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LTTP 2 PDF
LTTP 2 PDF
LTTP 2 PDF
L THUYT TRI PH
V A TRUY NHP V TUYN
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2006
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
L THUYT TRI PH
V A TRUY NHP V TUYN
LI NI U
Cc cng ngh a truy nhp l nn tng ca cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn
ni chung v thng tin di ng ni ring. Cc cng ngh ny cho php cc h thng a truy nhp
v tuyn phn b ti nguyn v tuyn mt cch hiu sut cho cc ngi s dng. Tu thuc vo
vic s dng ti nguyn v tuyn phn b cho cc ngi s dng m cc cng ngh ny c
phn chia thnh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo thi
gian (TDMA), a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) v a truy nhp phn chia theo khng
gian (SDMA). Cc h thng thng tin di ng mi u s dng kt hp c bn cng ngh a truy
nhp ny phn b hiu qu nht ti nguyn cho cc ngi s dng. Cng ngh a truy nhp
phn chia theo m vi nhiu u vit so vi cc cng ngh khc nn ngy cng tr thnh cng
ngh a truy nhp chnh.
Cng ngh a truy nhp CDMA c xy dng trn c s k thut tri ph. K thut
tri ph c nghin cu v p dng trong qun s t nhng nm 1930, tuy nhin gn y cc
k thut ny mi c nghin cu v p dng thnh cng trong cc h thng tin v tuyn t ong.
Cc phn t c bn ca mi h thng tri ph l cc chui gi ngu nhin. C th coi rng Sol
Golomb l ngi dnh nhiu nghin cu ton hc cho vn ny trong cc cng trnh ca ng
vo nhng nm 1950. nim u tin v a truy nhp tri ph phn chia theo m (SSCDMA:
Spread Spectrum Code Division Multiple Access) c R.Price v P.E.Green trnh by trong
bi bo ca mnh nm 1958. Vo u nhng nm 1970 rt nhiu bi bo ch ra rng cc h
thng thng tin CDMA c th t c dung lng cao hn cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp
phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access).Cc h thng tri ph chui
trc tip c xy dng vo nhng nm 1950. Th d v cc h thng u tin l: ARC-50 ca
Magnavox v cc h thng thng tin v tuyn v tinh OM-55, USC-28. Trong cc bi bo ca
mnh (nm 1966) cc tc gi J.W.Schwartz, W.J.M.Aein v J. Kaiser l nhng ngi u tin so
snh cc k thut a truy nhp FDMA, TDMA v CDMA. Cc th d khc v cc h thng qun
s s dng cng ngh CDMA l v tinh thng tin chin thut TATS v h thng nh v ton cu
GPS. M cc vn v cn kit dung lng thng tin di ng ny sinh t nhng nm 1980.
Tnh trng ny to c hi cho cc nh nghin cu M tm ra mt phng n thng tin di ng
s m. tm kim h thng thng tin di ng s mi ngi ta nghin cu cng ngh a thm
nhp phn chia theo m trn c s tri ph (CDMA). c thnh lp vo nm 1985, Qualcom,
sau c gi l "Thng tin Qualcom" (Qualcom Communications) pht trin cng ngh
CDMA cho thng tin di ng v nhn c nhiu bng pht minh trong lnh vc ny. Lc u
cng ngh ny c n nhn mt cch d dt do quan nim truyn thng v v tuyn l mi
cuc thai i hi mt knh v tuyn ring. n nay cng ngh ny tr thnh cng ngh thng
tr Bc M v nn tng ca thng tin di ng th h ba. Qualcom a ra phin bn CDMA
u tin c gi l IS-95A. Hin nay phin bn mi IS-2000 v W-CDMA c a ra cho
h thng thng tin di ng th 3.
Trong lnh vc thng tin di ng v tinh cng ngy cng nhiu h thng tip nhn s dng
cng ngh CDMA. Cc th d in hnh v vic s dng cng ngh ny cho thng tin v tinh l:
H thng thng tin di ng v tinh qu o thp (LEO: Low Earth Orbit) Loral/Qualcom Global
i
Li ni u
Star s dng 48 v tinh, H thng thng tin di ng v tinh qu o trung bnh (MEO: Medium
Earth Orbit) TRW s dng 12 v tinh.
Mt trong cc hn ch chnh ca cc h thng CDMA hin ny l hiu nng ca chng
ph thuc vo nhiu ca cc ngi s dng cng tn s, MUI (Multi user Interference). y l l
do dn n gim dung lng v i hi phi iu khin cng sut nhanh. Cc my thu lin kt a
ngi s dng (MUD: Multi User Detector) s cho php cc h thng CDMA mi dn khc phc
c cc nhc im ny v cho php CDMA t r c u im vt tri ca n.
Gn y mt s cng ngh a truy nhp mi nh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc
giao (OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) v CDMA a sng mang (MC
CDMA: Multicarrier CDMA) cng tr thnh ti nghin cu ca nhiu trng i hc v cc
phng th nghim trn th gii. y l cc phng php a truy nhp mi y trin vng. iu
ch OFDM l c s xy dng OFDMA c cng nhn l tiu chun cho WLAN 802.11
v HIPERLAN. Trong tng lai hai cng ngh a truy nhp ny rt c th s tm c cc ng
dng mi trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bng rng a phng tin v di
ng th h sau.
Ti liu bao gm cc bi ging v mn hc "L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn"
c bin son theo chng trnh i hc cng ngh vin thng ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu
chnh Vin thng. Mc ch ca ti liu l cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc cn bn nht v
cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn v l thuyt tri ph c th tip cn cc cng ngh
thng tin v tuyn di ng mi ang v s pht trin rt nhanh.
Ti liu ny c xy dng trn c s sinh vin hc cc mn: Anten v truyn sng,
Truyn dn v tuun s. Ti liu l c s sinh vin hc cc mn hc: Thng tin di ng, Thng
tin v tinh v cc H thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn khc nh WLAN.
Do hn ch ca thi lng nn ti liu ny ch bao gm cc phn cn bn lin quan n
cc kin thc c s v l thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp. Tuy nhin hc k ti liu ny sinh vin
c th hon chnh thm kin thc cu mn hc bng cch c cc ti liu tham kho dn ra cui
ti liu ny.
Ti liu ny c chia lm su chng. c kt cu hp l sinh vin c th t hc.
Mi chng u c phn gii thiu chung, ni dung, tng kt, cu hi vi bi tp. Cui ti liu l
p n cho cc bi tp.
ii
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
CHNG 1
TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP A TRUY NHP
V TUYNV K THUT TRI PH
1.1.2. Hng dn
1.1.3. Mc ch chng
1.2. M U
Cc phng thc a truy nhp v tuyn c s dng rng ri trong cc mng thng tin di
ng. Trong chng ny ta s xt tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp c s dng trong
thng tin v tuyn. Ngoi ra ta cng xt k thut tri ph nh l k thut c s cho cc h thng
thng tin di ng CDMA. M hnh ca mt h thng a truy nhp c cho hnh 1.1.
1
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
Thng thng mt h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn c nhiu trm u cui v
mt s cc trm c nhim v kt ni cc trm u cui ny vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc tn
hiu t cc trm u cui n mt trm khc. Cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin di
ng mt t l cc my di ng cn cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh l cc
trm thng tin v tinh mt t. Cc trm kt ni cc trm u cui vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc
tn hiu t cc trm u cui n cc trm khc l cc trm gc trong thng tin di ng mt t
hoc cc b pht p trn v tinh trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Do vai tr ca trm gc
trong thng tin di ng mt t v b pht p v tinh cng nh my di ng v trm mt t
ging nhau cc h thng a truy nhp v tuyn nn trong phn ny ta s xt chng i ln cho
nhau. Trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bao gi cng c hai ng truyn: mt
ng t cc trm u cui n cc trm gc hoc cc trm pht p, cn ng khi theo chiu
ngc li. Theo quy c chung ng th nht c l ng ln cn ng th hai c gi l
ng xung. Cc phng php a truy nhp c chia thnh bn loi chnh:
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access).
a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Access).
Cc phng php a truy nhp c bn ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt
phng php a truy nhp mi.
Cc phng php a truy nhp c xy dng trn c s phn chia ti nguyn v tuyn
cho cc ngun s dng (cc knh truyn dn) khc nhau.
2
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
3
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
Tn s
Trm gc
f N
1 t
f
2 t FDMA B
1 f
N
2 2
t
1
a)
N
FDMA Thi gian
Trm gc Tn s
f
1
t
f 2
t TDMA
1
B
2 f
N N
t 1
b) 2
M N
f Thi gian
Trm gc TDMA
1
M
t CDMA
M Tn s
1
f
1
2
2
N t
c) N
N CDMA Thi gian
Hnh 1.2. Nguyn l a truy nhp: a) a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA); b) a
truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA); c) a truy nhp phn cha theo m (CDMA)
4
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
2. S dng cc anten thng minh (Smart Anten). Cc anten ny cho php tp trung nng
lng sng mang ca ngun pht vo hng c li nht cho my thu ch nh v trnh gy
nhiu cho cc my thu khc.
Cc phng php a truy nhp ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau. Hnh 1.3 cho thy cc cch
kt hp ca ba phng php a truy nhp u tin.
K thut c s
FDMA
Chu k khung
Mt phng
chim knh B (bng thng
h thng) Phn chia theo thi
thi gian- gian/m (TD/CDMA)
tn s
Tn s
Thi gian
CDMA
Hnh 1.3. Kt hp ba dng a truy nhp c s thnh cc dng a truy nhp lai ghp
Trong phng php a truy nhp ny rng bng tn cp pht cho h thng B Mhz
c chia thnh n bng tn con, mi bng tn con c n nh cho mt knh ring c rng
bng tn l B/n MHz (hnh 1.4). Trong dng a truy nhp ny cc my v tuyn u cui pht lin
tc mt s sng mang ng thi trn cc tn s khc nhau. Cn m bo cc khong bo v gia
tng knh b sng mang chim phng nga s khng hon thin ca cc b lc v cc b dao
ng. My thu ng xung hoc dng ln chn sng mang cn thit theo tn s ph hp.
Nh vy FDMA l phng thc a truy nhp m trong mi knh c cp pht mt
tn s c nh. m bo FDMA tt tn s phi c phn chia v quy hoch thng nht trn
ton th gii.
5
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
m bo thng tin song cng tn hiu pht thu ca mt my thu bao phi hoc c
pht hai tn s khc nhau hay mt tn s nhng khong thi gian pht thu khc nhau. Phng
php th nht c gi l ghp song cng theo tn s (FDMA/FDD, FDD: Frequency Division
Duplex) cn phng php th hai c gi l ghp song cng theo thi gian (FDMA/TDD, TDD:
Time Division Duplex).
Phng php th nht c m t hnh 1.5. Trong phng php ny bng tn dnh cho
h thng c chia thnh hai na: mt na thp (Lower Half Band) v mt na cao (Upper Half
Band). Trong mi na bng tn ngi ta b tr cc tn s cho cc knh (xem hnh 1.5a) . Trong
hnh 1.5a cc cp tn s na bng thp v na bng cao c cng ch s c gi l cp tn s
thu pht hay song cng, mt tn s s c s dng cho my pht cn mt tn s c s dng
cho my thu ca cng mt knh, khong cch gia hai tn s ny c gi l khong cch thu
pht hay song cng. Khong cch gn nht gia hai tn s trong cng mt na bng c gi l
khong cch gia hai knh ln cn (x), khong cch ny phi c chn ln i vi mt t
s tn hiu trn tp m cho trc (SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio) hai knh cnh nhau khng th gy
nhiu cho nhau. Nh vy mi knh bao gm mt cp tn s: mt tn s bng tn thp v mt tn
s bng tn cao m bo thu pht song cng. Thng thng ng pht i t trm gc (hay
b pht p) xung trm u cui (thu trm u cui) c gi l ng xung, cn ng pht
i t trm u cui n trm gc (hay trm pht p) c gi l ng ln. Khong cch gia
hai tn s ng xung v ng ln l Y nh thy trn hnh v. Trong thng tin di dng tn s
ng xung bao gi cng cao hn tn s ng ln suy hao ng ln thp hn ng
xung do cng sut pht t my cm tay khng th ln. Trong trong thng tin v tinh th tu
thuc vo h thng, tn s ng xung c th thp hoc cao hn tn s ng ln, chng hn
cc h thng s dng cc trm thng tin v tinh mt t ln ngi ta thng s ng tn s ng
ln cao hn ng xung, ngc li cc h thng thng tin v tinh (nh di ng chng hn) do
trm mt t nh nn tn s ng ln c s dng thp hn tn s ng xung.
6
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
x
y
B
b)
MS1 f1
f1
Trm gc
f2
MS2 f2
f3
f3
MS3
K hiu
x: Khong cch tn s gia hai knh ln cn
y: Khong cch tn s thu pht
B: Bng thng cp pht cho h thng
f0: Tn s trung tm
fi: Tn s ng xung
fi: Tn s ng ln
Hnh 1.5. Phn b tn s v phng php FDMA/FDD
7
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
8
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
Hnh 1.7 cho thy hot ng ca mt h thng theo nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo
thi gian. Cc my u cui v tuyn pht khng lin tc trong thi gian TB. S truyn dn ny
c gi l cm. S pht i mt cm c a vo mt cu trc thi gian di hn c gi l chu
k khung, tt c cc my u cui v tuyn phi pht theo cu trc ny. Mi sng mang th hin
mt cm s chim ton b rng ca knh v tuyn c mang bi tn s sng mang fi.
9
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
1.4.2 To cm
10
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
Tc truyn dn k hiu R
Lung s ca cc
TSn TS3 TS2 TS1
ngi s dung 1
Ghp TB TB TB
2
knh R
(TDMA) TF
v iu Z
ch
3
Rb
Cu trc cm t
Tc Rb (tc R)
B ghp
Cc b B iu
khung
m ch
Tc Rb TDMA
nh thi
Tc Rb TDMA
K hiu
Ri= Tc bit ca ngi s dng (bps)
R= Tc k hiu iu ch cho sng mang
TS= rng khe thi gian Tb= rng cm, TF= di khung
= Khong trng bo v, = Thng tin b sung
11
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
1.4.3. Thu cm
3 2 1 3
M y u cui 3
G i i i u Ca m
B m
ch t i T S 3 Tc R b t
n h th i
TDM A
1.4.4. ng b
12
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
Trong cc h thng thng tin thng thng rng bng tn l vn quan tm chnh v
cc h thng ny c thit k s dng cng t rng bng tn cng tt. Trong cc h thng
iu ch bin song bin, rng bng tn cn thit pht mt ngun tn hiu tng t gp hai
ln rng bng tn ca ngun ny. Trong cc h thng iu tn rng bng tn ny c th
bng vi ln rng bng tn ngun ph thuc vo ch s iu ch. i vi mt tn hiu s,
rng bng tn cn thit c cng gi tr vi tc bit ca ngun. rng bng tn chnh xc cn
thit trong trng hp ny ph thuc v kiu iu ch (BPSK, QPSK v.v...).
Trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph (vit tt l SS: Spread Spectrum) rng bng tn
ca tn hiu c m rng, thng thng hng trm ln trc khi c pht. Khi ch c mt ngi
s dng trong bng tn SS, s dng bng tn nh vy khng c hiu qu. Tuy nhin mi trng
nhiu ngi s dng, cc ngi s dng ny c th dng chung mt bng tn SS (tri ph) v h
thng tr nn s dng bng tn c hiu sut m vn duy tr c cc u im cu tri ph.
Mt h thng thng tin s c coi l SS nu:
* Tn hiu c pht chim rng bng tn ln hn rng bng tn ti thiu cn thit
pht thng tin.
* Tri ph c thc hin bng mt m c lp vi s liu.
Hnh 1.10 cho thy s khi chc nng cu mt h thng thng tin SS in hnh cho hai
cu hnh: v tinh v mt t. Ngun tin c th s hay tng t. Nu ngun l tng t th trc
ht n phi c s ho bng mt s bin i tng t vo s nh: iu xung m hay iu ch
delta. B nn tn hiu loi b hay gim d thng tin ngun s. Sau u ra c m ho
bi b lp m hiu chnh li (m ho knh) a vo cc bit d cho vic pht hin hay sa li
c th xy ra khi truyn dn tn hiu qua knh v tuyn.
13
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
Knh v tinh
u vo
tng t KGD Bin i Ngun chui
SM KTD Nhiu
ng TT A/D PN tri ph
Suy hao
v tuyn Tp m
Knh mt t
Nhiu KTD
Cc chc nng ty chn Pht
My pht
p v
tinh
My thu Suy hao
Tp m v tuyn
KTD Nhiu
Suy hao
SM v tuyn Tp m
u ra s
KGD Nn s
ng s
GMK Gii C KCS
liu
u ra
tng t Bin i Chui PN
KGD
ng TT A/D gii tri ph
B chui
PN
K hiu
* KGD: Khuych i giao din TT: Tng t
*A/D: Tng t/s D/A: S/tng t
* MHK: M ha knh GMK: Gii m knh
* C: iu ch SM: Sng mang
* KCS: Khuych i cng sut KTD: Knh truyn dn
* PN: Gi tp m B: ng b
Hnh 1.11. S khi ca mt h thng thng tin s in hnh
vi tri ph (cu hnh h thng mt t v v tinh)
14
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
nhiu tc bit (Rb=1/Tb, Tb l thi gian mt bit) ca lung s cn pht. H thng FHSS t c
tri ph bng cch nhy tn s mang trn mt tp (ln) cc tn s. Mu nhy tn c dng gi ngu
nhin. Tn s trong khong thi gian ca mt chip Tc gi nguyn khng i. Tc nhy tn c
th nhanh hoc chm. Trong h thng nhy tn nhanh, nhy tn c thc hin tc cao hn
tc bit ca bn tin, cn h thng nhy tn chm th ngc li.
T b =Tn
T b =Tn Tc
K hiu:
Tb = thi gian mt bit ca lung s cn pht
Tn = Chu k ca m gi ngu nhin dng cho tri ph
Tc = Thi gian mt chip ca m tri ph
Hnh 1.12. Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS)
T n s
fn
f n -1
f n -2
f3
f2
f1
t
Tc 2 T
c
Mt khung
t
Tf 2Tf 3T f
T
T=Tf /M, trong M l s khe thi gian trong mt khung
Trong h thng THSS mt khi cc bit s liu c nn v c pht ngt qung trong
mt hay nhiu khe thi gian trong mt khung cha mt s lng ln cc khe thi gian. Mt mu
nhy thi gian s xc nh cc khe thi gian no c s dng truyn dn trong mi khung.
Lc u cc k thut SS c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin ca qun s. tng
lc u l lm cho tn hiu c pht ging nh tp m i vi cc my thu khng mong mun
bng cch gy kh khn cho cc my thu ny trong vic tch v ly ra c bn tin. bin i
bn tin vo tn hiu ta tp m, ta s dng mt m c "coi l" ngu nhin m ho cho bn
tin. Ta mun m ny ging ngu nhin nht. Tuy nhin my thu ch nh phi bit c m ny,
v n cn to ra chnh m ny mt cch chnh xc v ng b vi m c pht ly ra bn tin
(gii m). V th m "gi nh" ngu nhin phi l xc nh. Nn ta phi s dng m gi ngu
nhin (hay m gi tp m). M gi ngu nhin phi c thit k c rng bng ln hn
nhiu so vi rng bng cu bn tin. Bn tin trn c bin i bi m sao cho tn hiu nhn
c c rng ph gn bng rng ph ca tn hiu gi ngu nhin. C th coi s bin i ny
nh mt qu trnh "m ho". Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh tri ph. Ta ni rng my pht
bn tin c tri ph bi m gi ngu nhin. My thu phi gii tri ph ca tn hiu thu c
tr li rng ph bng rng ph ca bn tin.
Hin ny phn ln cc quan tm v cc h thng SS l cc ng dng a truy nhp m
nhiu ngi s dng cng chia s mt rng bng tn truyn dn. Trong h thng DSSS tt
c cc ngi s dng cng dng chung mt bng tn v pht tn hiu ca h ng thi. My thu
s dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin chnh xc ly ra tn hiu mong mun bng cch gii tri ph.
Cc tn hiu khc xut hin dng cc nhiu ph rng cng sut thp ta tp m. cc h thng
FHSS v THSS mi ngi s dng c n nh mt m gi ngu nhin sao cho khng c cp
my pht no s dng cng tn s hay cng khe thi gian, nh vy cc my pht s trnh c
xung t. Nh vy FH v TH l cc kiu h thng trnh xung t, trong khi DS l kiu h
thng ly trung bnh.
Cc m tri ph c th l cc m gi tp m (PN code) hoc cc m c to ra t cc
hm trc giao.
hiu tng quan vai tr ca tri ph trong h thng thng tin v tuyn phn di y ta
s xt tng quan tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS). C th v cc phng php tri ph DSSS,
FHSS v THSS s c kho st cc chng tip theo.
16
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
Tx1 Rx1
B chuyn
i mc Gii iu Gii tri
Tri ph iu ch ph
ch Tb
b1 ( t ) 0 +1 d(t) Mch quyt b1(t)
{0,1} 1 1 (.)dt nh
{+1,-1} 0 {0.1}
1 1
Rb = Rb = 1
Tb 2E b 2 Rb =
Tb
cos( 2 f c t ) cos( 2 f c t ) Tb
Tb c1 ( t ) B to
B to c1 ( t ) Tb
{+1,-1} m PN
m PN {+1,-1} 1
1 Rc =
Rc = Tc
Tc
Tx2 Rx2
b 2 ( t ), c 2 ( t ) c 2 ( t ), b 2 ( t )
TxK RxK
b K ( t ), c K ( t ) c K ( t ), b K ( t )
Hnh 1.15. M hnh n gin ca mt h thng DSSS gm K ngi s dng chung mt bng
tn vi cng mt sng mang fc v iu ch BPSK.
pTb (t) = { 1 nu 0 t Tb
0 nu khc
(1.3)
17
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
{
Tb
1 1 nu k = j
Tb
c (t)c (t)dt =
k j
0 nu k j
(1.5)
0
v tch ca hai m trc giao s bng 1 nu l tch ca chnh n v l mt m trc giao mi trong
tp m trc giao nu l tch ca hai m khc nhau:
c k (t)c j (t) = { 1 nu k = j
c i (t) nu k j
(1.6)
pTc (t) = { 1
0
nu 0 t Tc
nu khc
(1.8)
2E b
s(t) = d k (t)c k (t) cos(2fc t) , 0tTb (1.9)
Tb
trong Eb l nng lng bit, Tb l rng bit v fc l tn s sng mang.
