1 + k2)A = k1A + k2B.

() : A A

= AB = AB cos, A B,

AB = BA, B
i iA
A(kB) = k(AB) = kAB ( ),
iA = A i.

() :
C=AB
C = A B = B A, :
o C = AB |sin| ( = A B), B
o A B,
A
o
( A = , B = , 0 < < ).

:
( )C = (B C)A = (C A)B = ( )C = (C )A = ( C)B.

:
( ) C = (C)B (BC)A.
( )(C D) = (C)(BD) (BC)(AD)
= [( ) C]D = [( C) D] = [(C D) ], .

28 . .


, ,

z
z = .
dV
iz dSz
iz
dr dSy
r iy
dz iy
dx
0 ix dSx
y dy
y = .
x = .
x (x, y, z)

z
z = .

dV drT
iz dSz dr
i dS
= .
r iT iz dz
rT = . dST
i

0 y iT rTd

rT

(rT, , z)

z
r = .

dV
= . ir

ir dSr rd
i i dr
r
dS
dS dr
i
= .
rsind
0 y
rT
(r, , )

29


*
x (, ), [m] rT (0, ), [m] r (0, ), [m]
( ), s1, s2, s3 y (, ), [m] (0, 2), [rad] (0, ), [rad]
[] z (, ), [m] z (, ), [m] (0, 2), [rad]

x: rT: r:
**

y: : :
sj = .
z: z: :
***

i1, i2, i3 ix, iy, iz iT, i, iz ir, i, i


xi x + y i y + z i z r Ti + z i z rir
r =

h1, h2, h3 1, 1, 1 1, rT, 1 1, r, rsin
hj

i1h1ds1 ixdx iT drT ir dr

dr = + i2h2ds2 + iydy + i rTd + i rd
i1d1 + i2d2 + i3d3 + i3h3ds3 + izdz + iz dz + i rsind

i1h2h3ds2ds3 ixdydz iT rTddz irr2sindd

+ i2h3h1ds3ds1 + iydzdx + i dzdrT + i rsinddr
dS =
+ i3h1h2ds1ds2 + izdxdy + iz rTdrTd + i rdrd

h1h2h3ds1ds2ds3 dxdydz rTdrTddz r2sindrdd
dV =
*
2, (0, 2).
**
rT, r , , :
rT = 0: x = 0, y = 0. ( , iT i.)
r = 0: x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. ( , ir, i i.)
= 0: x = 0, y = 0, z > 0. ( , i i.)
= : x = 0, y = 0, z < 0. ( , i i.)
***
ix, iy iz .
, . , :
iT() i(), iT/ = i i/ = iT
ir/ = i i/ = ir
ir(,), i(,) i(),
ir/ = i sin i/ = i cos i/ = (ir sin + i cos)

30 . .


z = .
y


x= rT cos = r sin cos y
y= rT sin = r sin sin rT

z= z= r cos
x
0 x
2 2
(x + y ) = rT = r sin
**
arctan2(y/x) = = = .
z
z= z= r cos

2 2 2
(x + y + z ) = (rT2 2
+z ) = r z
* r
arctan[(x2 + y2)/z] = *
arctan(rT/z) =
**
arctan2(y/x) = = rT
0
*
arctan (0, ), .
**
arctan2 ,
(0, 2), ( 2)
.

:
z = . iy
i z 1 0 0 i z i
iT
i = 0 cos sin i , y
T x ix
i
0 sin cos i y
rT
i z 1 0 0 iz
i = 0 cos sin i .
x T 0
x
i
y 0 sin cos i
:
= . iz
i r cos sin 0 i z ir
i = sin cos 0 i , z rT
T iT
i 0 0 1 i
i
i z cos r
sin 0 i r
i = sin cos 0 i .
T 0
i 0 0 1 i

31


iT i, y
(1, 2) (2 1) i2 iT2
() z, : i1
iT1
iT 2 cos(2 1 ) sin(2 1 ) iT 1
= 2
. 1
i 2 sin(2 1 ) cos(2 1 ) i 1 0 x

, ir, i i,
(1, 2) (1, 2), :
ir2 cos2 cos1 + sin2 sin1 cos(2 1) cos2 sin1 + sin2 cos1 cos(2 1) sin2 sin(2 1) ir1

i2 = sin2 cos1 + cos2 sin1 cos(2 1) sin2 sin1 + cos2 cos1 cos(2 1) cos2 sin(2 1) i1

i2 sin1 sin(2 1) cos1 sin(2 1) cos(2 1) i1

, ..,
ir2i1 = cos2sin1 + sin2cos1cos(2 1).

