:

2014

2014
2


" "Status .
.
1662 " "
.



.

.

.

.
.

9 1
9 1-1
9 2-1
10 3-1
10 1-3-1
11 4-1
11 5-1
12 6-1
12 7-1
12 1-7-1
13 8-1
13 9-1
14 10 -1
14 11 -1
14 1 -11 -1
20 2 -11 -1
20 12 -1
21 13 -1
23 14 -1
25 15 -1
28 16 -1
29 17 -1
30

33 2
33 1-2
35 2-2
37 3-2
37 4-2
4
 39 5-2
40 6-2
41


44 3
45 1-3
45 1-1-3
47 2-1-3
49 3-1-3
50 2-3
50 1-2-3
52 2-2-3
56 3-2-3
57 4-2-3
58 3-3
58 1-3-3
59 2-3-3
61 3-3-3
62 4-3-3
62 5-3-3
63 6-3-3
64 7-3-3
67 4-3
67 1-4-3
69 2-4-3
71


74 4
75 1-4
75 1-1-4
75 2-1-4
75 2-4
75 1-2-4
76 1-1 -2 -4
5
 76 3-4
77 1-3-4
78 2-3-4
81 3-3-4
82 4-3-4
82 4-4
82 1-4-4
84 2-4-4
86 5-4
87 1-5-4
89 2-5-4
91 3-5-4
92 6-4
93 7-4
93 1-7-4
93 " " 1-1 -7 -4
94 "" 2-1 -7 -4
97 2-7-4
98


102 5
102 1-5
102 2-5
102 1-2-5
105 ) ( 3-5
105 1-3-5
107 2-3-5
109 )( 4-5
113 5-5
116 6-5
118


121 6
121 1-6
6
 122 2-6
123 1-2-6
123 2-2-6
124 3-2-6
126 4-2-6
128


130 7
130 1-7
130 1-1-7
132 1-1 -1 -7
134 2-7
134 1-2-7
135 ) ( 2-2-7
136 3-2-7
139


141 8
141 1-8
141 2-8
142 1-2-8
142 2-2-8
142 3-8
143 1-3-8
143 2-3-8
143 3-3-8

2
146 1
149 2
151 3
153

-1

8
 .1 -1

) (statistics
...

.


.

...



.
.

.

.

.2 -1 :

(1 .
(2 .
(3 .

9
 (4

. .
(5

.

Nature Of Statistics .3 -1 .

)(
) . (The Science of canting
.

.1-3 -1 :

1 - : Descriptive statistics

.

2 -: Statistical inference
.

10
 . 4 -1

.


.



.....


.




.
.

.5 -1 .

) ( .
.
.

11
 .6 -1

-1

.7 -1

.1-7 -1

y x
yi xi ) ( y
) ( . yi yi y variables
: y .
:

1 :
) ( ) (
) (...... .

2 :
.

) ( :
130,5 170 y

12
 130,5 170
) ( .

) ( :

. .

.8 -1 :

:
.
.
.

: .

.

.9 -1

1 :
.

2 :

.

3 :


.
13


.

.10 -1 :
:

1 :


.

2 : sample

. :

1 .

2 .

.

.11 -1

.1-11 -1 :
.

Simple random sample

.
) (
.

14
 )(1
5 50

:

5 .

- )( Systematic sample
.

.
) (k ) (k
.
) (k

k = N/n
: n : N

: 2
1000 100
.k
:
k = N/n
= 1000 / 100 = 10

15
 : 3
100 1260 .
:
k = N/n
= 1260 / 100 = 12.6

.13

:4
200 4000
:
(1 : k
k = N/n
= 4000 / 200 = 20

(2 20 .8

(3 k
8 , 8 +20 , 8 + 20 + 20 , 8 + 20 + 20 + 20 + ...
8 , 28 , 48 , 68 , ... , 388.

:5

12500
350 .

:
k = N/n
= 12500 / 350
16
 = 35.7
35
: 18
18 , 53 , 88 , 123 , ...

:

.

: N
: Ni ).(i
: ni ).(i
: n .

N = N1 + N2 + N3 + ... + Nk
n = n1 + n2 + n3 + ... + nk

) (i
17
 ni = Ni n
N

: 6
10000 4 :
. 1500 , 4000 , 3500 , 1000 400
.
:
n = 400 N = 10000
N4 = 1500 N3 = 4000 N2 = 3500 N1 = 1000

n1 = N1 n = 1000 400 = 40
N 10000

n2 = N2 n = 3500 400 = 140

N 10000

n3 = N3 n = 4000 400 = 160

N 10000

n4 = N4 n = 1500 400 = 60
N 10000
n = 40 + 140 + 160 + 60
= 400
.

: 7
.
1000 . 100 .
18
 .
Group No. Of companies
Financial 300
Diversified 200
Commercial banking 200
Retailing 100
Transportation 100
Utilities 100
Total 1000

:
n = 100 N = 10000
N6 = 100 N5 = 100 N4 = 100 N3 = 200 N2 = 200 N1 = 300

n1 = N1 n = 300 100 = 30
N 1000
n2 = N2 n = 200 100 = 20
N 1000
n3 = N3 n = 200 100 = 20
N 1000
n4 = N4 n = 100 100 = 10
N 1000
n5 = N5 n = 100 100 = 10
N 1000
n6 = N6 n = 100 100 = 10
N 1000

n = 30 + 20 + 20 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 100

19
 :

: 8
.

:

. .

.2-11 -1 :
.

:
) (
.


.

:
.

.12 -1 :

1 :
.
.

20
 -2 : )(
) ( .

.13 -1

-1 :
.
-2 :

.
-3 :


.

- :
.

150 2000
180 2001

200 2002

250 2003
780

21
 :
.

2500
2000
2200
1800
8500

:
.....

185 3000
95 3500
70 5000
20 5000
370

:
.

123
77
200

22
 Frequency Distribution .14 -1

) (class x
.
. .

: .

: .

:
.

: .

: 1+

: .

: fi
.

: .

L :

-1

L xL xs

:
L :
xL :
xs :

-2
23
 T .R
L
m

= R.T = m

-3 = ) (

-4 :

: T.R

T .R XL XS 1

= LX

= SX

: X

L.L U .L
X
2

:
L.L
U.L
: m :

m 1 3 .322 log n

m 2 .5 4
n

= n :

24
 .15 -1

-1 : .

5 60-62
15 63-65
45 66-68
27 69-71
8 72-74
100

-2 ) ( :
:

: .

: .

71-80 61-70 51-60

30 4 6 20 121-140
52 10 40 2 141-160
18 10 6 2 161-180
100 24 52 24
25
 )(1

)( 67,55,65.70,75,60,89,83,65,56,49,65,49,48,69,62,72,45,56,74,

) (45-89 -1
-2
-3
-4

-1

= 1+

T .R XL XS 1 89 45 1 45
-2

m 1 3 .322 log n 1 3 .322 log 20 5 .32 5

:

5 m 2 .5 n 2 .5 4 20 2 .5 2 .114 5 .28 5
4

-3

T . R 45
L 9
m 9

class fi fi
40-49 4
50-59 3
60-69 7
70-79 4
80-89 2
Total 20 20

26
 : :

-1
-2
:

40 50

50 60

60 70

40-

50-

60-

70 -

-3 :

40 50

50 60

60 70

40-

50-

60-

70-


:

-
-
- ) (
27
 .16 -1

) : (2 x y

X 2 , 10 , 11 , 4 , 20 , 15 , 15 , 3

Y 3 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 2 , 10

X 25 , 25 , 20 , 22 , 15 , 20 , 30 , 30 ,

Y 2 ,6 ,5 ,9 , 15 , 12 , 3 , 9

X 35 , 30 , 35 , 31

Y 10 , 12 , 11 , 4

-1 X

T .R XL XS 1 35 2 1 34
:

m 2 .5 4
n 2 .5 4 20 2 .5 2 .114 5 .28 5
:
T .R 34
L 6 .8 7
m 5

-2 Y
-3 :

T .R XL XS 1 15 2 1 14
-4 :

m 1 3 .322 log n 1 3 .322 log 20 5 .31 5

-5 :
T . R 14
L 2 .8 3
m 5
28
 fX fY fiX fi Y
2-8 2-4 3 6
9-15 5-7 5 4
16-22 8-10 4 6
23-29 11-13 2 3
30-36 14-16 6 1
Total 20 20

X 2-8 9-15 16-22 23-29 30-36 Total

Y
2-4 6
5-7 4
8-10 6
11-13 3
14-16 1
Total 3 5 4 2 6 20

.17 -1

. :
.
. Fi

- :
.

