Azmate Taziyadari.... by DR - Azam Beg Qadri.... 09897626182

v+t+ers
rkft+;knkjh
eqv+fYyQ+
Mk0 vkt+e csx d+knjh
enkj cqd fMiks

eduiqj dkuiqj
09695661767
tqeyk gqdw+d+ ukfkj ds fy;s egQwt+ gaS
uke fdrkc& v+t+ers rkft+;knkjh
eqv+fYyQ+& Mk0 vkt+e csx d+knjh
ut+js lkuh& ekSykuk fljktqn~nhu okjlh
lus bkkv+r& tqykbZ&2016 jet+kuqy eqckjd

1437 fgt+jh
dEiksfta+x& veu & t+Suqy vkcnhu
d+her& 80 :i;s
&% feyus ds irs %&
enkj cqd fMiks tkosn cqd lsyj

eduiqj dkuiqj djgy eSuiqjh
09695661767 09634447000
vuokj mnZw cqd fMiks mnZw cqd gkml

fclkr [kkuk eSuiqjh rykd egy dkuiqj
09319086703 09389837386]09559032415
Q+sgfjLr et+kehu
&% fgLlk vOoy %&
u0
kqekj lQ+gk
01& v+t+sZ eqv+fYyQ+ ----------------------- 07
02& eukfd+cs vgys cSr vrgkj
dqjku dh jkskuh esa ----------------- 09
03& eukfd+cs vgys cSr vrgkj
vgknhl dh jkskuh esa -------------- 26
04& reke eqfgCckus vgys cSr
tUurh gSa --------------------------- 30
05& vgys cSr ls cqXt+ j[kus okys
tgUuqeh gSa ------------------------- 40
06& vgys cSr dh eqgCcr okftc gS ------- 44
07& gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq
otgqy djhe ds eukfd+c ------------- 49
08& [kkrwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek
lykeqYykg v+ySgk ds eukfd+c -------- 68
09& eukfd+cs gluSu djheSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke ------------------------ 78
fgLlk nkse
10& rkft+;knkjh ds tkbt+ gksus ds
kjbZ nykby ------------------------ 111
fgLlk lkse
11& rkft+;knkjh ,d egcwc o
ed+cwy v+ey gS --------------------- 149
5
786@92
vYg+Enq fyYykfg jfCcy v+kyehu oLlykrq oLlykeq
v+yk lb;fny eqjlyhu vEek ckv+n Q+v+kmtw
fcYykgh feukSrkfujZjthe fclfeYyk fgjZjg+ekfujZ
jg+he0
reke [kwfc;k vkSj rkjhQsa flQ+Z vYykg rv+kyk

ds fy;s gSa tks reke dk;ukr dk ,d vdsyk ekfyd
o [k+kfyd+ gS ftlus viuh jg+er o esgjckuh dh
pknj ls vius cUnksa dks <ki j[kk gS ftlus dk;ukr
dh r[k+yhd+ o rjrhc dks gqLuks teky c[+kk tks
fnyks ds ikskhnk jkt+ks ij eqRrykv+ gS tks reke
fg+derksa o xS+cksa dk tkuus okyk gS dk;ukr dk dksbZ
,slk t+jkZ ugha tks mldh gEnks luk u djrk gks gj
kS% mlds rkcSv+ o d+Ct+s dqnjr esa gS tks viuh
c<+kbZ vkSj cqyUnh esa ;drk gS mldk dksbZ kjhd
ugha tks usv+ers vkSj fjT+d+ v+rk djus okyk] fgnk;r
nsus okyk] fgQ+kt+r djus okyk] cM+k c[+kus okyk
fugk;r esgjcku vkSj csgn dje djus okyk gSA
vkSj nq:nks lyke gks jgers nks v+kye

lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ij tks t+kfgj o ckfru esa
rb;c o rkfgj gSa tks reke ,s+cks ud+kbl ls ikd
m+ywes xS+c ds tkuus okys gSa ftUgas vYykg rv+kyk us
uwj o fgnk;r ds lkFk ec+l Q+jek;k ftuds uwj
ls nks v+kye esa mtkyk gS vYykg rv+kyk us ftUgas
dkSlj v+rk dh ftl ij jkst+s d+;ker I;kls eksfeu
vk;saxs vkSj lSjkc gksdj tk;saxs ftUgkasus xqejkfg;ksa ds
va/ksjksa ls fudkydj jkgs fgnk;r vkSj jkgs futkr
fn[kkbZ vYykg rv+kyk us vius gchc dks vkSlkQ+ o
6
v[k+ykd+ esa cqyUn vkSj cs feLy vkSj reke
vfEc;kfdjke dk ljnkj vkSj vius uwj ls gqtwjs
ikd dk ftLes vr~gj dks r[k+yhd+ fd;k ftudk
t+kfgj o ckfru lc uwj gSA
vkSj jger o lykerh gks vkids vgys cSr

vrgkj ij tks nhu dh fgQ+kt+r vkSj cd+k ds fy;s
dqjcku gks x;s tks jkst+s d+;ker eqfgCckus vgys cSr
dh futkr dk t+fj;k gksaxs vkSj gj vkQ+r o elkbc
ds njfe;ku <+ky gksaxs vkSj jger o lykerh gks
vkidh vt+okts eqrg~jkr vkSj vkidh vky o
vlgko vkSj reke vkSfy;k&,&fdjke o lwfQ;k&,&
fdjke ij vkSj mu ij tks vYykg rv+kyk ds
eqd+jZc o e[k+lwl cUns gSA
7
&% v+t+sZ eqv+fYyQ+ %&

vyg+Enq fyYykfg jfCcy v+kyehu vYykg rv+kyk dk
yk[k yk[k kq o ,glku gS ftldh rkSQ+hd+ ls eq>
g+d+hj ljkik rd+lhj dks ;s fdrkc fy[kus dh
lv+knr gkfly gqbZ gkykfd eSa blds d+kfcy u Fkk
exj esjs jc us vius egcwc ljojs dk;ukr
lYyykgq v+ySg olYye vkSj vgys cSr vrgkj dh
eqgCcr vkSj muds ukySus ikd ds lnds+ vkSj vius
gchc jgers nks v+kye lYyykgq v+ySg olYye ds
ts+js b+uk;r gesa bl kjQ+ ls cgjs;kc Q+jek;k o
v+rk;s ekSyk v+yh ksjs [kqnk djeYykgq otgqy
djhe o dje gt+jr x+kSlqy vkt+e v+Cnqy
d+kfnj thykuh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq o QS+t+s
:gkuh [+oktk x+jhc uokt+ o reke vkys jlwy o
ut+js dje ihjks eqfkZn gt+jr lb;n moSl eqLrQ+k
lkgc fcyxzkeh o cjdkr tqeyk vkSfy;k&,&fdjke
o lwfQ+;k&,&fdjke vkSj cqtqxkZus nhu dh b+uk;rs
dje fd eSa m+ywe o ekv+jQr ls Q+St+;kc gqvkA
ks[kqy bLyke Mk0 eqgEen rkfgjqy d+knjh

lkg+c fd+Cyk tks b+Yeks Q+u esa cgjs t+[+[+kkj vkSj
oyh vYykg gSa ftuds cskqekj f[k+rkckr o dqrqc ls
eSus dlhj b+Ye gkfly fd;k gS eSa vYykg rv+kyk
ls nqv+k xks gw fd vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r vius egcwc
ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyykgq v+ySg olYye ds lnd+s
o rqQS+y Mk0 eqgEen rkfgjqy d+knjh lkg+c dh nhuh
f[k+nekr dks kjQ+s ed+cwfy;r v+rk Q+jek;s vkSj mUgsa
vius eqd+jZchu o e[k+lwl cUnksa dh QsgfjLr esa txg
v+rk Q+jek;s vkSj muds b+Yeks Q+u o ed+kes vkyk
8
o njtkr esa bt+kQ+k djs vkSj gqtwj lYyykgq v+ySg
olYye o vgys cSr vrgkj dh bfUrgkbZ eqgCcr
vkSj xqykeh ls mudh okcLrxh d+k;e o nk;e j[ksA
bl fdrkc dh rkyhQ+ dk ed+ln o lcc