: ijij = 1, ijij1 = 0

: ij ij = 0, ij ij1 = ij2 (i4 = i1, i0 = i3)

: A = i1A1 + i2A2 + i3A3, Aj = ijA

: AB = A1B1 + A2B2 + A3B3
: A = A = A A = A12 + A22 + A32
A
: iA =
A
i1 i2 i3
: A B = A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
R1,2 = |r1 r2| :
( x1 x2 ) + ( y1 y2 ) + ( z1 z2 )
2 2 2
R1, 2 = ()

= rT21 + rT22 2rT 1rT 2 cos ( 1 2 ) + ( z1 z2 )

2
()
= r12 + r22 2r1r2 cos 1 cos 2 + sin 1 sin 2 cos ( 1 2 ) ()

32 . .


(f) = 0 (fg) = fg + gf

( F) = 0 (F G) = G( F) F( G)

(f) = 2f () (fF) = F(f) + f(F)

(F) ( F) = 2F () (fF) = (f) F + f( F)

1 2
2 = 2 () 2(fg) = f2g + 2(f)(g) + g2f
c 2 t 2

K K = i1K1(s1, s2) + i2K2(s1, s2)

x = .: rT = . = a: r = . = a:
1 1
y
K y + Kz
z a
K + K z
z ( K sin ) + K
a sin
y = .: = .: = . = 0:
1 1
Kz + Kx Kz + KT K + ( rK r )
z x z rT r sin 0 r r

z = .: z = .: = .:
1 1
x
Kx + K y
y ( rT KT ) + K ( rK r ) + K
rT rT r r

= i3( K).

= k, /s3 = 0.

Gauss:

( F)dV = F dS, (f )dV =

V S V S
fdS,
( F)dV = F dS .
V S

Stokes:

( F) dS = F dr, (f ) dS =
S S
fdr.

Green:

f ( g ) dS =
f g + (f ) (g ) dV , ( f g gf ) dS = ( f g g f ) dV
2 2 2

S V S V

33


f f f f 1 f f f 1 f 1 f
, f = ix + iy + iz iT + i + iz ir + i + i
x y z rT rT z r r r sin
, 1 1 1 2 1 1
Fx + Fy + Fz ( rT FT ) + F + Fz 2
r Fr +
( ) ( F sin ) + F
F = x y z rT rT rT z r r r sin r sin
ix iy iz iT rT i iz ir ri r sin i
, 1 1
2
F = x y z rT rT z r sin r
Fx Fy Fz FT rT F Fz Fr rF r sin F
2 f 2 f 2 f 1 f 1 2 f 2 f 1 2 f 1 f 1 2 f
, + + rT + + r + sin +
x 2 y 2 z 2 rT rT rT rT2 2 z 2 r 2 r r r 2 sin r 2 sin 2 2
2 f =
2 F FT 2 F
i x 2F = 2 Fx iT 2F = 2 FT i r 2F = 2 Fr F
r sin + ( F sin ) +
r 2 r 2 r 2 sin
2 F F 2 F 1 F
i y 2F = 2 Fy i 2F = 2 F + 2 T 2 i 2F = 2 F + 2 2 sin 2 r F cos
, r r r sin 2
is2F = 2 F F 1
i z 2F = 2 Fz i z 2F = 2 Fz i 2F = 2 F + 2 2 sin r + cos F
r sin 2

i x ( A ) Fx 1 1 1
iT ( A ) FT A F i r ( A ) Fr A F A F
rT r r

1 1
, +i y ( A ) Fy 1 +i ( A ) F + A Fr A F cot
(A)F = +i ( A ) F + A FT r r
rT 1 1
+i z ( A ) Fz +i z ( A ) Fz +i ( A ) F + A Fr + A F cot
r r