) : (3

)( 67,55,65.70,75,60,89,83,65,56,49,65,49,48,69,62,72,45,56,74,

29
 fi F

40-49 4 49 4
50-59 3 59 7
60-69 7 69 14
70-79 4 79 18
80-89 2 89 20
20

- :
.
.
) (3 :

fi F
40-49 4 40 20
50-59 3 50 16
60-69 7 60 13
70-79 4 70 6
80-89 2 80 2
20

/1

/2

/3

/4

/5

/6
30
 /7

/8

/9

/10 :

/11 :

/12

31


32
 .2

:
.
.


. .

.1 -2

. :

-1
-2


-3

): (1 / :

90-100 80-90 70-80 60-70 50-60 40-50 30-40

80 12 20 25 15 5 2 1

33
 :

:
.

) :(2

fi L fi * = f i / L
10-14 5 5 1
15-29 9 15 0.6
30-39 25 10 2.5
40-59 30 20 1.5
60-74 15 15 1
75-100 20 25 0.8
Total 104

fi * = fi / L :

34
 .2 -2 :

:
.

.

) : (3 :

-1

-2

90-100 80-90 70-80 60-70 50-60 40-50 30-40

80 12 20 25 15 5 2 1

35
 :

:

:

-1

-2

36
 .3 -2 :

-1
-2 ) ( ) (

:

.4 -2 :

-1
-2

37

.

) : (4 150 . /

350-400 300-350 250-300 200-250 150-200 100-150 50-100

150 8 13 17 20 25 35 32

100 32
150 67
200 92
250 112
300 129
350 142
400 150

38
 .5 -2 :

-1
-2
.

) : (5 150 . /

350-400 300-350 250-300 200-250 150-200 100-150 50-100

150 8 13 17 20 25 35 32
:

50 150
100 118
150 83
200 58
250 38
300 21
350 8

39
 .6 -2 :

-3
-4
.
-3


.

) : (6 150 .

350-400 300-350 250-300 200-250 150-200 100-150 50-100

150 8 13 17 20 25 35 32

50 100 150
100 150 118
150 200 83
200 250 58
250 300 38
300 350 21
350 400 8

40


/1 :

/2
48 , 38 , 51 , 45 , 56 , 39 , 50 , 71 , 65 , 34 , 51 , 66 , 27 , 73 , 69 , 34 , 43 , 34 , 53 , 54 , 71 ,
91 , 44 , 53 , 36 , 49 , 56 , 45 , 64 , 59 , 41 , 58 , 76 , 52 , 57 , 69 , 81 , 46 , 34 , 41 , 62 , 49 ,
43 , 55 , 79 , 66 , 87 , 81 , 70 , 67 , 55 , 53 , 84 , 52 , 56 , 44 , 51 , 65 , 76 , 52 , 54 , 33 , 95 ,
54 , 61 , 52 , 95 , 40 , 57 , 35 , 53 , 60 , 55 , 64 , 42 , 69 , 57 , 47 , 53 , 52 , 61 , 36 , 61 , 54 ,
57 , 80 , 46 , 61 , 54 , 94 , 55 , 85, 73 , 60 , 27 , 44 , 67 , 65 , 62 , 32 , 54

/3 :

120- 110- 100- 90- 80- 70- 60- 50- 40- 30-
129 119 109 99 89 79 69 59 49 39
200 1 3 6 14 29 50 64 24 6 3

41
 /4

95-102 88-95 81-88 74-81 67-74 60-67 53-60 46-53
100 3 5 8 14 21 27 15 7

/5 70
.

56 75 70 66 60 55 65 70 65 56 66 71 62 67 71 61 67 61 70

60 75 69 71 57 69 72 68 57 72 68 65 63 73 66 63 58 73 67

62 72 58 74 60 81 80 74 76 74 73 58 72 94 78 91 85 77 83

77 82 76 62 78 88 64 87 55 79 57 64 79

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6 .

42


43
 .3

:

.

:

Arithmetic mean

Median

Mode

Geometric mean

Harmonic mean

44
 .1-3 :

.
:

.1-1 -3 :

: :
.
n

x i
X i 1
n
) : (1 15
) (

50.2 , 60.9 , 68.3 , 59.2 , 58.1 , 62.3 , 65.3 , 52.9 , 61.5 , 63.2 , 59.1 , 69.3 , 64.2
, 65.2 , 56.6

:
n

x i
50 . 1 60 . 9 59 . 2 58 . 1 62 . 3 65 . 3 52 . 9 ... 56 . 6
X i 1

n 15
916 . 3
61 . 087 kg
15

50.2 , 52.9 , 56.6 , 58.1 , 59.1 , 59.2, 60.9 , 61.9 , 62.3 , 63.2 , 64.2 , 65.2 , 68.3
, 69.3

: ) (

45
 . A
di :

X A di
n
:

= A

= di

d i xi A

) : (2 15
) (
50.2 , 60.9 , 68.3 , 59.2 , 58.1 , 62.3 , 65.3 , 52.9 , 61.5 , 63.2 , 59.1 , 69.3 , 64.2
, 65.2 , 56.6
-1 A A 61.5
-2 di Xi-A di
-3 di
di = xi - A
d1 = 50.2 61.5 = - 11.3 d9 = 61.5 - 61.5 = 0
d2 = 60.9 61.5 = - 0.6 d10 = 63.2 61.5 = 1.7
d3 = 68.3 61.5 = 6.8 d11 = 59.1 61.5 = - 2.4
d4 = 59.2 61.5 = - 2.3 d12 = 69.3 61.5 = 7.8
d5 = 58.1 61.5 = - 3.4 d13 = 64.2 61.5 = 2.7
d6 = 62.3 61.5 = 0.8 d14 = 65.2 65.5 = - 0.3
d7 = 65.3 61.5 = 3.8 d15 = 56.6 61.5 = - 4.9
d8 = 52.9 61.5 = - 8.6
di = - 5

46
 -4

X A d i

X A
d i
61 . 5
5
61 . 5 0 . 333 61 . 833
n 15

.2-1 -3 :

X
f x i i

f i

= fi

= Xi

-1
-2
-3 ) * (

) (3 63

100-110 90-100 80-90 70-80 60-70 50-60

63 5 10 14 16 10 8

47
 :

)(fi )(Xi fi Xi
50-60 8 55 440
60-70 10 65 650
70-80 16 75 1200
80-90 14 85 1190
90-100 10 95 950
100-110 5 105 525
63 4955

X
f x i i

f i

X
f x i i

4950
78 . 65
f i 63

di = Xi - A

Xi :

X A
fd i i

f i

-1 Xi
-2 A
-3 di
-4 di fi
-5 ) * (
-6
48
 : :

-1
-2
-3 :

) (4 63

100-110 90-100 80-90 70-80 60-70 50-60

63 5 10 14 16 10 8

fi )(Xi di = Xi - A fi di
50-60 8 55 55 75 = - 20 -160
60-70 10 65 65 75 = -10 -100
70-80 16 75 75 75 = 0 0
80-90 14 85 85 75 = 10 140
90-100 10 95 95 75 = 20 200
100-110 5 105 105 75 = 30 175
63 230

X A
f d i i
75
230
78 . 65
f i 63

: 75

. 3 -1 -3

:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .

.
.1 .
.2 .
.3

49
 .2 -3 Median

.
17, 6 , 9, 5 , 2
2 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 17 6

.1-2 -3

- :
n 1
T
2

:
= T n

-1
-2 :
n 1
T
2
-3 )(2

) - (5

134 , 78 , 204 , 63 , 12 , 189 , 152 .

12 , 63 , 78 , 134 , 152 , 189 , 204

204 , 189 , 152 , 134 , 78 , 63 , 12

50


n 1 7 1
T 4
2 2

Me = 134

- ) (n

n n
T ; T 1
2 2
) - (6 :
152 , 189 , 12 , 63 , 204 , 78 , 134 , 7
:
7, 12 , 63 , 78 , 134 , 152 , 189 , 204 .

n 8
T 4
2 2
78
n 8
T 1 1 5
2 2
134
:
78 134 212
Me 106
2 2
204 , 189 , 152 , 134 , 78 , 63 , 12 , 7 :
n 8
T 4
2 2
51
 134
n 8
T 1 1 5
2 2
78
:
134 78 212
Me 106
2 2

.2-2 -3 :

- ) (

) : (Discrete Variables
:
5
.... .
.

