Solution of Heat

1. (a) (i) The kinetic theory assumes an ideal gas to explain the macroscopic matter.
(ii) The explanation of kinetic theory becomes meaningful only when a large number of atoms or
molecules are considered. (iii) It does not explain the motion of one atom or molecule.
(iv) The temperature of a gas is not related with the kinetic energy of one atom, it is related with
the average kinetic energy of all the atoms.

2. (d) (i) According to the kinetic theory of gases. P = Nm/V v2rms, where N = number of atoms
m = mass of each atom, vrms = root mean square speed of atoms. V = volume of the container.

3. (d) (i) The temperature of a gas is proportional to the square of the root mean square speed of the gas
molecules. (ii) It depends on the mass of the gas atom or molecule, therefore, it depends on the
molar mass of the gas. mv2rms = 3/2 kT and Mv2rms = 3/2 RT (where M = mNA)

4. (c) The maximum number of molecules of the gas move woth the most probable speed, vmp =
.

5. (a) (i) As the temperature of gas increases, large number of molecules can have greater speed, therefore,
the peak shifts towards right and it becomes broader near the peak.
(ii) Since the area under the curve remains constant for a gas, therefore, the height of the peak
decreases as the temperature increases.

6. (d) None of the given statements is correct.

The total energy of an ideal gas is equally distributed among all the degree of freedom.

7. (d) M = n1M1 + n2M2/n1 + n2 = (5) (4) + (2) (2)/5 + 2 = 24/7 g

8. (a) f = n1f1 + n2f2/n1 + n2 = (5) (3) + (2) (5)/5 + 2 = 25/7 = 3.57

9. (c) = 1 + 2/f = 1 + 2/3.57 = 5.57/3.57 = 1.56.

10. (d) U = U1 + U2 = (100 + 200) J = 300J, Note that the internal energy includes the number of moles.

11. (a) The statements (b) and (c) are also correct but not the statement of first law of thermodynamics.

12. (a) (i) In the geometrical sense, work is defined as the area under the curve. The curve A enclose the
maximum area and the curve C enclose the minimum area. Therefore, wA > wB > wC.

13. (c) (i) In an isobaric process, heat absorbed is used up in raising the temperature of the gas as well as in
doing work. Q = w + U, (ii) W = v and U = nCvT

14. (a) The work done by the cycle is equal to the area enclosed by the loop.
Or W = (2P0 P0) (3V0 V0) = 2P0V0,
The positive sign indicates that the cycle is traversed in the clockwise sense.

15. (d) Process AB : P T, therefore, TB = (PB/PA) TA = 2T0,

Process DA : V T, therefore, TD = (VD/VA) TA = 3T0
Process BC : V T, therefore, TC = (VC/VB) TB = 6T0
16. (b) (i) The system absorbs heat during the isocaloric heating (AB) and the isobaric expansion (BC).
(ii) The system rejects heat during the isochoric cooling (CD), and the isobaric compression (DA).

17. (a) (i) Note that, isochoric process is a straight line passing through the origin on a P T diagram.
Larger the volume of the system, smaller the slope with the T-axis.

18. (b) (i) Note that, isochoric process is a straight line passing through the origin on a V T diagram.
Larger the pressure of the system smaller the slope of the line with T-axis.

19. (d) (i) As potential difference causes charge to flow ; temperature difference causes heat to flow.
(ii) A good conductor of electricity is also a good conductor of heat.

20. (d) (i) Heat entering at one end of the conductor may not each the other end ; it may be absorbed by the
conductor. But this never happens in the case of electricity. An electron entering at one end of the
conductor must come out of the other end.
(ii) If the conductor is not laterally insulated, then the heat may come out of the lateral sides. But it
never happens in case of electric current.

21. (a) (i) The sphere has the surface area, therefore, it takes the longest time to cool down.
(ii) The circular plate with-the maximum surface area is the fastest to cool down.

22. (b) according to Newtons law of cooling. 80 60/10 = K [80 + 60/2 30] or K = 1/20
Let T be the final temperature after next 10 minutes. 60 T/10 = 1/20 [60 + T/2 30] or T = 480C

23. (b,c) The average translational kinetic energy per degree of freedom per molecule is 1/2KT. Therefore,
the statements (a) and (b) are wrong.

24. (a,c,d) (i) The law of fluid static hold true in a tall cylinder filled with a gas. Or dp/dh = - g
(ii) Since the density  does not remain constant but decreases with height, therefore, the rate of
decreases of pressure with height is not constant.
(iii) From the equation of state ; P/ = RT/M

25. (a,b,c,d) Using the law of fluid static and the equation of state, we can write.
RT/M d/dh = - g or d/ = - Mg/RT dh, Integrating both the sides, we get n = - Mgh/T + C
At h = 0,  =  , therefore, C = n 0 or  =  0e Mgh/Rt

26. (b,d) (i) The density of the gas will remain constant if the temperature is decreased at the base and
increased at the top. (ii) Differentiating the equation of state with respect to height ( = constant)
is given by dp/dh = R/M dT/dh, Since dp/dh g, therefore,
- g = R/M dT/dh, or dT/dh = - Mg/R

27. (a,b,c) (i) Process AB : Isobaric expansion, therefore, W > O. (ii) Process BC : Isochoric cooling.
(iii) Process CA : Adiabatic compression, therefore, W < O.
(iv) No heat is rejected in the process CA because it is an adiabatic process.

28. (c,d) (i) The point C lies below the isotherm, therefore, Tc < TA.
P
(ii) Obviously, Tb > TA and Tb > Tc. A
isotherm
B

O C
V
29. (b,c,d) (i) For PV = constant W = 
 = nR/1 - 
 = nRT/1 -
(ii) U = nCvT for any process. (iii) Q = W + U = nRT/1 - + nR/ - 1 T,
or nCT = nRT/1 - + nR/ - 1 T or C = R/1 - + R/ - 1

30. (a,b,c) (i) If = 0 ; pv = const. V0 = constant or p = constant.

(ii) If = ; p1/ v = const. p1/ V = constant or V = constant. (iii) If = ; pv = const.