BATUAN DAN

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

MEKANIKA BATUAN - 1

Suseno Kramadibrata
Made Astawa Rai
Ridho K Wattimena
Laboratorium Geomeknika
FIKTM - ITB
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan
Pendahuluan

Over the last decade there has been an unprecedented increase in the development of civil and mining
works, both for surface and underground in Indonesia. The civil work that concerns to the
geomechanics engineers have been mostly associated with tunnelling development. Most of the open
pit mining development has been related to the exploitation of low to medium grade gold, coal deposits,
and to some extents to the expansion of a nickel mine and limestone quarries for cement factories. On
the other hand, underground mining development apparently has been attributed to the expansion of
the existing underground coal mines and development of two underground gold mines.

It is clear that the geomechanics engineers, who are responsible of designing and implementing the
proposed mining method should take account economic considerations as well as safety awareness.
Moreover, design of large rock excavations must rely on many geomechanics parameters, which are
often determined on laboratory as well as insitu tests. Obviously, the data obtained from laboratory tests
are frequently based on relatively small size samples. The insitu tests to determine the direction and
magnitude of insitu stress are very rare to be carried out, as they are very expensive.

Although insitu underground monitoring has been practiced at a number of mines, roof collapse, wall
and floor deformation and support failure still take place. This may relate to inability of the
geomechanics engineers to fully understand the behaviour of the real rock mass condition. And this is
due a limited information could be obtained, either from laboratory tests, insitu tests or field observation.

Problems identified in the open pit mines have apparently been linked to, slope stability of working
bench and outside dump, low bearing capacity and rock breaking efficiency. On the other hand,
problems encountered in the underground mines may be as follows; determination of input parameters
for analysis of an underground opening stability, insitu stress determination, and selection of rock
excavation method.

This paper therefore describes the parameters controlling the stability of open pit and underground
mines. These may be elaborated as follows; the overall geology of Indonesia, tropical weather, the
typical slope and underground opening failures, behaviour of geological materials, laboratory test
procedures and case studies associated with the geomechanics problems in Indonesian mining are
given.
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan Magmatic Belts in Indonesia
 Distribution of Metallic, Non-metallic
Minerals and Coal in Indonesia
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan
 Keunikan Geologi Umum Indonesia
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

There are three interesting geology phenomena of Indonesia. First, about 80 - 90% of Indonesian
land is covered by quarter sediment namely, alluvial, clastic, and pyroclastic sediments resulted
from volcano activities, as well as trass alluvial, and soils resulted from rock weathering. Second,
the rock formation in Indonesia is very young, and third there are many tectonic activities taking
place in Indonesia.

The young rock formation apparently should have not been well compacted, and this particular
rock formation has a very wide range rock types. This rock type is seemingly not quite dense, and
as a results the porosity is relatively higher than that of old rock formation.

About 13% - 17% of the active volcanoes in the world are located in the Indonesian archipelago
and there are 3 volcanoes magmatic belts, stretching from Sumatra to Irian Jaya. As far as the
rock type is concerned, sedimentary rock and rock formation formed from volcanic activities are
dominant in Indonesia.

Regarding the tectonic activities, it should be borne in mind that there are three tectonic plates i.e.,
Eurasia - Australia - Indian Pacific Ocean, intersect each other in Indonesia. Thus, it is not
unusual if strong and many tectonic activities take place in Indonesia. As a matter of fact, about
one tenth of earth - quakes in the world happens in Indonesia. The earth - quakes normally cause
tension zones that ultimately create unstable zones.
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan General Geology Of Indonesia

80 - 90% Indonesian land is covered by quarter sediment & the rock

formation is very young

There are many tectonic activities occurring in Indonesia

The young rock formation have not been well compacted, & has a very wide
range rock types; not quite dense, high porosity

13% - 17% of the active volcanoes in the world are located in Indonesian
archipelago

3 volcano magmatic belts: stretching from Sumatra to West Papua & mineral
belts also relatively occupying the same magmatic belts

High rainfall 3000 - 4000 mm & mostly in Sumatra, Kalimantan & Java

A combination of high rainfall, ambient temperature & intensity of ultraviolet
rays over a year period causes chemical weathering occur frequently, & this
turns hard rock formation into so-called soft rock

Rapid mining development coupled with soft rock behaviour lead to
Geomechanical or rock engineering problems
 Iklim & Cuaca
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Indonesian archipelago is located within the Equator and between Asia

and Australia continents and surrounded by Pacific and Indian oceans.
As a result of this unique condition Indonesia has a very high rainfall
rate. This happens mostly in the areas of Sumatra, Kalimantan, west
Java, and the average annual rainfall rate being 3000 - 4000 mm.