;s gS fd vgys cSr vrgkj dh d+njks efUt+yr o
ed+keks ejrcr dks ckt+ yksx r[k+Q+hQ+ djrs gq;s de
ntsZ ds ft+eu esa ysrs gSa o fnyksa esa mudh eqgCcr o
kkuks v+t+er dks oks ed+ke ugha nsrs ftl kk;kus
kku ds oks lt+kokj gSa vgys cSr vrgkj dh ikd o
rkfgj t+kr v+t+he kkuks v+t+er o d+njks efUt+yr o
vkyk flQ+kr dh gkfey gS ;s bUlkuh kjkQ+r o
v+t+er ds cqyUn ed+ke ij Q+kbt+ gSa budh lhjrs
rb;ck ,S+u lhjrs eqLrQ+k Fkh buds reke vkeky
gqtwj lYyykgq v+ySg olYye dh lhjr o lqUur ds
csgrjhu uewuk Fks buds vd+oky o vQ+v+ky fgnk;rs
eqLrQ+k dh ekfuUn fgnk;r vkQ+jhu FksA
vgys cSr vrgkj ds eukfd+c o Q+t+kby ls

okcLrk okD+;kr o vgknhl eqckjdk ds i<+us o lquus
ls bZeku esa rkt+xh o fu[kkj vkSj fnyksa esa uwjkuh
jkskuh vkSj bZeku esa iq[+rxh vkrh gS vkSj bUlku dks
ulhgr o fgnk;r gkfly gksrh gS vkSj :g eqrkflj
gksrh gS vkSj v+kft+t+h o bfUdlkjh o roDdqy vkSj
b+cknr o bLykgs u+l tSls cskqekj lcd+ gesa
feyrs gSa tks nqfu;k o vkf[k+jr esa gekjs fy;s ckbls
[k+Sj gksrs gSa vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r eq> gd+hj dh bl
rkyhQ+ dks jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds
lnd+s kjQ+s ed+cwfy;r v+rk Q+jek;sA vkehu
Mk0 vkt+e csx d+knjh 09897626182
9
eukfd+cs vgys cSr

&% dqjku dh jkskuh esa %&
vgys cSr dh eqgCcr gj eqlyeku ij Q+t+Z gS
D;ksafd eqgCcrs vgys cSr bZeku dh tku vkSj krsZ
bZeku gS mudh eqgCcr ds cx+Sj fdlh k[+l ds fny
esa bZeku nkf[k+y ugha gks ldrk gnhl ikd esa okfjn
gS jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k bLyke dh cqfu;kn esjh vkSj esjs vgys cSr
dh eqgCcr gS vkSj ge reke eqlyekuksa ds fy;s
gqDes [kqnkoUnh gS fd vgys cSr ls eqgCcr djks
vgys cSr dh eqgCcr eqgCcrs jlwy gS vkSj eqgCcrs
jlwy eqgCcrs [kqnk gSA
vgys cSr vrgkj dh kkuks v+t+er o

d+njks efUt+yr o dekykrks fdjnkj bfUrgkbZ cqyUn
o ckyk gSa vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r us bUgsa e[k+lwl
flQ+kr vkSj ikdht+xh dk vkyk rjhu uewuk cuk;k
vkSj v+t+he ejkfrc ls uokt+k vgys cSr vrgkj dh
Q+t+hyr esa cskqekj vgknhl eUdwy gSa vkSj budh
kkuks v+t+er esa vk;krs dqjvkuh ukft+y gqbZ gSa
ftuesa ckt+ dk rt+fdjk gLcs tS+y gSA
dqjku ethn esa bjkkns ckjh rv+kyk gS&

,s egcwc lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vki eqlyekuksa
ls Q+jeka nhft;s fd eSa rcyhx+ ij rqels dksbZ cnyk
;k flyk ugha eakxrk vycRrk eSa pkgrk gw fd rqe
esjs d+jkcrnkjksa ls eqgCcr djksA lw0&kwjk&23
10
ot+kgr%& et+dwjk vk;kr esa gqDes [kqnkoUnh gS fd ,s
egcwc vki eqlyekuksa ls Q+jeak nhft;s fd ,s yksxksa
eSus tks rqe ij esgur dh x+kjs fgjk esa lTnk jst+
gksdj vklw cgk;s vkSj fugk;r l[+r elkbcks
vkyke cnkZLr fd;s vksj rqEgsa rkjhfd;ksa ls fudky
dj jksku ed+ke v+rk fd;k vkSj rqEgsa xqejkfg;ksa ds
va/ksjksa ls futkr nsdj fljkrs eqLrd+he dh jkg
fn[kkbZ vkSj eSus fkde eqckjd ij iRFkj ck/kdj
[k+Und+sa [kksn eSnkus mgn vkSj rkW;Q esa vius ftLe
vrgj ij t+[+e [kk;s vkSj rqEgsa tgUuqe ls
cpkdj jkgs tUur ij Mky fn;k vkSj rqEgsa tgkyr
o ft+Yyr ls cpkdj bT+t+r o bUlkfu;r ls ge
fdukj fd;k vkSj rqEgsa nkors gd+ nsdj rqEgkjh
jguqekbZ dh vkSj bZeku ls cgjs;kc fd;kA
bu reke ,glkukr dk eSa rqels dksbZ

cnyk ;k flyk ugha ekxrk esjk vTj rks esjs jc ds
ikl gS vkSj eq>s esjk vTj esjk jc v+rk djsxk eSa
rqels fdlh vTj dk rkfyc ugha gw cfYd eq>s rks
rqEgkjs vTj dh fQ+ gS tks rqEgsa esjs d+jkcr nkjksa ls
eqgCcr ds ckbl feysxk eSa pkgrk gw fd rqe esjs
vgys cSr ls eqgCcr djks blh esa rqEgkjh HkykbZ vkSj
csgrjh gS vkSj nqfu;k o vkf[k+jr esa vTjs v+t+he dk
ckbl gS vYykg rv+kyk vkSj mlds jlwy gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh dqcZr vkSj bZeku esa
iq[+rxh esjs vgys cSr dh eqgCcr ls gkfly gksxh
blfy;s eSa pkgrk gw fd rqe esjs vgys cSr ls
eqgCcr djksA
rQ+klhj o vgknhl esa gS fd tc ;s vk;r

11
ukft+y gqbZ rks lgkckfdjke jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq us v+t+Z fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg vkids d+jkcr nkj
dkSu
+ gSa rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh] lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk vkSj beke
glu o beke gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke ;s esjs d+jkcr
nkj gSa buls eqgCcr djksA
beke luk mYyk ikuh irh&rQ+lhj et+gjh&8@420
beke tykyqn~nhu l;wrh&nqjsZ eUlwj&5@701
beke dqjrch& rQ+lhj dqjrch&8@415
beke Q[k+:n~nhu jkt+h& rQ+lhj dchj&27@166
etemT+t+okbn&7@103] 9@168
beke rcjkuh us gt+jr v+CnqYykg fcu

v+Cckl ls fjok;r ud+y dh gS fd tc ;s vk;rs
eqckjdk ^^,s egcwc vki Q+jeak nas fd eSa rqels bl
rcyhx+s gd+ dk dqN flyk ugha pkgrk flok;
vgys d+jkcr dh eqgCcr ds** ukft+y gqbZ rks
lgkckfdjke jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq us v+t+Z fd;k
;k jlwyqYykg vkids d+jkcr nkj dkSu gSa ftudh
eqgCcr ge ij okftc gS rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k& gt+jr ekSyk v+yh] [k+krwus
tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk vkSj beke glu o
beke gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke gSaA eqv+te dchj
rcjkuh&3@47]48
&% vgys cSr dh kku o tqckus dqjku %&
,d erZck gluSu djheSu chekj gks x;s vkSj
v+ykyr chekjh ds ckbl gluSu djheSu det+ksj
gks x;s vkSj muds psgjs eqj>k x;s gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
ksjs [kqnk djeYykgq otgqy djhe us dgk fd esjs
12
nksuks csVs lsgrean gks tk;as rks eSa crkSj kqkuk rhu
jkst+s j[kwxk vkSj [k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk o gt+jr beke glu o
beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugqe vkSj vkidh
[k+kfnek fQ+T+t+k jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk us Hkh ;gh
dgk vkSj rhu jkst+ksa dh eUur eku yh fQj tc
gluSu djheSu lsgrean gks x;s rks eUur ut+j iwjh
djus ds fy;s ikp vQ+jkn gt+jr ekSyk v+yh]
lb;nk Q+kfrek] beke glu o beke gqlSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke vkSj vkidh [k+kfnek fQ+T+t+k us rhu
fnu ds jkst+ksa dk d+ln fd;k rkfd eUur ut+j iwjh
gks tk;sA
tc bu ikp vQ+jkn us igys fnu jkst+k