-1

T
fi

2
fi :
-2 ) (
-3

52
 ): (7

20-22 17-19 14-16 11-13 8-10 5-7 2-4

80 8 11 14 20 12 9 6

)(fi )(Fi
2-4 6 4 6
5-7 9 7 15
8-10 12 10 27
11-13 20 13 47
14-16 14 16 61
17-19 11 19 72
20-22 8 22 80
80

T
fi

80
40 :
2 2

2747

) (11-13

47

12 :

11 13
Me 12
2

): (Continuous Variables
: ) (

53
 ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( .

fi
FK 1
Me L K 2 hK
FK FK 1

= Me

= Lk

fi =

= Fk-1

= Fk

= hk

-1
-2

T
fi
2
-3
-4

fi
FK 1
Me L K 2 hK
FK FK 1

54
 ) - (8 :

)(fi )(Fi
50-60 8 60 8
60-70 10 70 18
70-80 16 80 34
80-90 14 90 48
90-100 10 100 58
100-110 5 110 63
110-120 2 110 65
65

T
fi

65
32 . 5
2 2

) ( 70 80 ) 18 ( 34

fi
FK 1
Me L K 2 hK
FK FK 1

L K 70 ; f i 65 ; F K 34 ; F K 1 18 ; h K 10

fi
FK 1
65
18
2 2 145
Me L K h K 70 10 70 79 . 63
FK FK 1 34 18 16

) : (1

55


) : (2 :

F K 1 T
Me L K hK
F K F K 1

) : (3
.

.3-2-3

T
fi
2 -1 .

-2

) (

.
70
60
50
40

30
25.6
20
10
1 212 316 420 24
5 28
6 327 368 409 10

.
56
 70
60
50
40

30
20 25.6

10
1 212 316 420 24
5 28
6 327 368 409 10

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
1 212 316 420 24
5 28
6 327 368 409 10

. 3 -2 -3

-1 .
-2 .
-3

| x Med | | x a | , a Med . :

-1 .
-2 nominal

57
 .3 -3 Mode

) (

.1 unimodal
Bimodal .2
.3 multi- modal
.

)
( .

.1-3 -3

) : (9

3, 4 , 5 , 6 , 2 , 3

2,3,3,3,4,5,6

: 3 .

:
.

) : (10

2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 19

) : (11

2 , 4 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 2 , 5 , 4 , 6

58
2 , 2 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12

4 2

.2-3 -3

:
.

) (

-1 fk ) ( hk
-2 fk-1
-3 fk+1
-4 ) ( Lk
-5 :
f K f k 1
Mo L K hK
( fK f K 1 ) f K f K 1

1
2 :

1 f K f K 1 ; 2 f K f k 1 f K f K 1

1
Mo L K hK
1 2

= Mo

= Lk

= fk

= fk-1
59
 = fk+1

= hk

) : (12

120 -110 110 -100 100-90 90-80 80 -70 70 -60 60-50

65 2 5 10 14 16 10 8

)(fi
50-60 8
Fk-1
60-70 10
70-80 16 fk

80-90 14 Fk+1
90-100 10
100-110 5
110-120 2 -1 fk 16
65 ) (70-80
) Fk-1 -2 10
) Fk+1 -3 14
Lk -4 70
hk -5 10
-6
f K f k 1
Mo L K hK
( fK f K 1 ) f K f K 1

16 10 60
Mo 70 10 70 77 . 5
(16 10 ) 16 14 8

) : (1

60
 ) : (2 .
*fi

) : (13

fi L * fi

5-10 2 5 2 / 5 = 0.4

10-15 6 5 6 / 5 =1.2

15-25 10 10 10 / 10 = 1

25-35 22 10 22 / 10 = 2.2

35-50 27 15 27 / 15 = 1.8

50-60 11 10 11 / 10 = 1.1

Total 68

f K f k 1
Mo L K hK
( fK f K 1 ) f K f K 1

2 .2 1 1 . 2 10 12
Mo 25 10 25 25 32 . 5
( 2 . 2 1) 2 . 2 1 . 8 1 .2 0 .4 1 .6

.3-3 -3

)
( .

a c b d
.

61
 ): (14

90-100 80-90 70-80 60-70 50-60 40-50 30-40

80 12 20 25 15 5 2 1

.4-3 -3

-1 .

-2 .

-1 .

-2 .

.5-3 -3

) (

:

- = ) 3 - (

62
 .

. 6 -3 -3

:
= = .
) ( :
< <
) ( :
> >

63


)(15

10 5
:
115 123 119 123 124 119 123 121 123 121
: .

-1 :

x 1211
x 121.1
n 10
-2 :
(n 1) / 2 (10 1) / 2 5.5 :

= 10 . = ) (6 , 5
121 123 244
Med 122
2 2
-3 :
: 123
Mod 123

64
 : > > .

)(16
100 .
50- 70 70-90 90-110 110-130 130-150 150-170 170 190

8 15 28 20 15 8 6 100

:
-1 .
-2 .

-1 .
: x

f.x
f x
50 70 8 60 480
70 90 15 80 1200
90 110 28 100 2800
110 - 130 20 120 2400
130 - 150 15 140 2100
150 170 8 160 1280
170 - 190 6 180 1080
100 11340
fx 11340
x 113.4 R.S
f 100
65
 : Med

(n/2 =100/2 =50) :

.



50 0
70 8
90 f1 23 (50 )
110 f1 51
130 71
150 86
170 94
190 100
:
n
50 , f1 23 , f 2 51 , A 90 , L 110 90 20
2
:
n
f1
2 50 23
Med A L 90 20
f 2 f1 51 23
27 540
90 20 90 90 19.286 109.3 R.S
28 28

: Mod

= 28 ). (90 - 110

d 2 28 20 8 , d1 28 15 13 :

L 110 90 20 : A 90 :
:
d1 13 260
Mod A L 90 20 90 102.4 R.S
d1 d 2 13 8 21

66
 . .7 -3 -3

:
Mod 1024 : Med 109.3 : x 113.4 :
. : < <
:

.4 -3 ) geometric mean (G ):harmonic mean (H

-1 indexes

-2 ratios

-3 rates

-4 :

Geometric Mean .1-4 -3

: :-

) (x x , x , , x ) (n
1 2 n

67
 1
G n ) X 1 . X 2 . X 3 . X n ( X 1 X 2 X 3 ,..., X n n

n
1 1
G Log ( X 1 X 2 X 3 ,..., X n ) Log
n n
X
i 1
i

) :(17 200 1995 350

2000 :

G n X 1 F1 X 2 F 2 . . . X n F n 200000 350000 264575

: :-

X , X , ,X F1 , F2 , F3
1 2 n

G n X 1 F1 X 2 F2 . . . X n Fn

LogG
F LogX
F

) (18

40-30 30-20 20-10 10-0

20 4 3 8 5

68

Log X F . Log X
F Xi
0 10 5 5 Log 5 = 0.699 5 x 0.699 = 3.495
10 20 8 15 Log 15 = 1.176 15 x 1.176 = 9.408

20 30 3 25 Log 25 = 1.397 25 x 1.397 = 4.191

30 40 4 35 Log 35 = 1.544 35 x 1.544 = 6.176

Total 20 23.27

LogG
F LogX 23 . 27
1 . 16
F 20

G 14 . 58

Harmonic mean . 2 -4 -3
:
:

n
n 1 1 1
H n
or
1

H n i 1 X
i 1 Xi
) : (19 2 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 8 :

n 7 7
H n
4 . 17
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 68

i 1 Xi

2 5 3 4 7 8 8

) : (20 3 5 6 6 7 10 12 ::
69
 H= 5.28

:
X1, X2, ,Xn
f1,f2,,fn

H
fi
fi
X i
)(21 100

17.5 22.5 12.5 17.5 7.5 12.5 2.5 7.5

/
100 10 20 50 20

1/X f*1/X
f Xi
2.5 7.5 20 5 1 / 5 = 0.2 20 * 0.2 = 4
7.5 12.5 50 10 1 / 10 = 0.1 50 * 0.1 = 5

12.5 17.5 20 15 1 / 15 = 0.0.67 20 * 0.067 = 1.34

17.5 22.5 10 20 1 / 20 = 0.05 10 * 0.05 = 0.5

Total 100 10.84

f 100
H i 9 . 25 Km / h
f 10 . 84
i
X
i

70

/ /1

/ 2

/ 3

/ 4

/ 5

/ 6

/ 7
/8 12
) (

3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 9 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 7 , 5 .