Beside the high rainfall rate, it can be noted as well that the ambient
temperature and intensity of ultraviolet ray over a year period are
relatively high. These facts of course cause a great contribution toward
the weathering process, particularly the chemical weathering. Hence, it
is not surprising when rock changing takes place frequently.

This weathering process would therefore turn hard rock formation into
so called soft rock formation. Laterite and monmorilonite clay is the
typical materials resulted from weathering process. And, monmorilonite
clay is the most interesting one, because once it gets wet it will expand
very quickly and consequently influence the deformation behaviour.
 Definisi Batuan
Menurut Geologiwan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

1. Batuan adalah susunan mineral dan bahan organis

yang bersatu membentuk kulit bumi.
2. Batuan adalah semua material yang membentuk kulit
bumi yang dibagi atas :
 Batuan yang terkonsolidasi (consolidated rock).
 Batuan yang tidak terkonsolidasi (unconsolidated
rock).
 Klasifikasi Geologi Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Batuan Beku (igneous rocks)

Batuan Sedimen (sedimentary rocks)

Batuan Malihan atau metamorf (metamorphic rocks)
 Proses Pembentukan Berbagai Jenis
Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Proses pembentukan Proses pembentukan

Proses pembentukan
batuan metamorphic batuan sediment
batuan beku
 Berbagai Jenis Batuan Penting Dalam
Rekayasa Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Basalt Gneiss

Gneiss
 Pengaruh Geologi Batuan Terhadap
Rekayasa Batuan-1
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Out of the three generic categories of rocks, metamorphic rocks exhibit

highest degree of anisotropy [1].

Segregation of constituent minerals, in response to high pressure and
temperature gradients, is associated with tectonic evolution and development
of layers of contrasting mineralogical assemblages.

Rocks flow and recrystallize under new tectonic stresses to form weak
foliation planes. Such planes of weakness (i.e. schistosity) affect the strength
and deformational behaviors of rocks with orientation to the applied stresses.
Irrespective of the size of the engineering projects, either dealing with
inherent intact rock anisotropy from an exploratory borehole or induced rock
anisotropy due to in situ fracturing [1], where stability of large rock mass is
concerned, evaluation of intact rock anisotropy in terms of strength and
modulus is inevitable.
 Pengaruh Geologi Batuan Terhadap
Rekayasa Batuan-2
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Prediction of the anisotropic responses of strength and deformation of rocks

involves study of specimens at different orientation angles, (the angle
between the major principal stress direction and the foliation plane).

Anisotropy, which is characteristic of metamorphic rocks such as schists, is
due to a process of metamorphic differentiation.

Preferred orientation of minerals like mica and chlorite in response to
tectonic stresses makes schistose rocks foliated.

As a result their engineering properties vary with the direction of loading.
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan
Jenis Struktur Batuan
 Definisi Batuan
Menurut Teknik Sipil - Geoteknik
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

1. Istilah batuan hanya untuk formasi yang keras dan

padat dari kulit bumi.
2. Batuan adalah suatu bahan yang keras dan
koheren atau yang telah terkonsolidasi dan tidak
dapat digali dengan cara biasa, misalnya dengan
cangkul dan belincong.
 Definisi Batuan
Menurut Talobre
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Menurut Talobre, orang yang pertama kali

memperkenalkan Mekanika Batuan di Perancis
pada tahun 1948, batuan adalah material yang
membentuk kulit bumi termasuk fluida yang
berada didalamnya (seperti air, minyak dan
lain-lain).
 Definisi Batuan
Menurut ASTM
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Batuan adalah suatu bahan yang terdiri dari

mineral padat (solid) berupa massa yang
berukuran besar ataupun berupa fragmen-
fragmen.
 Definisi Batuan
Menurut Umum
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Batuan adalah campuran dari satu atau lebih mineral yang berbeda,
tidak mempunyai komposisi kimia tetap.