j[kk rks ?kj esa [kkus dks dqN u Fkk gt+jr ekSyk
v+yh djeYykgq ctgqy djhe us ,d ;gwnh ls rhu
lkv+ tkS m/kkj yh vkSj ?kj ij yk;s [k+krwus tUur
lb;nk Q+kfrek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk us mlesa
ls ,d lkv+ tkS dks ihlk vkSj v+rkj ds fy;s
jksfV;k idkbZ vkSj kke dks v+rkj ds oD+r ikpksa
vQ+jkn us jksfV;k vkSj ued vius lkeus j[kk fd
,S+u oD+r ij ,d feLdhu njokt+s ij vk;k vkSj
vkokt+ nh ;k vgyy cSfr vYykg dh d+le eSa Hkwdk
gw eq>s [kkuk f[kykvks vYykg rv+kyk rqEgsa tUur ds
nLrj [+oku ls f[kyk;sxk gt+jr ekSyk v+yh] lb;nk
Q+kfrek vkSj glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke vkSj
fQ+T+t+k tks fd vcjkj usdksdkj] ijgst+xkj yksx Fks
mUgksaus oks lkjh jksfV;k feLdhu dks ns nh vkSj [kqn
ikuh ls v+rkj fd;k vkSj fnu jkr Hkwds jgs vkSj
ml fnu mUgksaus [k+kfyl ikuh ds flok dqN u [kk;kA
13
nwljs fnu fQj jkst+k j[k fy;k vkSj ,d lkv+ tkS
dh jksfV;k idkbZ xbZa ysfdu nwljs fnu Hkh ;gh
dSfQ+;r jgh fd ,+Su v+rkj ds oD+r njokts+ ij ,d
;rhe us nLrd nh vkSj dgk eSa ;rhe gw vkSj Hkwdk
gw eq>s [kkuk f[kykvks vcjkj us lkjh jksfV;k ;rhe
dks ns nha vkSj ikpksa vQ+jkn us ikuh ls v+rkj
fd;k vkSj fQj rhljs fnu dk jkst+k j[k fy;k rhljs
fnu Hkh ;gh dSfQ+;r jgh fd ,S+u oD+rs v+rkj ,d
dS+nh us njokt+s ij vkokt+ yxkbZ ,s vgys cSr eSa
vlhj dS+nh gw vkSj Hkwdk gw eq>s [kkuk f[kykvks
vkSj vcjkj us lkjh jksfV;k ml d+Snh dks ns nh vkSj
[kqn ikuh ls v+rkj fd;kA
bu ikp vQ+jkn gt+jr ekSyk v+yh] lb;nk

Q+kfrek] beke glu o beke gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke
vkSj fQ+T+t+k jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk dks vYykg
rv+kyk us vcjkj ds yd+c ls ;kn Q+jek;k vkSj
vYykg rv+kyk dks bu ikp vQ+jkn dk rhu fnu
dk ;s vEj bruk ilUn vk;k fd vYykg rv+kyk us
ftcjbZy v+ySgLlyke dks Hkstk vkSj Q+jek;k fd rhu
fnu dh jksfV;ksa dk ln~d+k feLdhu] ;rhe vkSj dS+nh
dks nsuk vkSj [kqn ikuh ls v+rkj djus dk cnyk
vkSj buke ;s gS fd eSus mUgsa tUur vkSj mldh
nk;eh usv+erksa dk ekfyd o okfjl cuk fn;k vkSj
vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r us lw0 ngj dh vk;kr bu
ikp vQ+jkn ds gd+ esa ukft+y Q+jekbZ&
cskd usd yksx eq[k+fyl brkv+r xqt+kj kjkcs rgwj

ds ,sls tke fi;sxsa ftlesa [kqcw] jaxr vkSj yT+t+r
c<+kus ds fy;s dkQwj dh feykoV gksxh dkQwj
14
tUur dk ,d pek gS ftlls [k+kl cUns fi;k
djsaxs vkSj tgk pkgsaxs mls NksVh&NksVh ugjksa dh kDy
esa nwljksa dks fiykus ds fy;s cgk dj ys tk;k djsaxs
;s vYykg rv+kyk ds [k+kl cUns gS tks ml fnu ls
Mjrs gS ftldh l[+rh [kwc QSy tkus okyh gS vkSj
viuk [kkuk vYykg rv+kyk dh eqgCcr esa eksgrkt
dks ;rhe dks vkSj d+Snh dks f[kyk nsrs gS vkSj dgrs
gaS ge rks flQ+Z vYykg rv++kyk dh jt+k ds fy;s
f[kyk jgs gS rqe ls dskbZ cnyk ;k kq xqt+kjh ugha
ekxrs gesa rks vius jc ls ml fnu dk [k+kSQ+ jgrk
gS tks psgjksa dks fugk;r fl;kg vkSj cnuqek dj
nsus okyk gS il vYykg rv+kyk mUgsa [k+kSQ+s bykgh
ds lcc ml fnu dh l[+rh ls cpk ysxk vkSj mUgsa
jkSud+ o rkt+xh vkSj fnyksa esa ekjZr [kqkh
c[+ksxk bl ckr ds cnys fd mUgksaus lcz fd;k jgus
dks tUur vkSj iguus dks jskeh ikskkd v+rk
djsxk ;s yksx mlesa r[+rksa ij rfd;k yxk;s cSBs gksaxs
u ogk /kwi dh rfik ik;saxs u lnhZ dh fkn~nr vkSj
tUur ds nj[+rksa ds lk;s mu ij >qd jgs gksaxs
vkSj mUgsa ogk kjkcs rgwj ds ,sls tke fiyk;s
tk;saxs mlesa ,d pek gS ftldk uke lylchy gS
vkSj muds bnZ fxnZ f[k+ner xqt+kj yM+ds geskk ?kwers
jgsaxs vkSj tc oks mUgsa ns[ksaxs rks fc[kjs gq;s eksrh
xqeku djsaxs vkSj tc cfgr ij ut+j Mkysaxs rks
ogk dljr ls usv+ersa vkSj gj rjQ+ cM+h
lYrur ns[ksaxs mu ds ftLeksa ij ckjhd jske ds
lCt+ diM+s gksaxs vkSj mUgsa pknh ds da?ku iguk;s
tk;saxs vkSj mudk jc mUgsa ikdht+k kjkc fiyk;sxk
cskd ;s rqEgkjk flyk gksxk vkSj rqEgkjh esgur
fBdkus yxhA lw0&ngj&5&22
15
rljhg%&beke tykyqn~nhu l;wrh nqjsZ eUlwj esa jd+e
rjkt+ gaS fd et+dwjk vk;kr iat vQ+jkn gt+jr
ekSyk v+yh] [k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk vkSj
beke glu o beke gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke vkSj
fQ+T+t+k jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk ds gd+ esa ukft+y
gqbZ nqjsZ eUlwj&6@823 r+lhj dqjrch&10@139
vYykg rv+kyk us rhu fnu dh jksfV;ksa dh

dqckZuh dh tt+k tUur o mldh nk;eh v+t+he mu
usv+erksa dk ekfyd o okfjl cuk fn;k tks gj ,d
dks e;Llj u gksxh rks vc t+jk lkspks vkSj eqokt+uk
vankt+k djks fd djcyk esa nl fnu dh dqckZfu;ksa
dh tt+k vkSj [k+kucknk&,&jlwy ds lcz o rgEeqy
vkSj ed+kes jt+k ij bfLrd+ker dh tt+k D;k gksxh
csVs v+yh vd+cj vkSj v+yh vlx+j dh dqckZuh dh
tt+k D;k gksxh rhu fnu dh fknn~rs Hkwd I;kl vkSj
ftLes vd+nl ij ust+ksa vkSj ryokjksa dh cskqekj
t+jcas vkSj rhjksa ls [kk;s t+[+eksa dh tt+k D;k gksxhA
HkkbZ vCckl vkSj Hkrhts dkfle vkSj Hkkts

vkSu o eqgEen dh dqckZuh dh tt+k D;k gksxh vkSj
dlhj elkbcks vkyke o bfUrgkbZ rdyhQ+ksa dh tt+k
D;k gksxh vYykg rv+kyk us ft+s gqlSu vkSj ft+s
dcZyk dks cqyUn vkSj d+k;e o nk;e dj fn;k ft+s
gqlSu flQ+Z t+ehu ij gh ugha cfYd vklekuksa ij Hkh
equfD+d+n gksrk gS vkSj d+;ker rd t+ehuks vkleku
ij ft+s gqlSu vkSj ft+s djcyk gksrk jgsxk djcyk
ls igys gqlSu t+kfdj Fkk vkSj djcyk ds ckn gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke et+dwj gks x;k vkSj vkZ rk QkZ
etfyls ft+s kgknrSu equfD+d+n gksrh jgsxhA
16
&% vk;rs eqckgyk %&