By gi ta xt qu trnh xy ra my thu. n gin ta coi rng my thu c ng b
sng mang v m tri ph vi my pht, ngha l tn s , pha sng mang v m tri ph ca my
thu ging nh my pht. Ngoi ra nu b qua tp m nhit ca ng truyn v ch xt nhiu ca
K-1 ngi s dng trong h thng, gi s cng sut tn hiu thu ti my thu k ca K ngi s
dng bng nhau v n gin ta cng b qua tr truyn sng, tn hiu thu s nh sau:
K
2E br
r(t) = d j (t)c j (t) cos(2fc t) (1.10)
j=1 Tb
trong Ebr=Eb/Lp l nng lng bit thu, Lp l suy hao ng truyn.
18
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
E br K K
u(t) = d j (t)c j (t)c k (t) + d j (t)c j (t)c k (t) cos(4fc t) (1.11)
Tb j=1 j=1
Sau b tch phn thnh phn th hai trong (1.10)l thnh phn cao tn s b loi b, ta c:
Tb
Tb E br K
v(t) =
0
u(t)dt =
Tb
d (t) c (t)c
j j k (t)dt (1.12)
j=1 0
1.5.3. Ph ca tn hiu
hiu r ngha ca tri ph cc h thng thng tin v tuyn tri ph, ta xt dng ph
ca cc tn hiu trn m hnh hnh 1.15. Tng t nh trn ta cng s ch xt ph h thng
pht thu Txk v Rxk lm th d.
Ph ca ca lung s n cc bk(t) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
2 2
b im b im
b (f) = Tb Sinc (fTb ) +
2
(f)
4 4
1 1
=
Tb Sinc 2 (fTb ) + (f) (1.14)
4 4
Nu ch xt cho ph dng v khng ta c:
1 1
b (f) = Tb Sinc 2 (fTb ) + (f) (1.15)
2 4
sin x
trong : Sincx= , (f) l hm delta c xc nh nh sau:
x
19
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
Nu ch xt cho ph dng ta c:
PTc P Tc
s (f) = Sinc 2 [(f fc )Tc ] + Sinc 2 [(f + fc )Tc ] (1.21)
2 2
Nu ch xt ph dng ta c:
P
s (f) = Sinc 2 [(f fc )Tc ] (1.22)
Rc
K Pjr
r (f) = Sin 2 [(f fc )Tc ] (1.23)
j=1 Rc
trong Pjr = Pj /Lp l sut thu t my thu j v Lp l suy hao truyn sng.
Pkr K
Pjr
u (f) =
Rb
Sinc [(f fc )Tb ] +
2
R Sinc 2
[(f fc )Tc ] (1.24)
J =1 c
j k
trong thnh phn th nht l ph ca tn hiu thu t my pht k cn thnh phn th hai l tng
ph ca cc tn hiu th t cc my pht cn li.
Hnh 1.16 cho thy mt ph cng sut (PSD) ca lung bit lng cc d(f), ph ca tn
hiu sau tri ph c(f) (cho trng hp Tb=5Tc). Hnh 1.17 cho thy mt ph cng sut (PSD)
20
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
PSD, W/Hz
2Tb
d (f ) Tb = 5Tc
dc (f )
2Tc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 f, Hz
Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb
1 2
Tc Tc
Hnh 1.16. Mt ph cng sut ca lung bit lng cc d(f) v lung s sau tri ph
dc(f) khi Tb=5Tc.
Pkr
Rb
k (f )
k (f )
k (f )
Tb = NTc
Pjr
k (f )
Rc
3
2
1 1 2 3
} f fc
1 Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb 1
Tc Tc
21
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
P jr k ( f )
}
Rc
3
2
1 0 1 2 3 f f c , Hz
1 Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb 1
Tc Tc
1.5.4. CDMA/FDD
22
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
ng xung
n g l n
X : rn g b n g tn k n h C D M A
Y : P h n cch tn s sn g m an g n g xu n g v n g ln
1.5.5. CDMA/TDD
Khc vi FDD phi s dng cp sng mang cho truyn dn song cng, TDD ch s dng
mt sng mang cho truyn dn song cng. S khc nhau v phn b tn s FDD v TDD c
cho hnh 1.20.
23
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
FDD TDD
rng bng rng bng rng bng
t
tn X tn X t
tn X
ng ng ng xung
ln xung
Khong
bo v
ng ln
f f
Phn cch sng
cng Y
T
Nng lng
Tn s
b) Cu hnh chuyn mch a im (cp pht ng
xung/ng ln khng i xng)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Thi gian
T
Khung c 15
khe thi gian
c) Cu hnh chuyn mch a im (cp pht ng
xung/ ng ln i xng)
24
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA) c s dng tt c cc h thng
thng tin v tuyn t ong: c h thng tng t v h thng s. Cc h thng thng tin v tuyn
t ong cho php a truy nhp n mt knh v tuyn chung (hay tp cc knh) trn c s (tu
theo v tr ca my di ng trn mt t). Cc h thng thng tin v tuyn t ong l minh ho c
th nht ca SDMA. Yu t hn ch i vi kiu SDMA ny l h s ti s dng tn s. Ti s
dng tn s l khi nim ch yu v tuyn t ong, trong nhiu ngi s dng chia s ng
thi cng mt tn s. Cc ngi s dng ny phi cch xa nhau gim thiu nh hng ca
nhiu ng knh (nhiu cng tn s). Tp cc tn s trong cng mt c th c lp li cc
khc trong h thng nu m bo khong cch gi cc s dng cng tn s ngn chn
nhiu giao thoa ng knh.
C rt nhiu s SDMA trong cc h thng t ong hin nay: mini, micro, phn
on, d che v cc anten thng minh. y l cc phng php phn chia khng gian trong
cc my di ng lm vic vi phn gii khng gian cao hn v nh vy rt ngn khong cch
gia cc ngi s dng m khng vi phm cc quy nh v nhiu ng knh.
1. micro c ph sng bi cc trm gc c cng sut rt thp cc vng mt lu
lng cao trong h thng.
2. d ph l cc rt ln c thit k gnh ti cho cc micro
3. Cc phn on l cc c ph sng bi cc on 1200 hoc 600 bng cc anten c
tnh hng nh vy tng c dung lng h thng. Th d v khng phn on c
ph sng bng anten v hng v c phn on c ph sng bng ba anten c hng
vi rng bp hng l 1200 c cho hnh 1.22).
4. Cc anten thng minh l cc pht kin mi nht cho h thng thng tin t ong v tuyn.
Cc anten ny to ra cc bp sng kh hp nh vy tng ng k vng ph sng v dung
lng h thng.
25
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
b)
a)
Anten thng minh bao gm h thng anten bp hng chuyn mch (SBS: Switched
Beam System) hay h thng anten thch ng (hnh 1.23 v 1.24). SBS s dng nhiu bp c nh
trong mt on v chuyn mch chn bp tt nht cho vic thu tn hiu. h thng anten
thch ng, cc tn hiu thu t nhiu anten c nh trng s, c kt hp theo cc tiu chun
nh: sai li bnh phng trung bnh cc tiu (MMSE= Minimum Mean Square Error) hay bnh
phng thp nht (LS= Least Squares) t c t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR cc i. u
im ca h thng anten thch ng so vi SBS l ngoi vic t c khuych i M ln, n
cn m bo li phn tp M ln. Khi cng sut pht khng i cc anten thng minh c th
tng vng ph bng cch tng h s khuych i anten. Aten c h s khuych i tng M ln s
cho php tng vng ph M1/n ln, trong n l lu tha ca tn hao ng truyn. Nh vy c th
gim s BS M2/n ln. Mt SBS vi M bp c th tng dung lng h thng M ln nh gim nhiu.
Mt h thng anten thch ng cn c th cung cp li b sung nh vic trit nhiu tt hn.
Ngun nhiu
b) Tia thng
a)
MS1
1
MS
MS1
Tia thng 1
Cc tia
phn x
MS2
Nhiu
MS2
Tia phn x 1
26
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
Hnh 1.23. Anten thng minh. a) h thng bp hng chuyn mch; b) h thng anten thch
ng
Bp hp hng
n MS
Cc phn t anten
n my pht hoc
my thu
Trong FDMA v TDMA, tng bng tn Bt c chia thnh M knh truyn dn, mi knh
c rng bng tn tng ng l Bc. V th dung lng v tuyn cho FDMA v TDMA c
xc nh nh sau:
M
K max = (1.25)
2 C
3
()
I
trong Kmax l s ngi s dng cc i trong mt , M=Bt/Bc tng s knh tn s hay s knh
tng ng, Bt l tng bng tn c cp pht, Bc l knh v tuyn tng ng cho mt ngi
s dng: i vi h thng TTD FDMA th Bc= bng thng knh v tuyn cn i vi TDMA
th Bc= bng thng knh v tuyn/ s khe thi gian (chng hn i vi TDMA AMPS Bc=30kHz
27
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
0, 78; n=4
=
0, 42; n=5
Ta s so snh dung lng ca ba h thng FDMA, TDMA v CDMA trong tng bng tn
cp pht Bt=12,5MHz. Ta s dng (1.2) tnh s ngi s dng ng thi cc i trn mt cho
FDMA v CDMA. Vi N=7, KmaxFDMA=59 ngi/. Vi N=4, KmaxTDMA=125 ngi/. i vi
IS-95 CDMA, vi Bc=1,25 (cho CDMA IS=95), E/N'0=6dB (E/N'0=100,6= 3,98); Gp=128; =0,5,
=2,25 v =0,6 s dng phng trnh (1.26) ta c KmaxCDMA=920ngi/.
Nh vy dung lng h thng CDMA gp: 920:59=15,6 ln FDMA v gp:920:125=7,36
ln TDMA. Chnh nh cho dung lng cao hn cc h thng FDMA v TDMA nn CDMA
c chn cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba.
1.8. TNG KT
1.9. CU HI V BI TP
28
Chng 1. Tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
29
Chng 2. To m tri ph
CHNG 2
TO M TRI PH
Cc chui PN
Cc thuc tnh ca chui PN
Cc chui Gold
Cc chui trc giao
ng dng ca cc chui m trong cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA
2.1.2. Hng dn
2.1.3. Mc ch chng
2.2 CC CHUI PN
30
Chng 2. To m tri ph
0 +1
1 1
31
Chng 2. To m tri ph
(c)i
(T7 c )i
Mt chui thanh ghi dch chu k N c N dch hay pha. Ta k hiu T-J c l s dch ca
chui c sang tri j ln. hnh 2.2 ta thy rng c cc loi dch sau: T-4c, T-3c, T-2c, T-1c. Cc dch
khc c th nhn c bng cch kt hp tuyn tnh m = 5 u ra ni trn. Chng hn s dng
mt chn 00101 trn 5 trng thi hnh 2.2 (bng cc cng AND), ta c th nhn c T-2c +c =
0001001010110000111001101111101 ....., y chnh l T-7c hay T-24c. Ta xt hai cch khc
nhau chn pha ca chui ra.
Tc ca mch trong hnh 2.2 b hn ch bi tng thi gian tr trong mt phn t thanh
ghi v cc thi gian tr trong tt c cc cng hoc loi tr ng hi tip. thc hin tc
cao, trong cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA ngi ta s dng s tc cao hnh 2.3.
(c)i
Hnh 2.3. Mch thanh ghi tc cao
i vi im v ging nh hi quy phng trnh (2.3). V vy hai cch thc hin trn c th to
ra cng chui u ra nu m bit ra u tin trng nhau. Lu rng cc trng thi u ca chng
khc nhau v chng c cc chui trng thi khc nhau. Hnh 2.4 thc hin chui thanh ghi dch
nh hnh 2.2 vi tc cao.
32
Chng 2. To m tri ph
Mt chui thanh ghi dch c s hai tuyn tnh, vi chu k N = 2m -1 trong m l s n v
nh trong mch hay bc ca a thc to m , c gi l mt chui c s hai c di cc i
hay chui m. a thc to m ca chui m c gi l a thc nguyn thu (Primitive
Polynomial). nh ngha ton hc ca a thc nguyn thu l: a thc ti gin g(x) l mt a thc
nguyn thu bc m nu s nguyn nh nht n, m i vi s ny xn+1 chia ht cho a thc g(x),
bng n = 2m-1. Th d g(x) = x5+x4+x3+x+1 l mt a thc nguyn thu bc m = 5 v s nguyn n
nh nht m xn+1 chia ht cho a thc g(x) l n=25 -1=31. Tri li g(x) = x5+x4+x3+x2+x+1 khng
phi l nguyn thu v x6+1 = (x+1)(x5+x4+x3+x2+x+1 ), nn s n nh nht l 6 khng bng 31. S
cc a thc nguyn thu bc m bng:
N 1
Np =
m
(1 p ) (2.6)
pn
ci
33
Chng 2. To m tri ph
+T
1
Rx ( ) = lim T
T
x (t ) x (t + )dt (2.8)
= 0 - 1 (2.9)
trong :
0 l s bit ging nhau
1 l s bit khng ging nhau
R(i) = 0 1 (2.10)
+
0 1
trong :
0 l s bit ging nhau
1 l s bit khng ging nhau
tnh t tng quan ta gi chui gc c nh v dch chui so snh tng bit mt vi
i= 0,1,2,3.... , trong i l dch chui so snh (+1 tng ng dch phi, -1 tng ng vi
dch tri) vi chui gc.
Hm tng quan cho gia hai tn hiu x(t) v y(t) kiu cng sut nh ngha tng quan
gia hai tn hiu khc nhau v c xc nh nh sau:
+T
1
Rxy ( ) = lim
T T
x(t ) y (t + )dt (2.11)
Tng quan cho gia hai chui m c1 v c2 khc nhau c xc nh theo cc cng thc (2.10).
Trong phn ny ta s xt mt s thuc tnh qua trng ca chui m c nh hng trc tip
ln s phn tch cc h thng CDMA.
34
Chng 2. To m tri ph
trong :
p(t) = { 1, 0 t < Tc
0, nu khc
(2.13)
n cc Lng cc
"0" "+1"
"1" "-1"
= 1+( 1
N
) T ()
c
N
1
(2.16)
35
Chng 2. To m tri ph
1 , 0 Tc
T
Tc = c (2.17)
0 , nu khc
R c (i)
R c ()
36
Chng 2. To m tri ph
2.5. M GOLD
2(m +1) / 2 + 1; vi m l
t(m) = (m+2)/2 (2.18)
2 + 1 ; vi m chn
Lu rng khi tnh ton cc gi tr tng quan trc ht phi chuyn i cc gi tr 0 v 1 vo +1
v -1. Tp hp cc chui Gold bao gm cp chui-m c a chung x v y v cc tng mod 2
ca x vi dch vng y. Chng hn tp hp cc chui Gold l:
trong T-1y = {y1, y2, y3, ..... , yN-1,y0} l dch vng tri ca y. i lng tng quan cc i cho
hai chui Gold bt k trong cng mt tp bng hng s t(m).
T s t(m)/N 2-m/2 tin ti 0 theo hm m khi m tin ti v hn. iu ny cho thy rng
cc chui Gold di hn s thc hin cc chui tri ph tt hn trong cc h thng a truy nhp.
2.6.1. CC M WALSH
Cc hm trc giao c s dng ci thin hiu sut bng tn ca h thng SS. Trong h
thng thng tin di ng CDMA mi ngi s dng mt phn t trong tp cc hm trc giao. Hm
Walsh v cc chui Hadamard to nn mt tp cc hm trc giao c s dng cho CDMA.
CDMA cc hm Walsh c s dng theo hai cch: l m tri ph hoc to ra cc k hiu trc
giao.
Cc hm Walsh c to ra bng cc ma trn vung c bit c gi l cc ma trn
Hadamard. Cc ma trn ny cha mt hng ton s "0" v cc hng cn li c s s "1" v s s
"0" bng nhau. Hm Walsh c cu trc cho di khi N=2j trong j l mt s nguyn
dng.
Cc t hp m cc hng ca ma trn l cc hm trc giao c xc nh nh theo ma
trn Hadamard nh sau:
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 HN HN
H1 = 0 , H2 = , H4 = , H 2N = ; (2.20)
0 1 0 0 1 1 HN HN
0 1 1 0
37
Chng 2. To m tri ph
2.6.2. M GOLAY
C N / 2 C N / 2
C N = , N = 2 m , m 1, C = 1
1 (2.21)
C N / 2 CN / 2
trong ma trn b C N nhn c bng cc o ma trn CN gc.
Cc h thng cdmaOne v cdma 2000 s dng cc m khc nhau tri ph, nhn dng
knh, nhn dng BTS v nhn dng ngi s dng. Cc m ny u c tc chip l:
Rc=N1,2288Mcps, trong N=1,3,6,9,12 tng ng vi rng chip bng: Tc= 0,814/N s.
Di y ta xt cc m ni trn.
M trc giao Walsh (Walsh Code). M trc giao Walsh c xy dng trn c s ma trn
Hadamard. cdmaOne ch s dng mt ma trn H64. Cc m ny c nh ch s t W0 n W63
c s dng tri ph v nhn knh cho ng xung v iu ch trc giao cho ng ln.
cdma200 s dng cc ma trn Hadamard khc nhau to ra cc m Walsh WnN, trong
38
Chng 2. To m tri ph
2.8. TNG KT
2.9. CU HI V BI TP
5 3 , 1
1. Mt tn hiu ngu nhin x(t) c hm t tng quan R x ( ) = .
2 , >1
Cng sut trung bnh ca x(t) bng bao nhiu?
(a) 2W, (b) 3W, (c) 5W, (d) 7W
2. i vi tn hiu x(t) trong bi trc, cng sut thnh phn mt chiu bng bao nhiu?
(a) 2W, (b) 3W, (c) 5W, (d) 7W
3. Mt tn hiu c mt ph cng sut l 10-4[1000(f-106)]+
10-4[1000(f+106)]W/Hz. Hy tm gi tr trung bnh trong bng tn gii hn t
1MHz n 1,002MHz
(a)0,1W; (b) 0,2W; (c) 0,W; (d) 1W
4. Xt mt chui m c di l 15. Nu mt tn hiu PN c to ra t chui ny c tc
chip l 1000 chip/s, tm hm tng quan Rc() ti = 0,75 ms.
(a) 0,1; (b) 0,15; (c) 0,2; (d) 0,25
5. C hai chui m chu k 7: {cj}={....,-1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,....} v {cj '}={..,-1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,...}.
Hy tm cc gi tr hm tng quan cho tun hon chun ho c nh ngha bi biu
1 6
thc: R cc (k) = c jc j+k cho k=0,1,2,3,4,5,6
7 j=0
(a) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,-1/7,3/7, -1/7, -1/7, -5/7, 3/7; (b) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,-1/7,-5/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7,-1/7;
(c) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,3/7,-1/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7, 3/7; (d) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,3/7,-5/7, -1/7, -1/7, 3/7, 3/7;
(e) Rcc'(k)= 3/7,3/7,-1/7, -1/7, -1/7, -3/7,-1/7;
6. Gi thit c(t) v c'(t) l hai tn hiu PN c to ra t {ci} v {ci'} cho bi trc, c hai
c cng rng chip Tc. nh ngha hm tng quan cho tun hon chun ho theo
39
Chng 2. To m tri ph
1T
cng thc R cc ' ( )= c( t )c' ( t + )dt , trong T=NTc v N l chu k ca cc chui
T0
{ci} v {c'i}. Hy tm cc' () cho = 1,5 Tc.
(a) -1/7; (b)-2/7 (c) -3/7; (d) 1/7; (e)2/7; (f)3/7
7. T tng quan ca k+x(t) l hm no di y? trong k l hng s v x(t) l tn hiu
ngu nhin trung bnh khng c hm t tng quan l Rx().
(a) Rx(); (b) k+ Rx(); (c) k2+ Rx(); (d) k2+2k+ Rx()
8. Cho mt tn hiu ba mc x(t). Trong cc on thi gian t1 giy, tn hiu ny c th nhn ba
gi tr:-1, 0, 1 ng xc sut. Cc gi tr trong cc khong thi gian t1 khc nhau u c
lp vi nhau v im khi u (pha) l ngu nhin vi phn b u trong khong [0,t1].
Hm no di y l hm t tng quan ca tn hiu ny?
(a) 0,5t1(); (b) 2/3 t1(); (c) 0,75t1(); (d) t1()
9. Hm no di y l hm t tng quan ca k+x(t)cos(2fct+)? trong k l hng s,
x(t) l tn hiu ngu nhin trung bnh khng c hm t tng quan Rx(), v PSD (f) v
l pha ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,2]
(a) k+Rx(); (b) k+0,5 Rx()cos(2fc); (c) k2+Rx();(d) k2+0,5 Rx()cos(2fc);
40
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
CHNG 3
CC H THNG TRI PH CHUI TRC TIP
3.1.2. Hng dn
Hc k cc t liu c trnh by trong chng ny
Tham kho thm [1] v [2]
Tr li cc cu hi v bi tp cui chng
3.1.3. Mc ch chng
41
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
trn khng c lp li, ngha l chu k phi l . Trong thc t v chui PN phi tun hon nn
chu k ca n phi ln t c thuc tnh ngu nhin tt.
Trong mt h thng DSSS, mt tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian c gi l tn hiu PN
c to ra t chui PN dng tri ph. Gi thit chui PN ny l c s hai, ngha l ci = 1, th
tn hiu PN ny l
c(t) = c i pT (t iTc )
c
(3.1)
i =
Mt chu k
c(t) 1
t
-1
1 , Tc
Tc
R c () = T () = (3.2)
c
0, nu khc
42
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
1, i = 0, N, 2N
1 N 1
R c (i) = c j c j+ i = 1 , nu khc (3.4)
N j= 0 N
R c (i)
R c ()
NTc
1
R c ( ) =
NTc
c (t + )c (t) dt
0
1 1
=1 + Tc ( ) (3.5)
N N
1
1 T (1 + N ) , 0 Tc
= 1 c (3.6)
,
1
, Tc NTc
N 2
Biu thc trn c dng tam gic nh c v hnh 3.2b. Lu rng i vi gi tr N ln,
biu thc (3.6) gn bng biu thc (3.2). V th khi xt n cc thuc tnh t ngu nhin mt
chui tr thnh chui ngu nhin khi N .
n gin, ch yu chng ta s s dng hm tam gic ptr (3.2) l hm t tng quan
cho mt tn hiu PN v biu thc (3.3) cho PSD. Cc thuc tnh ca chui m v cc kiu chui PN
khc c kho st chng 1.
43
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
S khi ca my pht DS/SS s dng BPSK c cho hnh 3.3. Ta c th biu din
s liu hay bn tin nhn cc gi tr 1 nh sau:
d(t) = d i p T (t iTb )
b
(3.7)
i =
trong di = 1 l bit s liu th i v Tb l rng ca mt bit s liu (tc s liu l 1/Tb bps).