Batuan tidak sama dengan tanah. Tanah dikenal sebagai material
yang mobile, rapuh dan letaknya dekat dengan permukaan bumi
 Komposisi Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Mineral % Mineral %

SiO2 59,8 Fe 3,39

AI2O 14,9 Na2O 3,25

CaO 4,9 K2O 2,98

MgO 3,7 Fe2O3 2,69

H2O 2,02

Batuan terdiri dari batuan padat baik berupa kristal maupun yang tidak
mempunyai bentuk tertentu dan bagian kosong seperti pori-pori, fissure,
crack, joint, dll.
 Definisi Soft Rock
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

There are many terms used to describe materials being considered as soft rock (Johnston, 1991,
Fairhurst, 1993 and Vutukuri & Katsuyama, 1994). However, the following term rocks which are
susceptible to physical and chemical weathering resulting in such effects as deterioration in strength,
slaking, squeezing and swelling may be appropriate.

Unlike the hard rock properties, which are mainly controlled by discontinuities, a considerably close
relationship is observed between the properties, determined for rock and those determined for rock
masses. Accordingly, the behaviour of the ground composed of such soft rock and weak rock largely
depends upon the physical and mechanical properties of rock elements. Hence, it is not unusual that
rock-engineering problems involving soft rocks have traditionally been solved by extrapolating from the
historically separate technologies of either soil mechanics or rock mechanics. For example, when soft
rock have been encountered in an open pit or an underground mines, it has usually been a specialist of
rock mechanics who has sought a solution. Consequently, the technology applied has usually involved
the empirical hard rock approached. This approach has been much concerned with the defects within
the rock mass rather than the rock material it self.

As mentioned earlier, the descriptor soft would appear to be far more appropriate as it applies to the
intact rock material. The intact rock material is supposedly independent of any discontinuities that may
or may not influence its engineering behaviour. The most well known intact rock classification scheme
frequently used by geomechanics engineers is the one from the ISRM (Brown, 1981).
 Definisi Soft Rock
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Considering the intact rock classification, it is therefore of importance to set up a guideline to define the
range of soft rock in term of strength. The Rock Mass Classifications proposed by Bieniawski (1973)
and Barton et al (1974) implied that intact rock that is considered as very weak corresponds to the
unconfined compressive strength (UCS = sc) of less than 25 MPa and the RQD is less than 25%
respectively. Furthermore, Francis (1994) claims that weak rock is associated with the UCS (sc),
Youngs Modulus (E) and Poissons Ratio (n) of < 5 MPa, < 1.5 GPa and > 0.25 respectively. According
to Johnston (1991) and Vutukuri and Katsuyama (1994) the UCS of soft rocks is in the range of 0.25
25 MPa and less than 20 MPa respectively. Thus, it can be said if any intact rock processing the UCS
of less than 25 MPa can be regarded as soft rocks.

The behaviour of Ombilin claystone and Tennessee marble (Kramadibrata, 1999 and Wawersik &
Fairhurst, 1970) during triaxial tests is illustrated in Figure 6. The results of claystone, for low confining
pressure, demonstrate a typical of overconsolidated behaviour with relatively brittle stress strain curves
and well defined failure planes as well as degree of dilatancy. As the confining pressure is increased, it
turns to normally consolidate and ductility becomes apparent, ultimately failure is characterised by
bulging.

There is ample evidence in the rock mechanics literatures to show that the same characteristic is
repeated with hard rocks as shown in Figure 6 for Tennessee marble. This indicates that a transition
from brittle to ductile behaviour becomes apparent, as confining is increased. Again, the strength
characteristics of, soft rocks and hard rocks are similar, yet the different is the order of the stress level,
within which the brittle ductile transition takes place.
 Soft Rocks
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Soft rocks are rocks that have failed under their in situ stresses.

Soft rocks are what they are because of where they are.

Soft rocks are what they are relative to where they are.

Generally, soft rocks may be described as geomaterials with
properties between soils and rocks.
 Physical characteristics of Soft Rocks
S.D. Glaser, D.M. Doolin / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 37 (2000) 683698
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Physical characteristic Associated problems

Low ratios of strength to applied Failure through intact portion
stress
Naturally occurring fractures Sliding on weak interface
Volume changes Change in effective stresses by
swelling or slaking
Creep sensitive Squeezing may occur
 Categories of Soft Rocks
S.D. Glaser, D.M. Doolin / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 37 (2000) 683698
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Nature of weakness Cause Example rocks