,d ckj utjku ls lkB bZlkbZ iknfj;ksa dk oQ+n
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh ckjxkgs vd+nl
esa gkft+j gqvk rks muesa ls nks yksxksa us uch djhe
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls xq+rxw dh rks gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us muls Q+jek;k fd rqe
bLyke dqcwy dj yks rks mUgksus tokc fn;k fd ge
vkils igys bLyke dqcwy dj pqds rks uch vdje
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k rhu pht+s rqEgsa
bLyke ykus ls jksdrh gaS&1&rqEgkjk lyhc dh b+cknr
djuk 2& f[kathj [kkuk 3& rqEgkjk ;s ,rd+kn
v+d+hnk j[kuk fd bZlk v+ySgLlyke [kqnk ds csVs gSa
mu bZlkbZ tekv+r ds ,d ljnkj us dgk D;k rqe
;s xqeku j[krs gks fd bZlk v+ySgLlyke vYykg ds
cUns gSa rks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k
gk oks :gvYykg vkSj vYykg ds cUns vkSj jlwy gSa
rks mudk ,d ljnkj cksyk rks gesa dksbZ ,slk

cUnk fn[kkvks tks eqnks dks ft+Unk djrk gks eknjtkr
vU/kksa dks chukbZ nsrk gks feV~Vh ls ifjUns dh kDy
cukdj mlesa Qwd ekjrk rks oks mM+us yxrk gks D;k
vki gekjs lkFk eqckgyk okd;q)] cn~nqv+k djrs gSa
fd gt+jr bZlk v+ySgLlyke ,sls u Fks vkSj tks >wBk
gks ml ij vYykg dh ykur gks vkSj oks rckg o
cckZn gks tk;sxk fQj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us Q+jek;k D;k rqe ;gh pkgrs gks mUgksaus dgk gk rks
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k tSlh
rqEgkjh et+hZ vkSj vYykg rv+kyk us vk;rs eqckgyk
ukft+y Q+jekbZ vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
17
us mu bZlkbZ iknfj;ksa dks eqckgyk dh nkor nhA
vYykg rv+kyk us bjkkn Q+jek;k& il vkids ikl
b+Ye vk tkus ds ckn tks k[+l bZlk v+ySgLlyke ds
ekeys esa vkils >xM+k djrs gaS rks vki Q+jek nsa fd
vk tkvks ge feydj vius csVksa dks vkSj rqEgkjs
csVksa dks vkSj viuh v+kSjrksa dks vkSj rqEgkjh v+kSjrksa
dks vkSj vius vkidks vkSj rqEgsa Hkh ,d txg ij
cqyk ysrs gSa fQj ge eqckgyk djrs gSa vkSj >wBksa ij
vYykg dh ykur Hkstrs gSa lw0&vkys bejku&61
rljhg%& fQj nwljs fnu ljdkjs nks v+kye

lYyYykgq v+ySg olYYe us gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ksjs
[kqnk] o [kkrwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek vkSj beke
glu o beke gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke dks vius lkFk
fy;k vkSj uljkfu;ksa ls eqckgyk djus ds fy;s
rkjhQ+ ys x;s vkSj vius vgys cSr gt+jr ekSyk
v+yh lb;nk Q+kfrek] glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke
ls Q+jek;k fd tc eSa nqv+k d: rks rqe lc vkehu
dguk gt+jr beke glu o gtjr beke gqlSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke vki ds lkFk Fks vkSj gt+jr ekSyk
v+yh vkSj lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk v+ySfgeqLlyke
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ihNs FksA
mu bZlkb;ksa esa ls ,d k[+l ftldk

uke vCnqy elhg Fkk oks cksyk fd ,s bZlkb;ks rqe
igpku pqds gks fd eqgEen lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye lPps jlwy gSa vxj rqeus buls eqckgyk
fd;k rks lc gykd gks tkvksxs blfy;s eqckgyk ls
bUdkj dj nks vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
ls lqyg dj yks vkSj ;s oks gh jlwy gSa ftudh
18
[k+cj o ft+ rkSjkr esa gS vYykg dh d+le vxj
rqe mUgsa ykur o eyker djksxs rks ge lc gykd
gks tk;asxs vkSj u ge dke;kc gksaxs vkSj u gekjs
ckn okys vkSj :;s t+ehu ij dksbZ uljkuh ckd+h u
jgsxk vkSj u gekjk cky ckd+h jgsxk vkSj u gekjk
uk[kwu ckd+h jgsxk vkSj fQj mu bZlkbZ ikfnfj;ksa ds
ljnkjksa esa ls dqN yksxksa us gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ls v+tZ+ dh fd gekjs csodwQ+ksa us vkils
eqckgyk djus dh ckr dh Fkh gekjh vki ls
xqt+kfjk gS fd vki gesa ekQ+ Q+jeka nsa fQj gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k fd eSaus rqEgsa
ekQ+ dj fn;kA
beke tykyqn~nhu l;wrh us et+dwjk vk;kr dh

rQ+lhj esa ,d fjok;r ud+y dh gS fd gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k fd v+t+kcs
bykgh vgys utjku ij d+jhc vk pqdk Fkk vxj
oks eqckgyk djrs rks mudk [kk+Rek gks tkrkA
nqjsZ eUlwj&2@111
,d nwljh fjok;r esa gS uch djhe lYyYykgq

v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k esjs ikl ,d Q+fjrk
vk;k Fkk ftlus eq>s ;s [k+cj nh fd vxj oks
eqckgyk djrs rks vgys utjku gykd gks tkrsA
,d vkSj fjok;r eas gS gqtwj lYyYykgq

v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k d+le gS ml t+kr dh
ftlds d+Cts+ dqnjr esa esjh tku gS cskd v+t+kcs
bykgh utjku ds d+jhc vk pqdk Fkk vxj oks
eqckgyk djrs rks mUgsa cUnjksa vkSj f[kathjksa dh kDy
19
esa eL[k+ dj fn;k tkrk vkSj oknh vkx ls Hkj tkrh
vkSj vYykg rv+kyk utjku vkSj mlds ckfkanksa dh
tMs+a m[ksM+ ysrk gRrk fd nj[+rksa ij ifjUnk Hkh u
cprkAr+lhj et+gjh&2@78r+lhj ubZeh&3@477
gt+jr tkfcj jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls

fjok;r gS fd jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k d+le gS ml t+kr ftlus eq>s
gd+ ds lkFk ec+l Q+jek;k vxj oks eqckgyk djrs
rks mu ij oknh vkx ls Hkj tkrhA gt+jr tkfcj
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq Q+jekrs gaS fd vk;rs
eqckgyk iatru ikd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh] lb;nk Q+kfrek vkSj beke glu
o beke gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke ds ckjs esa ukft+y
gqbZ vkSj vUQqlkuk ls eqjkn gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye o gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy
djhe gSa vkSj vCukvuk ls eqjkn beke glu o
beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugqe gS vkSj
fulkvuk ls eqjkn gt+jr lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk gSaA nqjsZ eUlwj&2@109
beke eqfLye] frfeZt+h] gkfde vkSj cSgd+h us

gt+jr lkn fcu vch oD+d+kl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq ls fjok;r ud+y dh gS tc ;s vk;rs eqckgyk
dqy rv+kyks un+ vCukvuk o vCukvdqe o
fulkvuk o fulkvdqe o vUQqlkuk o vUQqlkdqe
ukft+y gqbZ rks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ksjs [kqnk o lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk
vkSj beke glu o beke gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke dks
cqyk;k vkSj Q+jek;k ,s vYykg ;s esjs vgys cSr gSaA
20
fedkr&3@252 r+lhj ubZeh&2@77

nqjsZ eUlwj&2@111 eqLrnjd gkfde&3@163
gt+jr tkfcj fcu v+CnqYyk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd utjku ls ,d oQ+n gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh ckjxkgs vd+nl esa
gkft+j gqvk vkSj iwNk fd gt+jr bZlk v+ySgLlyke
ds ckjs esa vkidh D;k jk; gS rks gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k oks :g vYykg vkSj
vYykg ds cUns vkSj jlwy gSa ml oQ+n us gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls dgk D;k vki gekjs
lkFk eqckgyk djrs gSa fd gt+jr bZlk v+ySgLlyke
,sls u Fks rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k tSls rqEgkjh et+hZ rc vk;rs eqckgyk
ukft+y gqbZ vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ?kj
rkjhQ+ yk;s vkSj vius csVksa gt+jr beke glu o
gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke vkSj gt+jr
ekSyk v+yh ksjs [kqnk o [k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek
v+ySfgeqLlyke dks lkFk ys tkus ds fy;s tek fd;k
mu bZlkb;ksa ds ,d ljnkj us mu uljkfu;ksa ls
dgk fd eqgEen lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls
eqckgyk er djks vYykg dh d+le vxj rqeus ,slk
fd;k rks rqEgkjk dksbZ Hkh vkneh ugha cpsxk fQj oks
bZlkbZ gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ikl vk;s
vkSj dgk fd gekjs dqN csodwQ+ yksxksa us vkils
eqckgyk dk bjknk fd;k Fkk ge vkils xqt+kfjk djrs
gSa fd vki gesa ekQ+ dj nsa vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k fd eSaus rqEgsa ekQ+ dj fn;kA
eqLrnjd gkfde&2@649
21
&% vd+lkes vgys cSr %&