/9 75
) (

20-22 17-19 14-16 11-13 8-10 5-7 2-4

75 4 8 10 13 20 12 8

/10 9
:

63 , 55 , 62 , 53 , 70 , 68 , 65 , 79 , 80

/11 12

20 , 22 , 19.5 , 26 , 24 .5 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 18 , 20 , 23 , 25
71
 /12 80
) (
220-240 200-220 180-200 160-180 140-160 120-140 100-120
80 6 12 18 20 14 7 3

/13 50

190-200 180-190 170-180 160-170 150-160

50 6 9 15 12 8

/14

32-30 29-27 26 -24 23-21 20-18 17-15

50 4 8 11 13 9 5

/15

2 , 12 , 5 , 10 , 4 , 3 , 7

/16

50-44 44-38 38-32 32 -26 26-20 20-14

40 4 7 10 3 9 7

72


73
 -4

- :
) ( .

) (1 9

7, 8 , 9 , 10 , 11. :

X x

7 8 9 10 11

45
9
n 5 5

3, 6, 9, 12, 15 :

X
x

3 8 9 10 11

45
9
n 5 5

: 1 , 5 , 9 , 13 , 17

X
x

1 5 9 13 17

45
9
n 5 5

18 I 17 I 16I 15I 14I 13

I 12
I I I I I I I6 I 5 I 4 I 3 I 2 I 1
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

18
18
I 17
I I16 I
17 16 15
4I1 13
I I 11I 10
14 13 12 11 10
I 9I 8I
8
7I
7
I
6
5I
5
4I
4
3I 2I
2
I1
1
I

18
I I 16
I 15
I 14
I I 12
I 11
I 10
I I 8I 7I 6I I 4I 3I 2I I
I

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

74
 .1 -4

-1
-2

.1-1 -4 :
) ....( .

.2-1 -4 :
.

.2 -4

- Range

2 Quartile Deviation

3 Variance

4 Standard Deviation

- 5 Coefficient of Variation

.1-2 -4 :

. xL xs
:

R XL XS

:
U L

=
R U L
75
 )(1

2 , 5 , 3 , 8 , 7 , 10 , 9 , 12 , 15

R X L X S 15 2 13

) (2

40-48 32-40 24-32 16-24 8-16

62 3 6 8 25 20

R U L 48 8 40


.

.1-1-2-4

-:

- 1
- 2 .
: :
-1 .
- 2
-3
- 4 .

.3 -4

) (

76
 ) (
) ( ) ( .

. ) ( Q1 Q3 Q.D
:

Q 3 Q1
Q .D
2

.1-3 -4

) (
.

) ( = 4 /

n
T .Q 1 :
4

T.Q1 n

) ( = ) 3 * ( 4 /

n
T .Q 3 3
4

75%

) (1 :

15 , 10 , 12 , 8 , 2 , 5 , ,7 , 3

77
 -1

2 , 3 ,5 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 15

-2 )(

n 8
T .Q1 2
4 4

) (3

Q1 3

-3 ) (
n 8
T .Q 3 3 3 6
4 4

10

Q 3 10

-4
Q Q1 10 3
Q .D 3
3 .5
2 2

.2-3 -4

) (
.
:
.1
.2 :

T . Q fi
fi
1
4

78
 .3 :

T .Q (
fi
) 3
3
4
.4 :
-
T .Q 1 f K
Q 1 L1 1
hk
fK

Q1
L1

T .Q
fi
T.Q1
1
4
fk-1
fk
hk

-
:
T .Q fK
Q 3 L3 3 1
hk
fK

Q3
L3

T .Q
fi
3 T.Q3
3
4
fk-1
f k ) (
hk
.5 :
Q Q1
Q .D 3
2
79
 : 50

40-50 30-40 20-30 10-20 0-10

50 6 16 15 8 5
:

0-10 5 10 5 Fk-1
10-20 8 20 13 T.Q1
20-30 15 30 28
30-40 16 40 44 T.Q3
40-50 6 50 50
50

T .Q 1
fi

50
12 . 5
4 4
-1

L1 10 ; T .Q 1 12 . 5 ; f k 1 5 ; h k 10 , f k 13

T .Q 1 f K
Q 1 L1 1
hk
fK

12 . 5 5 7 . 5 10
Q 1 10 10 10 19 . 375
13 5 8

-2

T .Q 3
fi
3
50
3 37 . 5
4 4

T .Q fK
Q 3 L3 3 1
hk
fK

80
 37 . 5 28 9 . 5 10
Q 30 10 30 35 . 937
44 28
3
16

Q 3 Q1 35 . 937 19 . 375
Q .D 8 . 2812
2 2

.3-3 -4

.1
.2
.3
.4

:
:
800-1000 600-800 400-600 200-400 0-200
400 45 111 154 72 18

0 100
18 200
90 400
244 600
355 800
400 1000

81
 ) ( 410 ) ( 700

Q 3 Q1 700 410
Q .D 145
2 2



.

.4 -3 -4

. .

.4-4 Variance

.
S2

.1 -4 -4 ) ( 2
x1, x2 ,..., x N :

) 2 ( :

82
 x
2

2

N
. x N :

)(1
15 :

5 13 7 14 12 9 6 8 10 13 14 6 11 12 10

x

2

N

1
x
N
1 1
(5 13 7 ... 12 10) (150) 10
15 15

( x ) 2

83

)(x (x )2
x
5 5-10 = -5 25
13 3 9
7 -3 9
14 4 16
12 2 4
9 -1 1
6 -4 16
8 -2 4
10 0 0
13 3 9
14 4 16
6 -4 16
11 1 1
12 2 4
10 0 0
150 0 130

( x ) 2 130 :
:

2
x u 2
130
8 . 67
N 15
.2 -4 -4 ) ( s 2
2
n
x1 , x2 ,..., xn s2:

84
 x x
2

S 2

n 1
x x x n :
.

)(2
5 .

8 13 10 5 9
.

x x
2

S 2

n 1
:
1 1 1
x x (8 13 10 5 9) (45) 9
n 5 5

x x 2

8 13 10 5 9 45
x
x x -1 4 1 -4 0 0
x x 2 1 16 1 16 0 34

x x 2 34 :
:

s
2 x x 2

34

34
8 .5
n 1 )( 5 1 4

8.5
.
85
 .5 -4 Standard Deviation

8.5 "
8.5 "

.

S tan dard Deviation Variance

)(1
15 :

5 13 7 14 12 9 6 8 10 13 14 6 11 12 10

)( ) ( :

1 2 2
x
N
1
1630 10 2 8 . 67 2 . 94
15

2.94 .
) (

.

86
 .1-5-4 -: :

- :

S
X X 2

): (1

10

56, 68, 72, 63, 65, 68, 71, 69, 62, 56, :

-1

56 68 72 63 65 68 71 69 56
X 65
10
-2

X X X X X 2

56 56 65 = -9 81

68 68 65 = 3 9

72 72 65 = 7 49

63 63 65 = -2 4

65 65 65 = 0 0

68 68 65 = 3 9

71 71 65 = 6 36

69 69 65 = 4 16

62 62 65 = -3 9

56 56 65 = -9 81

Total 294

87
 - 3

S
X X 2

S
X X 2

294
29 . 4 5 . 422
n 10

) ( :
X 2

X 2

n
S
n
): (2
10
56, 68, 72, 63, 65, 68, 71, 69, 62, 56, :
-1 : -2 -3

X X2
56 3136

68 4624

72 5184

63 3969

65 4225

68 4624

71 5041

69 4761

62 3844

56 3136

X 650 X 2
42544

88
 X 2
650 2
X 2

n
42544
10 294
S 29 . 4 5 . 422
n 10 10

.2-5 -4

-1 ) : (

S

f i X i X
2

fi

fi
) (Xi-

:
-1 Xi

X
f X i i

-2 f
i

-3 X X
i

-2
-3
-4
-5

)(1

8-10 6-8 4-6 2-4 0-2

50 5 10 20 10 5

) (2
89
 X
f i X i

250
5
fi 50

Fi Xi Fi Xi )(Xi - (Xi -)2 Fi(Xi -)2

0 -2 5 1 5*1=5 1 -5= - 4 42=16 5*16=80
2 -4 10 3 30 -2 4 40
4 -6 20 5 100 0 0 0
6 -8 10 7 70 2 4 40
8 -10 5 9 45 4 16 80
50 250 40 240

)(5

S

f i X i X 2

240
4 . 8 2 . 19
fi 50

- :

f X i
2

f fi X 2
i

f
2 2 i
X X fi
S i i
i i

fi fi fi

) (

)(2


8-10 6-8 4-6 2-4 0-2
50 5 10 20 10 5

-1
-2
-3
-4
90
 -5
:
)(1 ) (2 )(3 )(4
fi Xi fi Xi Xi2 fi Xi2
0 -2 5 1 5*1=5 12=1 5*1=5
2-4 10 3 30 9 10*9=90
4 -6 20 5 100 25 500
6 -8 10 7 70 49 490
8 -10 5 9 45 81 405
50 250 1490
)(5

f X 2
250 2
fi X 2
i i

1490
i
fi 50
S
fi 50
1490 1250 240
4 . 8 2 . 19
50 50

.3-5 -4

-1

-1

-2

-3

-4

-2

-1

-2

-3 .