Shale, mudstone,

Structurally weak sandstone, diatomite,
Naturally Weak
Evaporites marl, chalk

Organics
NaCl KCl, gypsum

Coal, lignite

Tectonics

Melange
Chemically or
Fault zones

Clays and gouge
mechanically altered
Weathering/chemical

Marls, saprolite
reaction
 Kurva Tegangan Regangan
Ombilin claystone & Tennessee marble
(Kramadibrata, 1999; Wawersik & Fairhurst, 1970).
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

50
Claystone - PTBA Ombilin 300 48.3 MPa
40 15 MPa
Dev iatoric Stres s (MPa)

Axial stress (MPa)

10 MPa
30 200
27.6 MPa
20
100 13.8 MPa
5 MPa
10
6.9 MPa

0 0
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Axial strain (%) Axial strain (%)
 Efek Skala UCS Hard Rocks & Soft Rocks
(Kramadibrata and Jones, 1993; Marsland, 1971).
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

5 5
LONDON CLAY LONDON CLAY
Strength estimated from insitu tests

Strength estimated from insitu tests

Strength measured in laboratory

Strength measured in laboratory

4 4

3 3

2 2

1
1

0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Diameter of specimens 0 1 2 3 4 5
Spacing of fissures Diameter of specimens
Spacing of fissures
 Development Of Engineering
Geomechanics In Indonesia
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Up to date: 20 Mining Schools & > 50 School of Civil Engineering

Of 20 Mining Schools 15 undergraduate levels & the rest is three year
mining degree & < 5 mining departments teach well rock mechanics

The DME Institut Teknologi Bandung ITB has been the benchmark of the
mining education in Indonesia ever since.

The rock mechanics has been taught at the DME since mid 60s

The development of rock mechanics had not been noteworthy until large
U/G power houses & tunnelling in the Hydro Electric Projects were built in
Indonesia (1982 in Saguling, West Java)

Since then the U/G constructions & development of U/G coal & gold mine as
well as the expansion & new development of open pit coal mine, gold mine,
copper mine & nickel mine have significant contributions to the
geomechanics development in Indonesia
 Field Surveys & Studies in Open Pit
& U/G Mines
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

U/G monitoring: convergence & magnesonic probe extensometer at hydro

electric power projects, U/G Ombilin coal mine & U/G Pongkor gold mine

Insitu deformability: pressure meter & plate loading tests at civil projects

Rock mass & geological structure mapping: quarries, open pit copper & coal
mines & U/G gold & coal mines

Slope stability monitoring: prisms, counter weight balance, magnesonic
probe extensometer at Muara Tiga Besar open pit coal mine

Rock blasting performance: fragmentation (Kuz Ram method), ground
vibration monitoring based on scaled distance at a number of civil projects,
surface mines & quarries

Cuttability, diggability & excavatability: tunnel boring machine for tunnelling
at hydro electric project in Singkarak, raise boring ventilation shaft in U/G
Pongkor gold mine, road header for driving at U/G Ombilin coal mine, &
Bucket Wheel Excavator, ripping and shovel at a number of open pit coal
mines
 Research Development at The
Geomechanics Laboratory DME ITB
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

DME ITB possesses the most well equipped geomechanics laboratory

& teaching resources in Indonesia

The geomechanics research is mostly associated with final year
students, Doctoral research projects & commercial

Main areas of research: rock mechanics related, rock blasting, rock
cutting and safety related to the instability of open pit & U/G excavations

Interesting phenomena to be studied: soft rock engineering, time
dependent behaviour and the role of scale effect on the extrapolation of
laboratory test result into rock mass condition
 Blok Diagram Model Mekanika Batuan &
Rekayasa Batuan
X.-T. Feng, J.A. Hudson / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 41 (2004) 255273
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan
 Definisi Mekanika Batuan
Menurut Talobre
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

1. Mekanika batuan - teknik & juga sains yg tujuannya mempelajari behaviour

batuan di tempat asalnya agar dapat mengendalikan pekerjaan yang dibuat
pada batuan tsb seperti penggalian dibawah tanah dan lain-lainnya.
2. Mekanika Batuan merupakan gabungan dari:
 Teori + pengalaman + pekerjaan/pengujian di laboratorium + pengujian in-
situ.
3. Mekanika batuan tidak sama dengan ilmu geologi yg didefinisikan oleh
Talobre sebagai sains deskriptif yg mengidentifikasi batuan & mempelajari
sejarah batuan.
4. Mekanika batuan tidak sama dengan ilmu geologi terapan - banyak
mengemukakan problem yg paling sering dihadapi oleh para geologiawan
di proyek bendungan, terowongan. Dengan mencari analogi-analogi,
terutama dari proyek-proyek yang sudah dikerjakan dapat menyelesaikan
kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi pada proyek yang sedang dikerjakan.
Meskipun penyelesaian ini masih secara empiris dan kualitatif.
 Definisi Mekanika Batuan
Menurut Coates (Canada)
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