vgys cSr dh rhu fd+Lesa gSa&
1&lduh& ;kuh ?kj esa d+;ke djus okys d+kfcys
fjgkbk ;kuh gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
reke vt+okts eqrgjkrA
2&fulcrh o uLyh& ;kuh ftu ls gqtwj lYyYykgq

v+ySg olYye dk fulcrh o uLyh rv+kYyqd+ gS
;kuh gt+jr ekSyk v+yh lb;nk Q+kfrek] beke glu
o o beke gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlykeA
3&,st+kt+h& ;kuh oks gfLr;k ftudks gqtwj lYyYykgq

v+ySg olYye us crkSj ,st+kt+ vius vgys cSr esa
kkfey fd;k&tSls&gt+jr lyeku Qkjlh jft+0A
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh reke

vt+okts eqrgjkr rks vkids fudkg esa vkus ds ckn
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh vgys cSr esa
kkfey gqb mu reke dks vYykg rv+kyk us vius
egcwc lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds vgys cSr esa
kkfey fd;k vkSj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k] lb;nk
Q+kfrek t+gjk vkSj beke glu o beke gqlSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke dks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us vius vgys cSr esa kkfey fd;k vkSj muls tks
flyflyk&,&ulc pyk oks lc vkys jlwy vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds vgys cSr esa kkfey gSa
vkSj vkys jlwy dh eqgCcr jkgs [kqnk gS vkSj bl
jkg ij pyus okyk dHkh xqejkg ugha gksrk gRrk fd
22
oks jt+k;s bykgh ds cqyUn ed+ke ij Q+kbt+ gks tkrk
gS vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dh [kqkuwnh mldk gkfly
eqd+ke gksrk gS vkSj oks vTjs v+t+he dk eqLrfgd+ gks
tkrk gSA
vYykg rv+kyk us vgys cSr ds eqrkv+fYyd+

Q+jek;k&vYykg rks ;gh pkgrk gS fd ,s uch
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ?kj okyks rqels gj
rjg dh ukikdh dks nwj dj ns vkSj rqEgsa dkfey
rgkjr ikdht+xh ls uokt+ dj fcYdqy ikd lkQ
o [kwc lqFkjk dj nsA lw0&vgt+kc&33
;kuh gj oks dke tks f[k+ykQ+ kjv+ vkSj

ckjxkgs [kqnkoUnh esa uk ialnhnk gSa vkSj gj rjg dh
cqjkbZ o kj vkSj xqukg ls vYykg rv+kyk us vgys
cSr vrgkj dks ikd o egQwt+ j[kk
rljhg%& beke tykyqn~nhu l;wrh us bl vk;krs
djhek dh r+lhj esa gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugk ls fjok;r ud+y dh gS fd gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye gt+jr mEes lyek ds ?kj
esa Fks vkSj vki ij [kS+cj dh cuh gqbZ pknj Fkh
vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ij ;s vk;r
ukft+y gqbZ&fd vYykg rks ;gh pkgrk gS fd ,s uch
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ?kj okyks rqe ls gj
rjg dh ukikdh nwj dj ns---------------------
fQj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us gt+jr ekSyk
v+yh] lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk vkSj beke glu o
beke gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke dks cqyk;k vkSj viuh
pknj eqckjd ls <ki fy;k vkSj ckjxkgs [kqnkoUnh esa
23
v+t+Z fd;k ,s vYykg ;s esjs vgys cSr ?kj okys gSa

buls gj rjg dh fjTl ukikdh] iyhnh dks nwj
Q+jeka ns vkSj bUgsa ikdht+k cuk ns ;s dfyekr vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us rhu nQ+k nksgjk, gt+jr
mEes lyek us dgk fd eSaus viuk lj ml pknj ds
vUnj fd;k vkSj v+t+Z fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg eSa Hkh
buds lkFk gw rks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k ugha ysfdu rqe [k+Sj dh tkfuc gks ;s ckr
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us nks ckj bjkkn Q+jekbZA
nqjsZ eUlwj&5@562 r+lhj bCus dlhj&22@672
,d nwljh fjok;r esa beke rcjkuh us

gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk ls
fjok;r ud+y dh gS fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us gt+jr lb;nk Q+kfrek v+ySgLlyke ls
Q+jek;k fd vius nksuks csVksa o [kkfcUn dks ys vkvks
rks vki mu lc dks ys vk;ha fQj gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us gt+jr beke glu o gt+jr beke
gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke dks viuh xksn eqckjd esa
fcBk;k vkSj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k v+ySgLlyke
dks nk;h tkfuc vkSj lb;nk Q+kfrek v+ySgLlyke
dks ok;h tkfuc fcBk;k vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us bu lc ij viuh pknj eqckjd Mky nh
fQj nqv+k dh ,s vYykg ;s vgys eqgEen lYyYykgq
vySg olYye gSa bu ij viuh jgersa vkSj cjdrsa
mlh rjg ukft+y Qjeak ftl rjg rwus vkys bczkghe
ij jgersa o cjdrsa ukft+y Qjekb gt+jr mEes
lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk us dgk eSus pknj
ij mBkbZ rkfd eSa Hkh mlesa nkf[k+y gks tk rks
24
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us pknj dks esjs gkFkksa
ls [khap fy;k vkSj Q+jek;k rqe HkykbZ ij gksA
nqjsZ eUlwj&5@563 eqv+te dchj&rcjkuh&3@53]54
gt+jr vcw lbZ+n [kqnjh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

ls fjok;r gS jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us Q+jek;k fd ;s vk;r ikp vQ+jkn iatru ikd
ds ckjs esa ukft+y gqbZ ;kuh eSa]gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYyegt+jr ekSyk v+yh] lb;nk Q+kfrek
t+gjk] beke glu o beke gqlSuv+ySfgeqLlyke
r+lhj rcjh&22@10 nqjsZ eUlwj&5@563
gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk ds

nkSyr dnkg esa tc ;s vk;rs djhek&vYykg rks ;gh
pkgrk gS fd ,s uch lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ?kj
okyks rqels gj rjg dh ukikdh dks nwj dj ns------
ukft+y gqbZ rks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh] lb;nk Q+kfrek vkSj beke glu
o beke gqlSu dks cqykdj pknj mM+kbZ fQj nqv+k dh
,s vYykg ;s esjs vgys cSr gSa buls gj rjg dh
ukikdh dks nwj Q+jeak ns vkSj bUgsa [kwc ikd lkQ o
lqFkjk dj ns gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugk us v+t+Z fd;k ;k jlwyYykg eSa Hkh buds lkFk
gw vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k rqe
viuh txg ij gks vkSj [kS+j dh tkfuc gksA
frfeZt+h&2@736
mEeqy eksfeuhu gt+jr vk;kk fln~nhd+k jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugk ls fjok;r gS vki Q+jekrh gSa fd
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ,d pknj vks<+s gq;s
25
Fks ftl ij fl;kg u ls dtkcksa dh lwjrsa cuh gqbZ
Fkha brus esa gt+jr beke glu v+ySgLlyke vk;s
rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us mu dks pknj
ds vUnj dj fy;k fQj gt+jr beke gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke vk;s mu dks Hkh pknj ds vUnj dj
fy;k fQj [k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk
v+ySgLlyke vk;ha rks mu dks Hkh pknj ds vUnj
dj fy;k fQj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ksjs [kqnk
v+ySgLlyke vk;s rks mudks Hkh pknj ds vUnj
dj fy;k fQj ;s vk;rs djhek i<++h vYykg rks
;gh pkgrk gS fd ,s vgys cSr rqels gj rjg dh
vkywnxh nwj dj ns vkSj rqe dks rgkjr ls uokt+ ns
lgh eqfLye&6@103
26
eukfd+cs vgys cSr