91
 .6 -4 Coefficient of Variation

) ( 100 )( C .V

S
C .V
X

Q Q
C .V 3 1
Q 3 Q 1

99 - 90 89 - 80 79 - 70 69 - 60 59 - 50 49 - 40
40 1 2 11 15 9 2

S
C .V
X
S 10 . 67 ; X 65 . 75
S 10 . 67
C .V 0 . 167
X 65 . 75

Q Q
C .V 3 1
Q 3 Q 1

92
 Q 1 58 . 39 ; Q 3 73 . 14

Q Q 73 . 14 58 . 39
C .V 3 1
0 . 111
Q 3 Q 1 73 . 14 58 . 39

.7 -4 Measures of Shape
:
.1-7 -4 Skewness
Symmetric

.1-1-7 -4 " " Person

:
= ) 3 (

"" .

3 Mean Median 3 X Med

S tan dard Deviation S

Med S x ) ( ""

:
-1 ) = ( ) ( 0
.
-2 ) < ( ) ( 0
.
-3 ) > ( ) ( 0
.

93


.2-1-7 -4 ""

100
15 ) ( v15

15% p ) (v p
:
) x(1) x( 2) ... x( n .1 :

p
. R ( n 1) .2 :
100
.3 R ) ) .( v15 x( R

.4 R ) (v p :

p xl R l xu xl

v p v100 p v 50
20 80
:

:
.1 ) (v80 ) (v50 ) (v 20 ) (v50

94
 .
.2 ) (v80 ) (v50 ) (v 20 ) (v50
.
.3 ) (v80 ) (v50 ) (v 20 ) (v50
.
.

100 p 50 50 p
p ,100 p
100 p p

v p v50 v100 p :
( v 25 Q1 ) 25 75

) ( v75 Q3 :

q
Q3 Q2 Q2 Q1
Q3 Q1

8 .

66 85 52 78 80 91 74 58

-1 : " " .
-2 .

-1 "" .
) (2 -5 :
-1 :

95
 x 584 , x 2 43890
x x2
:
66 4356
x 584 73
x
85 7225 n 8
52 2704
78 6084 x 2 x 2 n
s
2
43890 (584 ) 8
80 6400 n 1 8 1

91 8281 1258 179 .71428 13 .406

7
74 5476
58 3364
584 43890
-2 :
(n+1)/2=(8+1)/2=4.5 :

52 58 66 74 78 80 85 91
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2.25 4.5 6.75

Med 74 0.5(78 74) 76

-3 ""
)3(73 76
s.c 3( x Med ) 0.67
S 13.406
.

-2 .
:
-1 .
(n+1)/4=(8+1)(1/4)=2.25 :

96

Q1 58 (2.25 2)(66 58) 60

-2 .
(n+1)/(3/4)=(8+1) (3/4)=6.75 :

Q3 80 (6.75 6)(85 80) 83.75
-3 ) (
Med (Q2 ) 76
:
) (Q3 Q2 ) (Q2 Q1 ) (83 .75 76 ) (76 60
q
) (Q3 Q1 ) (83 .75 60
8.25
0.35
23 .75
.

.2-7 -4 Kurtosis
.



:

97
 ) (K :

x x
1 4

K n
S4

( x x ) 4 n s .
3
:
.1 k=3 .
.2 k>3 .
.3 k<3 )( .

8 .

66 85 52 78 80 91 74 58

:
x 73 ) ( 1 -5 :
x 66 85 52 78 80 91 74 58 584
)(x x -7 12 -21 5 7 18 1 -15 0
(x x)2 49 144 441 25 49 324 1 225 1258
(x x)4 2401 20736 194481 625 2401 104976 1 50625 376246

:
( x x ) 2 1258
s 13.406
n 1 7
1 1
n
( x x ) 2 (376246) 47030.75
8
:
47030.75 47030.75
K 4
1.456
)(13.406 )(32299.58

98

/1 |

/2 :

/3

/4

/5

/6

/7

/8

7 , 8 , 11 , 10 , 4 , 3 , 5 , 6

7 , 9 , 12 , 16 , 8, 4 , 5 , 7

/9 50

80-85 75-80 70-75 65-70 60-65 55-60 50-55

50 2 4 4 16 11 5 8

/10

2 , 7, 9 , 3, 10 , 12 , 22 , 4 , 8 , 20 , 19 , 18 , 17 , 5 , 21 , 23

/11

100-110 90-100 65-90 50-65 30-50 10-30 0-10

60 2 9 12 15 13 6 3

/12 ) (

19 , 13 , 15 , 12 , 10 , 9

99
 /13

70-80 60-70 50-60 40-50 30-40 20-30 10-20

300 15 35 85 68 42 30 25

/14 :

-1

-2
-3

-4
-5

39 - 33 33 - 27 27 - 21 21 - 15 15 - 9 9-3
40 1 3 6 8 12 10

100


101
 Correlation -5

)( )(

.

.1 -5 :
-
-
-
.2 -5 : .

1+ 1 -
) (
. . r y

.1-2 -5

.1 ) ( :

r y X i X . y y

X X . y y
2 2
i

r y X Y

Xi yi

: ) (X )(Y

2, 2 , 5 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 3 , 5 , 4 , X

3, 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 6 , 8 , 6 , Y

102
 :

1 X Y

3 X Y

X
X i

36
4 ; Y
Y i

63
7
n 9 n 9
Xi ) ( Xi - ( Xi - )2 Yi ) ( Yi - ( Yi - )2 ) ( Xi - ) . ( Yi -

2 2 4 = -2 4 3 -4 16 -2 .-4=8

2 -2 4 5 -2 4 4

5 1 1 7 0 0 0

4 0 0 8 1 1 0

5 1 1 9 2 4 2

6 2 4 11 4 16 8

3 -1 1 6 -1 1 1

5 1 1 8 1 1 1

4 0 0 6 -1 1 0

36 0 16 63 44 24

r y
X i
X . Y Y

24
0 .905
X X . Y Y 16 44
2 2
i

.2 :

103
 n . X i yi X y
r i i

[n . X i ( X i ) 2 ] ] .[ n . y y
2 2 2
i i

: ) (X ) (y

X 200 , 300 , 400 , 600 , 900

Y 180 , 270 , 320 , 480 , 700

-1 X

-2 y

-3 Xy

-4 x2 y2

Xi yi Xi yi Xi2 yi2

200 180 36000 40000 32400

300 720 81000 90000 72900

400 320 128000 160000 102400

600 480 288000 360000 230400

900 700 630000 810000 490000

2400 1950 1163000 1460000 928100

n . X i yi X y
r i i

[n . X i ( X i ) 2 ] ] .[ n . y y
2 2 2
i i

104
 51163000 2400 1950
r
5 1460000 2400 .5 928100 1950
2 2

5815000 4680000
r
7300000 5760000 . 4640500 3802500

1135000 1135000
r 0 .999
1540000 . 838000 1136010 . 5

.3 -5 ) (

.
)
( .
.
.

.1-3 -5 : )
(

6. d i2
r y 1

n. n 2 1
:

Di = Xi-yi Xi yi

6. X i yi
2

r y 1

n. n 2 1
105
 : 6

-1
:

6 5 4 3 2 1

-1 X y
-2 di ) (Xi yi
-3 di ) (Xi yi
-4 di di2
-5 .