1. Mekanika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari efek dari gaya atau tekanan pada
sebuah benda - percepatan, kecepatan, perpindahan.
2. Mekanika batuan adalah ilmu yang mempelajari efek dari gaya terhadap batuan
 Efek utama Geologiwan - perubahan bentuk.
 Efek utama Geofisika aspek dinamis dari perubahan volume & bentuk -
gelombang seismik.
3. Bagi para insinyur, mekanika batuan adalah :
 Analisis dari beban atau gaya yang dikenakan pada batuan.
 Analisis dari dampak dalam yang dinyatakan dalam tegangan (stress),
regangan (strain) atau enersi yang disimpan,
 Analisis akibat dari dampak dalam tersebut, yaitu rekahan (fracture), aliran
atau deformasi dari batuan.
 Definisi Mekanika Batuan
US National Committee On Rock Mechanics (1984)
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Mekanika batuan adalah ilmu pengetahuan yang

mempelajari perilaku (behaviour) batuan baik secara
teoritis maupun terapan, merupakan cabang dari ilmu
mekanika yang berkenaan dengan sikap batuan terhadap
medan-medan gaya pada lingkungannya.
 Definisi Mekanika Batuan
Menurut Budavari
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Mekanika batuan adalah ilmu yang mempelajari mekanika perpindahan

padatan untuk menentukan distribusi gaya-gaya dalam dan deformasi
akibat gaya luar pada suatu benda padat.

Hampir semua mekanika perpindahan benda padat didasarkan atas
teori kontinum. Konsep kontinum adalah fiksi matematik yang
tergantung pada struktur molekul material yang digantikan oleh suatu
bidang kontinum yang perilaku matematiknya identik denga media
aslinya.

Material ekivalennya dianggap homogen, mempunyai sifat-sifat mekanik
yang sama pada semua titik. Penyederhanaannya adalah bahwa
semua sifat mekaniknya sama ke semua arah pada suatu titik di dalam
suatu batuan
 Definisi Mekanika Batuan
Menurut Hudson & Harrison
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Mekanika batuan adalah ilmu yang mempelajari reaksi batuan yang

apabila padanya dikenai suatu gangguan. Dalam hal material alam, ilmu
ini berlaku untuk masalah deformasi suatu struktur geologi, seperti
bagaimana lipatan, patahan, dan rekahan berkembang begitu tegangan
terjadi pada batuan selama proses geologi.

Beberapa tipe rekayasa yang melibatkan mekanika batuan adalah
pekerjaan sipil, tambang dan perminyakan.

Topik utama mekanika batuan adalah batuan utuh, struktur batuan,
tegangan, aliran air, dan rekayasa, yang ditulis secara diagonal dari kiri
atas ke kanan bawah pada Gambar berikut Garis ini sering disebut
sebagai diagonal utama. Semua kotak lainnya menunjukkan interaksi
antara satu dengan lainnya.
 Matriks
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

interaksi
mekanika
batuan &
rekayasa
batuan yang
menunjukkan
subyek-
subyek utama
& interaksinya
(Hudson dan
Harrison,
1990).
 Sifat Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

1. Heterogen
 Jenis mineral pembentuk batuan yang berbeda.

 Ukuran dan bentuk partikel/butir berbeda di dalam batuan.

 Ukuran, bentuk dan penyebaran void berbeda di dalam batuan.

2. Diskontinu
 Massa batuan di alam tidak kontinu (diskontinu) karena adanya
bidang-bidang lemah (crack, joint, fault, fissure) dimana kekerapan,
perluasan dan orientasi dari bidang-bidang lemah tersebut tidak
kontinu.
3. Anisotrop
 Karena sifat batuan heterogen, diskontinu, anisotrope maka untuk
dapat menghitung secara matematis misalnya sebuah lubang
bukaan yang disekitarnya terdiri dari batuan B1, B2, B3,
diasumsikan batuan ekivalen B sebagai pengganti batuan B1, B2,
B3, yang mempunyai sifat homogen, kontinu dan isotrope
 Asumsi batuan ekivalen untuk mempermudah
perhitungan di dalam mekanika batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

B1 B2 B3 B1 Ekivalen
 Homogeneous Rock
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

fine-grained homogeneous rock - basalt

containing minerals undetectable by the
naked eye.

claystone - fine-grained rock consisting of ...
 Beberapa Ciri Dari Mekanika Batuan
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Dalam ukuran besar, solid & massa batuan yang kuat/keras, maka batuan dapat
dianggap kontinu.