Tn hiu d(t) c tri ph bng tn hiu PN c(t) bng cch nhn hai tn hiu ny vi nhau. Tn
hiu nhn c d(t)c(t) sau s iu ch cho sng mang s dng BPSK, kt qu cho ta tn hiu
DSSS-BPSK xc nh theo cng thc sau:
2E b
s(t) = d(t)c(t) cos(2fct + ) (3.8)
Tb
trong Eb l nng lng trn mt bit ca sng mang, Tb l rng mt bit, fc tn s mang v
l pha ban u ca sng mang. Th d v cc tn hiu ny c v trn cng mt hnh.
Trong rt nhiu ng dng mt bit bn tin bng mt chu k ca tn hiu PN, ngha l Tb =
NTc. Ta s dng gi thit ny cho cc h thng DSSS trong ton b gio trnh, nu nh khng c
nh ngha khc. Trong trng hp hnh 3.3 ta s dng N = 7. Ta c th thy rng tch ca d(t)c(t)
cng l mt tn hiu c s hai c bin 1, c cng tn s vi tn hiu PN. Tn hiu DSSS-
BPSK nhn c c v th cui cng ca hnh 3.3.
44
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
B iu ch
(BPSK)
Bn tin c s hai
Mt chu k
1
c(t) t
-1
0 Tc . . . . NTc . . . . 2NTc . . .
(gi thit l N=7; T=NT
b c)
1
d(t)c(t) t
-1
0 Tc . . . . NTc . . . . 2NTc . . .
A
s(t) t
-A
0 Tc . . . . NTc . . . . 2NTc . . .
( hnh ny v cho sng mang c =-/2 v fc = 1/Tc )
45
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
Khi phc
H KH 2 cos(2 fct + ' )
Tb
Khi phc ti
2Ebr SM
s(t-) = d(t-)c(t-)
Tb
ti +Tb zi
x cos(2 fct + ' ) w(t) 1 hay -1
(.)dt
+
ti
c(t-) -
ng b B to TH
tn hiu PN PN ni B gii iu ch BPSK
s(t-t) t
-A
c(t-t) t
-1
t0
w(t) t
-A
2E br
r(t)= s(t ) + n(t) = d(t )c(t ) cos[2fc (t ) + ] + n(t) (3.9)
Tb
trong Ebr l nng lng trung bnh ca sng mang trn mt bit, n(t) l tp m ca knh v u
vo my thu. gii thch qu trnh khi phc li bn tin ta gi thit rng khng c tp m. Trc
ht tn hiu thu c tri ph gim bng tn rng vo bng tn hp. Sau n c gii iu
ch nhn c tn hiu bng gc. gii tri ph tn hiu thu c nhn vi tn hiu (ng b)
PN c(t-) c to ra my thu, ta c:
2E br
w(t) = d(t-)c2(t-)cos(2fct + ')
Tb
46
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
2E br
= d(t-)cos(2fct + ') (3.10)
Tb
t i + Tb
2
zi = w(t)
Tb
cos(2fc t + )dt (3.11)
ti
t i + Tb
2 E br
=
Tb
A d(t ) cos 2 (2fc t + )dt
t i + Tb ti
= E br d(t ) [1 + cos(4fc t + 2 )] dt
ti
= E br d( t ) = E br (3.12)
trong ti = iTb + l thi im u ca bit th i. V d(t-) l +1 hoc -1 trong thi gian mt bit,
nn thnh phn th nht ca tch phn s cho ta Tb hoc -Tb. Thnh phn th hai l thnh phn
nhn i tn s nn sau tch phn gn bng 0. Vy kt qu cho zi = E br hay - E br . Cho kt
qu ny qua thit b nh gi ngng (hay b so snh) vi ngng 0, ta c u ra c s hai 1
hay -1. Ngoi thnh phn tn hiu E br , u ra ca b tch phn cng c thnh phn tp m c
th gy ra li. Lu rng hnh 3.4 th t gia nhn tn hiu PN v nhn sng mang c th i
ln m khng lm thay i kt qu.
Tn hiu PN ng vai tr nh mt "m" c bit trc c my pht ln my thu ch
nh. V my thu ch inh bit trc m nn n c th gii tri ph tn hiu SS nhn c bn
tin. Mt khc mt my thu khng ch nh khng bit c m, v th cc iu kin bnh
thng n khng th "gii m" bn tin. iu ny th hin r ptr (3.8), do c(t) nn my thu khng
ch nh ch nhn thy mt tn hiu ngu nhin 1.
Ta gi thit rng my thu bit trc mt s thng s sau : , ti , ' v fc. Thng thng
my thu bit c tn s mang fc, nn n c th c to ra bng cch s dng mt b dao ng
ni. Nu c mt khc bit no gia tn s ca b dao ng ni v tn s sng mang, th mt
tn s gn vi fc c th c to ra v c th theo di c tn s chnh xc bng mt mch vng
hi tip, vng kho pha chng hn. My thu phi nhn c cc thng s khc nh , ti v ' t tn
hiu thu c. Qu trnh nhn c c gi l qu trnh ng b, thng c thc hin hai
bc: bt v bm. Vn ng b s c kho st cc chng 7 v 8. Qu trnh nhn c ti
c gi l qu trnh khi phc ng h (nh thi) k hiu (Symbol Timing Recovery). Cn qu
trnh nhn c ' (cng nh fc) c gi l qu trnh khi phc sng mang. Vic khi phc sng
mang v ng h l cn thit mi my thu thng tin s liu ng b v chng c xt hu ht
cc ti liu v thng tin. Khi Tb /Tc = N (chu k ca chui PN), c th nhn c nh thi ca k
hiu ti mt khi bit . Hnh 3.4 cng cho thy ng b, khi phc ng h v sng mang.
47
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
Ta hy kho st mt cch ngn gn nh hng ca sai pha sng mang v sai pha m my thu.
Gi thit rng my thu s dng cos(2fct + ' + ) thay cho cos(2fct + ') cho b gii iu ch
v s dng c(t-') lm tn hiu PN ni, ngha l sng mang c sai pha v tn hiu PN c sai pha
-'. Khi ny zi s l:
t i + Tb
2E br 2
zi =
Tb
d ( t ) c(t )c ( t ) cos(2fc t + )
Tb
cos ( 2fc t + + ) dt
ti
t i + Tb
E br
=
Tb
cos ( ) c ( t ) c ( t ) dt
ti
c rng bng tn theo Nyquist 1/2Tb Hz, cn tn hiu PN (vi bin 1) c tc chip 1/Tc
v PSD l:
c rng bng tn 1/Tc Hz ging nh rng bng tn ca c(t). V th qu trnh tri ph s tng
rng bng tn Tb/Tc = N ln , thng thng gi tr ny rt ln. iu ch sng mang chuyn i
tn hiu bng gc d(t)c(t) vo tn hiu bng thng s(t) c PSD:
P
s (f) = {Sinc 2 ((f fc ) Tc + Sinc 2 ((f + fc ) Tc )} (3.17)
2R c
48
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
v c rng bng tn theo Nyquist 1/Tc Hz, trong P l cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu. Th
d v d(f), dc(f) v s(f) c cho hnh 3.5, trong chng ta s dng Tb/Tc = 2. So snh
d(f) v s(f) ta thy i lng gim 2Tb /PTc ln v rng bng tn tng Tb/Tc ln. V th
N=Tb/Tc l t l tri ph.
Trong my thu tn hiu r(t-) l phin bn tr ca tn hiu DS s(t) v c cng sut thu gim
do truyn sng bng Pr. Nn PSD ca n cng ging nh PSD ca tn hiu s(t) c cho
phng trnh (3.17) nhng vi cng sut P c thay bng Pr, v tr khng lm thay i phn b
cng sut vng tn s. Ngoi ra PSD ca c(t-) cng ging nh PSD ca c(t) c cho ptr
(3.15). Sau khi gii tri ph ta c tn hiu w(t) vi PSD c xc nh bi:
Pr
w (f) = {Sinc 2 ((f fc )Tb ) + Sinc 2 ((f + fc )Tb )} (3.18)
2R b
Biu thc trn c m t hnh 3.5 (c). Ta thy rng w(f) by gi c PSD bng hp vi cng
dng ph nh d(t) nhng c dch sang tri v phi fc. rng bng tn ca w(t) l 1/Tb, gp
hai ln d(t). iu ny ging nh d tnh v w(t) ging ht nh phin bn c iu ch ca d(t).
T PSD cu cc tn hiu khc nhau ta thy rng PSD ca d(t) c tri ph bi c(t) v sau
c gii tri ph bi c(t-) my thu.
(a) PSD ca bn tin v tn hiu PN
1/ Tc 1/ Tb 0 1/ Tb 1/ Tc f
f
-fc
fc
(c) PSD ca tn hiu W(t)
w (f) rng bng tn 1/Tb
Pr/2Rb
-fc fc f
Hnh 3.5. PSD ca lung tin lng cc, tn hiu PN v tn hiu DSSS-BPSK.
3.3.4. li x l
49
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
Bdc
Gp = (3.20)
Rb
Ta thng biu din Gp dB: 10lg (Gp). li x l cho thy tn hiu bn tin pht c tri ph
bao nhiu ln bi h thng tri ph. y l mt thng s cht lng quan trng ca mt h thng
SS, Gp cao thng c ngha l kh nng chng nhiu tt hn.
i vi h thng DSSS-BPSK, li x l l (1/Tc)/(1/Tb) = Tb /Tc = N. Chng hn nu
N = 1023, rng bng tn ca bn tin c iu ch d(t)cos(2fct) tng 1023 ln bi qu trnh
tri ph v Gp l 1023 hay 30,1dB.
Trn hnh 3.3 ta s dng BPSK cho qu trnh iu ch. Cc kiu iu ch khc nh: kha
chuyn pha vung gc (QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) v kha chuyn cc tiu (MSK:
Minimum Shift Keying) cng thng c s dng cc h thng SS.
S khi chc nng cho my pht ca mt h thng DSSS s dng iu ch QPSK c
cho hnh 3.6 cng vi cc dng sng cc im khc nhau trn s . S bao gm hai
nhnh: mt nhnh ng pha (nhnh I) v mt nhnh pha vung gc (nhnh Q).
Trong th d ny cng mt u vo s liu iu ch cc tn hiu PN c1(t) v c2(t) c hai
nhnh. Tn hiu DS/SS-QPSK c dng:
trong
c 1 (t)d(t)
(t) = tan
1
c 2 (t)d(t)
(3.22)
/ 4, nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1 , c 2 (t)d(t) = 1
3 / 4, nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1 , c 2 (t)d(t) = 1
=
5 / 4,
nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1, c 2 (t)d(t) = 1
7 / 4,
nu c 1 (t)d(t) = 1 , c 2 (t)d(t) = 1
Vy tn hiu s(t) c th nhn bn trng thi pha khc nhau: + /4, + 3/4, + 5/4, + 7/2.
50
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
d(t)c1(t) B C s1(t)
(BPSK)
c1(t)
-Asin(2fct+)
B to PN 1
Dch /2
d(t)
d(t) t
-1
0 T 2T
1
c1(t)
t
-1
1
c2(t)
t
-1
d(t)c1(t) 1
t
-1
d(t)c2(t) 1
t
-1
A
s1(t) t
-A
(cho = - )
A
s2(t)
t
-A
2A
s(t) t
- 2A
= 7/4 3/4 5 /4 /4 3 /4 7 /4 /4 5 /4 3 /4 7 /4
51
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
Hnh 3.7 cho ta s khi ca my thu DSSS-QPSK. Cc thnh phn ng pha v vung
gc c gii tri ph c lp vi nhau bi c1(t) v c2(t).
w1(t) u1(t)
E br E br
s(t-) = d(t )c1 (t )sin(2 f c t + ') + d(t )c2 (t ) cos(2f c t + ')
Tb Tb
(3.23)
trong Ebr l nng lng bit thu, ' = -2fc. Cc tn hiu trc b cng l:
2 E br 2 E br
u1(t)= d(t-)sin2(2fct+')- d(t-) c1(t-)c2(t-)sin(2fct +')cos(2fct+')
Tb Tb
2E br 1
= d(t ) [1 cos(4fc t + 2 )]
Tb 2
2E br 1
d(t )c1 (t )c 2 (t ) sin(4fc t + 2 ) (3.24)
Tb 2
2 E br 2 E br
u2(t)=- d(t-)c1(t-)c2(t-)sin(2fct+')cos(2fct+')+ d(t-)cos2(2fct+')
Tb Tb
2 E br 1
= d(t )c1 (t )c2 (t ) sin( 4f c t + 2 ')
Tb 2
2 E br 1
+ d(t ) [1 + cos(4fc t + 2 ')] (3.25)
Tb 2
Ly tch phn cho tng ca hai tn hiu trn lu tt c cc thnh phn tn s 2fc c gi tr trung
bnh bng khng, ta c:
Tb
zi = [u1 ( t ) + u 2 ( t )]dt = 2 E br d(t-) = 2E b (3.26)
0
52
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
1
c(t) t
-1
1
c1(t) t
-1
1
c2(t) t1
-1
Hnh 3.9 cho ta s khi chc nng ca my pht v my thu DSSS-BPSK. y ta cho
rng tn hiu PN ni v sng mang ni ng b tt vi tn hiu PN thu v sng mang thu. V th ta
c th gi thit rng tr bng khng (xem hnh 3.4). Lu rng pha ca sng mang (xem hnh
3.3 cho my pht ca DS/SS-BPSK) c coi bng -/2.
Mc ch ca ta y l tm c t s gia cng sut tn hiu v cng sut tp m (v
cng sut nhiu ph) u ra ca my thu (c k hiu l SNR0) trc thit b nh gi ngng
cui cng (b chn cng to ra b'(t) nh l mt c tnh ca bn tin d(t). u vo ca b hn
bin cng (u ra ca b gii iu ch) bao gm ba thnh phn: so t tn hiu mong mun, no do
tp m knh v jo do nhiu nhiu ph.
Trc ht ta coi rng khng c nhiu ph, ngha l j(t)=0, nn jo=0. tm ra SNR0 ta
nh gi so v no. Vi d(t) = 1 v c(t) = 1, t ptr.(3.12), thnh phn tn hiu s0 cho mi bit s
liu l:
s o = E br (3.27)
Thnh phn tp m n0 l:
Tb
2
n0 =
Tb
n(t)c(t) cos(2f t)dt
c
(3.28)
0
54
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
(a) My pht
B iu ch
(BPSK)
d(t)
2Ebr
r(t) = Tb d(t)c(t)cos(2 fct) T d'(t)
+n(t)+j(t) (.)dt
0 s0+n0+j0 c tnh ca b(t)
Thit b quyt
2/Tb c(t)cos(2 fct) nh ngng
(hn bin cng)
trong J(t) l tn hiu thng thp (qu trnh ngu nhin) v l mt bin ngu nhin ng u
(0,2), c lp vi J(t). Ta rt ra rng j(t) c trung bnh khng. Cc hm j(t) v J(t) tng quan vi
nhau theo biu thc:
1
R j ( ) = R J ( ) cos(2f1 ) (3.34)
2
Cng sut trung bnh j(t) l Pj = Rj(0) = RJ(0)/2. Ga s j0 l thnh phn u ra ca b tch
phn tng ng vi tn hiu nhiu ph. Coi rng tn hiu nhiu ph l mt tn hiu bng hp, ngha
l rng bng tn ca tn hiu nhiu ph nh hn nhiu so vi tn hiu DS, ta c th ch ra rng
phng sai c xc inh bi:
E [ j0 ] = PT (3.35)
2
j c
/2
Ta thy rng nhiu ph nh hng ging nh tp m trng c PSD hai bin bng PjTc/2.
nh hng kt hp ca tp m trng v nhiu ph tng ng vi nh hng ca mt tp m
trng c PSD hai bin l No'/2 = (N0 + PjTc)/2. Vy Tc cng nh th Pj cng t nh hng ln s
gim t s tn hiu trn tp m. Khi Tc nh n mc PjTc<<N0 th nhiu ph khng cn tc
dng. Lu rng khi c tp m knh v nhiu ph th t s nng lng bit trn mt ph tp m
l SNR0 =Ebr/N0' = 2Ebr/(N0+PjTc).
By gi gi thit rng ta c tn hiu nhiu ph bng rng, ngha l rng bng tn cu tn
hiu nhiu ph ln hn rng bng tn ca tn hiu DS (Bj>BDS). Khi ny tn hiu nhiu ph
ging nh tp m trng c tp m hai bin PSD: Pj /(Bj), trong Bj l rng bng tn ca j(t).
Bi vy:
2E br
SNR 0 = (3.37)
N 0 + Pj / B j
Khi N=Tb/Tc ln, rng bng tn ca tn hiu DS: BDS cng ln, ngha l Bj ln v nh hng
ca nhiu ph nh. Vy cng sut trung bnh Pj phi ln nhiu ph cn tc dng.
Kt lun, ta thy rng tri ph khng mang li u vit v tp m trng Gaus. Ta cng
thy rng nh hng ca nhiu ph gim ng k khi tri ph. Nhiu ph phi c cng sut cao
c tc dng v v th cc h thng SS rt hp dn trong thng tin qun s.
Trong phn ny ta s kho st nhiu giao thoa nhiu ngi s dng gy ra do cc tn hiu
DS khc v do truyn nhiu ng.
56
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
Ta xt tnh trng tn hiu thu cha nhiu giao thoa t mt tn hiu DS khc. Trong trng
hp ny tn hiu thu s l:
E br1 E br 2
r(t)= d1(t)c1 (t)cos(2fct)+ d2(t-')c2(t-')cos(2fct+')+n(t) (3.38)
Tb Tb
trong thnh phn th nht l tn hiu mong mun, thnh phn th hai l tn hiu DS gy nhiu
v thnh phn cui cng l tp m. Ta gi thit rng d1(t), d2(t), c1(t) v c2(t) l 1. Lu rng tn
s sng mang ging nhau cho c hai d1(t) v d2(t), trong khi pha ca sng mang khc nhau, c
2
ngha l hai tn hiu ny c pht c lp vi nhau. Sau khi nhn tn hiu vi c1(t)
Tb
cos(2fct) v ly tch phn (xem hnh 3.9), u vo ca b hn bin cng s l:
s0 + s'0 + n0 (3.39)
trong :
s 0 = E br1 (3.40)
v:
T
1
1
Tb
s0' = E br 2 cos( )d(t ) c1 (t)c 2 (t )dt + c 1 (t)c 2 (t )dt
(3.41)
T T b
b 0
T
1
Hai thnh phn trong ngoc vung,
T
c(t)c (t )dt v c(t)c(t)dt l cc hm tng
0
quan cho tng phn c chun ho ca c1(t) v c2(t). d(t-') cho ta ga tr +1 hay -1. Tng
quan cho nh gy nhiu t. V th mi trng a ngi s dng ta phi thit k cc tn hiu PN
sao cho chng c tng quan cho nh.
Truyn a ng
Trong trng hp truyn a ng, tn hiu thu gm thnh phn i thng v cc thnh
phn khng i thng phn x t cc cng trnh nhn to hay i hnh t nhin. Gi thit rng ch
c mt tn hiu khng i thng. Khi ny chng ta c th s dng m hnh ptr (3.38) vi ' l tr
2E br 2 2E br1
b sung ng khng i thng, c2(t) = c1(t), d1(t)=d2(t), v =k , trong k1 l
Tb Tb
tha s suy gim. Trong trng hp ny nhiu do thnh phn khng i thng l:
57
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
T
1 b
Tb 0
s '0 =k E br1 cos(' ) d1 ( t ' )c1 ( t ' )c1 ( t )dt (3.42)
= E br1 cos(' )R c (' )
bng khng khi |'| >Tc (hay gn khng nu ta s dng ptr. 3.42). V vy nh hng ca truyn a
tia c loi b hay tr thnh mt nhiu nh, nu rng ca chip nh hn tr b sung ng
khng i thng. Ta cng c th gii thch kt qu trn t quan im vng tn s nh sau. Tn hiu
khng i thng cng nh tn hiu i thng l mt tn hiu bng rng. Tn hiu PN ni c ng
b n tn hiu i thng. V th tn hiu i thng c gii tri ph cn tn hiu khng i thng
khng c gii tri ph. Sau qu trnh gii tri ph my thu ly ra tn hiu vng bng hp xung
quanh fc Hz bi b gii iu ch (bao gm vic nhn sng mang v tch phn lm vic nh b lc
thng thp). Ch c mt phn nh ca tn hiu khng i thng l qua c qu trnh ny v tr
thnh nhiu. Nh vy tn hiu khng i thng s ch gim SNR mt t.
Vn gn - xa (Near-Far)
E br Pr Tb
= (3.43)
N0 N 0 + Pr Tc (K 1)
Biu thc trn cho thy nhiu tng xc sut li bit.
By gi ta kho st mt trong s K-1 ngi gy nhiu rt gn my thu. Do lut t l
nghch hm m bnh phng ca truyn lan sng in t, tn hiu ca ngi gy nhiu n my
thu khi ny s ln hn rt nhiu, gi s l P'r = aPr , trong a tng hm m khi ngi gy nhiu
ny tin n gn my thu. Chng hn nu ngi gy nhiu mnh ny gn my thu 10 ln hn so
vi my pht tn hiu ch nh th a l: 10n = 100 nu coi rng n=2 (trong mi trng di ng n
thng bng 3 hoc 4). Nh vy SNR tng ng l:
E br Ps Tb
= (3.43)
N 0 N 0 + aPr Tc + Pr Tc (K 2)
Khi a ln, SNR gim mnh v xc sut li tr nn qu ln. Ni mt cch khc ta c th duy tr xc
sut li mc cho php bng cch gim s K-2 ngi s dng v s ngi s dng ny c khi
phi loi b hon ton khi a ln.
3.6. TNG KT
H thng DSSS s dng chui PN trc giao tri ph. Cc my pht DSSS ngoi vic
cha cc phn t thng thng nh iu ch cn cha thm b tri ph. Sau tri ph tn hiu c
tri ph c rng ln hn nhiu so vi rng ph ca tn hiu cn pht. S khc nhau v
rng ph ny c gi l li x l. li x l cng ln th hiu nng ca h thng DSSS
cng tt. Cc h thng my thu DSSS s dng b gii tri ph phc hi lai tn hiu pht. b
gii tri ph hot ng tt cc m PN phi trc giao tt. H thng DSSS khng tc ng ln tp
m Gauss trng (tp m nhit) nhng cho php gim nhiu ph, gim nhiu ng knh (nhiu
cng tn s) v phainh. Nhiu ng knh c th rt mnh khi mt ngi s dng khc gn my
thu ch nh. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng gn xa. trnh hin tng ny trong cc h
thng thng tin di ng CDMA ngi ta phi iu khin cng sut nhanh (gim cng sut khi
my di ng tin gn BTS v tng cng sut khi my di ng ri xa BTS). DSSS khng ch gim
pha inh m cn cho php li dng n trong cc h thng phn tp (my thu RAKE s c xt
trong chng 5) tng cng cht lng truyn dn. mc nht nh DSSS cng cho php
trnh c nghe trm do ph ca tn hiu tri ph c che lp bi tp m khi li x l ln.