&% vgknhl dh jkskuh esa %&
lgh eqfLye o frfeZt+h kjhQ+ esa okfjn gS gt+jr tS+n
fcu vjd+e jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS
ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k eSa rqeesa nks ,slh pht+sa NksM+s tk jgk gw fd
vxj rqe yksx budks et+cwrh ls Fkkes jgksxs rks dHkh
xqejkg u gksxs vkSj vxj ,d dks Hkh NksM+ fn;k rks
xqejkg gks tkvksxs buesa ls ,d nwljs ls cM+h v+t+er
okyh gaS ,d vYykg rv+kyk dh fdrkc dqjku tks
vkleku ls t+ehu rd yVdh gqbZ jLlh gS blesa
fgnk;r o uwj gS rks vYykg rv+kyk dh fdrkc
dqjku dks et+cwrh ls Fkkes jgks vkSj nwljh pht+ esjs
vgys cSr gSa eSa rqedks vgys cSr ds ckc esa [kqnk dh
;kn fnykrk gw vgys cSr dh fulcr ;s tqeyk rhu
ckj bjkkn Q+jek;k vkSj dqjku o vgys cSr dHkh
vkil esa tqnk u gksaxs ;gk rd fd nksuksa gkSt+s dkSlj
ij esjs ikl vk;saxs vkSj tks budh iSjoh djsxk oks
fgnk;r ij gksxk vkSj tks budks NksM+ nsxk oks xqejkg
gks tk;sxkA lgh eqfLye&6@94 fedkr&3@254
frfeZt+h&2@736
ot+kgr%& et+dwjk gnhl esa ;s ckr d+kfcys roTtks gS

fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us dqjku ethn
dk ft+ ,d ckj Q+jek;k ysfdu vgys cSr dk ft+
rhu ckj Q+jek;k blesa fgders eqLrQ+k ;s Fkh fd
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds b+Yes xS+c esa ;s
ckr Fkh fd esjs ckn dqN yksx esjh mEer ds fnyksa ls
vgys cSr dh eqgCcr o v+d+hnr dks feVkus dk dke
27
djsaxs vkSj vgys cSr vrgkj ls ,rd+knh o eqgCcrh
rv+kYyqd+ dks equd++rkv+ djus ds dke dks c[kwch
vatke nsaxs vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh fuxkgs
ucwor ;s ns[k jgh Fkh fd esjh mEer ds ckt+ yksx
esjs vgys cSr ls cqX+t+ o v+nkor vkSj fnyksa esa
fuQ+kd+ o dhuk j[ksaxs blfy;s ,d gh eqd+ke ij
nksuks pht+ksa dqjku o vgys cSr dk ft+ fd;k exj
dqjku dk ft+ ,d ckj vkSj vgys cSr dk ft+
rhu ckj Q+jek;kA
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds b+Ye

esa ;s ckr Fkh fd dqjku vYykg dk dyke gS tks uwj
o jkgs fgnk;r gS vkSj yksx bls vYykg dk dyke
gh tkusaxs vkSj bl ij bf[+rykQ+ o bUdkj dk
fQ+Ruk u gksxk exj esjs vgys cSr ds eqrkv+fYyd+
esjh mEer ds yksx bf[+rykQ+ o bfUrlkj vkSj cqXt+
o v+nkor dk fQ+Ruk [kM+k djsaxs rkfd yksx xqejkg
gks tk;as vkSj bl fQ+Rus dh bfCrnk taxs fl+Q+hu esa
gqbZ fQj dwQ+k esa fQj ekjdk&,&djcyk cik gqvk
vkSj nhxj ed+kekr ij Hkh fQ+Rus mBsA
vkSj ;gh dke rkft+;knkjh dh eq[k+kfyQ+r

djus okys yksx Hkh c[kwch vatke ns jgs gaS fd fdlh
rjg rkft+;knkjh [k+Re gks tk;s vkSj vkus okys oD+r
esa yksx Hkwy tk;sa fd ekjdk&,&djcyk D;k Fkk vkSj
beke gqlSu dkSu Fks vkSj yksxksa ds fnyksa ls vgys cSr
dh eqgCcr feV tk;s vkSj yksx xqejkg gks tk;sa
ysfdu budh ;s dksfkk o [+okfgk bakk vYykg dHkh
dke;kc u gksxh vkSj u dHkh rdehy dks igqpsxh
D;ksafd vYykg rv+kyk ftls fgnk;r ns mls dksbZ
28
xqejkg ugha dj ldrk blfy;s gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us viuh mEer dks xqejkgh ls cpkus
ds fy;s vgys cSr vrgkj dh eqgCcr dks viuh
mEer ij okftc djrs gq;s rkdhn Q+jekbZ fd esjs
vgys cSr dh eqgCcr dk nkeu idM+s jgksxs rks dHkh
xqejkg u gksxs vkSj vxj vgys cSr dh eqgCcr dk
nkeu NksM+ fn;k rks ;d+huu xqejkg gks tkvksxsA
gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk ls

fjok;r gS uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k&[k+cjnkj ;s efLtn ucoh fdlh tquch
vkSj gkbt+k v+kSjr ds fy;s gyky ugha flok;s esjs
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vkSj gt+jr ekSyk
v+yh o lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk vkSj beke glu o
beke gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke ds buds vykok fdlh
ds fy;s efLtn ucoh esa tukcr] ukikdh o gkyrs
gSt+ esa vkuk tkuk tkbt+ ugha beke tykyqn~nhu
l;wrh&[k+lkblqy dqcjk&2@424 cSgdh&lquu dqcjk&
7@65 bCus vlkdj&rkjh[k+ nfed+&14@166
gt+jr bCus m+ej fcu [k+Rrkc jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd jlwys vdje
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k&esjs fjrs vkSj
ulc ds flok d+;ker ds fnu gj fjrk vkSj ulc
equd+rkv+ gks tk;sxkA eqv+te dchj&rcjkuh&3@44
eqLrnjd gkfde&3@153 etemT+t+okbn&9@173
gt+jr m+ej fcu [k+Rrkc jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd ljdkjs nks v+kye
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k&cskd v+yh]
29
Q+kfrek] glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke tUurqy
fQ+jnkSl esa lQsn xqEcn esa eqd+he gksaxs ftldh Nr
v+ksZ bykgh gksxhA
bCus vlkdj&rkjh[k+ nfed+&14@61
gt+jr v+yh c;ku djrs gSa fd oks uch djhe

lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh ckjxkg esa gkft+j gq;s
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us pknj fcNkbZ gqbZ
Fkh il ml ij gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye v+yh
Q+kfrek] glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke cSB x;s
fQj vki lYyYYkkgq v+ySg olYye us ml pknj
ds fdukjs dks idM+dj mu ij Mkydj mlesa fxjg
yxk nh fQj Q+jek;k& ,s vYykg rw Hkh buls jkt+h
gks tk ftl rjg eSa buls jkt+h gwA eqv+te vkSlr
&rcjkuh&5@348 g0&5514 etemT+t+okbn&9@169
gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk

c;ku djrh gSa fd ,d fnu gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye esjs ?kj rkjhQ+ Q+jek Fks [k+kfne us v+tZ+
fd;k njokts+ ij v+yh] Q+kfrek] glu o gqlSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke vk;s gSa vki lYyYYkkgq v+ySg
olYye us gqDe Q+jek;k ,d rjQ+ gks tkvks vkSj
eq>s vius vgys cSr ls feyus nks mEes lyek
Q+jekrha gSa eSa ikl gh ?kj eSa ,d rjQ+ gVdj [kM+h
gks x;h il gt+jr v+yh] Q+kfrek] glu o gqlSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke nkf[k+y gq;s ml oD+r oks deflu
Fks rks vki lYyYYkkgq v+ySg olYye us nksuks cPpksa
glu o gqlSu dks idM+dj xksn esa fcBk fy;k vkSj
nksuksa dks pweus yxsA eqLun&vgen fcu gEcy&
6@296 g0&26582 etemT+t+okbn&9@166
30
&% reke eqfgCckus vgys cSr tUurh gSa %&

vYykg rv+kyk vkSj mlds egcwc gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us ge reke eqlyekuksa dks vgys cSr
vrgkj dh eqgCcr o brkv+r ij eqrb+;u Q+jeak
fn;k ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
lqUurksa o lwjrks lhjr dk eqdEey o vkyk vkSj
csgrjhu uewuk vgys cSr vrgkj gSa gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh lqUurksa o lhjr dk pedrk gqvk
uwjkuh ekgrkc vgys cSr vrgkj gSa blfy;s gesa
pkfg;s fd bl ekgrkc dh uwjkuh fdju ls vius
fnyksa dks vgys cSr dh bfUrgkbZ eqgCcr o v+d+hnr
ls equOoj djsa rkfd gesa vYykg o jlwy dh dqcZr
ulhc gks vkSj vYykg rv+kyk d+;ker ds fnu gesa
vius eqd+jZc o e[k+lwl cUnksa dh Q+sgfjLr esa txg
v+rk Q+jek;sA
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy djhe

ls fjok;r gS fd ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us gluSu djheSu dk gkFk idM+dj Q+jek;k
tks dksbZ eq>ls vkSj bu nksuksa beke glu o beke
gqlSu ls vkSj buds ek cki lb;nk Q+kfrek o
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ls eqgCcr djsxk oks jkst+s d+;ker
esjs lkFk esjs ntsZ esa gksxk ;kuh esjs gh fBdkus ij
gksxk frfeZt+h&2@717 eqLun vgen&1@77
eqv+te dchj& rcjkuh&3@50
gj b+cknr esgur o ekD+d+r ij eqrfey