Karena keadaan alamiah & lingkungan geologi, batuan diskontinu karena adanya
kekar, fissure, schistosity, crack, cavities dan diskontinuitas lainnya. Untuk kondisi
tertentu, dapat dikatakan bahwa mekanika batuan adalah mekanika diskontinu atau
mekanika dari struktur batuan.

Secara mekanika, batuan adalah sistem multiple body

Analisis mekanika tanah dilakukan pada bidang, sedang analisis mekanika batuan
dilakukan pada bidang dan ruang.

Mekanika batuan dikembangkan secara terpisah dari meknaika tanah, tetapi ada
beberapa yang tumpang tindih.

Mekanika batuan banyak menggunakan:
 teori elastisitas
 plastisitas
 dan mempelajari batuan, sistem struktur batuan secara eksperimen
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

a) single-body sound rock system

Mono-system rock

b) Fissured, multiple-body rock system

c) Very fissured poly-body rock system Multiple body rock system

d) Articulate rock system

TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Tambang
Dangkal Kuari

Tunnel

Lubang
bukaan besar
Tambang Dalam
Bendungan
 Permasalahan Rekayasa Batuan-1
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Theoretical questions on fractured media, possibly reflecting that

engineers do not feel comfortable with the level of theoretical
understanding, even though engineers design in fractured materials as
a matter of course.
Questions posed included:

Are data collected for theories that intact actual rock mass behavior, or
is sampling biased by theory?

Can the discontinuity system of a rock mass be detected, mapped, and
parsimoniously represented?

Can scale-dependent properties of a rock mass be measured and
incorporate into models?

Can behavior of fractured media be predicted at an acceptable level?

What is the best way to represent rock mass for fluid flow and transport
modeling (uncoupled or coupled)?

Is the present understanding of coupled phenomena adequate?
 Permasalahan Rekayasa Batuan-2
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan

Rock engineering problems in the open pit and underground mines are not
much different. However, the open pit mines are more concerned with slope
stability, whereas deformation behaviour of back, wall and floor of underground
openings is one of the important geomechanical properties to be understood.

In general, the instability or failure that occur both in open pit and underground
mines obviously involves two major mechanisms, including failures controlled by
geological structures and failures independent of geological structure

The following rock engineering or geomechanical problems and resolutions
occurring in the open pit and underground mines are explained. These are
gathered from a number of mine sites that would have been relevant to be
exposed.

According to one of the regulations from the Department of Mines of Indonesia,
a study of slope stability analysis must be conducted prior to the bench
development with height is greater than 15 m, and these regulations are
enforced with the intention of reaching a high safety standard. The regulations
have been employed since 1995.

A key factor in the successful development of the open pits should have been
the overall wall slope angles that would hitherto have been considered at best
optimistic and worst rarely achievable.
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan Permasalahan Rekayasa Batuan-3
1. Bagaimana reaksi dari batuan ketika diambil untuk dipergunakan ?
2. Berapa dan bagaimana besarnya daya dukung (bearing capacity) dari batuan
dipermukaan dan pada berbagai kedalaman untuk menerima berbagai
beban ?
3. Bagaimana kekuatan geser batuan ?
4. Bagaimana sikap batuan di bawah beban dinamis ?
5. Bagaimana pengaruh gempa pada sistem fondasi di dalam batuan?
6. Bagaimana nilai modulus elastisitas dan Poissons ratio dari batuan ?
7. Bagaimana pengaruh dari bidang-bidang lemah (kekar, bidang perlapisan,
schistosity, retakan, rongga dan diskontinuitas lainnya) pada batuan terhadap
kekuatannya ?
8. Metode pengujian laboratorium apa saja yang paling mendekati kenyataan
untuk mengetahui kekutan fondasi atau sifat batuan dalam mendukung massa
batuan ?
9. Bagaimana memperhitungkan kekar dan sesar dalam perencanaan pekerjaan
di dalam batuan ?
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan
Permasalahan Rekayasa Batuan-4