3.7. CU HI V BI TP
59
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
4. Xt my thu cho hnh 3.7. Gi thit rng tn hiu PN c to ra y l c(t-') c sai pha
- ' so vi tn hiu PN thu. Gi thit N>>1. Gi thit rng bit bn tin th i l +1 v -'=Tc/2.
Gi thit rng khi phc sng mang v ng h k hiu ng. u ra ca zi ca b gii iu
ch c gi tr no trong trng hp khng c tp m?
2E b 1 2E b 1 2E b
(a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) khng trng hp no nu trn ng
Tb 2 Tb 4 Tb
5. Mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c s dng pht tn hiu ting. Ting c ly mu tn s
8 kHz v mi mu c bin i vo 8 bit bng PCM. Gi thit tn s sng mang l 1,9GHz
v bng thng cho php l 40 MHz. li x l c th t c l bao nhiu?
(a) 3125 ; (b) 321.5; (c) 125; (d) 625
6. (tip tc) v tc chip cc i c th s dng c l bao nhiu?
(a) 128 Mcps; (b) 64Mcps; (c) 40Mkcps; (d) 20 Mcps
7. Trong tn hiu DSSS-QPSK c cho ptr.(3.21), gi thit rng d(t) l mt tn hiu ngu
nhin v thi gian chip ca c1(t), c2(t) l Tc1 = Tc2 = Tc. Nu m hnh ca c1(t) v c2(t) l cc
tn hiu c hai ngu nhin trung bnh khng v c lp, PSD ca DSSS-QPSK phi c dng
no?
E b Tc
(a) sin c 2 ((f fc )Tc / 2) + sin c 2 ((f + fc )Tc / 2)
Tb 8
E b Tc
(b) sin c 2 ((f fc )Tc / 2) + sin c 2 ((f + fc )Tc / 2)
Tb 4
E b Tc
(c) sin c 2 ((f fc )Tc ) + sin c 2 ((f + fc )Tc )
Tb 4
E b Tc
(d) sin c 2 ((f fc )Tc ) + sin c 2 ((f + fc )Tc )
Tb 2
60
Chng 3. Cc h thng tri ph chui trc tip
2E br
(b) Bin ca d(t-) gim.
Tb
(c) C thm mt thnh phn tn thp.
(d) C thm mt thnh phn vi tn s 4fc.
10. Trong mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c Gp = 2000, u vo ca my thu bao gm tp m
AWGN v tn hiu SS. Gi thit rng Ebr/N0 = 20dB v cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu SS
thu c l Pr=1W. Hy tnh t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut tp m SNR0 u vo
b hn bin cng hnh 3.9.
(a) 50; (b) 100; (c) 200; (d) 4000
11. (tip) Nu tn hiu thu c cng cha mt tn hiu nhiu ph bng hp c cng sut 50W,
tm t s cng sut tn hiu trn cng sut tp m nhn c u vo ca b hn bin cng
(xt c nh hng ca AWGN v tn hiu nhiu ph).
(a) 35; (b) 57; (c) 79; (d) 103
12. Gi thit rng mt tn hiu DSSS-BPSK b nhiu ph bi mt tn hiu c rng bng tn
1/Tc c tn s trung tm l fc, trong Tc l thi gian chip v fc l tn s sng mang cu tn
hiu DS/SS. Hy tm biu thc cho SNR0.
2Pr 2Pr 2Pr 2Pr
(a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d)
N0 R b + PRj b N0 R b + PR
j c N0 R b + Pj /(2G p ) N 0 R b + 2Pj / G p
13. Tc chip no l tc cc tiu m mt h thng DSSS-BPSK cn loi b nh hng
ca mt ng truyn khng i thng c di ln hn ng truyn thng 15m?
(a) 5 Mchip/s (b) 10 Mchip/s
(c) 15 Mchip/s (d) 20 Mchip/s
14. Tm tc chip cn thit cho mt h thng DSSS-BPSK trit cc tn hiu a tia. Nu tr
b sung gy ra do tn hiu khng i thng l ', thi gian chip ca c1(t) v c2(t) phi th no
(xem hnh 3.6) trit c tn hiu khng i thng?
(a) Khng ln hn 0,5' (b) khng ln hn '
(c) Khng ln hn 1,5' (d) Khng ln hn 2'
15. Mt h thng DSSS-BPSK c th c mt hoc hai ngi s dng. Gp bng 1000. H thng
c thit k sao cho SNR Eb/N0 my thu l 20dB khi ch c mt ngi s dng. Ta mun
tm nh hng my pht th hai ln SNR ca my thu th nht. Gi s khong cch t my
pht th nht n my thu th nht l D11 v khong cch t my pht th hai n my thu
th nht l D21. Nu D11 /D21 = 2 v c hai my pht u pht cng mt cng sut, hy tm s
gim SNR ca my thu th nht gy ra do nhiu bi my pht th hai.
(a) Khng nh hng.
(b) SNR gim 1,4 ln.
(c) SNR gim 1,8 ln.
(d) SNR gim 2 ln.
(e) SNR gim 4 ln.
61
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
CHNG 4
M HNH KNH A TRUY NHP PHN
CHIA THEO M V HIU NNG CA N
4.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by
M hnh knh DSCDMA
Cng thc tnh ton dung lng knh h thng thng tin di CDMA
Cng thc tnh ton xc sut li bit
CDMA vi cc h thng iu ch khc nhau
4.1.2. Hng dn
4.1.3. Mc ch chng
62
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
c nhiu tng h nghim trng. Trong bi cnh nh vy hiu nng ca h thng gim ng k
khi tng s ngi s dng.
Trong chng ny chng ta s tp trung ln tri ph chui trc tip v nghin cu mt
ng dng c bit: thng tin a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). n gin ta s a ra
mt s gi nh. Trc ht, iu ch s l BPSK v tt c dng sng ca s liu v tri ph u
hnh ch nht. Th hai, s gim cht lng knh l do (1) tp m trng Gauss cng (AWGN) v
(2) nhiu giao thoa nhiu ngi s dng (MUI: multi-user interference) xy ra do pht ng thi.
Th ba, my thu tng quan nht qun n gin c s dng.
a truy nhp phn chia theo m c li t nht l hai trng hp sau: thng tin (i) v tinh
v (ii) cc h thng di ng t ong. i vi c hai trng hp ny ta quan tm n knh thng tin
ng ln (v nhiu my u cui pht n mt v tinh) hay hng v (v nhiu u cui di ng
pht n mt trm gc trong mt ) (xem hnh 1.1 chng 1). Trong c hai trng hp h thng
thng tin a truy nhp u d b, ngha l mi u cui c chun thi gian khc nhau. (Lu rng
knh thng tin ng xung hay hng i s ng b v v tinh hay trm gc c th iu khin tt
c cc my pht ca mnh).
xt h thng DSCDMA chi tit hn, s khi h thng in hnh c cho hnh
4.1. hnh 4.1, c K tn hiu ca cc ngi s dng khc nhau pht ng thi ti my thu. Mi
tn hiu pht c gn mt ch s k, trong k=1,2, ..., K. Dng sng s liu c s hai () dk(t) l
hm ch nht c bin +1 hay -1 v c th i du sau Tb giy. Dng sng tri ph (), ck(t),
cng c hnh ch nht, nhng n tun hon v c tc cao hn nhiu so vi tc bit s liu.
Ta coi rng thi gian mt bit s liu (Tb giy) cha ng mt chu k (N chip) m tri ph sao cho
tc chip bng N/Tb =1/Tc, trong Tc l thi gian chip hay rng chip. V th tc chip (k
hiu l Rc) gp N ln tc bit (Rb=1/Tb). Thc cht, do dng sng s liu c iu ch dng
sng tri ph v sng mang, nn sng tri ph chui trc tip l:
63
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
l mt bin ngu nhin vi trung bnh 0 v phng sai N0Tb /2. Nu coi rng v bn cht knh thu
l cng, th tt c K tn hiu pht tr v tp m cng vi nhau my thu.
a) M hnh CDMA vi K my pht
d1 (t) Lp1 , 1
c1 (t)
2P1 cos(2fc t + 1 )
d 2 (t) Lp2 , 2
r(t)
c 2 (t)
2P2 cos(2fc t + 2 ) n(t)
K hiu
Lpk , k : suy hao v tr
d K (t) LpK , K
ng truyn k
2PK cos(2fc t + K )
b) My thu k
Tb + k
1
r(t) (.)dt 0 d k (t k )
k -1
c k (t)
2 / Tb cos(2fc t + rk )
Hnh 4.1. M hnh h thng DSCDMA: a) S khi, b) my thu tng quan nht qun
Gi thit rng my thu ang gii m lung bit pht k. Trc ht, n phi ng b vi ng
h ca my pht k. Sau n gii tri ph tn hiu thu c (bng cch nhn vi ck(t-k), loi b
2
sng mang bng phng php nht qun (bng cch nhn vi cos (2fc t + rk ) v sau tch
Tb
phn trong khong thi gian Tb giy khi phc li nng lng k hiu s liu v ng thi loi
b tp m ngoi bng. Thng s rk = k 2f c k b dao ng ni my thu, c nh gi,
chng hn nh mch ng b vng kho pha. Ngoi ra ng h nh thi ca b ly mu cng
phi c xc nh bi mt mch nh thi. Hai b nhn cng vi mch tch phn-v-ly mu
(khi ng li v ly mu Tb giy mt ln) to nn mt cu trc ca my thu tng quan nht
qun hay cn c gi l b lc phi hp. (My thu tng quan thc hin tng quan tch cc, ta
c th thc hin n dng mt b lc thch ng l phn t th ng, nhng thc hin iu ny
rt kh nu di ca chui tri ph di). u ra ca b tng quan c ly mu, sau a
n mch ngng (b phn bit) v bit s liu + c quyt nh nu mu ln hn 0V, hay - nu
ngc li v cho ta c tnh chui c s hai u ra: d ( t k ) . Gi tr ngng chnh xc bng
0 v cc dng sng ca + hay - c cng nng lng do iu ch BPSK. Tt c cc hot ng trn
xy ra trong iu kin nhiu giao thoa t K-1 tn hiu pht khc, v tri ph nn cc tn hiu ny
th hin nh tp m nn i vi my thu v c th khng nh hng ln. Di y s trnh by
n gin phn tch hiu nng, trong d ta coi nhiu giao thoa ca nhiu ngi s dng l mt dng
tp m Gauss trng cng.
64
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
trong thnh phn th nht mu ni ln nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc trong cng cng
nh n t cc khc, Prk l cng sut cn thu ca ngi s dng k, Prjl cng sut thu ca mt
ngi s dng bt k, l h s nhiu t khc, j l h s tch cc ting, N0 l mt ph tp
m nhit, B l bng thng. Nu ta quy i mu ni trn thnh tp m Gauss trng cng ta c th
vit:
(1 + ) K
N0 = I 0 + N0 = jPrj + N0
B j=1
(4.3)
j k
2E
Pb,BPSK = Q brk
(4.4)
N0
1 y2 / 2
trong Ebkr=PkrTb l nng lng bit trung bnh v Q( u ) = e dy v N0' trong
u 2
trng hp DSCDMA bao gm tp m nhit v tp m quy i t nhiu a ngi s dng I0.
E brk Prk
= Gp K (4.6)
N0,
(1 + ) jPrk + BN0
j=1
j k
Nu coi rng h thng c iu khin cng sut hon ho v b qua nh hng ca nhiu t cc
khc cng nh tch cc ting, ta c th t:Pkr=Pjr=Pr, =0, j=1 vo (4.6) c:
65
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
1
E br K 1 N0
E br
= =
N '0 1 (K 1)P + N G p + E br (4.7)
r 0
B
t (4.7) v ptr.(4.4) ta c:
K 1 1 / 2
1
Pb, BPSK = Q + (4.8)
2G p 2E br / N o
Lu rng khi K=1, s khng c nhiu giao thoa v ta t c xc sut li bit bng
Q( 2E b / N 0 ) chnh l kt qu nhn c cho BPSK. Cng cn lu rng Q(u) gim cng
vi u. V th xem xt (4.7) ta thy rng p.b.e tng khi s ngi s dng ng thi K tng v gim
cng vi Gp. truyn dn ting s ho, yu cu p.b.e vo khong 10-3. Nu bit Eb/N0' yu
cu v li x l Gp, ta c th s dng (4.8) c tnh K: s ngi s dng ng thi c
php trong h thng.
Gi s iu khin cng sut l tng (cng sut thu c t tt c cc ngi s dng cng
my thu c xt u nh nhau: Prj=Prk= Pr ) v coi rng h s tch cc ting k nh nhau cho
tt c cc ngi s dng, s dng ptr. (4.2) v (4.5) ta c:
E br Pr
= (SNR)in G p = G p (4.9)
BN 0 + (K 1)Pr (1 + )
N0
Gp BN 0
K = 1+ (4.10)
(E b / N 0 )(1 + ) Pr (1 + )
Gp
K max = 1 + (4.11)
(E br / N0 )(1 + )
Kmax c gi l im cc hay dung lng tim cn.
T ptr.( 4.11), nu xt n cc nh hng khc nh: phn on , tch cc ting, mc
iu khin cng sut hon ho ta c s ngi s dng cc i trong mt xc nh theo cng
thc sau:
Gp 1 1
K max = 1 + (4.12)
E br / N
0
1+
66
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
trong 2M+1 l s k hiu c pht, Tb l rng xung ch nht tng ng mt bit v pTb(t) l
xung ch nht n v c xc nh nh sau:
1 t [ 0,Tb ]
pTb (t) = (4.16)
0 t [ 0,Tb ]
67
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
a)
d1(t) Tx1
c1(t)
d2(t) Tx2
c2(t) s(t)
Knh r(t)
dk(t) Txk
ck(t)
dK(t) TxK
cK(t)
b)
cj(t)
Hnh 4.2. S khi ca my pht trong h thng DSCDMA d b . (a) K my pht, (b)
Mt my pht n.
trong c k (i) c k hiu cho k hiu ti thi im iTc ca chui k trong Tc l rng
chip, k hiu ny nhn cc gi tr t tp {+1,-1} v pTc(t) l hm xung n v xc nh theo cng
thc sau:
1 t [ 0, Tc ]
pT (t) =
(4.18)
c
0
t [ 0, Tc ]
Sau tri ph v iu ch ta c tn hiu pht cu ngi s dng j nh sau:
M 2E bj
s k (t) = Tb
d k (t)c k (t) cos(2fc t + k )
m = M
hay:
M
68
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
trong Ebk v Pk l nng lng bit v cng sut trung bnh sng mang ca my pht k, k l
pha ban u ca sng mang my pht k, Ck(t) l m th hin ng thi tri ph v iu ch
BPSK c gi l ch k v c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
t [ 0, Tb ]
C k (t) =
2 cos (2fc t + k ) c k (t)
(4.20)
t [ 0, Tb ]
0
trong fc l sng mang, k l gc pha ban u v ck(t) l chui chip tri ph vi thi gian mt
chip l Tc bin l +1 hoc -1.
tin ta cng coi rng di chui N bng li tri ph Tb/Tc, trong Tc l rng
chip. Ta d dng nhn thy rng:
Tb
1
C (t)dt =1 j=1,2,.... K (4.21)
2
j
Tb 0
trong Prj =Pj/Lp l cng sut trung bnh sng mang thu, Lp l suy hao truyn sng, n(t) l tp m
Gauss trng c mt ph cng sut n bin N0 .
Trong mt h thng DSCDMA ng b, tn hiu ca cc ngi s dng c ng b k
hiu vi nhau. Th d ca h thng ny l ng xung trong mng thng tin di ng t ong. Tn
hiu thu c trong h thng ng b l trng hp c bit ca cng thc (4.22), khi cc dch
thi j vi j=1,2,...., K u bng nhau, v th khng mt tnh tng qut nu ta coi chng bng
khng, tn hiu thu khi ny c xc nh nh sau:
K M
V y khng cn dch thi gia cc k hiu nn ta c th xt cho mt bit chng hn m=0 theo
biu thc sau:
K
69
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
iTc + 1 + mTb Y1 (m )
y1 (i) b1 ( m )
(.)dt
N
Mch quyt
(.) nh
(i 1) Tc + 1 + mTb iTc + mTb + 1 i =1 (m + 1)Tb + 1
2 c1 (i)
cos( c t + 1 )
Tb iT +
2 + mTb b 2 ( m)
c
y 2 (i) Y2 (m )
(.)dt
N
Mch quyt
r(t)
(.) nh
(i 1) Tc + 2 + mTb iTc + mTb + 2 i =1
(m + 1)Tb + 2
2 c 2 (i)
cos( c t + 2 )
Tb
iTc+K+mTb y K (i) N YK (m ) Mch quyt b K (m)
(.)dt (.) nh
i =1
(i1)Tc+K+mTb
iTc + mTb + K (m + 1)Tb + K
2
cos( c t + K ) c K (i)
Tb
Hnh 4.3. My thu b lc phi hp thng thng tch sng ng thi cc tn hiu DSCDMA
d b K ngi s dng
Ngoi ra trong khong thi gian ca bit m, tn hiu sau tch phn li c ly mu ti cui
thi gian ca mt chip. Kt qu ly mu c so snh tng quan vi tng chip cu chui tri ph
a phng trc khi a ln b cng. Ta c th biu din li ptr.(4.25) dng tch phn phn
on nh sau nh sau:
N iTc + k + mTb
1
Yk (m) = r(t)c k (t mTb k )dt (4.27)
i =1 Tb ( i1)Tc + k + mTb
Ta coi rng ng b sng mang l l tng v b lc c khuych i cng sut bng mt. K
hiu:
iTc + k + mTb
1
y k (i) =
Tb
r(t)C k (t mTb k )dt (4.28)
( i1)Tc + k + mTb
ta c
70
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
trong N l di ca chui m.
Thay r(t) t (4.23) vo (4.27) ta c:
Yk (m) = E brk d k (m) +
K M N iTc + k + mTb
1
+ Pjr d j (n)c j (t nTb j )c k (t mTb k )dt
j=1 Tb m = M i =1 ( i1)T + + mT
c k b
j k
+ n0 (4.30)
k +( m +1)Tb
1
trong n 0 =
Tb
n(t)c k (t mTb k )dt l thnh phn tp m c trung bnh khng v
k + mTb
N0
phng sai 2n = vi N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m u vo my thu. t:
2
u=t-mTb-k, A = n m v kj = j k cho (4.29), sau khi bin i ta c:
Yk (m) = E brk d k (m)
K N iTc
1
+ E brj d j (m + A )C j (u ATb kj )c k (u)du
j=1 A i =1 Tb ( i1)Tc
j k
+ n0 (4.31)
trong Ebrk v Ebrj l nng lng bit thu ca ngi s dng k v j, m l bit th m ca ca ch k
Cj(t). Ta c th vit li ptr.(4.31) nh sau:
Phng trnh (4.32) cho thy tn hiu thu dc u ra ca my thu phi hp k gm ba thnh
phn vi thnh phn th nht l tn hiu hu ch, thnh phn th hai l nhiu a ngi s dng v
thnh phn th ba l tp m Gauss. Thnh phn nhiu t l tuyn tnh vi bin tn hiu nhiu
( E bjr ). V th nu tn hiu nhiu mnh, n s gy nhiu mnh v chn tt c cc tn hiu yu
khc. y l nhc im chnh ca my thu b lc phi hp. Thm ch ngay c khi cng sut cu
tt c cc ngi s dng nh nhau, thnh phn nhiu c th vn ng k do tng quan cho gia
tn hiu hu ch v nhiu cao v cc gi tr tr khc nhau.
Nh vy my thu b lc phi hp khng cho hiu nng ti u khi c mt cc tn hiu gy
nhiu. khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta nghin cu s dng cc my thu tch sng a
ngi s dng.
71
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
Khi khng c nhiu giao thoa (K=1) h thng c xt l mt h thng BPSK tri ph.
T ptr(4.22), khi ch xt cho truyn dn mt bit s liu, khi xt c tr do truyn sng v tp m
ng truyn v coi rng cng sut ca tt cc ngi s dng my thu nh nhau, ta c th vit
tn hiu thu my thu k nh sau:
K 2E brj
r(t) = d j (t j )c j (t j ) cos(2fc t + rj ) +n(t) (4.34)
j=1 Tb
trong : cj(t) k hiu cho chui m tri ph, j l tr truyn sng, rj = j 2fc j l gc pha ca
tn hiu thu v l gc pha ban u ca sng mang c pht.
Ga s my thu k t c ng b nh thi n tn hiu thu v ng b sng mang.
Hm c ly mu quyt nh Yk(t) l tng cu cc cc thnh phn tn hiu, tp m v nhiu giao
thoa c xc nh nh sau:
Yk (t) = d k (t k ) E br
K
2 E br
k + Tb
+ d j (t j )c j (t j )c k (t k ) cos(2fc t + rj ) cos(2fc t + rk ) dt
Tb j=1
k
jk
k + Tb
2
+
Tb
n(t)c k (t k ) cos(2fc t + rk )dt , ktk +Tb (4.35)
k
l tp m Gauss c lp c trung bnh 0 v phng sai N0/2, thnh phn th ba l nhiu a ngi
s dng MUI, nu t: u=t-k thi sau khi bin i thnh phn th hai trong ptr. (4.35) ta c:
T
2 E br K b
Ik = d j (u kj )c j (u kj )c k (u) cos(2fc u + kj ) cos(2fc u + k ) du (4.38)
Tb 0 j=1
j k
trong : kj = j k v kj = j 2f c kj , 0tTb
l tng ca K-1 thnh phn c lp v c phn b phc tp. Qu trnh tm phn b ca Ik
K
= I kj v sau s dng n c tnh p.b.e. trung bnh l mt cng vic kh khn v ta phi
j=1
j k
72
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
trong : kj, = kj k , 0 kj Tb
Trn hnh 4.4 c hai bit u c t bng +1, nhng tng qut chng s l +1 hay -1 vi
xc sut nh nhau. Trong th d ny ta c N=7 chip trong mi chu k chui v kj=3,5Tc. Xt
Tb
1
ptr.(4.39) ta thy rng Ikj ph thuc vo hm tng quan cho tun hon
Tb
c (t
j k )c k (t)dt
0
nu d( j)1 = d(0j) , hay hiu s gia hai tng quan cho khng tun hon tng phn
kj Tb
1 1
Tb
c (t
j kj
)c k (t)dt v
Tb
c (t
j kj )c k (t)dt nu d( j)1 d(0j) .
0 kj
C th lp cng thc tng quan cho gia hai dng sng PN lin quan n tng quan
cho ri rc khng tun hon Rkj(i) ca cc chui PN tng ng c(k)=(ao(k), a1(k), ..... , a(k)N-1)v c(j)=
(a0(j), a1(j), .... , a(j)N-1) trong Rk,j(i) c nh ngha nh sau:
N1i ( j) ( k )
a A a A +i , 0 i N 1
A=0
1
R kj (i) =
N1+ i
a (Aj)i a (Ak ) , (N 1) i < 0 (4.40)
N A=0
0 , i khc tr n
nh c v hnh 4.5.