X y ) di = (Xi yi d i2

1 1 2 -1 1

2 6 5 1 1

3 4 4 0 0

4 3 1 2 4

5 2 3 -1 1

6 5 6 -1 1

Total 8

6. d i2 68 48
r y 1 1 1 1 0.228 0.772

n. n 2 1 6.36 1 210

106
 .2-3 -5

)(

m(m2-1)\12 di2 m
di2 . X. y

X :

y :

.1 X
.2 ) ( X
.3 y
.4 y
.5 di ) (Xi yi
.6 di di2
.7 X y
m(m2-1)\12
.1
.2 :

107
 ) 6 . ( d i2 t
r y 1

n . n2 1
X y di d i2

X X y y

1 7 1 5 2 4

2 4 2 7.5 -3.5 12.25

3 9 3 7.5 1.5 2.25

4 4 4 2.5 1.5 2.25

5 10 5 9 1 1

6 1 6 2.5 -1.5 2.25

7 2 7 1 1 1

8 4 8 5 -1 1

9 7 9 5 2 4

10 7 10 10 -3 9

39

: X 3 m = 3

m(m2-1)\12 = 3(32-1)\12 = 24\12 = 2

m(m2-1)\12 = 3(9-1)\12 = 24\12 = 2

: y m = 2

m (m2-1)\12 = 2(22-1)\12 = 2(4-1)\12 = 6\12 = 0.5

108
 3 m = 3

3(32-1)\12 = 3*8 \12 = 24\12 = 2

m = 2

2(22-1)\12 = 2*3 \12 = 6\12 = 0.5

2 + 2 + 0.5 + 2 + 0.5 = 7

) 6 . ( d i2 t 6 . 39 7 6 46
r y 1 1 1 0.2787 0.721

n . n2 1
10 . 10 2 1 1
990

.4 -5 )(

) ( K )
( m . Km fi
) (X fj ) (y :

Xi ) X(

Yi ) y(

fi X

fj y

Li X

Lj y

A X

B y

109


Xi A
Ui
Li

yj B
Uj
Lj

Ui fi Ui fi

Uj fj Uj fj

Ui2 fi Ui fi

Uj2 fj Uj fj

Ui Vj fij Ui Vj i X j y

n n = fj =fi
X y :

U f i . V j f
k m
n U i V j f ij i j
r y
n

k
U i
2
fi k
U i fi . n
2 m
V j
2
f j m
Vj f j
2

100 X y
Xy

110
 y
30- 40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 fi
X

40-50 2 4 6 12

50-60 3 6 7 1 17

60-70 1 3 10 4 1 19

70-80 3 5 8 9 25

80-90 2 5 11 18

90-100 1 3 5 9

fj 6 16 31 21 26 100

.1 X
XiA
Ui .2 Ui
Li
.3 Ui fi
.4 Ui fi
.5 y
Yj B
Vi .6 Vj
Lj

.7 Vj fj
.8 Vj f i
.9 U i .V j . f ij

.10 V i .U i . f ij

111
 Y 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 fi Xi Ui Uifi Ui2fi UiVjfij
X
2 4 6 12 45 -2 -24 48 16
40-50 8 8 0 0

8 8 0 0 0

50-60 3 6 7 1 17 55 -1 17 17 11
6 6 0 -1

60-70 1 3 10 4 1 19 65 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
70-80 3 5 8 9 25 75 1 25 25 23
0 -3 0 8 18

80-90 2 5 11 18 85 2 36 72 54
0 0 0 10 44

90-100 1 3 5 9 95 3 27 81 39
0 0 0 9 30
fj 6 16 31 21 26 100 47 234 143

Yj 35 45 55 65 75

Vj -2 -1 0 1 2

Vjfj -12 -16 0 21 25 45

Vj2fj 24 16 0 21 104 156

VjUifij 14 11 0 26 92 143

U f i . V j f
k m
n U i V j f ij i j
r y
n

k
U i
2
fi k
U i fi . n
2 m
V j
2
f j m
Vj f j
2

100 143 47 . 45
r y 0 . 657
100 243 47 2 .100 156 45 2

112
 Coefficient of Association .5 -5

:
2*2 . Xi yi
2*2 :

y Y1 Y2
X

X1 f11 f12 f1

X2 f21 f22 f2

f.1 f.2 n

X y :

f 11 f 22 f 12 f 21
C.A
f 11 f 22 f 12 f 21

=
+
+1 -1

)(1

113
 :

f11 f12
40 50 90

f21 f22
50 60 110

90 110 200

C .A
f 11 f 22 f 12 f 21

40 . 60 50 . 50
f 11 f 22 f 12 f 21 40 . 60 50 . 50
2400 2500 100
0 . 02
2400 2500 4900

)(2

X Y

25 12 37

10 50 60

35 69 97

114
 :

C .A
f 11 f 22 f 12 f 21

25 . 50 12 . 10
f 11 f 22 f 12 f 21 25 . 50 12 . 10
1250 120 1130
0 . 824
1250 120 1370

115
 Coefficient of contingency .6 -5

r 1
C
r

1 f 11
2
f 112 f 122 f 132 f1m 2
r1 .
T 1 .T 1 T 1 .T 2 T 1 .T 3 T 1 .T . m T1 Ti

1 f 21
2
f 122 f 222 f 232 f1m 2
r2 .
T 2 .T 1 T 2 .T 2 T 2 .T 3 T 2 .T . m T2 Ti
r3r4

r r1 r2 r3
:
:

25 12 9 46

10 50 35 95

20 45 40 105

55 107 84 246

.1 r1 :
116
 1 f 11
2
f 112 f 122 f 132 f1m 2
r1 .
T 1 .T 1 T 1 .T 2 T 1 .T 3 T 1 .T . m T1 Ti
2
25 12 2 9 2
r1
46 . 55 46 . 107 46 . 84

625 144 81

2530 4922 3864

0 . 247 0 . 02 0 . 02 0 . 296

1 f 21
2
f 122 f 222 f 232 f1m 2
r2 .
T 2 .T 1 T 2 .T 2 T 2 .T 3 T 2 .T . m T2 Ti
2
10 50 2 35 2
r2 0 . 419
95 . 55 95 . 107 95 . 84
2
20 45 2 40 2
r3 0 . 431
105 . 55 105 . 107 105 . 84

r r1 r2 r3 0.296 0.419 0.431 1.143

r 1 1 . 143 1 0 . 143
C 0 . 125 0 . 354
r 1 . 143 1 . 143

117


/1 y X :

2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , X

0 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 6 , 11 , y

/2 y X

X 2, 2, 5, 4, 5, 6, 3, 5, 4,

y 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 6 , 8 , 6 ,

/3 6

/ 4
) (343

192 113 305

34 4 38

226 117 343

118
 /5
6 . ) . 0.886 : (
X 55 54 56 61 62 63

Y 21906 22300 23100 23203 23203 23600

/6

80 20 5 105

30 40 40 110

10 40 85 135

120 100 130 350

/7 30 :

C ) 0.22 : (

Y

X
6 4 10

7 2 9

6 5 11

19 11 30

119


120
 -6 Time Senes

.1 -6 : ) (
. 1924 1970
.

. .

1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990

190 170 140 180 150 130 160 120

121
 .2 -6 :
:

.1
.2
.3
.4

-1 :
.
.
.

) ( .

)(

- 2 :
....
.
122

.

3 :
) ( .

4 :
.

.1-2 -6

.1
.2
.3

.2-2 -6

. .

1964 , 1963 , 1962 , 1961 , 1960 , 1959 , 1958 , 1957 1956 , 1955 :

7.88 , 7.62 , 7.37 , 7.13 , 6.89 , 6.67 , 6.45 , 6.26 ,6.09 , 5.93 :

)(

) (1959 1955 1957

) (1964- 1960 1962
:

123


X
X i

5.93 6.09 6.26 6.45 6.67
6.28
n 5

X
X i

6.89 7.13 7.37 7.62 7.88
7.38
n 5
) ( ) (
) (

.3-2 -6 :

.
124
 : yi 1990 1998
.