1. Bagaimana menanggulangi deformasi yang diakibatkan oleh perbedaan yang bersifat

perlahan-lahan (creep) pada batuan.
2. Hukum apa saja yang menyangkut aliran plastik (plastik flow) dari batuan ?
3. Bagaimana pengaruh anisotrope terhadap distribusi tegangan dalam batuan ?
4. Bagaimana korelasi dari hasil-hasil pengujian kekuatan batuan yang telah dilakukan
di lapangan dan di laboratorium dalam menyiapkan percontoh batuan ?
5. Bagaimana metode pengujian yang akan dilaksanakan yang sesuai dengan kondisi
lapangan terhadap sifat-sifat batuannya.
6. Bagaimana mekanisme keruntuhan/kehancuran dari batuan (failure of rock)?
7. Dapatkah keadaan tegangan di dalam massa batuan dihitung secara tepat, atau
bahkan dapat diukur ?
8. Faktor-faktor apa saja yang menyangkut perencanaan kemiringan lereng dari suatu
massa batuan ?
9. Apakah roof bolting pada atap sebuah lubang bukaan di bawah tanah sudah aman
sehingga lubang tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai instalasi yang permanen ?
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan
Ruang Lingkup Mekanika Batuan

1. Menyelenggarakan penyelidikan yang bersifat teknik pada batuan.

2. Mengembangkan cara pengambilan percontoh batuan secara rasionil dan metode
identifikasi serta klasifikasi batuan.
3. Mengembangkan peralatan uji batuan yang baik dan metode standar pengujian untuk kuat
tekan serta kuat geser batuan.
4. Mengumpulkan dan mengklasifikasikan informasi batuan dan sifat-sifat fisiknya dalam
dasar ilmu mekanika batuan, teknik fondasi dan teknik bangunan air.
5. Berdasarkan hasil-hasil pengujian yang dilakukan pada batuan, dapat dipelajari sifat fisik,
sifat mekanik (statik dan dinamik), elastisitas, plastisitas, perilaku batuan, dan bentuk
kerusakan (failure) di bawah beban statik dan dinamik dari batuan tersebut.
6. Mempelajari sifat batuan di bawah kondisi thermal dan sistem keairan (water regimen).
7. Menyangkut struktur statik dan dinamik dari batuan.
8. Mengembangkan metode pengukuran di lapangan (in-situ) dari sifat deformasi statik dan
dinamik batuan serta tegangan sisa di dalam batuan di bawah kondisi lingkungan yang
bermacam-macam seperti pelapukan, leaching, seismik dan tektonik.
9. Menyelenggarakan penelitian terhadap mekanisme kerusakan/kehancuran batuan.
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan
Ruang Lingkup Mekanika Batuan

1. Mengorganisir penelitian tentang perkuatan batuan dan pengukuran tegangan in-situ.

2. Mengganti dengan metode ilmiah dari perencanaan teknik pada batuan yang banyak
menggunakan media empiris sebelumnya, sehingga turut memberikan konstribusi
terhadap kemajuan disiplin ilmu mekanika batuan.
3. Merangsang dan menyebarkan ilmu pengetahuan tentang batuan dan mekanika batuan.
4. Mempergunakan mekanika batuan untuk memecahkan persolan-persoalan teknik secara
praktis.
5. Mempelajari sikap massa batuan asli dibawah kondisi beban dan kondisi lingkungannya
6. Menyangkut struktur statik batuan dan kestabilan batuan sangat penting ditinjau dari sudut
keamanan (safety) dan ekonomi.
7. Mempelajari stabilitas struktur rekayasa yang material utamanya adalah batuan.
8. Mempelajari proses pengurangan ukuran batuan dengan menggunakan gaya-gaya luar
seperti pemboran, peledakan, pemotongan dan pengasahan.
9. Mempelajari pengaruh gaya-gaya pada batuan dan yang utama adalah berkaitan dengan
fenomena yang mempengaruhi pendugaan rekahan dan deformasi.
10. Mempelajari beban atau gaya yang bekerja pada batuan, analisis dari efek dalam,
maksudnya tegangan dan regangan, energi dalam, dan akhirnya analisis dari gaya-gaya
dalam seperti rekahan, aliran, atau deformasi batuan.
TA 3111 Mekanika Batuan Batuan & Mekanika Batuan