73
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
a/
t=0 t=Tb
"+1"
kj
"+1" "+1"
t=0
b/
- + + - + - -
kj=iTc+ kj.Tc
-(Tb-kj) - + + - - - +
- + + - - - + (1- kj)Tc
kjTc
t=0 c/ t=0 d/
- + + - + - - - + + - + - -
-(N-i-1)Tc
iTc
- + + - - - + (1- kj) - + + - - - + kj
-(N-i)Tc
(i+1)Tc
- + + - - - + kj - + + - - - + (1- kj)
Hnh 4.4. Nhiu nhiu ngi s dng: a) tng quan trong khong (0,Tb);
b) nh l tng ca hai tng quan cho khng tun hon;
c) phn chia thnh hai tng quan cho ri rc khng tun hon
74
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
a/
(k)
a0
(k)
a1 . (k)
ai
(k) (k)
ai+1 ai+2 . . . .a (k)
N-1
i0 (j)
a0
(j)
a1 a 2
(j)
. . . .a . . . (j)
N--1 +ii
b/
i<0
(k)
a 0 a1
(k)
. . . . .a . . . (k)
N--1+ii
a0
(j)
. . (j)
a-i a-i+1
(j)
. . . . . (j)
aN-1
Nu i dng, chui nhiu dch sang phi i chip v tng quan c thc hin N-i on nh
hnh 4.5a. Mt khc nu i m chui nhiu dch tri v khi ny c tng quan nh hnh 4.5b.
Xt tnh hung in hnh nh hnh 4.4b khi tr tng i
khng hon ton l bi s nguyn ca Tc. ptr. (4.41) ta m hnh kj l mt bin ngu nhin ng
u trong khong (0,1). T hnh 4.3d ta thy rng:
k
1
c (t j kj
)c k (t)dt = R kj [(N i 1) ] kj + R kj (N i)(1 kj )
Tb 0
= R kj (i N) + R kj (1 + i N) R kj (i N) kj (4.42)
V kj nm trong khong t 0 n 1, tng quan cho tng phn (4.42) l mt s trong khong
Rck,cj(i-N) v Rck,cj(1+i-N). Tng t tng quan cho tng phn th hai 4.39) c th vit nh
sau (xem hnh 4.3.c):
Tb
1
Tb
c (t
j kj
)c k (t)dt = R kj (i)(1 kj ) + R kj (i + 1) kj
k
(i )
l mt s nm gia Rkj(i) v Rkj(i+1). Cc chui SSMA ( a A ), j= 1,2,3,....,K l cc chui xc
nh v ta c th tnh tt c cc tng quan cho Rkj(i) cho tt c i. Bin ngu nhin Ikj nh vy ch
thuc vo bn bin ngu nhin c lp: 'kj, d-1(j), d0(j) v kj. V bit phn b ca chng, nn c
th nh gi c phn b ca mi Ikj.
75
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
Rt kh thc hin tch chp ny nhng ta c th thc hin n t nht l l thuyt. nhn c
p.b.e trc ht ta t c nh Ik =x v tnh ton xc sut li thng qua ptr. (4.36):
n k + x + E br
P(Yk < 0|I k = x) = P < 0
N0 / 2
x
= Q + 2E br / N 0 (4.45)
N / 2
0
x
Pb = E Q + 2E br / N 0
N / 2
0
(4.46)
x
= fIk (x)Q + 2E br / N 0 dx
N /2
0
Vic xc nh hm mt fIk(x) cho MUI sau thc hin tch phn trn khng d rng, c bit
khi K ln. Ta c th nhn c gii hn trn v di bng phng php s khi s dng mt s
bin i i vi fIk(x); cc gii hn ny t c chnh xc ty theo phc tp ca tnh ton.
Tuy nhin cc kt qu kh chnh xc ny khng c cc li gii dng kn.
P
(f) = [sin c (f fc )T b + sin c (f + fc )Tb ]
2 2
(4.47)
2R b
76
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
s QPSK = d I ,i
p2 Tb (t i2Tb ) 2P cos(2fc t + )
i =
d Q ,i
p2 Tb (t i2Tb ) 2P sin(2fc t + )
i =
phng trnh trn, dI,i v dQ,i l cc bit s liu , p2Tb(t)=1 i vi 0<t<2Tb v bng
khng nu khc, l hm xung ch nht bin n v v hm pha (t) nhn cc gi tr 450, 1350,
2250, 3150 v c th dch pha c 2Tb mt ln. rng bng tn ca QPSK bng mt na
rng ca BPSK, nhng tc bit vn bng 1/Tb =Rb. Cc bit li knh ng pha (tng ng vi
sng mang ng pha cos(2fct+)) v knh vung gc (tng ng vi sng mang vung gc
sin(2fct+)) gy ra do AWGN s c lp vi nhau. V th BPSK v QPSK c cng hiu nng.
Nn QPSK u vit hn BPSK.
77
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
QPSK thng c thc hin vi cc dng sng vung gc dch nhau Tb giy. Tn hiu
tng hp c gi l QPSK c dch pha (OQPSK: Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) hay
QPSK lch pha (Stagged QPSK):
OQPSK c cng rng v cng c tnh p.b.e. nh QPSK. Mt tn hiu QPSK c th dch pha
00, 900 v 1800 2Tb giy mi ln, cn OQPSK c th dch pha 00, 900 Tb giy mi ln.
Nu ta thay i hm xung ch nht OQPSK thnh hm na xung dng cosin, th ta nhn
c dng sng kho dch cc tiu (MSK: Minimum Shift Keying):
s MSK (t) = d I ,k
cos(t / 2Tb )p2 Tb (t i2Tb Tb ) 2P cos(2fc t + )
i =
MSK c pha lin tc; n c cng p.b.e. nh QPSK, nhng c tnh PSD tt hn. Mt cch ngu
nhin BMSK,90%BQPSK,90%, nhng BMSK,99% nh hn nhiu so vi rng bng 99% cng sut ca
QPSK. C th ci thin hn na c tnh ph ca MSK bng cch s dng cc xung Gauss (v th
c tn l GMSK). Tuy nhin cc xung Gauss a thm vo nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu v
cht lng s gim. V th cn cn nhc gia rng di thng v cht lng.
V mt l thuyt cc tn hiu BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, MSK c bin khng i v
chng c hn ch bng tn ri khuych i (thng bng b khuych i phi tuyn c
hiu sut cao) trc khi pht. Cc tn hiu sau khi lc khng cn c bin khng i v chng
c th bo ho b khuych i phi tuyn. Ta bit rng nh hng ca qu trnh lc l vic a vo
mt thnh phn bin nh nhng khng t bin nu chuyn dch pha nh. V th s thay i
bin t nht i vi MSK, sau l OQPSK, QPSK v BPSK.
Cc iu ch PSK l cc s nht qun, nn i hi mch vng kho pha bm pha
sng mng pha thu. Nu mo pha knh khng gy thay i ng k trong khong thi gian
hai bit lin tip, th c th s dng s iu ch nht qun vi sai. PSK m ho vi sai (DPSK:
Differential Phase Shift Keying), bit "1" c pht i bng cch dch pha sng mang 1800 so vi
sng mang thi ca bit trc. Bit "0" c pht i vi dch pha tng i bng 0. rng bng
truyn dn ca DPSK ging nh rng bng ca BPSK, nhng n khng cn vng kho pha
ng b pha. Nhng ci gi phi tr cho vic thc hin n gin hn l hiu nng km hn BPSK,
iu ny th hin biu thc p.b.e:
1
Pb ,DPSK = e
SNR
(4.52)
2
1
Pb ,4 DPSK = Q(a SNR , b SNR ) e
2.SNR
I 0 (SNR. 2 ) (4.53)
2
78
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
Kmax= 1 + G p ( 1
10
0 ,9
1
10
1,5 )
K 1 + 0, 094G p
79
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
4.5. TNG KT
Chng ny xt m hnh tng qut knh DSCDMA. M hnh ny hin nay ang c
ng dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 (gi tt l 3G) nh: W-CDMA v
cdma2000. m hnh knh ny hot ng mi ngi s dng cn c cp pht mt m tri
ph trc giao (xem chng 1). Cc m ny c th l m gi tp m (PN) hoc m Walsh. Da trn
m hnh knh DSCDMA chng ny cng a ra cng thc tnh ton dung lng n gin
thit k h thng (phng trnh 4.12). T phng trnh ny ta thy s ngi s dng ti a trong
mt ph thuc vo: h s nhiu t cc khc , li nh phn on , h s tch cc ting
v h s iu khin cng sut hon ho . gim thiu nhiu n t cc khc h thng
phi thc hin chuyn giao ti u. Vic phn on bng cch s dng nhiu anten c bp sng
hp cng gim nhiu ng knh v tng dung lng . V th khi thit k h thng ta cn lu
n vn ny Ngoi ra iu ny lm ny sinh tng xy dng cc m hnh anten thng minh
v anten thch ng. Ting ni trong khi m thai cng l ngun gy nhiu ng knh. gim
nhiu ny ngi ta cng thit k cc CODEC c tc bit thay i ty theo tn sut ting. iu
khin cng sut l bt buc trong h thng CDMA trnh hin tng xa gn. V th khi thit k
ta cng cn lu tm n t c . gn bng 1.
Vic tnh ton BER cho ng xung (t BTS n MS) l tng i n gin v c th
coi y l ng truyn CDMA ng b (cc tn hiu pht cho cc ngi s dng khc nhau n
my thu c xt l ng thi). Nhng tnh ton BER cho ng ln (t MS n BTS) l rt phc
tp v ng truyn CDMA ny khng ng b ( cc tn hiu ca ngi s dng t MS n BTS
b tr khc nhau ph thuc vo v tr ca h). Trong trng hp ny cc m tri ph ca cc ngi
s dng khng cn trc giao na dn n nhiu ng knh tng. Nhiu ny c xc nh theo
phng trnh (4.39) v c phn tch trn hnh (4.4). Phn tch cc h thng iu ch khc nhau
p dng cho CDMA cho thy s dng iu ch BPSK v QPSK l thch hp hn c. Chnh v l
do ny cc h hng 3G hin nay u s dng cc phng thc iu ch ny. Trong tng lai
tng thm dung lng h thng cc h thng CDMA c th p dng M-QAM vi M>4.
4.6. CU HI V BI TP
1. Gi thit rng ta nhn tp m Gauss trung bnh khng n(t) vi c(t)sin(2fct+) v sau
ly tch phn tch nhn c trong thi gian 2Tb giy, tm gi tr trung bnh u ra Z ca
b tch phn?
(a) Bng khng; (b) Khc khng
2. iu kin ging nh cu trn. Tm phng sai u ra Z b tch phn?
(a) Bng N0T/2; (b) N0T/4; (c) N0T
3. Hiu nng ca mt h thng thng tin DSCDMA l
(a) nhiu hn ch; (b) nng lng hn ch; (c) tp m hn ch; (d) khng nhy cm vi
hiu
80
Chng 4. M hnh ca knh a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip ........
81
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
CHNG 5
A TRUY NHP V TUYN TRONG MI TRNG
PHAINH A NG DI NG V PHN TP
5.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by
Tnh cht knh trong cc min khng gian, min tn s v min thi gian
Quan h thng s knh gia cc min khc nhau
Cc loi phainh bng hp
Phn b Rayleigh v Rice
M hnh knh trong min thi gian v tn s
Cc dng phn tp
5.1.2. Hng dn
5.1.3. Mc ch chng
5.2. M U
Trong thng tin v tuyn di ng, cc c tnh knh v tuyn di ng c tm quan trng
rt ln, v chng nh hng trc tip ln cht lng truyn dn v dung lng. Trong cc h
thng v tuyn thng thng (khng phi cc h thng v tuyn thch ng), cc tnh cht thng k
di hn ca knh c o v nh gi trc khi thit k h thng. Nhng trong cc h thng iu
ch thch ng, vn ny phc tp hn. m bo hot ng thch ng ng, cn phi lin tc
nhn c thng tin v cc tnh cht thng k ngn hn thm ch tc thi ca knh.
Cc yu t chnh hn ch h thng thng tin di ng bt ngun t mi trng v tuyn.
Cc yu t ny l:
9 Suy hao. Cng trng gim theo khong cch. Thng thng suy hao nm trong
khong t 50 n 150 dB ty theo khong cch
82
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
9 Che ti. Cc vt cn gia trm gc v my di ng lm suy gim thm tn hiu
9 Phainh a ng v phn tn thi gian. Phn x, nhiu x v tn x lm mo tn hiu thu
bng cch tri rng chng theo thi gian. Ph thuc vo bng thng cu h thng, yu t
ny dn n thay i nhanh cng tn hiu v gy ra nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu
(ISI: Inter Symbol Interference).
9 Nhiu. Cc my pht khc s dng cng tn s hay cc tn s ln cn khc gy nhiu cho
tn hiu mong mun. i khi nhiu c coi l tp m b sung.
C th phn cc knh v tuyn thnh hai loi: "phainh phm vi rng" v "phainh phm vi
hp". Cc m hnh truyn sng truyn thng nh gi cng sut trung bnh thu c ti cc
khong cch cho trc so vi my pht. i vi cc khong cch ln (vi km), cc m hnh
truyn sng phm vi rng c s dng. Phainh phm vi hp m t s thng ging nhanh sng
v tuyn theo bin , pha v tr a ng trong khong thi gian ngn hay trn c ly di chuyn
ngn. Phainh trong trng hp ny gy ra do truyn sng a ng.
Cc knh v tuyn l cc knh mang tnh ngu nhin, n c th thay i t cc ng
truyn thng n cc ng b che chn nghim trng i vi cc v tr khc nhau. Hnh 5.1 cho
thy rng trong min khng gian, mt knh c cc c trng khc nhau (bin chng hn) ti
cc v tr khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc khng gian (hay phn tp khng gian) v
phainh tng ng vi n l phainh chn lc khng gian. Hnh 5.2 cho thy trong min tn s,
knh c cc c tnh khc nhau ti cc tn s khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc tn
s (hay phn tp tn s) v pha inh tng ng vi n l phainh chn lc tn s. Hnh 5.3 cho
thy rng trong min thi gian, knh c cc c tnh khc nhau ti cc thi im khc nhau. Ta
gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc thi gian (hay phn tp thi gian) v phainh do n gy ra l
phainh phn tp thi gian. Da trn cc c tnh trn, ta c th phn chia phainh knh thnh:
phainh chn lc khng gian (phainh phn tp khng gian), phainh chn lc tn s (phainh
phn tp tn s), phainh chn lc thi gian (phn tp thi gian ). Chng ny s xt cc tnh cht
knh trong min khng gian, thi gian v tn s,
83
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
Min tn s
Cc thuc tnh trong min khng gian bao gm: tn hao ng truyn v chn lc khng
gian. Tn hao ng truyn thuc loi phainh phm vi rng cn chn lc khng gian thuc loi
phainh phm vi hp. Cc m hnh truyn sng truyn thng nh gi cng sut thu trung bnh ti
mt khong cch cho trc so vi my pht, nh gi ny c gi l nh gi tn hao ng
truyn. Khi khong cch thay i trong phm vi mt bc sng, knh th hin cc c tnh ngu
nhin rt r rt. iu ny c gi l tnh chn lc khng gian (hay phn tp khng gian).
Tn hao ng truyn
M hnh tn hao ng truyn m t suy hao tn hiu gia anten pht v anten thu nh l
mt hm ph thuc v khong cch v cc thng s khc. Mt s m hnh bao gm c rt nhiu
chi tit v a hnh nh gi suy hao tn hiu, trong khi mt s m hnh ch xt n tn s v
84
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
khong cch. Chiu cao an ten l mt thng s quan trng. Tn hao ph thuc vo hm m ca
khong cch:
PL d-n (5.1)
trong n l m tn hao (n=2 cho khng gian t do, n<2 cho cc mi trng trong nh; n>2 cho
cc vng thnh ph ngoi tri), d l khong cch t my thu n my pht.
T l thuyt v cc kt qa o lng ta bit rng cng sut thu trung bnh gim so vi
khong cch theo hm log cho mi trng ngoi tri v trong nh. Ngoi ra ti mi khong cch
d, tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti mt v tr nht nh l qu trnh ngu nhin v c phn b log
chun xung quanh mt gi tr trung bnh (ph thuc vo khong cch). Nu xt c s thay i theo
v tr, ta c th biu din tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti khong cch d nh sau:
d +X
PL (d)[dB] = PL(d) + X = PL (d0 ) + 10n lg (5.2)
d0
Trong PL (d) l tn hao ng truyn trung bnh phm v rng i vi khong cch pht thu d;
X l bin ngu nhin phn b Gauss trung bnh khng (o bng dB) vi lch chun (cng o
bng dB), d0 l khong cch tham chun gia my pht v my thu, n l m tn hao ng truyn.
Khi cc i tng trong knh v tuyn khng chuyn ng trong mt khong thi gian
cho trc v knh c c trng bi phainh phng i vi mt rng bng tn cho trc, cc
thuc tnh knh ch khc nhau ti cc v tr khc nhau. Ni mt cch khc, phainh ch n thun
l mt hin tng trong min thi gian (mang tnh chn lc thi gian).
T phng trnh 5.2 ta thy rng tn hao ng truyn ca knh c nh gi thng k
phm vi rng cng vi hiu ng ngu nhin. Hiu ng ngu nhin xy ra do phainh phm vi hp
trong min thi gian v n gii thch cho tnh chn lc thi gian (phn tp thi gian). nh hng
ca chn lc khng gian c th c loi b bng cch s dng nhiu anten. MIMO (Multiple
Input Multiple Output: Nhiu u vo nhiu u ra) l mt k thut cho php li dng tnh cht
phn tp khng gian ny ci thin hiu nng v dung lng h thng.
5.4. MIN TN S
5.4.1. iu ch tn s
85
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
f= cos = fc cos = fdcos , (5.3)
c
Trong l tc cu MS, l bc sng, l gc gia phng chuyn ng cu MS v
phng sng ti, c l tc nh sng v fc l tn s sng mang,
fd = = fc
c
l tn s Doppler cc i.
T phng trnh trn ta c th thy rng nu MS di chuyn v pha sng ti dch Doppler
l dng v tn s thu s tng, ngc li nu MS di chuyn ri xa sng ti th dch Doppler l m
v tn s thu c s gim. V th cc tn hiu a ng n MS t cc phng khc nhau s lm
tng rng bng tn tn hiu. Khi v (hoc) thay i dch Doppler thay i dn n tri
Doppler.
Trong phn ny ta s phn tch chn lc tn s cng vi mt thng s khc trong min tn
s: bng thng nht qun (coherence bandwidth). Bng thng nht qun l mt s o thng k ca
di tn s trn mt knh phainh c coi l knh phainh "phng" (l knh trong tt c cc
thnh phn ph c truyn qua vi khuych i nh nhau v pha tuyn tnh). Bng thng nht
qun cho ta di tn trong cc thnh phn tn s c bin tng quan. Bng thng nht qun
xc nh kiu phainh xy ra trong knh v v th n ng vai tr c s trong vic thch ng cc
thng s iu ch. Bng thng nht qun t l nghch vi tri tr (xem phn 5.5). Phainh chn
lc tn s rt khc vi phainh phng. Trong knh phainh phng, tt c cc thnh phn tn s
truyn qua bng thng knh u chu nh hng phainh nh nhau. Tri li trong phainh chn
lc tn s (cn gi l phainh vi sai), mt s on ph ca tn hiu qua knh phainh chn lc tn
s b nh hng nhiu hn cc phn khc. Nu bng thng nht qun nh hn rng bng tn
cu tn hiu c pht, th tn hiu ny chu nh hng ca phainh chn lc ( phn tp tn s).
Phainh ny s lm mo tn hiu.
Mt trong s cc khc bit quan trng gia cc knh hu tuyn v cc knh v tuyn l
cc knh v tuyn thay i theo thi gian, ngha l chng chu nh hng ca phainh chn lc
thi gian. Ta c th m hnh ha knh v tuyn di ng nh l mt b lc tuyn tnh c p ng
xung kim thay i theo thi gian. M hnh knh truyn thng s dng m hnh p ng xung kim,
y l mt m hnh trong min thi gian. Ta c th lin h qu trnh thay i tn hiu v tuyn
phm vi hp trc tip vi p ng xung kim ca knh v tuyn di ng. Nu x(t) biu din tn
hiu pht, y(t) biu din tn hiu thu v h(t,) biu din p ng xung kim ca knh v tuyn a
ng thay i theo thi gian, th ta c th biu din tn hiu thu nh l tch chp ca tn hiu pht
vi p ng xung kim ca knh nh sau:
86
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
2
=
2
, (5.5)
P(k )k
k
= , (5.6)
P(k )
k
P(k )k
2
2 k
= , (5.7)
P(k )
k
5.5.2. Tr tri cc i
Mt thng s khc trong min thi gian l thi gian nht qun (coherence time). Thi gian
nht qun xc nh tnh "tnh" ca knh. Thi gian nht qun l thi gian m knh tng
quan rt mnh vi bin cu tn hiu thu. Ta k hiu thi gian nht qun l TC. Cc k hiu
87
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
khc nhau truyn qua knh trong khong thi gian nht qun chu nh hng phainh nh nhau.
V th ta nhn c mt knh phainh kh chm. Cc k hiu khc nhau truyn qua knh bn
ngoi thi gian nht qun s b nh hng phainh khc nhau. Khi ny ta c mt knh phainh
kh nhanh. Nh vy do nh hng ca phainh nhanh, mt s phn ca k hiu s chu tc ng
phainh ln hn cc phn khc. Bng cch n nh gi tr cho mt thng s nht nh cho h
thng truyn dn, ta c th nhn c knh phainh chm thay v knh phainh nhanh v nh vy
t c hiu nng tt hn.
5.6.1. Bng thng nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng
1
BC , (5.8a)
50
Mt nh ga gn ng Bc cng thng ng s dng l rng bng vi tng quan t
nht bng 0,5 l:
1
Bc = (5.8b)
5
Thi gian nht qun chu nh hng trc tip ca dch Doppler, n l thng s knh trong
min thi gian i ngu vi tri Doppler. Tri Doppler v thi gian nht qun l hai thng s t l
nghch vi nhau. Nghi l
88
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
1
TC (5.9)
fd
Khi thit k h thng ta ch cn xt mt trong hai thng s ni trn.