gksrh gS ysfdu vYykg o jlwy vkSj vgys cSr dh
fnyksa esa eqgCcr fcyk esgurks ekD+d+r ds gkfly
31
gksrh gS flQ+Z gqLus v+d+hnk gksuk ykft+eh gS vkSj bl
eqgCcr dh tt+k vkSj buke tSlk fd et+dwjk gnhl
ikd esa gS ;kuh d+;ker ds fnu gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh ut+nhdh vkSj mudk lkFk ckbls
futkr vkSj dqjcrs bykgh gS ;kuh v+ey FkksM+k vkSj
vTj cs kqekj gSA
gt+jr v+CnqYyk fcu v+Cckl jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS jlwys vdje lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& eSa nj[+r gw Q+kfrek
mldh Vguh gS vkSj v+yh mldk kxwQ+k gS vkSj
glu o gqlSu mlds Qy gaS vkSj vgys cSr ls
eqgCcr djus okys mlds iRrs gaS vkSj ;s lc tUur
esa gksaxs ;s gd+ gS ;s gd+ gSA ;g tqeyk nks ckj
Q+jek;k vy fQ+jnkSl&1@52
vgys cSr ls eqgCcr njvLy gqtwj

lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls fulcrh rv+kYyqd+ dh
cqfu;kn gS vkSj eqfgCckus vgys cSr ds fy;s ;s cM+s
Q+[+j dk ed+ke gS fd vgys cSr dh eqgCcr ds
lcc eqfgCckus vgys cSr dh gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ls ckfruh okcLrxh mudk eqd+n~nj cu tkrh
gS tks mUgsa tUur ds vkyk njtkr ls ljQ+jkt+
djrh gS vkSj v+t+kcs ukj ls egQwt+ j[krh gS vkSj
ckn ekSr reke iqj [k+kSQ+ ed+kekr ij eqgCcrs vgys
cSr muds fy;s Qk;nsean vkSj ennxkj gksxh tSlk fd
Q+jekus jlwy lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye gS&
gt+jr bCus el+n jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd jlwys vdje lYyYykgq
32
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& esjs vgys cSr dh
eqgCcr lkr iqj [k+kSQ+ ed+kekr ij uQ+k Q+k;nk
igqpk;sxh] 1& ekSr ds oD+r 2& d+cz esa 3&d+cz ls
mBus ds oD+r 4& ukes vkeky gkFk esa fn;s tkus ds
oD+r 5& fglkc fd oD+r 6& eht+ku ij 7&iqyfljkr
ds oD+r gqCcs vgys cSr vkSj rkft+;knkjh&12
ot+kgr%&
1
1&ekS
&ekSr ds oDr%&
+ ftl oD+r xqukgxkj cUns dh :g
d+Ct+ dh tkrh gS rks Q+fjrs mls gFkksM+s ls ekjrs gSa
vkSj mldh :g fugk;r l[+r rdyhQ+ ds lkFk
ftLe ls [khaph tkrh gS :g d+Ct+ gksus oD+r mls
bruh l[+r vkSj nnZukd rdyhQ+ gksrh gS fd ftruh
ryokj fd okj vkSj dSaph ds dkVus ij Hkh ugha
gksrh rks ekSr ds oD+r tc :g [khaph tk;sxh ml
oD+r vgys cSr dh eqgCcr gekjs dke vk;sxh vkSj
gesa Q+k;nk igqpk;sxh vkSj ekSr ds oD+r okdS+v+ gksus
okyh reke rdkyhQ+ ls futkr nsxh vkSj gekjh :g
fcyk rdyhQ+ vklkuh ls d+Ct+ dh tk;sxhA
2&d+cz esa%& eb;r dks nQ+u djus ds ckn tc ml

ij mlds xqukgksa ds lcc v+t+kc eqlYyr fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj mlds ftLe dks dhM+s edksM+s] lki vkSj
fcPNw dkVrs ukSprs vkSj [kkrs gSa vkSj mldks vkx
dk v+t+kc vkSj nhxj eq[+rfyQ+ v+t+kc ml ij
eqlYyr fd;s tkrs gSa ml oD+r vgys cSr dh
eqgCcr eqfgCckus vgys cSr ds dke vk;sxh vkSj
uQ+k Q+k;nk nsxh vkSj v+t+kc ls futkr o jkgr
nsxhA
33
3&d+cz ls mBus ds oD+r%& jkst+s d+;ker tc lwj
Qwdk tk;sxk rks yksx viuh&viuh d+czksa ls uaxs iko
uaxs ftLe mBsaxs vkSj muds fny brus [k+kSQ+ t+nk gksaxs
fd keZxkkgsa [kqyh gksus ds ckotwn yksx d+;ker dh
gkSyukfd;ksa vkSj l[+r elkbcks vkyke ds lcc ,d
nwljs dks ns[kus ls cs fu;kt+ jgsaxs ml oD+r vgys
cSr dh eqgCcr ennxkj o uQ+k c[+k gksxhA
4&ukes vkeky feyus ds oD+r%& ;kuh d+;ker ds

fnu ftldks mldk ukes vkeky nkfgus gkFk esa fn;k
tk;sxk oks [kqkh&[kqkh iyVsxk vkSj ftldks mldk
ukes vkeky ck;s gkFk esa fn;k tk;sxk mlds fy;s
gykdr gksxh oks oD+r cM+k gh gkSyukd gksxk ml
oD+r vgys cSr dh eqgCcr ennxkj o Q+k;ns ean
lkfcr gksxhA
5&fglkc ds oD+r%& ;kuh vYykg rv+kyk cUns ls

tc gj pht+ ds eqrkv+fYyd+ fglkc ysxk vkSj bUlku
vius jc ds lkeus [k+kSQ+ t+nk [kM+k gksxk vkSj mlds
reke vkt+k vax [k+kSQ+ o Mj ds ckbl dki jgs
gksaxs ml oD+r vgys cSr dh eqgCcr dke vk;sxh
vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dh jger mldh futkr dk
ckbl cusxhA
6&eht+ku ds oD+r%& jkst+s d+;ker tc bUlku ds

vkeky rkSys tk;saxs vkSj eht+ku rjktw d+k;e fd;k
tk;sxk vkSj bUlku ds xqukg vkSj usfd;k ,d&,d
iyM+s esa j[k nh tk;saxh oks oD+r fugk;r [k+kSQ+ o
fny ngykus okyk gksxk vkSj mldh fuxkgsa VdVdh
ck/ks rjktw ij yxh gksaxh fd dgha gekjh usfd;k
34
xqukgksa ds eqd+kfcys de u iM+ tk;sa ml oD+r vgys
cSr dh eqgCcr Q+k;nsean o ennxkj gksxhA
7&iqyfljkr ds oD+r%& iqyfljkr tks cky ls T+;knk

ckjhd vkSj ryokj ls T+;knk rst+ gksxh tks tgUuqe
ds ij fcNh gksxh blds uhps tgUuqe tks kksys
ekjrh gqbZ ngd jgh gksxh vkSj bl ij ls gj ,d
dks xqt+juk gksxk vkSj dqN yksx fQly&fQly dj
tgUuqe esa fxj jgs gksaxs ml oD+r vgys cSr dh
eqgCcr eqfgCckus vgys cSr dh ennxkj gksxh vkSj
reke eqfgCckus vgys cSr iqy fljkr ls ck vklkuh
vkSj fcyk rdyhQ+ks ijskkuh rst+h ls xqt+j tk;saxsA
et+dwjk reke gkSyukd o [k+kSQ+ukd

vkSj fny ngykus okys ed+kekr ij vgys cSr dh
eqgCcr eqfgCckus vgys cSr ds dke vk;sxh vkSj
ennxkj o uQ+k c[+k gksxh vgys cSr dh eqgCcr
v+t+kcs bykgh ls egQwt+ jgus vkSj vYykg rv+kyk
dh jger o jt+k vkSj [kqkuwnh gkfly djus vkSj
nkst+[k+ ls vktknh dk vklku o csgrjhu t+fj;k gS
gt+jr v+CnqYykg fcu v+Cckl jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq c;ku djrs gSa fd ljojs dk;ukr
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k fd eSa b+Ye dk
rjktw gw v+yh mldk iyM+k gS glu o gqlSu mldh
jfLl;k gSa Q+kfrek mldk nLrk gS vkSj esjs ckn
vkbEek vr~gkj ml rjktw dh m+ewnh lyk[+k gSa
ftlds t+fj;s gekjs lkFk eqgCcr djus okyksa vkSj
cqXt+ j[kus okyksa ds vkeky rkSys tk;saxsA
vy fQ+jnkSl&1@44 g0&107
35
Q+jek;k& vkys jlwy dh ekv+jQ+r nkst+[k+ ls
futkr gS vkys jlwy dh eqgCcr iqyfljkr ij
xqt+jus esa vklkuh gS vkSj vkys jlwy dh foyk;r
dk bd+jkj v+t+kcs bykgh ls fgQ+kt+r gSA
vyfkQ+k&2@54
;kses d+;ker eSnkus egkj esa ph[k+ks iqdkj