1998 , 1997 , 1996 , 1995 , 1994 , 1993 , 1992 , 1991 , 1990 :

280 , 220 , 230 , 250 , 260 , 220 , 230 , 240 , 210 :

) ( yi

210 1990

226.67 680 240 1991

230 690 230 1992

236.67 710 220 1993

243.33 730 260 1994

246.67 740 250 1995

233.33 700 230 1996

243.33 730 220 1997

280 1998

125
 .4-2 -6

Yi a b . E

a b

b
y E n Y E
i i

E n E 2 2

a Y b E

E
Ei ; Y
yi
n n
126
 : ) ( 98-96 :

280 , 220 , 230 , 250 , 260 , 220 , 230 , 240 , 210 yi

9 , 8 ,7 ,6 ,5 ,4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , Ei

: 1999
2000

Ei yi yi Ei E i2
1 210 210 1

2 240 480 4

3 230 690 9

4 220 880 16

5 260 1300 25

6 250 1500 36

7 230 1610 49

8 220 1760 64

9 280 2520 81

45 2140 10950 285

y i E i

E
Ei 45
5
n 9

Y
y i 2140 237 . 78
n 9

127
 b
y E n Y E 10950 9 5 237 . 78
i i

350
4 . 17
E n E 2
285 9 5
2 2
60

a Y b E 237 . 78 4 . 17 .5 237 . 78 20 . 85 216 . 93

Yi a b . E 216.93 4.17 E
1999 2000
E i :

1999 E 10
Y1999 a b . E 216 .93 4.17 10 258 .63

2000 E 11
Y2000 a b . E 216 .93 4.17 11 262 .8
E I 2004

5 / 2005 E 15.417
Y2000 a b . E 216 .93 4.17 15.417 281 .22

/1 1991 2000

17.8 , 20.4 , 16.1 , 13.8, 12.9, 16.8, 16.9 15.1 , 15.2 ,16.2 :

2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 :

/2 /
1990

81 78 69 77 60 55 46 31 y I
1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 E
128


129
 -7 Index number

.
.

:
.

:
) (
.

: .

.1 -7 :

: Simple index number

: Weighted index number

: .

.

.1-1 -7 Simple index number

*100 .
130

= ----------------------------------

P i
Pi
n
Pi

P
P
n

PO

= * 100 %

Pi
n 100 %
P .I
P
n
:

P .I
Pi
100 %
Pi

) (1993 ) (1969
1993 1969

131


1993 1969

4000 600

700 30

320 32

4390 662

P .I
Pi
100 %
4390
100 % 663 %
Pi 662

663 1969

.1-1-1 -7

qi
qo *100

qi
Q .I 100
q

* 100

V q p : = * V

pi qi
Q .I
p q

132
 pi qi

po qo

(150) 1991 ) (20

1997 ) (250 ) (22 .

: - 1997 1991

1997 1991

1997

- 1991
Pi 1997 22
P .I 100 % 100 % 110 %
P 1991 20

10% 1997
-
q i 1997 250
Q .I 100 % 100 % 166 . 67 %
q 1991 150

66.67% 1997

P .1 Q .I 110 166 . 67
V .I 100 % 100 % 183 . 3 %
100 100

P .1 Q .I 110 166 . 67
V .I 100 % 100 % 183 . 3 %
100 100

133
 .2 -7 :

. .

) (
) (
:

-1 Laspeyers Index
-2 Paasche
-3 )Fisher(

.1-2 -7 :

*
= 100* -----------------------------------------------------
*

P . I ( Las .)
Pi q
100 %
P q

: 1957 , 1939 :
1957 1939

1957 1939 1957 1939
24 18 4 2
12 6 9 4
32 20 3 1
400 250 3 1

134
 *

pi ) ( 1957 . q ) ( 1939 p 1939 .q ) ( 1939

4 18 72 2 18 36

9 6 54 4 6 24

3 20 60 1 20 20

250 3 750 1 250 250

936 330

P . I Las .
Pi q
100 %
936
100 % 284 %
P q 330

)
(

.2-2 -7 ) (

*
*100 =
*

P . I Paa .
Pi q i
100 %
P q i

: 1957 1939 :
1957 1939

1957 1939 1957 1939
24 18 4 2
12 6 9 4
32 20 3 1
400 250 3 1
:

135
 .1 *

.2 *

pi ) ( 1957 . qi ) ( 1957 p 1939 . qi ) ( 1957

24 4 96 2 24 48

12 9 108 12 4 48

32 3 96 32 1 32

400 3 1200 400 1 400

1500 528

P . I Paa .
Pi q i
100 %
1500
100 % 284 %
P q i 528

.3-2 -7

P . I Fis .

piq
. piqi
100 %

p q p q i

P . I Fis .

piq
. piqi
100 %

p q p q i

936 1500
. 100 % 2 . 84 2 . 84 100 % 284 %
330 528

:
136
 qi qo Pi Po

25 20 10 4 1
30 40 5 2 2
20 15 9 6 3
15 10 15 8 4

- )(

pi . q p .q

10 20 200 4 20 80

5 40 200 2 40 80

9 15 135 6 15 90

15 10 150 8 10 80
685 330

P . I Las .
Pi q
100 %
685
100 % 207 %
P q 330

137
 -

pi .qi p .qi

10 25 250 4 25 100

5 30 150 2 30 60

9 20 180 6 20 120

15 15 225 8 15 120
805 400

P . I Paa .
Pi q i
100 %
805
100 % 201 %
P q i 400

P . I Fis .

piq
. piqi
100 %

p q p q i

685 805
. 100 % 2 . 07 2 . 01 100 % 202 %
330 400

138


/1 2000 : 2009

2009 2000

200 70

80 20

900 400

/2 :

2000 2010

2000 10 6000 9
3000 15 8000 10
5000 20 7500 8

-1 :
-2 ) (
-3 ) (
-4 ) (

/3 C B A .2013 2005

(Q1)2013 (Q0)2005 (P1) 2013 (P0) 2005
14 8 18 13 A
12 6 21 16 B
18 10 28 22 C

) (2 (1) :

139


140
 -8

....

.1 -8 :

.
.
.

.2 -8

.
.
.



.
) (
.

1977
. 1965 -1957 1927 . - 1947 1934 1927
. 1934


) ( .
1947

141
 . .
.
. . 1957
1957 . 1965 1967
.
.
.

.1-2 -8

)
... (
.
. .

. .

.2-2 -8

.
.


. .

. .

.3 -8 :

) (1 ) (2 ) (3
.
142
 .1-3 -8

1957
1958 1957
. 1958

= + ) + (

.2-3 -8

d L

L = A+ (n-1) d

= L1

) = N1 + (

= d .

L2

) = N (1+

A2 .

.3-3 -8

L = A *Rn-1

143
 R L1 , A1
) n1 ( 1+

L2

A2

N2 .

4816185 1947 1957 6339960

1964 :