Ph thuc vo quan h gia cc thng s tn hiu ( rng bng tn, chu k k hiu,) v
cc thng s knh (tri tr trung bnh qun phng, tri Doppler, ), ta c th phn loi phainh
phm vi hp da trn hai c tnh: tri tr a ng v phainh chn lc tn s. Tri tr a ng
l mt thng s trong min thi gian, trong khi vic knh l phainh phng hay chn lc tn s
li tng ng vi min tn s. V th thng s min thi gian, tri tr a ng, nh hng ln
c tnh knh trong min tn s. Tri Doppler dn n tn tn v phainh chn lc thi gian, v
th lin quan n tri Doppler ta c th phn loi phainh phm vi hp thnh phainh nhanh v
phainh chm. Tri Doppler l mt thng s trong min tn s trong khi hin tng knh thay
i nhanh hay chm li thuc min thi gian. Vy trong trng hp ny, tri Doppler, thng s
trong min tn s, nh hng ln c tnh knh trong min thi gian. Hiu bit c cc quan h
ny s h tr ta trong qu trnh thit k h thng.
Bng 5.1 lit k cc loi phainh phm vi hp.
Nu bng thng nht qun knh ln hn rt nhiu so vi rng bng tn tn hiu pht,
tn hiu thu s b phainh phng. Khi ny chu k k hiu ln hn nhiu so vi tri tr a ng
ca knh. Ngc li, nu bng thng nht qun knh nh hn rng bng tn tn hiu pht, tn
hiu thu s b phainh chn lc tn s. Trong trng hp ny chu k tn hiu nh hn tri tr a
ng knh. Khi xy ra trng hp ny, tn hiu thu b mo dng dn n nhiu giao thoa gia
cc k hiu (ISI). Ngoi ra vic lp m hnh cc knh phainh chn lc tn s phc tp hn nhiu
so vi lp m hnh knh phainh phng, v lp m hnh cho knh phainh chn lc tn s ta
phi s dng b lc tuyn tnh. V th ta cn c gng chuyn vo knh phainh phng cho tn hiu
truyn dn. Tuy nhin do khng th thay i tri tr a ng v bng thng nht qun, nn ta ch
c th thit k chu k k hiu v rng bng tn tn hiu t c knh phainh phng. V
th nu cho trc tri tr, ci thin hiu nng truyn dn, ta chn gi tr chu k k hiu trong
gii thut iu ch thch ng t c knh phainh phng thay v knh phainh chn lc.
Da trn tri Doppler, ta c th phn loi knh thnh phainh nhanh v phainh chm.
Nu p ng xung kim knh (trong min thi gian) thay i nhanh trong chu k k hiu, ngha l
89
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
nu thi gian nht qun knh nh hn chu k k hiu ca tn hiu pht, knh s gy ra phainh
nhanh i i vi tn hiu thu. iu ny s dn n mo dng tn hiu. Nu p ng xung kim
knh thay i vi tc chm hn nhiu so vi k hiu bng gc pht, knh s gy ra phainh
chm i vi tn hiu thu. Trong trng hp ny knh t ra tnh i vi mt s chu k k hiu.
Tt nhin ta mun c phainh chm v n h tr cht lng truyn dn n nh hn. Ta khng th
xc dnh Doppler khi thit k h thng. V th, khi cho trc tri Doppler, ta cn chn rng
bng tn tn hiu (bng thng sng mang con) trong gii thut iu ch thch ng nhn c
knh phainh chm thay v knh phainh nhanh. Nh vy ta s t c cht lng truyn dn tt
hn.
Ta c th coi phn b phainh Rayleigh l phn b ng bao ca tng hai tn hiu phn
b Gauss vung gc. Hm mt xc sut (PDF) ca phn b phainh Rayleigh c biu din
nh sau:
r
2
r 2 2
f (r ) = 2 e , 0r (5.10)
0 , r<0
tb = E[ ]= rp(r)dr = =1,253 (5.11)
0
2
2
Phng sai ca phn b Rayleigh, r (th hin thnh phn cng sut xoay chiu trong
ng bao) c xc nh nh sau:
2
2 2 2
= E[ ] - E [] = r p(r)dr
2 2 2 =0,42922
r = (5.12)
0
2 2
90
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
Khi tn hiu thu c thnh phn n nh (khng b phainh) vt tri, ng truyn tc tip
(LOS: Line of sight), phn b ng bao phainh phm vi hp c dng Rice. Trong phn b Rice,
cc thnh phn a ng ngu nhin n my thu theo cc gc khc nhau v xp chng ln tn
hiu vt tri ny.
Phn b Rice c biu din nh sau:
2
(r + A )
2
r 2
2
Ar
f (r ) = 2 e I0 2 , A 0, r 0 (5.13)
0 , r<0
trong A l bin nh ca tn hiu vt tri v I0(.) l hm Bessel ci tin loi mt bc khng
c xc nh nh sau:
1
I 0 (y) = e
ycost
dt
2
Khi K tin n khng, knh suy thai thnh knh Rayleigh, khi K tin n v hn knh
ch c ng trc tip.
Xy dng m hnh knh l iu khng th thiu c khi nghin cu thng tin v tuyn.
Knh v tuyn phainh a ng c th c c trng theo ton hc bng b lc tuyn tnh thay
i theo thi gian. Trong min thi gian, ta c th rt ra tn hiu u ra knh bng tch chp tn
hiu u vo knh vi hm p ng xung kim knh thay i theo thi gian h(,t). Ta c th biu
din hm p ng xung kim knh nh sau:
L 1
A ( t )e
i (t )
( A (t ) ), A = 0, 1,...., L 1 ,
A
h( ; t ) = (5.15)
A=0
Trong l (t), l(t), l(t) biu th cho bin , pha v tr i vi xung thu th l (ng truyn l);
biu th cho tr, t biu th cho s thay i theo thi gian ca chnh cu trc xung kim v (.) biu
th cho hm Delta Dirac, L biu th cho s ng truyn. Thng thng th tr ca tia u tin
91
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
(ng truyn ngn nht) c nh ngha 0=0, v th l>0 c gi l tr tri v p ng xung
kim knh mang tnh nhn qu.
Da trn cc phn tch trn ta cng c th lp m hnh knh v tuyn phainh di ng
chn lc tn s bng ng tr a nhnh nh trn hnh 5.4.
x(t)
0 = 0 1 = A
L2 = (L2) L1 = (L1)
0 1 L1
L 2
0 1 L2 L1
y(t)
0 ( t 4 )
1 (t 4 )
2 ( t 4 ) 3 (t 4 ) ( t 4 ) L 1 (t 4 )
(t 4 )
0 ( t 3 )
1 (t 3 ) L 1 (t 3 )
2 (t 3 ) 3 (t 3 ) A ( t 3 )
(t 3 )
0 ( t 2 )
1 (t 2 ) 2 ( t 2 ) 3 (t 2 ) A ( t 2 ) L 1 (t 2 )
(t 2 )
0 (t1 )
1 (t1 ) 2 (t1 ) 3 (t1 ) A (t1 ) L 1 (t1 )
(t 1 )
0 ( t 0 )
1 (t 0 ) 2 ( t 0 ) A ( t 0 )
3 (t 0 ) L 1 (t 0 )
0 2 3 A L1 (t 0 )
1
Lu rng trong mi trng thc t, {l(t)}, {l(t)}, {l(t)} thay i theo thi gian.
Trong phm vi hp (vo khong vi bc sng , {l(t)}, {l(t)} c th coi l t thay i. Tuy
nhin cc pha {l(t)} thay i ngu nhin vi phn b u trong khong [- ].
Tt c cc thng s knh c a ra y u c nh nghi nh ngha t l lch tr
cng sut (PDP: Power Delay Profile), PDP l mt hm c rt ra t p ng xung kim. PDP
c xc nh nh sau:
92
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
L 1
p ( ) = A ( A )
2
(5.16)
A =0
Thng s u tin l cng sut thu (chun ha), l tng cng sut ca cc tia:
L 1
p 0 = A
2
(5.17)
A =0
2
A ,max
K= , trong A,max = max{A } (5.18)
2
p 0 A ,max A
Lu rng khi c tia i thng, tia vt tri l tia u tin v l tia i thng, tng ng vi l=0,
l,max= 0 ti 0=0.
Thng s th hai l tri tr trung bnh qun phng, , l mment bc hai ca PDP chun
ha, c biu din nh sau:
2 2
= (5.19)
trong
L 1
m 2
A A / p0 , m=1,2
m
=
A =0
V pha ca cc tia khng cn na, cc thng s knh phi hu nh khng i trong din
hp, vi iu kin l cc ng truyn hon ton phn gii.
R rng rng bin , pha v tr tri ca tt c cc xung thu to nn m hnh knh min
thi gian. Ta c th rt ra c quy lut phn b sau y cho bin, pha v m hnh l lch tr cng
sut cho knh:
9 Cc pha ca cc ng truyn c lp tng h so vi nhau (khng tng quan) v c
phn b u trong khong [-, ]
9 Nu ta coi rng tt c cc ng truyn u c th c to ra t cng mt qu trnh thng
k v rng qu trnh to ng truyn ny l qu trnh dng ngha rng so vi bin t, th
bin cu cc ng truyn tn x s tun theo phn b Rayleigh (c xc nh theo
phng trnh 5.10) v PDF bin cu tt c cc ng truyn (gm c LOS) s tun theo
phn b Rice (xc nh theo phng trnh 5.13)
93
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
S dng bin i Fourier cho p ng xung knh, ta c DPS nh sau:
j2 f '
h(f', t) = h(, t)e d
L-1
jA (t) j[ 2 f'A (t)]
= A (t)e e
A =0
(5.20)
L-1
j[ 2 f'A (t)]
= a A A (t)e
A =0
L-1
j[ 2 f'A (t)]
= h(, t)e
A =0
L 1
trong h( ; t ) = A (t )e
iA ( t )
( A (t ) ), A = 0, 1,...., L 1 m t p ng knh xung kim trong
A =0
min thi gian; (t)= a (t); a l bin tng i ca ng truyn A c trong bng 5.1
A A A A
(L=4)
a 2A (dB) 0 -9,7 -19,2 -22,8
i b B (ns) 0 200 800 1200 2300 3700
A
(L=6)
a 2A (dB) 0 -0,9 -4,9 -8,0 -7,8 -23,9
i xe A (ns) 0 310 710 1090 1730 2510
A
(L=6)
a 2A (dB) 0 -1,0 -9,0 -10,0 -15,0 -20,0
i xe B (ns) 0 300 8900 12900 17100 20000
A
(L=6)
a 2A (dB) -2,5 0 -12,8 -10,0 -25,2 -16,0
94
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
N1,A
A (t) = c1,n,A cos(2 ( f1,n,A f0 )t +1,n, A )
n=1
(5.21)
N2 ,A
+ j c 2,n,A cos(2 ( f2,n,A f0 )t +2 ,n, A )
n=1
Trong f0 = [0,B] l cc tn s sng mang trong bng thng truyn dn B
f
fp,n ,A = d (2n 1) ; n=1,2,,Np; p=1,2 (5.22)
2N p
p,n ,A l bin ngu nhin phn b u trong di [0,2] nhn mt trong cc gi tr sau vi xc
1
sut bng :
2
1 2 N
p,n ,A = 2 , 2 ,...., 2 (5.23)
N + 1 N +1 N + 1
cp,n, A c chn tha mn iu kin E 2p,A = 2p ,A . 2 p ,A l cng sut cu bin ngu nhin
p,A (t) c th c xc nh da trn mt ph cng sut S p ,A (f) ca bin ngu nhin ny
(xem hnh 5.6) nh sau:
N p ,A 2 f
c p,n ,A d
E p,A =
2
= S p ,A (f)df
n =1 2 f d
Ni
fd
= 2 S p ,A (fp,n ,A )fp,A ; fA =
n =1
Np
hay:
2
cp,n, A
= fp, AS p , A (fp,n, A ) ; (5.24)
4
Hm mt ph cng sut ca sng mang b
tri Doppler trong bng tn gc
Sp ,A (f )
Sp ,A (fp,n,A )
2
cp,n,A
4
-fd 0 fp,A fd f
Hnh 5.6. Hm mt ph cng sut sng mang b tri Doppler trong bng gc.
Phng trnh (5.22) lun tha mn iu kin trung bnh bng khng: E[ ]=0. A
95
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
tnh hm truyn t knh ph thuc tn s thay i theo thi gian (t) v tr () ta cn bin i
fourier theo c t v vi k hiu ph do t l f v ph do l f' ta c:
T(f ,f) = h( , t)e2 f de2ft dt
0
L 1 j2 f ' A 2 ft
= A= 0 aAA (t)e e
dt
L 1
= h( A ,f )
j2 f ' A
(5.25)
A=0
Doppler SD(f)
s
"Jakes" 1 0 A1 = 50 /( 2 3fD
2
fd 1 (f / fd )
1, 5
"GaussI" G(A1; -0,8fd,0,05fd) 1; 1,6 A 2 = 10 /[ 2 ( 10 + 0,15)fD ]
+G(A1/10;0,4fd; 0,15fd) ( f fi )
2
"GaussII G(A1/10;0,7fd;0,1fd) 5; 6,6 2si
2
+G(A2/101,5;-0,4fd, 0,15fd) G( Ai , fi , si ) = Aie
N L-1
h(A ,f )e
j[ 2 f ' A ( t )]
T(f',f) = p(f if ) (5.26)
i=0 A = 0
B
trong : N = l chu k ly mu, B l bng thng;
f
1 fd f fd
p(f) = (5.27)
0 nu khc
Tn s ly mu f0 khi ny c xc nh nh sau:
f0 ,i = if ; i=0,1,,N (5.28)
Hm truyn t knh ph thuc thi gian v tn s cho f0,3=3f ti thi im cho trc tk
c cho trn hnh 5.7.
96
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
f N L 1 j2 f ' A (t )
T (f ', f ) = h(A (t), f )e p(f if )
i=0 A =0
p(f 3f )
(t 7 )
(t 6 )
(t 5 )
f
=4
(t 4 )
d
2f
(t 3 )
(t 2 )
(t 1 )
f
(t 0 )
0 0 = 0 1 2 3 A L1
=0 0 < 0, 5s 0, 5s < 2s > 2s
Rice Jakes GaussI GaussII
C th thc hin phn tp theo nhiu cch: thi gian, tn s, khng gian, a ng v
phn cc. nhn c ch li ton din ca phn tp, kt hp phi c thc hin pha thu.
Cc b kt hp phi c thit k sao cho sau khi hiu chnh tr v pha cho cc ng truyn
khc nhau, cc mc tn hiu vo phi c c cng theo vect cn tp m cng ngu nhin.
Nh vy khi ly trung bnh t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR u ra s ln hn u vo mt my
thu.
5.10.1. Phn tp v m
97
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
t phn tp b sung ph thuc vo s cc ngn RAKE . Nu my thu RAKE khng th thu thp
nng lng pht t hai hay trong mt s trng hp ba BS do s ngn RAKE c hn, cc
ng truyn dn b sung n MS c th gy nh hng xu n tng dung lng do nhiu tng.
y l l do m thng thng s ngn RAKE cn thit thu c nng lng trong hu ht
trng hp c coi l bn.
5.10.2. Phn tp vi m
Phn tp vi m s dng hai hay nhiu anten cng mt trm nhng c thit k thu
c cc tia khc nhau t trm khc. Phn tp v m c s dng phng nga phainh su.
Di y l cc phng php s dng nhn c cc tn hiu khng tng quan cho vic kt
hp:
Phn tp khng gian. S dng hai ng truyn. Hai anten t cch nhau mt khong ngn d c
th cung cp hai tn hiu vi tng quan gia cc phainh thp. Khong cch d ph thuc vo
cao anten h v tn s. Tn s cng cao th cng c th t cc anten gn nhau. Thng thng th
khang cch d vi bc sng l nhn c cc tn hiu khng tng quan.
Phn tp tn s. Tn hiu thu c t hai tn s cch nhau mt khong bng rng bng tn
nht qun, Bc, l cc tn hiu khng tng quan. s dng phn tp tn s thnh ph v ngoi
cho TTD, phn cch tn s phi bng 300 kHz (hoc hn). Nhy tn ca h thng GSM v
MC h tr phn tp tn s.
Phn tp phn cc. Cc thnh phn phn cc ngang v phn cc ng Ex v Ey c pht i t
hai anten phn cc cho ti BS v thu c t hai anten phn cc cho ti MS c th cung cp hai
tn hiu khng tng quan. Phn tp phn cc dn n gim cng sut 3 dB pha pht do phi
phn chia cng sut cho hai anten phn cc.
Phn tp thi gian. Nu cng mt tn hiu c pht ti cc khe thi gian khc nhau, th cc tn
hiu thu s l cc tn hiu khng tng quan. Phn tp thi gian t c bng cch m ho knh,
an xen v pht li.
5.11.1. M u
Trong phn trc ta chng minh rng cc tn hiu bng rng trong mi trng a
ng l cc tn hiu trong knh chn lc tn s. Cc knh ny c th c trnh by bng mt
m hnh ng tr a nhnh. V cc m CDMA c thit k c tng quan cho gia cc
chip cnh nhau rt nh. Cc phn t ca cc ng b tr ln hn rng mt chip s khng
tng qnan v cc ng ny c kh nng phn gii c trong m hnh. Thng thng cc h
thng CDMA c thit k c mt s ng phn gii c trong tri tr a ng ((10 ln
RDS). ng thi tri tr c chn nh hn rng Tb ca mt bit. Nu tri tr c chn ln
hn thi gian mt bit th tc s liu cao hn rng bng tn nht qun v iu ny dn n
nhiu gia cc k hiu. trnh nhiu gia cc k hiu, tc s liu phi c chn thp hn
rng bng tn nht qun.
Khi tri tr nh hn Tb v tn ti mt s phin bn tr ca chui m pht vi hiu s tr
ln hn Tc, chng s c tng quan thp hn vi chui m gc. Nh vy mi tn hiu tr ny ti
98
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
my thu s th hin nh l mt ngi s dng khc khng tng quan v s my thu b b lc
phi hp cho tn hiu hu ch gt ra.
Tuy nhin cc tn hiu tri ph c sn kh nng chng li phainh nhi ng v cc
thnh phn a ng mang thng tin v tn hiu c pht v chng c lp vi nhau. Nh vy
nu mt trong s cc thnh phn a ng b suy gim, cc thnh phn khc c th khng b suy
gim v my thu c th thc hin quyt nh bng cch s dng cc thnh phn khng b suy yu
ny. My thu CDMA li dng a ng m bo phn tp c gi l my thu RAKE. V
my thu hot ng ging nh mt ci co c v cc hm tng quan ph hp vi cc tn hiu a
ng nn my thu ng tr a nhnh hnh 5.8 c gi l my thu RAKE (Rake ting Anh l
ci co c) c b lc phi hp.
My thu RAKE c cho hnh 5.8 bao gm mt tp hp cc b tng quan, mi b
c s dng tch sng cho mt trong s L phn t a ng mnh nht. V bn cht, my
thu ny l mt my thu phn tp trn c s l cc phn t a ng trong mt h thng CDMA
khng tng quan nu tr tng i ln hn thi gian ca mt chip.
V cc tn hiu nhn c my thu b dch theo thi gian, nn trong my thu trc khi
da ln cc b tng quan cc tn hiu thu c a quan mt ng tr r nhnh.
k1
B tng
quan
c k (t)
k 2
B tng
Yk
Mch quyt bk
r(t) quan
nh
c k (t)
kL
B tng
quan
c k (t)
99
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
x(t) Tc Tc Tc
c j ( t ) cos( c t + j1 ) c ( t ) cos( c t + j2 ) c j ( t ) cos( c t + jL 1 ) c ( t ) cos( c t + jL )
j j
a1 a2 a L 1 aL
Tb Yj bj
(.)dt
0
1
1 1 2( K 1)
SNR = + (5.29)
L Eb / N 0 3N
My thu RAKE s dng cc b tng quan tch sng ring r cho L thnh phn a
ng mnh nht. Bin v pha tng i ca cc thnh phn a ng tm c bng cch ly
tng quan dng sng thu c vi phin bn tr ca tn hiu hoc ngc li. C th khi phc
nng lng ca cc phn t a ng mt cch hiu qu bng cch kt hp cc phn t a ng
theo t l cng ca chng. S kt hp ny l mt dng ca phn tp v cho php gim
phainh. Cc phn t a ng vi thi gian tr nh hn =1/B khng th phn gii v s gy ra
phainh. Trong trng hp ny m ho knh sa li v cc s iu khin cng sut s ng vai
tr ch o gim nnh hng ca phainh.
Nu ta k hiu u ra ca L b tng quan l Y1, Y2, . . . . YL. v trng s tng ng ca
cc u ra ny l a1, a2, . . . , aL (hnh 5.9), tn hiu tng hp c xc nh nh sau:
L
Y == a i Yi (5.30)
i =1
Yi2
ai = L
(5.31)
Yi2
i =1
100
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
Trong cc h thng DSCDMA, ng xung s dng my thu RAKE ba ngn v ng ln s
dng bn ngn. Trong h thng IS-95 CDMA, tch sng v o cc thng s a ng c hin
bi mt my thu tm kim (Seacher). My thu ny duy tr mt bng cc phn t a ng mnh
nht v cc tn hiu cu trm gc (trng hp my thu MS) c th kt hp phn tp hoc cho
mc ch chuyn giao. Bng ny bao gm thi gian n, cng tn hiu v dch thi ca m
PN.
Cc s MIMO c xy dng trn hai k thut: phn tp khng gian thi gian v ghp
knh khng gian.
Phn tp l mt k thut truyn dn trong thng tin c truyn ng thi trn nhiu
ng c lp t c tin cy truyn dn cao. C nhiu cch nhn c phn tp. Phn
tp thi gian c th nhn c bng cch m ha v an xen . Thng tin c m ha v cc cc
k hiu c m ha ny c truyn phn tn trong cc khong thi gian nht qun khc nhau
sao cho cc phn khc nhau ca t m ch b tc ng ca cc phainh c lp. Trong knh c
nhiu anten pht v/hoc anten thu c t cch xa nhau, ta cng c th nhn c phn tp
khng gian. Trong mng thng tin t ong di ng, c th p dng phn tp v m bng cch cho
php my di ng nhn c tn hiu t hai hay nhiu trm gc. V phn tp l mt ti nguyn
quan trng nn cc h thng v tuyn s dng nhiu kiu phn tp khc nhau. Trong chng ny
ta s xt phn tp thi gian v phn tp khng gian, trong trng tm l phn tp khng gian.
Phn tp anten hay phn tp khng gian c th c thc hin bng cch t nhiu anten
ti my pht hay my thu. Nu cc anten c t cch xa nhau, th khuych i knh gia cc
cp anten khc nhau s b pha inh khc nhau v cc ng truyn s c lp vi nhau. Khong
cch cn thit gia cc anten ph thuc vo mi trng tn x a phng v vo tn s. i vi
my di ng do gn mt t c nhiu gn cc vt tn x knh s t tng quan trn cc khong
cch ngn hn v th thng thng ch cn khong cch gia hai anten vo khong 1/2 bc sng
l . i vi trm gc anten c t trn cc thp cao, ta cn khong cch gia hai anten ln
hn: khong vi chc bc sng.
Phn tp c th th l phn tp thu s dng nhiu anten thu ( (SIMO: mt u vo nhiu
u ra) v phn tp pht s dng nhiu anten pht (MISO: nhiu u vo mt u ra). Cc knh
c nhiu anten pht v nhiu anten thu thm ch cn cho hiu nng cao hn. Cc knh ny c
gi l MIMO (nhiu u vo nhiu u ra). Ngoi vic m bo phn tp, cc knh MIMO cn
cho php b sung thm cc mc t do cho thng tin.
Cc k thut ghp knh khng gian cho php tng dung lng nh truyn ng thi nhiu
lung song song trn cc anten khc nhau. S V-BLAST l mt s s dng k thut ny. S
ny thng s dng tch sng MMSE-OSIC.
Trong chng ny ta s xt hai s phn tp in hnh: phn tp thu vi S kt hp
thu t l cc i (MRRC) v s phn tp Almouti (hay MIMO alamouti).
Hnh 5.10 cho thy bng tn gc ca s MRRC (Maximum ratio receive combining)
hai nhnh.
101
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
x1
h1 = 1e j1 h 2 = 2 e j2
1 2
Nhiu v tp m Nhiu v tp m
y1 = x1h1 + 1 y 2 = x1 h 2 + 2
B c B c
tnh knh
h1
* h1* x1 h *2 * h2
tnh knh
B pht hin
ML
x1
Hnh 5.10. MRRC hai nhnh
h1 (k) = 1 (k)e j1 (k )
h 2 (k) = 2 (k)e j2 (k ) (5.32)
Nhiu v tp m cng vi tn hiu pht my thu. Tn hiu bng gc tng hp thu c nh sau:
y1(k)=h1(k)x1(k)+1(k)
y2(k)=h2(k)x1(k)+2(k) (5.33)
102
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
trong d2(a,b) l khong cch clit gia tn hiu a v b c tnh theo cng thc sau:
d2(a,b)=(a-b)(a*-b*) (5.35)
(12 + 22 1) x m 2 + d (x1 , x m )
(5.37)
(12 + 22 1) x k + d ( x1 , x k )
2
m k
2 2
x m = x k = Es m, k (5.38)
trong Es l nng lng k hiu. V th i vi cc tn hiu PSK, quy tc quyt nh (5.37) c
th n gin ha vic chn xm nu v ch nu:
2 2
2 N0
(5.40)
trong PT l tng cng sut, 2=N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m.
103
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
x1 x2
x1*
-x *2
Anten pht 1 Anten pht 2
h11 h 21 h 22
h12
1 3
Nhiu v tp m
2 4 Nhiu v tp m
h11 h12
B c B c
B kt hp
tnh knh tnh knh
h11 h 21 2 h 22 h12 h 22
h 21 x1 x
B tch sng ML
x1 x 2
M ha v chui pht cc k hiu thng tin cho trng hp ny c cho trong bng 5.3.
Bng 5.4 nh ngha cc knh gia cc anten pht v cc anten thu. Bng 5.5 nh ngha cc k
hiu cho tn hiu thu ti hai anten thu.
Bng 5.3. M ha v chui k hiu pht cho s phn tp pht hai anten
Anten 1 Anten 2
Thi im k x1 x2
Thi im k+1 *
-x 2 x1*
Bng 5.4. nh ngha cc knh gia anten pht v anten thu
Anten thu 1 Anten thu 2
Anten pht 1 h11 h12
Anten pht 2 h21 h22
104
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
Thi gian k y1 y3
Thi gian k+1 y2 y4
Y2 = H2 x + N 2 (5.44)
* T
trong Y2=[y3 y ] ,4
h h
H2 = 12 22 (5.45)
h *22 h12
*
l ma trn knh tng ng, x=[x1 x2]T v N 2 = 3 *4 .
T
tnh ton c tnh ta nhn cc phng trnh (5.42) v (5.44) vi cc ma trn knh
chuyn v Hermitian tng ng:
H h2 Y2 = H h2 H2 x + H h2 N 2 (5.47)
Sau kt hp hai phng trnh (5.46) v (5.47) vi nhau ta c:
trong x = [x
1 x
2 ]T ,
h* h
H1h = 11 21
h 21 h11
*
h* h
H*2 = 12 22
h 22 h12
*
105
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
(12 + 22 + 32 + 42 1) x m 2 + d 2 (x1 , x m )
(5.50)
(12 + 22 + 32 + 42 1) x k + d 2 (x
2
1 , x k )
hay
d 2 (x
1 , x m ) d 2 (x
1 , x k ) m k (5.51)
SNR = n =1 m =1
= n =1 m =1
(5.54)
2 2
2 N0
trong PT l tng cng sut, hnm l h s khuych i ng truyn tc thi t anten pht n
n anten thu m, 2 = N0.
iu ng quan tm l cc tn hiu kt hp t hai anten thu ch l cng n thun cc tn
hiu t tng anten v th s kt hp cho trng hp ny ging nh s mt anten thu. Tm
li khi s dng hai anten pht v M anten thu, ta c th s dng b kt hp cho tng anten sau
n gin cng cc tn hiu kt hp t tt c cc anten nhn c bc phn tp tng ng vi
s MRRC c 2M nhnh.
5.13. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc c tnh knh. Theo truyn thng, cc knh c phn loi thnh
cc knh phainh phm vi rng v cc knh phainh phm vi hp. Phainh phm vi rng ch yu
106
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
c biu th bng tn hao ng truyn gy ra bi truyn sng khong cch xa (vi km).
Phainh phm vi hp biu th nh hng truyn dn a ng. Khi thit k h thng truyn dn
v tuyn pha inh di ng, ta cn xt cc c tnh knh trong ba min: khng gian, tn s v thi
gian nh cho bng 5.3. c tnh knh trong min khng gian lin quan n tn hao ng
truyn phm vi rng v thng ging ngu nhin phm vi hp do truyn a ng. Thng ging
ngu nhin khi khong cch thay i t (vo khang bc sng) dn n phn tp khng gian
(phainh chn lc khng gian). Vic phainh chn lc khng gian mang tnh ngu nhin v kh
lp m hnh dn n tnh trng khng r rng khi thit k h thng v kh tng cng cht lng
h thng. Cc cng ngh truyn dn phn tp nh: my thu RAKE, MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output) v phn tp cho php gii quyt vn ny. Cc cng ngh phn tp c th
chuyn bt li ca truyn sng a ng thnh c li.
Cc thng s knh trong min tn s l tri Doppler v rng bng nht qun (xem bng
5.3). Cc thng s knh min thi gian l thi gian nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng.
Tri Doppler gy ra do chuyn ng tng i gia MS (trm di ng) v BTS (trm thu pht
gc). Cc thng s ny c th dn n phainh chn lc thi gian (hay phn tp thi gian) trong
min thi gian v tri Doppler t l nghch vi thi gian nht qun ca ca knh.Tri tr xy ra do
tr a ng. rng bng nht qun ca knh t l nghich vi tri tr trung bnh qun phng.
V th tri tr trung bnh qun phng c th dn n phainh chn lc tn s (hay phn tp tn
s) trong min tn s. OFDM a ra gii php cho phainh chn lc tn s v n c th chuyn
phainh chn lc tn s vo phainh phng bng cch s dng chu k k hiu di hn tri tr
trung bnh qun phng (xem chng 6). Ngoi ra cc h thng truyn dn thch ng a ra gii
php cho phainh chn lc thi gian trong min thi gian v n hu nh lun lun lm cho
rng bng tn hiu pht ln hn nhiu so vi tri Doppler bng cch thay i cc thng s cu h
thng truyn dn theo cc thng s knh..
Chng ny trnh by ngn gn phn b Raylegh v Rice, v cc phn b ny s c
s dng nhiu nht cho m hnh knh truyn sng Cc m hnh knh trong min tn s v thi
gian c tng kt. Cc nghin cu cho thy nh hng ca mt s thng s (tha s K, tri
tr trung bnh qun phng) ln hm truyn t tn s ca knh l rt ln. Tri tr cng ln th
tc bin thin bin trong hm truyn t knh min tn s cng ln. V th ta c th lin kt
tri tr vi bng thng sng mang con trong h thng OFDM. Khi tri tr ln, knh s bin ng
107
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
nhanh hn trong min tn s v ta cn n nh bng thng sng mang con nh hn (v ngc li).
Tha s K xc nh ln bin thin trong hm truyn t knh min tn s. K cng ln th bin
thin cng nh. Cc kt qu m phng cho thy rng khi tha s K ln hn 10 dB, thay i bin
trong hm truyn t knh min tn s khng qu 2,2 dB. V th ta ch cn t bng thng sng
mang con khi tha s K nh hn 10dB. t bng thng sng mang con trong trng hp ny nh
sau: tri tr cng ln, th bng thng sng mang cn phi c t cng nh. Cui chng ta xt
cng ngh MIMO v phn tp chng nh hng bt li ca knh hoc thm ch li dng
phainh trong ba min. Do hn ch v mt thi gian ta ch xt phn tp a ng (my thu
RAKE) c p dng trong CDMA v hai cng ngh phn tp khng gian in hnh: phn tp
khng gian vi MRRC v Alamouti MIMO. S phn tp khng gian c p dng t lu
trong tt c cc BTS ca cc h thng TTD. S phn tp Alamouti (hay MIMO Alamouti)
c tip nhn cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h mi.
5.14. CU HI V BI TP
1. Trnh by c im ca knh truyn sng v tuyn trong min thi gian, khng gian v
tn s
2. inh ngha cc thng s knh sau: tri tr, tri Doppler, bng thng nht qun v thi gian
nht qun
3. Bng thng ca mt h thng truyn dn v tuyn di ng phi c chn th no
trnh c phainh nhanh?
(a) Ln hn tri Doppler; (b) Nh hn tri Doppler
4. di k hiu c pht trong h thng truyn dn phi chn nh th no trnh c
pha inh nhanh?
(a) Ln hn thi gian nht qun; (b) Nh hn thi gian nht qun
5. Bng thng ca mt h thng truyn dn phi c chn nh th no knh l knh
phainh phng?
(a) Ln hn bng thng nht qun; (b) Nh hn bng thng nht qun
6. di k hiu pht phi c chn nh th no knh l knh phainh phng?
(a) Ln hn tri tr; (b) nh hn tri tr
7. Hm mt xc sut ca ng bao tn hiu thu trong knh phainh phng c dng g?
(a) Rayleigh; (b) Rice; (c) c hai
8. p ng knh xung kim trong bng tn gc l p ng ca knh ln tn hiu no sau y?
9. (a) Khng i, (b) Xung c rng ln hn khng; (c) Hm Dirac
10. Knh chn lc tn s l tp hp ca nhiu knh sau?
(a) Rayleigh; (b) Rice v Rayleigh; (c) Cc knh Rayleigh kh phn gii; (d) cc knh
Rice, Rayleigh kh phn gii
11. Mt tn hiu BPSK c truyn trong knh phainh chn lc, knh ny tr thnh knh
phainh phng i vi tn hiu ny v cht lng truyn khng b gim ta cn chn
phng n no sau y:
(a) S dng iu ch M-QAM gim tc k hiu vi M ln
(b) Chia lung tn hiu thnh nhiu lung song song c lp v truyn cc lung ny trn
nhiu knh bng tn s khc nhau
12. My thu RAKE c xy dng trn nguyn l no sao y?
108
Chng 5. a truy nhp v tuyn trong mi trng phainh a ng di ng v phn tp
(a) My thu phn bit c cc ng n khc nhau theo thi gian; (b) My thu phn
bit
c cc ng n khc nhau theo tn s; (c) My thu phn bt c cc ng n
khc nhau theo khng gian
13. Phn tp khng gian c xy dng trn nguyn l no sau y?
(a) My thu phn bit c cc ng n khc nhau theo thi gian; (b) My thu phn
bit
c cc ng n khc nhau theo tn s; (c) My thu phn bt c cc ng n
khc nhau theo khng gian
14. Phn tch u im ca s phn tp Alamouti (2 anten pht v M anten thu) so vi s
phn tp thu thng thng (mt anten pht v M anten thu)?
(a) S Alamouti cho bc phn tp thp hn, (b) S Alamouti cho bc phn tp cao
hn
15. Xt mt my pht pht x sng mang c tn s 1850 MHz. My di ng c t trn xe
t chy vn tc 80 km gi. Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng tin
thng n my pht?
(a) 1850,000010 MHz; (b) 1850, 000120 MHz; (c) 1850,000137MHz
16. (Tip). Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng ri xa my pht
(a) 1850,000118MHz; (b) 1850,000220MHz; (c)1849,999863MHz
17. (Tip). Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng chuyn ng vung gc vi
phng sng ti.
(a) 1850,000118MHz; (b) 1850,000220MHz; (c)1849,999863MHz; (d) 1850 MHz
18. Gi thit p ng xung kim knh c s dng lp m hnh cho cc knh v tuyn vi
tr tri ln nht l100s. Nu s nhnh tr c c nh l 64. Tm ca m hnh ng
tr a nhnh.
(a) 1,3s; (b)1,56s; (c)1,5625s; (d)1,625s
19. Mt ng truyn c l lch tr cng sut sau:
(s) 0 1 2 5
A
109
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
CHNG 6
A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S TRC GIAO
V CDMA A SNG MANG
6.1.1. Cc ch c trnh by
6.1.2. Hng dn
6.1.3. Mc ch chng
6.2. M U
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: ghp knh theo tn s trc giao) l
mt phng php iu ch cho php gim mo tuyn tnh do knh truyn dn v tuyn phn tn
gy ra. Nguyn l ca OFDM l phn chia tng bng thng cn truyn vo mt s sng mang con
c th truyn ng thi cc sng mang ny. Bng cch ny lung s tc cao c th c
chia thnh nhiu lung tc thp hn. V th c th gim nh hng ca tr a ng v
chuyn i knh phainh chn lc thnh knh pha inh phng. Nh vy OFDM l mt gii php
cho tnh chn lc ca cc knh phainh. Vic chia tng bng thng thnh nhiu bng con vi cc
sng mang con dn n gim rng bng con trong min tn s v v th tng di k hiu.
S sng mang con cng ln th di k hiu cng ln. iu ny c ngha l di k hiu ln
hn so vi thi gian tri rng tr ca knh phainh phn tn theo thi gian, hay rng bng tn
tn hiu nh hn rng bng tn nht qun ca knh.
110
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access) c xy dng trn c s nguyn l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
(OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex). Trong OFDMA mi ngi s dng c
cp pht mt s sng mang con (knh tn s) trong tng s sng mang con kh dng ca h
thng. V mt ny ta thy OFDMA ging nh FDMA, tuy nhin nh s dng cc sng mang con
trc giao vi nhau nn mt ph cng sut ca cc knh sng mang con ny c th chng ln
ln nhau m khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Chnh v l do ny ta khng cn c cc on bng bo v
gia cc knh (hay ni chnh xc hn ch cn cc on bng bo v kh hp) v nh tng c
dung lng h thng OFDMA so vi FDMA (hnh 6.1).
a) K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K8 K9
K7 K10
Tn s
Tn s
Hnh 6.1. So snh OFDMA v FDMA: (a) K thut FDMA thng thng, (b) K thut
OFDMA.
a d a d a d
a d a d a d
Tn s
a c d a c d a c d
a c d a c d a c d
b e g b e g b e g
111
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
b b e e gg b e g
b b f f gg b f g
b b f f gg b f g
Thi gian
Hnh 6.2. Th d li thi gian-tn s cho OFDMA c by ngi s dng t a n g.
N / 21
s(t) = X i ,k g k (t kT , (6.1)
k= i= N / 2
i=-N/2, -N/2+1,,-1,0,1,,N/2-1
vi
e j2fi t , t [ 0,T ]
g i (t) = (6.2)
0 , t [ 0,T ]
tha mn iu kin trc giao sau:
t s +T
1 * 1, nu i = A
T
g i (t).g A (t)dt =
0, nu i A
(6.3)
ts
v
fi=i/T; i=1,2,.,N-1 (6.4)
Trong T c gi l thi gian ca mt k hiu OFDM; Xi,k l k hiu iu ch thng thng
c truyn trn sng mang con trong khong thi gian k hiu OFDM th k; N l s sng mang
con (c chn bng ly tha ca 2) v fi l tn s sng mang con.
Hnh 6.3 cho thy th d v s dng bn cc sng mang con cho mt k hiu OFDM
a) V d s dng 4 sng mang b) V d s dng 4 sng mang
OFDM trong min thi gian OFDM trong min tn s
1
0,8
0,8
0,6
0,4 0,6
0,2
0,4
0
-0,2 0,2
-0,4
0
-0,6
-0,8 -0,2
-1
T 1/T
Tn s
Thi gian
112
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
T hnh 6.3 ta thy trong min thi gian, m bo iu kin trc giao, cc sng mang
con c s chu k trong mt k hiu OFDM (T) l mt s nguyn. Trong min tn s mi sng
mang con ca mt k hiu OFDM c mt ph cng sut dng sinx/x vi
i
x = (f fi ) T = f T . Gi tr cc i cc bp chnh ca mt ph cng sut ca mt
T
sng mang xy ra ti cc tn s f=i/T. Ti y mt ph cng sut ca cc sng mang khc u
bng khng.
Nh tnh trc giao (6.3), ti pha thu ta c th gii iu ch tm li k hiu Xi,k theo
quan h sau:
(k +1)T
1
X i ,k =
T s(t)g i* (t) (6.5)
kT
N/2
Fk (m) =
i=N / 2
X i ,k g i (t kT)
m
, m=0,1,, N-1
t =k+ T
N
N/2 i.m
j2
=
i=N / 2
X i ,k e N
6.4.1. X l tn hiu s
Ti phi pht trc ht lung bit c chia thnh cc khi vi Nlog2M bit, trong M l
mc iu ch. Khi cc bit ny sau c bin i thnh N k hiu iu ch thng thng (mi
113
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
RF
I/Q I/Q I/Q
M ha Sp xp k iu ch Chn khang iu ch IQ
knh/an hiu OFDM bo v/ca DAC v bin i
xen (iu ch) (IFFT) s nng tn sRF ( t )
S liu
pht Tn hiu bng Knh v
Chm N s gc pht s(t) tuyn
liu phc {x i,k }
phainh
Tn hiu
Chm s liu thu s(t)
thu {yi,k }
Gii m Gii sp t Gii iu
Loi khang
Bin i h rRF (t )
knh/gii k hiu ch OFDM ADC tn v gii
bo v
S liu an xen (gii iu ch ) (FFT) iu ch IQ
I/Q I/Q I/Q
thu
x0 ,k X 0 ,k
x1,k X 1,k
X k (t)
N.log 2 M
x N1,k X N1,k
y 0 ,k Y0 ,k
y1,k Y1,k
Yk (t)
y N1,k YN1,k
114
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
TFFT
115
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Hnh 6.7. Dng k hiu sau khi chn v lp ca s ti phi pht, p ng xung kim ca knh
v k hiu OFDM hiu dng c ly ra ti pha thu.
Copy
Khong Khong
u ra IFFT trc u ra IFFT u ra IFFT tip theo
bo v bo v
TG TFFT
Ts
116
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Tn s cc sng
Cc mu
mang con
Hnh 6.9. (a) Dng xung v ph ca k hiu OFDM hiu dng (c thc hin bi IFFT; (b)
xung di T v ph ca n; (c) xung na sin c s dng to dng xung v ph ca
n; (d) xung pht w(t) v ph ca n.
Cc di xung thng c o bng s mu, trong d NFFT, NGD v Nwin xc nh s
mu trong phn hiu dng, khong bo v v khang to ca s.
Hnh 6.10 cho thy s iu ch v tuyn cho tn hiu OFDM bng gc phc.
117
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
iu ch IQ
I
DAC LPF
cos
900
Bng tn c s
OFDM phc B to sng u ra RF
mang RF
sin
Q
DAC LPF
Tn s
Cc sng mang con Cc sng mang con
s dng c s dng c Sng mang con
th i
118
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
x(t) = xk (t - kT) , (6.8)
k=-
trong xk(t-kT) l tn hiu OFDM pht phc bng gc th k c xc nh nh sau:
N / 2 1 i
w(t - kT). Xi,kexp j2 T (t - kT) ,
i=-N/2 FFT
xk (t - kt) = kT - Twin - TGD t kT + TFFT + Twin , (6.9)
0, nu khc
trong :
T l di k hiu OFDM.
TFFT l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM.
TGD l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh.
Twin l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph.
f=1/TFFT l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang.
N l di FFT, s im FFT.
k l ch s v k hiu c truyn.
i l ch s v sng mang con, i{-N/2, -N/2+1,..., -1, 0, +1, ., N/2-1}.
Xi,k l vectt im chm tn hiu, l k hiu phc (s liu, hoa tiu, rng) c iu ch ln sng
mang con i ca k hiu OFDM th k.
w(t) xung to dng c biu din nh sau:
119
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
1 1 - cos(t + T )/T ,
2 [ win ]
GD - Twin - TGD t -TGD
w(t) = 1, - TGD t TFFT , (6.10)
1
[1 - cos(t - TFFT )/Twin ], TFFT t TFFT + Twin
2
i=N/2
1
R e w(t - kT) xi,k exp j2 fc + T (t - kT) ,
i=-N/2 FFT
x RF,k (t - kT) = kT - Twin - TGD t kT + TFFT + Twin , (6.12)
0, nu khc
trong :
T l di k hiu OFDM.
TFFT l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM.
TGD l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh.
Twin l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph.
Fc l tn s trung tm ca ph.
f=1/TFFT l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang.
N l di FFT, s im FFT.
k l ch s v k hiu c truyn.
i l ch s v sng mang con, i{-N/2, -N/2+1, -1, 0, +1, ., -N/2}.
Xi,k l vectt im chm tn hiu, l k hiu phc (s liu, hoa tiu, rng) c iu ch ln sng
mang con i ca k hiu OFDM th k.
w(t) c xc nh theo (6.10).
Trong mi trng phainh, mt tn hiu pht n my thu ti nhiu thi im khc nhau
do hin tng truyn sng a ng. T quan im my thu, knh gy ra s phn tn thi gian
(gi tt l tn thi).
Do knh phn tn tuyn tnh, ta c th coi tn hiu thu tc thi b mo tuyn tnh l xp
chng ca nhiu k hiu thng tin trong qu kh v trong tng lai. Ta c th gii thch ISI tin
xung v ISI hu xung bng p ng xung kim knh gi nh cho hnh 6.13.