L1= A +(n-1)d

6339960= 486185 + (11-1) d

d= 633990-4816185 /10 = 152378

L2 = 6339960+(8-1)* 152378

L= 6339960 +1066346 = 7406306 1964

L1= A *Rn1-1

6339960= 4816185 * R11*1

R= (6339960 / 4816185 )1/10

)Log R= 1/10 ( Log 6339960- Log 4816185

144
 ) Log R =1/10 (6.8021- 6.6826

LogR = 0.01195

L2 = 1964

L2 = 6339960 * R8-1

Log L2= Log 6339960 +7* Log R

Log L2 = 6.8021 + 0.01195

Log R = 0.01195

Log L2= 6.8021+0.08365 = 6.88575

LogL2 = 7688000 . 1964

145


0.05 0.01 0.001
1 3.84 6.64 10.83
2 5.99 9.21 13.82
3 7.82 11.35 16.27
4 9.49 13.28 18.47
5 11.07 15.09 20.52
6 12.59 16.81 22.46
7 14.07 18.48 24.32
8 15.51 20.09 26.13
9 16.92 21.67 27.88
10 18.31 23.21 29.59
11 19.68 24.73 31.26
12 21.03 26.22 32.91
13 22.36 27.69 34.53
14 23.69 29.14 36.12
15 25.00 30.58 37.70
16 26.30 32.00 39.25
17 27.59 33.41 40.79
18 28.87 34.81 42.31
19 30.14 36.19 43.82
20 31.41 37.57 45.32
21 32.67 38.93 46.80
22 33.92 40.29 48.27
23 35.17 41.64 49.73
24 36.42 42.98 51.18
25 37.65 44.31 52.62
26 38.89 45.64 54.05
146
27 40.11 46.96 55.48
28 41.34 48.28 56.89
29 42.56 49.59 58.30
30 43.77 50.89 59.70
31 44.99 52.19 61.10
32 46.19 53.49 62.49
33 47.40 54.78 63.87
34 48.60 56.06 65.25
35 49.80 57.34 66.62
36 51.00 58.62 67.99
37 52.19 59.89 69.35
38 53.38 61.16 70.71
39 54.57 62.43 72.06
40 55.76 63.69 73.41
41 56.94 64.95 74.75
42 58.12 66.21 76.09
43 59.30 67.46 77.42
44 60.48 68.71 78.75
45 61.66 69.96 80.08
46 62.83 71.20 81.40
47 64.00 72.44 82.72
48 65.17 73.68 84.03
49 66.34 74.92 85.35
50 67.51 76.15 86.66
51 68.67 77.39 87.97
52 69.83 78.62 89.27
53 70.99 79.84 90.57
54 72.15 81.07 91.88
55 73.31 82.29 93.17
56 74.47 83.52 94.47
57 75.62 84.73 95.75
58 76.78 85.95 97.03
147
59 77.93 87.17 98.34
60 79.08 88.38 99.62
61 80.23 89.59 100.88
62 81.38 90.80 102.15
63 82.53 92.01 103.46
64 83.68 93.22 104.72
65 84.82 94.42 105.97
66 85.97 95.63 107.26
67 87.11 96.83 108.54
68 88.25 98.03 109.79
69 89.39 99.23 111.06
70 90.53 100.42 112.31
71 91.67 101.62 113.56
72 92.81 102.82 114.84
73 93.95 104.01 116.08
74 95.08 105.20 117.35
75 96.22 106.39 118.60
76 97.35 107.58 119.85
77 98.49 108.77 121.11
78 99.62 109.96 122.36
79 100.75 111.15 123.60
80 101.88 112.33 124.84
81 103.01 113.51 126.09
82 104.14 114.70 127.33
83 105.27 115.88 128.57
84 106.40 117.06 129.80
85 107.52 118.24 131.04
86 108.65 119.41 132.28
87 109.77 120.59 133.51
88 110.90 121.77 134.74
89 112.02 122.94 135.96
90 113.15 124.12 137.19
148
 91 114.27 125.29 138.45
92 115.39 126.46 139.66
93 116.51 127.63 140.90
94 117.63 128.80 142.12
95 118.75 129.97 143.32
96 119.87 131.14 144.55
97 120.99 132.31 145.78
98 122.11 133.47 146.99
99 123.23 134.64 148.21
100 124.34 135.81 149

0.1 0.05 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005 0.0001 0.00005
0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005 0.0001
2 1.89 2.92 4.30 9.92 14.09 31.60 44.70 100.14
3 1.64 2.35 3.18 5.84 7.45 12.92 16.33 28.01
4 1.53 2.13 2.78 4.60 5.60 8.61 10.31 15.53
5 1.48 2.02 2.57 4.03 4.77 6.87 7.98 11.18
6 1.44 1.94 2.45 3.71 4.32 5.96 6.79 9.08
7 1.41 1.89 2.36 3.50 4.03 5.41 6.08 7.89
8 1.40 1.86 2.31 3.36 3.83 5.04 5.62 7.12
9 1.38 1.83 2.26 3.25 3.69 4.78 5.29 6.59
10 1.37 1.81 2.23 3.17 3.58 4.59 5.05 6.21
11 1.36 1.80 2.20 3.11 3.50 4.44 4.86 5.92
12 1.36 1.78 2.18 3.05 3.43 4.32 4.72 5.70
13 1.35 1.77 2.16 3.01 3.37 4.22 4.60 5.51
14 1.35 1.76 2.14 2.98 3.33 4.14 4.50 5.36
15 1.34 1.75 2.13 2.95 3.29 4.07 4.42 5.24
16 1.34 1.75 2.12 2.92 3.25 4.01 4.35 5.13
17 1.33 1.74 2.11 2.90 3.22 3.97 4.29 5.04

149
18 1.33 1.73 2.10 2.88 3.20 3.92 4.23 4.97
19 1.33 1.73 2.09 2.86 3.17 3.88 4.19 4.90
20 1.33 1.72 2.09 2.85 3.15 3.85 4.15 4.84
21 1.32 1.72 2.08 2.83 3.14 3.82 4.11 4.78
22 1.32 1.72 2.07 2.82 3.12 3.79 4.08 4.74
23 1.32 1.71 2.07 2.81 3.10 3.77 4.05 4.69
24 1.32 1.71 2.06 2.80 3.09 3.75 4.02 4.65
25 1.32 1.71 2.06 2.79 3.08 3.73 4.00 4.62
26 1.31 1.71 2.06 2.78 3.07 3.71 3.97 4.59
27 1.31 1.70 2.05 2.77 3.06 3.69 3.95 4.56
28 1.31 1.70 2.05 2.76 3.05 3.67 3.93 4.53
29 1.31 1.70 2.05 2.76 3.04 3.66 3.92 4.51
30 1.31 1.70 2.04 2.75 3.03 3.65 3.90 4.48
35 1.31 1.69 2.03 2.72 3.00 3.59 3.84 4.39
40 1.30 1.68 2.02 2.70 2.97 3.55 3.79 4.32
45 1.30 1.68 2.01 2.69 2.95 3.52 3.75 4.27
50 1.30 1.68 2.01 2.68 2.94 3.50 3.72 4.23
55 1.30 1.67 2.00 2.67 2.92 3.48 3.70 4.20
60 1.30 1.67 2.00 2.66 2.91 3.46 3.68 4.17
65 1.29 1.67 2.00 2.65 2.91 3.45 3.66 4.15
70 1.29 1.67 1.99 2.65 2.90 3.43 3.65 4.13
75 1.29 1.67 1.99 2.64 2.89 3.42 3.64 4.11
80 1.29 1.66 1.99 2.64 2.89 3.42 3.63 4.10
85 1.29 1.66 1.99 2.63 2.88 3.41 3.62 4.08
90 1.29 1.66 1.99 2.63 2.88 3.40 3.61 4.07
95 1.29 1.66 1.99 2.63 2.87 3.40 3.60 4.06
100 1.29 1.66 1.98 2.63 2.87 3.39 3.60 4.05
200 1.29 1.65 1.97 2.60 2.84 3.34 3.54 3.97
500 1.28 1.65 1.96 2.59 2.82 3.31 3.50 3.92
1000 1.28 1.65 1.96 2.58 2.81 3.30 3.49 3.91
1.28 1.64 1.96 2.58 2.81 3.29 3.48 3.89

150



1 2 3 4 5 6 8 12

1 161 200 216 225 230 234 239 244 254

2 18.5 19.0 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.4 19.4 19.5

3 10.1 9.6 9.3 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.5

4 7.7 6.9 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.0 5.9 5.6

5 6.6 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.4

6 6.0 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.7

7 5.6 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.2

8 5.3 4.5 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.3 2.9

9 5.1 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.7

10 5.0 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.5

11 4.8 4.0 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.4

12 4.8 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.3

13 4.7 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.2

14 4.6 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.1

15 4.5 3,7 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.1

16 4.5 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.0

17 4.5 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.0

18 4.4 3.6 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.3 1.9

19 4.4 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 1.9

20 4.4 3.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 1.8

21 4.3 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 1.8

22 4.3 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.2 1.8

23 4.3 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.8

24 4.3 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.7

25 4.2 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 1.7

26 4.2 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 1.7

27 4.2 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.7

28 4.2 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.7

29 4.2 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.6

151
30 4.2 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.6

40 4.1 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.5

60 4.0 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.4

120 3.9 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.3

3.8 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.0

152


-1 . 1992
153
 . 2000 -2
. 2003 -3
. 1996 -4
. 1989 -5
1970. -6
.1992 -7
. 1968 -8
-
9- D. M. Bates and D. G. Watts (1988), Nonlinear Regression Analysis and Its
Applications. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
10- Richard A. Becker, John M. Chambers and Allan R. Wilks (1988), The New S
Language. Chapman & Hall, New York. This book is often called the Blue
Book.
11- John M. Chambers and Trevor J. Hastie eds. (1992), Statistical Models in S.
Chapman & Hall, New York. This is also called the White Book.
12- John M. Chambers (1998) Programming with Data. Springer, New York. This is
also called the Green Book.
13- A. C. Davison and D. V. Hinkley (1997), Bootstrap Methods and Their
Applications, Cambridge University Press.
14- Annette J. Dobson (1990), An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models,
Chapman and Hall, London.
15- Peter McCullagh and John A. Nelder (1989), Generalized Linear Models.
Second edition, Chapman and Hall, London.
16- John A. Rice (1995), Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis. Second edition.
Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA.
17- S. D. Silvey (1970), Statistical Inference. Penguin, London.6

154