120
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
p ng xung kim knh (CIR: Channel Impulse Response) trn hnh 6.13 c th coi nh l
gm ba loi thnh phn khc nhau. Thnh phn c bin cao nht h2 c gi l thnh phn
c xt (thnh phn chnh). Cc thnh phn xy ra trc, h0 v h1, c gi l tin xung v cc
thnh phn xy ra sau, h3 v h4, c gi l hu xung. Nng lng ca tn hiu mong mun ch
yu c to ra bi thnh phn chnh. Ngoi ra tn hiu thu cng gm c nng lng gy ra bi
tch chp ca cc tin xung v cc hu xung, cc nh hng ny c gi l ISI tin xung v ISI
hu xung. Nh vy tn hiu thu b mo dng do xp chng tn hiu mong mun vi cc ISI tin
xung v hu xung.
Vic m rng thi gian cu cc k hiu dn n cc k hiu thu hin thi chng ln ln
cc k hiu thu trc v dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI). Trong OFDM, ISI thng c
coi l nhiu i vi mt k hiu gy ra bi cc k hiu trc .
h2
h0 h1
h4
h3
Trong OFDM, ph ca cc sng mang chng ln ln nhau nhng trc giao vi nhau. iu
ny c ngha l ti gi tr ph cc i ca mt sng mang con tt c cc gi tr ph ca cc sng
mang con khc u phi bng khng. My thu s ly mu cc k hiu ti tng sng mang con ti
cc im cc i ny v gii iu ch chng m khng b nhiu gy ra do cc sng mang con
khc. Trng hp tnh trc giao ni trn khng c m bo, nhiu gy ra cc k hiu trn cc
sng mang con ln cn s xy ra. Nhiu ny dc gi l nhiu gia cc sng mang (ICI: Inter-
Channel Interference). Ta c th xt tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con trong min thi gian
v min tn s. Xt trong min thi gian, mi sng mang con phi l mt hm sin c s nguyn
ln chu k trong khang thi gian TFFT, hay ni mt cch khc c tn s l mt s nguyn ln i
lng nghch o ca thi gian TFFT (fi=i/TFFI = i.f). Hnh 6.14 cho thy ph ca bn sng mang
c gi tr cc i ti tn s trung tm ca chnh chng v khng ti tn s trung tm ca cc sng
mang con khc trong trng hp trc giao.
121
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Deleted:
Nu tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang con b mt, cc sng mang con s c ph khc
khng ti ph cc i cu cc sng mang con khc. Nu xt trong min thi gian, s chu k hm
sin ca sng mang con khng cn l mt s nguyn trong thi gian FFT. Hnh 6.15 cho thy ph
ca bn sng mang con trong min tn s khi tnh trc giao b mt.
Hnh 6.15. Ph ca bn sng mang con khi tnh trc giao b mt Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt
ICI xy ra khi knh a ng thay i trong thi gian mt k hiu OFDM. Khi xy ra
Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt
iu ny, cc dch Doppler trn mi ng s gy ra dch tn s trn cc sng mang con lm mt
tnh trc giao gia chng. ICI cng xy ra khi k hiu OFDM b ISI. Ta c th xt tnh hung ny
trong min thi gian. Khi ny cc sng mang khng cn m bo s chu k l mt s nguyn
trong thi gian TFFT do dch pha gy ra bi k hiu trc . Cui cng s dch cc tn s ca
my pht v my thu cng dn n ICI i vi mt k hiu OFDM. Chn khong bo v cng
nh la chn bng tn tn hiu ph hp vi bng thng ca knh cho php gim nh hng ca
ISI v ICI. Formatted: Font: 11.5 pt, Not Bold
122
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
6.7.1. M u
6.7.2. Cng thc tnh ton dung lng knh cho cc h thng OFDM
Rtb=(rclog2M)N/T=(rclog2M)(B/f)/T
= (rclog2M)Bd(TFFT/T)=(rclog2M).B.FSR, (6.15)
T phng trnh (3.15) ta thy rng tng tc bit tng, ta cn tng: hoc mc iu
ch (M), hoc t l m (rc), hoc t s N/T.
Hnh 6.16 gii thch ngha ca phng trnh (6.15).
123
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
(N/T)tng
TFFT gim
ftng
Hnh 6.16. Cc thng s dung lng v nh hng ca chng ln tng tng dung lng.
Ta d rng nhn thy rng tng N/T ta cn tng N gi T khng i hoc gim T gi N
khng i. Ta c th s dng ba phng php tng tc bit: (1) tng mc iu ch hoc t l
m, (2) tng bng thng truyn dn thng tin, (3) tng FSR. Ta ch c th s dng cc phng
php ny khi tnh trng knh cho php thay i cc gi tr ny ca cc thng s ny.
Khi cho trc bng thng truyn dn v gi thit rng ton b bng thng ny v cc sng
mang u c s dng truyn thng tin, ta c th biu din tc bit tng cc i nh sau:
Max(Rtb)= (rclog2M).B.FSR (6.16)
i vi trng hp tng qut ta khng th s dng cu hnh cc sng mang con nh nhau,
mi sng mang con s c cc gi tr thng s khc nhau. Trong trng ny tc bit tng s l
tng tc bit c cc sng mang con. Khi ny ta c th vit:
N
R tb = rci .log 2 Mi .FSR i .fi (6.17)
i =1
Khi cu hnh cc sng mang con ging nhau: rci=r Vic m rng thi gian cu cc k hiu dn n
cc k hiu thu hin thi chng ln ln cc k hiu thu trc v dn n nhiu gia cc k hiu
(ISI). Trong OFDM, ISI thng c coi l nhiu i vi mt k hiu gy ra bi cc k hiu
trc .
c, Mi=M, FSRi=FSR v fi=f, phng trnh (6.17) chuyn thnh phng trnh (6.15).
Trong trng hp f tin n khng ta c th vit phng trnh (6.17) dng tch phn
nh sau:
Phng trnh (6.18) ch c ngha v mt ton hc, v trong thc t f khng th tin ti 0. V th
phng trnh (6.17) c ngha thc tin hn c. Lu rng gi tr cc thng s v phi ca cc
phng trnh (6.15), (6.17) v (6.18) ph thuc vo tnh trng knh thi im xt.
124
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
125
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
10-2 10-2
10-3 10-3
BER BER
10-4 10-4 16QAM
B=20MHz 64QAM
-5 -5
10 B=80MHz 10 256QAM
-6
B=160MHz BPSK
10 10-6
B=200MHz 4PSK
10-7 - 10-7 -
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
10 10
Eb/N0 [dB] Eb/N0 [dB]
a) Bng thng khc nhau b) Mc iu ch iu ch
Hnh 6.17. BER ph thuc SNR: a) cho bng thng khc nhau, (b) cho mc iu ch khc
nhau.
T hnh 6.17.a ta thy rng hiu nng BER ph thuc vo Eb/N0 gn nh ging nhau cho
cc bng thng khc nhau. T hnh 6.17.b ta thy hiu nng BER ca cc mc iu ch cao hn
gim ng k khi Eb/N0 ln hn 3dB. So snh hnh 6.17.a v 6.17.b ta thy rng khi tc bit
tng bng cch tng mc iu ch, BER gim cp nhanh hn khi bng thng tng. Mt khc
phng php tng mc iu ch cho hiu sut bng thng cao hn cn phng php tng bng
thng khng lm thay i hiu sut bng thng. V vic tng tng bng thng l khng thc t nn
phng php ny ch c th c s dng tng bng thng ca mt sng mang con hay mt
nhm sng mang con.
Tng khong bo v dn n tn tht nng lng ln hn. Gim khong bo v dn n
nhy cm hn i vi phainh chn lc. FSR l mt hm ph thuc v khong bo v. Hnh 6.16
cho thy rng FSR t nh hng ln hiu nng BER ca knh AWGN. Tuy nhin i vi knh
phainh chn lc c th d bo rng hiu nng s thay i ln khi FSR thay i. FSR c th c
rt ra t tri rng tr, sau s dng cc phng trnh (6.11), (6.12), (6.13) thch ng t l m,
126
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Trong mt h thng OFDM, ta cn t bng thng sng mang con. Bng thng sng mang
con ln s gy ra mo ln do knh mang tnh chn lc tn s. Bng thng sng mang con cng c
th gy ra mo ln do hin tng phainh chn lc thi gian (hay phainh nhanh do tp m iu
ch tn s ngu nhin). Ngoi ra bng thng sng mang con cng nh th ICI (Inter Carrier
Interference: nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu) cng cao. V th ta khng th t bng thng sng
mang con ty . Bng thng sng mang con mt mt phi khng nh hn rng bng tn nht
qun i vi tng quan tn s ln hn 0,9 chng ICI, mt khc phi ln hn i lng nghch
o ca RDS chng phainh chn lc tn s gy ra do tri tr (hay RDS). V th bng thng
sng mang con phi nm gia i lng nghch o ca RDS v rng bng tn nht qun BC
i vi tng quan tn s ln hn 0,9:
1
Bc f (6.19)
RDS
1
Bc (6.20)
50RDS
127
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
a f e d c b
b a f e d c
c b a f e d
Tn s
d c b a f e
e d c b a f
f e d c b a
Thi gian
128
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Hnh 6.20 minh ho li thi gian-tn s ca h thng OFDMA ny. Cc ti nguyn (thi
gian v tn s) c cp pht trn c s kiu dch v v mi trng lm vic. S khe thi gian v
khe bng trn mt ngi s dng thay i theo tc s liu. Tc s liu thp nht c m
bo bng mt khe bng c 24 sng mang con trn khe thi gian 288,46s.
129
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
n v iu ch
Khe bng=100kHz
Thi gian
Hnh 6.20. Li tn s-thi gian
Hnh 6.21 cho thy cu trc khung TDMA. Mi khung c di 4,615ms c chia thnh
4 khung con c di 1,1534ms. Mt khung con cha 4 khe thi gian c di 288,46 s. Mt
khe thi gian bao gm khong bo v, thng tin iu khin cng sut v s liu. Mi k hiu
OFDM c sp xp vo mt khe thi gian. Cu trc ca mt k hiu OFDMA c cho hnh
6.22.
Ton b bng tn h thng c chia thnh cc khi nh (cc khe bng) c s lng sng
mang con khng i. tng thch vi GSM, mt khe bng c chn bng 100 KHz cha 24
sng mang con. V th khang cch gia cc sng mang con bng 100/24=4,167kHz. Hnh 6.23
cho thy cu trc tn s ca OFDMA.
130
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Cm thu iu chnh
thi gian
Cm pht
131
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
Bng tn h thng
Cc khong bo v
(khng dng)
OFDM ngc
B bin i song
d k
OFDM
Hnh 6.4 M t h thng MC CDMA gm K ngi s dng. My thu thc hin tch sng
cho ngi s dng th k. Ti pha pht (hnh 6.24) tng k hiu (dk) tc Rb=1/Tc ca tng
ngi s dng c tri ph bi chui chip ck tng ng c chu k l N v tc chip Rc=1/Tc.
Sau tri ph K lung ny c cng i s vi nhau sau c b bin i ni tip thnh song
song chia thnh N lung (tng ng vi N chip tri ph cho k hiu s liu):
K
s = s k = [ X 0 , X 1 ,..., X N1 ] (6.22)
k=1
132
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
trong sk = d kck ,
ck=[c0,k , c1,k,......., cN-1,k] (6.23)
r = [ R 0 ,R 1 ,...,R N1 ] (6.25)
Cui cng lung r ny c a ln b tch sng (gii tri ph) nhn c c tnh ca k
hiu dk: d k .
6.11. TNG KT
133
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
6.12. CU HI V BI TP
134
Chng 6. a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao v CDMA a sng mang
135
HNG DN TR LI
CHNG 1
Bi 6
P=0,021000+3+0,5+0,5= 24W: (d)
Bi 7
Tng tch theo cp ca hai chui phi bng khng:
(a) v (c)
Bi 8
M 12, 5.10 3 / 25 500
K max = = = = 61 : (b)
2 C
3
()
I
2 2
3
10
8,16
Bi 9
M 12, 5.10 3 /(100 : 4) 500
K max = = = = 194 : (c)
2 C
3
()
I
2
3
10
2, 58
CHNG 2
Bi 1
Ta c th vit li hm tng quan nh sau:
1 ; 1
R x () = 2 + 3() ; trong () =
0 nu khc
Cng sut trung bnh bng Rx(0)=2+3=5W: (c)
Bi 2
Bin i Fourier cho tn hiu x(t) ta c:
x(f)= 2(f)+3Sinc2f
Thnh phn th nht biu th cng sut mt chiu. Vy cng sut mt chiu l 2W: (a)
Bi 3
Bi 4
136
(
Rc() = 1 +
N
1
) T ()
c
1
N
1 T , 0 Tc
Tc = c
0 , nu khc
Rc(0,7ms)= = 1 + ( 15
1
)(1 0,7510 3
1000)
1
15
(
= 0, 25 1 +
1
15
) 1
15
= 0, 2 : (c)
Bi 5
k/j 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rcc'(k)
0 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 3/7
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1/7
2 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 3/7
3 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1/7
cj' 4 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1/7
5 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -5/7
6 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 3/7
Cj -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1
Tr li : (a)
Bi 6
Tc
1
R cc (1, 5Tc ) =
7Tc c(t)c (t + 1, 5T )dt c
0
Tc 6 6
1
=
7Tc c pi=0
i Tc (t iTc ) c j pTc (t + 1, 5Tc iTc )dt
j=0
0
Nhng:
1, iTc < t < (i + 0, 5)Tc khi j = i + 1
pTc (t iTc )pTc (t + 1, 5Tc iTc ) = 1,(i + 1)Tc < t < (i + 1)Tc khi j = i + 2
0, vi mi t khi j i + 1hay i + 2
V th
1
= 0, 5Tc {(11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11)}
7Tc
=1
0, 5Tc {(11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11) + (11)}
/7
Tr li: (a)
137
Bi 7
E[(k+x(t))(k+x(t+)]= k2+E[x(t)x(t+)]=k2+Rx(): (c)
Bi 8
Cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu x(t) c xc nh nh sau:
P=Rc(=0)=at1()=a= (+1)2 Pr(x(1)=+1)+(0)2Pr(x(t)=0)+(-1)2Pr(x(t)=-1)=1/3+1/3=2/3
Tr li: (b)
Bi 9
E[(k+x(t)cos(2fct+))(k+x(t+)cos(2fct++2fc)]=k2+E[x(t)cos(2fct+)
x(t+)cos(2fct++2fc)=k2+E[x(t)x(t+)]E[cos(2fct+)cos(2fct++2fc)]
=k2+0,5Rx()cos(2fc)
Tr li: (d)
CHNG 3
Bi 1
Gp= 10lg(106/1200)=29,2dB: (a)
Bi 2
B= Rc=1/Tc= N/Tb=NRb =204710.103Hz=20,47MHz: (d)
Bi 3
Rb= Rc/Gp=107/103= 104 bps=10kbps: (c)
Bi 4
Tb
2E b 2E b
zi =
Tb c(t)c(t )dt =
Tb
Tc ()
0
1 2E b
khi =0,5Tc Tc(0,5Tc)=0,5. Vy= z i = : (b)
2 Tb
Bi 5
Rb=64kbps; Rc=40Mcps. Vy Gp=Rc/Rb=40.106/(64.103)=625: (d)
Bi 6
Tr li: (c)
Bi 7
Theo phng trnh (3.21) ta c:
138
s(t) = s1 (t) + s 2 (t)
Eb
= [d(t)c1 (t) sin(2fc t + ) + d(t)c 2 (t) cos(2fc t + )]
Tb
Eb
= [X 1 (t) sin(2fc t + ) + X 2 (t) cos(2fc t + )]
Tb
Tr li: (d)
Bi 8
T phng trnh (3.22) ta c
=7/4: (d)
Bi 9
Thnh phn tn thp trong (3.24) th nht trong trng hp ny s nhn c t tch sau:
2E br 2E br
d(t-)sin(2fct+') sin(2fct+") d(t-)cos('-")
Tb Tb
V th tn hiu u(t) s gim.
Tr li: (b)
Bi 10
2E br
SNR0= = 2.10 2 = 200 : (c)
N0
Bi 11
E br 2Pr
SNR 0 = =
N0 / 2 + PTj c /2 N0 R b + Pj / G p
E br Pr Pr
= N0 R b = = (1/ 100)w=0,01w
N0 N0 R b (E br / N0 )
2Pr 2
SNR 0 = = = 57,14
N 0 R b + Pj / G p 0,01 + 50 / 2000
Tr li: (b)
Bi 12
139
2E br 2Pr 2Pr
SNR 0 = = =
N 0 + Pj / B j N 0 R b + PR
j b / Rc N0 R b + Pj / G p
Tr li: (d)
Bi 13
T phng trnh (3.42 ta c
thnh phn gy nhiu khng i thng:
s 0, = E br1 cos()R c ( )
bng khng ta cn m bo: '=15m/c= 15m/(3.108m/s)Tc=1/Rc
Vy tc chip cc tiu bng:
Rcmin= (3.108m/s)/15m= 20Mcps: (d)
Bi 14
(xem bi 13)
Tr li: (b)
Bi 15
E br1 E br1 E br1 E br1
= = =
No,
N0 + (D11/ D12)Pr1 / R c N + 4 r1 b T
P T N0 + 4E br1 / G p
0 c
Tb
Ebr1=!00N0
Vy:
E br1 E br1 E
= = br1
No ,
N0 + 0, 4N0 1, 4N0
Tr li: (a)
CHNG 4
Bi 1
Z l mt s ngu nhin.
2Tb 2Tb
E n(t)c(t) sin(2fc t + )dt = E(n(t))c(t) sin(2fc t + )dt = 0
0 0
Tr li: (a)
Bi 2
140
2Tb 2Tb
E n(t)n(s)c(t)c(s) sin(2fc t + ) sin(2fc s + )dtds
0 0
2Tb 2Tb
Tr li: (a)
Bi 4
Khng tn ti quan h tuyn tnh gia Pb, K, N, SNR
Tr li: (e)
Bi 6
S ngi s dng trong 1 cell tnh theo cng thc :
G p
K max = 1 +
(E br / N 0 )(1 + )
3
(1, 25.10 /9, 6).0, 8
K max = 1 + 0,6
.2, 5 = 80, 6 . Vy s ngi s dng trn on l Kmax/3=26,4
10 .0, 6.(1 + 0, 5)
Tr li: (b)
Bi 7
Do h thng l tri ph DS/SS BPSK nn ta c xc sut li bit ca h thng xc nh nh
sau:
H thng DS/SS-BPSK c xc xut li l :
G p
K max = 1 +
(E br / N 0 )(1 + )
Eb
K max (1 + )
N0 40.4,8.(1 + 0,6).0, 5
G= = = 192 (ln)
0,8.1
Rc
G= R c = 9, 6.G = 9, 6.192 1, 8(Mcps) : (c)
9, 6
Bi 8
2E 2E b
Pe = Q b
; x= = 2.4,8 = 3 ;
N0 N0
Pe = e9 / 2 /(2, 5 3) = 1, 5.103 : (b)
141
CHNG 5
Bi 15
3.108
= c / fc = = 0,162m
1850.10 6
80.10 3
f = fc + fd = 1850.10 6 + = 1850,000137MHz
3600 0,162
Tr li: (c)
Bi 16
f=fc-fd= 1850.106-137.10-6= 1849,999863MHz: (c)
Bi 17
(d)
Bi 18
=100:64=1,5625s: (c)
Bi 19
Bi 20
(1)(5)2 + (0,1)(1)2 + (0,1)(2)2 + (0,01)(0)
=
2
= 21,07 s 2 : (d)
1, 21
Bi 21
Bi 22
1 1
Bc = = 146kHz : (b)
5 5(1, 37s)
CHNG 6
Bi 10
Chuyn bng l lch tr cng sut vo s ln
(ns) 0 110 190 410
A
142
1(0) + 0,107(110) + 0,012(190) + 0,0052(410)
=
1 + 0,107 + 0,012 + 0,0052
11,77 + 2, 28 + 2,132
= =14,4ns: (b)
1,1242
Bi 11
1(0)2 + 0,107(110)2 + 0,012(190)2 + 0,0052(410)2
2 =
1 + 0,107 + 0,012 + 0,0052
Bi 12
= 2 2 = 2314, 55 207, 36 = 46ns : (d)
Bi 13
Tnh bng thng sng mang con cc tiu:
1/(50)=109/(5046)=434,78 kHz: (c)
Bi 14
10.106/(434,78.103)=23 (c)
Bi 1 5
TGD=4200ns=800ns: (c)
Bi 1 6
Tnh thi gian ca mt k hiu OFDM: Ts=5TGD= 5800ns=4s: (c)
Bi 17
Tnh tc k hiu OFDM: Rs=1/Ts=106/4=250ksps: (b)
Bi 18
Tnh thi gian hiu dng k hiu: TFFT= Ts-TGD=3,2s: (b)
Bi 19
Tnh bng thng con: f=1/TFFT= 106/3,2= 312,5 kHz: (b)
Bi 20
Tnh s bit thng tin trn mt k hiu: 24Mbps 4s=96: (c)
Bi 21
Tnh s bit thng tin trn mt sng mang con: 4/2=2: (b)
Bi 22
96/2+4=52: (c)
Bi 23
143
Tnh tng bng thng c s dng: 52312,5KHz=16,25MHz: (b)
Bi 24
Tnh khong bng bo v: 20Mhz-16,25Mhz=3,75MHz: (b)
Bi 25
Tc truyn tin s l: 4863/4250.103=54Mbps: (c)
144
THUT NG
144
K HIU
B Bng thng tng
BC Bng thng nht qun
B rng bng tn ca s liu hay thng tin
fd Tri Doppler
C Dung lng
ES Nng lng k hiu thu
c Tn s trung tm
K Tha s K knh Rice
M Mc iu ch
N S sng mang con trong h thng OFDM
L S tia a ng
NB S bng con trong h thng OFDM
N0 Mt ph cng sut AWGN (W/Hz)
P Cng sut
Pe Xc sut li
Pr Cng sut thu
PFR fRDS
PT Cng sut pht
r(t) Cng sut thu trong min thi gian
Rb Tc bit
rc T l m
Rtb Tc bit tng ca h thng
RS Tc k hiu
SE Hiu sut ph
Tb Thi gian bit
TC Thi gian nht qun
TFFT Thi gian truyn dn hiu dng trong mt k hiu OFDM, thi gian
FFT
TGD Khang bo v trong mt k hiu OFDM
T Chu k k hiu
Twin Thi gian ca s trong mt k hiu OFDM
Tri tr trung bnh qun phng
f Bng thng sng mang con ca h thng OFDM
145
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v ng dng, Gio trnh, Hc
vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in, 2000
2. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v tuyn, Gio
trnh, Hc Vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2004
3. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, C s truyn dn vi ba s, Gio trnh, Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in, 2001
146
MC LC
CHNG 2. TO M TRI PH 30
HNG DN TR LI 136
iv
L THUYT TRI PH V A
TRUY NHP V TUYN
M s: 411TP460