dk v+kye gksxk vkSj yksx fugk;r [k+kSQ+ o l[+r
ijskkfu;ksa o rdyhQ+ksa ls f?kjs gksaxs dqN yksx v+t+kc
esa eqfCryk gksaxs vkSj dqN fglkcks fdrkc ls xqt+j jgs
gksaxs vkSj dqN dh tqckus Hkwd o I;kl dh fkn~nr ds
ckbl ckgj dks f[kap jgha gksaxh vkSj fugk;r l[+r
xehZ dh fkn~nr ds ckbl yksxksa ds fnekx+ [kkSyrs gksaxs
vkSj ilhus us muds ftLeksa dks yxke Mky j[kh gksxh
yksx d+;ker dh gkSyukfd;ksa o eqlhcrks rdkyhQ+ esa
fxj+rkj dki jgs gksaxs yksxksa dh ;kses d+;ker gksxh
vkSj eqfgCckus vgys cSr ds fy;s ;kses ft+;kQ+r gksxh
vYykg rv+kyk tUur ds nLrj[+oku ij eqfgCckus
vgys cSr dks nkor f[kyk;sxk tSlk fd Q+jekus jlwy
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye gS&
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy

djhe ls fjok;r gS uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k&tks eq>ls vkSj v+yh] Q+kfrek]
glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke ls eqgCcr djrs gaS
oks d+;ker ds fnu ,d gh eqd+ke ij tek gksaxs vkSj
gekjk [kkuk ihuk Hkh bdV~Bk gksxkA eqv+te dchj
rcjkuh&3@41 rkjh[k+ nfed+&13@227
etemT+t+okbn&9@174
36
dksbZ Hkh k[+l flQ+Z vius usd vkeky ds ckbl
tUur dks ugha ik ldrk pkgs mlds ikl leqUnj
vkSj igkM+ksa ds cjkcj usd vkeky gksa tc rd fd
vYykg rv+kyk dh jger mls <ki u ys gnhl ikd
esa okfjn gS fd jkst+s d+;ker bUlku ds vkeky ds
rhu n+rj jftLVj gksaxs ,d mldh usfd;ksa dk
n+rj gksxk nwljk mlds xqukg o cqjkb;ksa dk vkSj
rhljk vYykg rv+kyk dh usv+erksa dk n+rj gksxk
vkSj tc dksbZ usdh yk;h tk;sxh rks mlds eqd+kcys
usv+er j[k nh tk;sxh gRrk fd usfd;k usv+erksa esa
[k+Re gks tk;asxh flQ+Z xqukg vkSj cqjkb;k ckd+h jg
tk;saxh fQj vYykg rv+kyk dks mu ij bf[+r;kj gSA
pkgs rks viuh jger ls c[+k ns ;k lt+k

ns vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dh jger mldh eqgCcr ds
cx+Sj gkfly ugha gksrh vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dh
eqgCcr gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh eqgCcr
ds cx+Sj gkfly ugha gksrh vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh eqgCcr vgys cSr dh eqgCcr ds cxS+j
gkfly ugha gksrh gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye o
vgys cSr vrgkj ds lnd+s o olhys ls gh gj k[+l
dks tUur feysxh rks tks k[+l tUur vkSj mldh
nk;eh usv+erksa dk rkfyc o [+okfgk eUn gks mls
pkfg;s fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vkSj vgys
cSr vrgkj dh eqgCcr dks ykft+e idM+ ys D;ksafd
reke eqfgCckus vgys cSr okfjls tUur gSaA
uch vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us

Q+jek;k& vgys cSr dh eqgCcr dks ykft+e idM+ks rks
cskd tks k[+l bl gky esa vYykg rv+kyk ls feyk
37
fd oks esjs vgys cSr dks egcwc j[krk Fkk vkSj esjs
vgys cSr ls eqgCcr djrk Fkk rks oks gekjh
kQ+kv+r ds olhys ls tUur esa nkf[k+y gksxk ml
t+kr dh d+le ftlds d+Ct+s dqnjr esa esjh tku gS
fdlh k[+l dks mldk v+ey gekjs gd+ dh ekv+jQ+r
gkfly fd;s cx+Sj Q+k;nk ugha nsxkA eqv+te vkSlr
rcjkuh&2@360 etemT+t+okbn&9@172
gt+jr v+CnqYyk fcu m+ej jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugqe ls fjok;r gS jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us vkf[k+jh pht+ tks bjkkn Q+jekbZ
oks ;s gS fd eq>s esjs vgys cSr esa rykk djksA
eqv+te vkSlr& rcjkuh&4@173
gt+jr vcw el+n vUlkjh jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k&ftlus uekt+ i<+h vkSj
eq> ij vkSj esjh vky ij nq:n u i<+k mldh
uekt+ dqcwy u gksxhA cSgd+h&lquu dqcjk&2@530
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ksjs [kqnk djeYykgq otgqy

djhe Q+jekrs gaS fd jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us eq>s crk;k fd esjs lkFk lcls igys
tUur esa nkf[k+y gksus okys eSa gt+jr v+yh lb;nk
Q+kfrek t+gjk] glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke gSa eSus
v+t+Z fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg gels eqgCcr djus okys
dgk gksaxs vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k
rqEgkjs ihNs gksaxsA eqLrnjd gkfde&3@164
rkjh[k+ nfed+&14@173
38
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy djhe ls
fjok;r gS fd uch vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us Q+jek;k&lcls igys gkSt+s dkSlj ij eq>ls esjs
vgys cSr feysaxsA datqy m+Eeky&12@100
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k djeYykgq otgqy

djhe ls fjok;r gS fd uch vdje lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us [k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek ls
Q+jek;k ,s Q+kfrek eSa vkSj rw vkSj ;s nksuks
gluSu djheSu vkSj v+yh v+ySfgeqLlyke jkst+s
d+;ker ,d gh txg ij gksaxsA etemT+t+okbn&9&
169]180 eqLun vgen&1@101] 2@692
ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us

gt+jr eyk v+yh ls Q+jek;k&
,s vyh rw vkSj rsjs ennxkj jkst+s d+;ker esjs ikl
gkSt+s dkSlj ij psgjs dh kknkch vkSj lSjkc gksdj
vk;saxs vkSj muds psgjs uwj dh otg ls lQ+sn gksaxs
vkSj cskd rsjs nqeu jkst+s d+;ker esjs ikl gkSt+s
dkSlj ij cnuqek psgjksa ds lkFk l[+r I;kl dh
gkyr esa vk;saxsA eqv+te dchj& rcjkuh&1@319
etemT+t+okbn&9@131
gt+jr v+CnqYyk fcu el+n ls fjok;r gS

uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k&
esjs vgys cSr dh ,d fnu dh eqgCcr ,d lky
dh b+cknr ls csgrj gS vkSj tks blh eqgCcr ij
Q+kSr gqvk oks tUur esa nkf[k+y gks x;kA eqLun
vy fQ+jnkSl&2@142
39
gt+jr vcw gqjSjk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls

fjok;r gS fd ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k rqe esa ls csgrjhu oks gS tks
esjs ckn esjs vgys cSr ds fy;s csgrjhu gSA
eqLrnjd gkfde&3@352 etemT+t+okbn&9@174
vy fQ+nkSl&2@170 rkjh[k+ cx+nkn&7@276
gt+jr vcw jkQ+v+ c;ku djrs gSa fd jlwys

vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us gt+jr v+yh ls
Q+jek;k cskd tks igys pkj k[+l tUur esa nkf[k+y
gksaxs oks eSa]gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vkSj rqe
gt+jr v+yh vkSj glu o gqlSu jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugqe gksaxs vkSj gekjh vkSykn gekjs ihNs
gksxh vkSj gekjh chfo;k gekjh vkSykn ds ihNs gksaxh
vkSj gekjs pkgus okys gekjs nk;s vkSj ok;s tkfuc
gksaxsA eqv+te dchj& rcjkuh&1@319
etemT+t+okbn&9@131
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

ls fjok;r gS fd ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYYkkgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k fd pkj k[+l ,sls gSa fd d+;ker
ds jkst+ ftuds fy;s eSa kQ+kvr djus okyk gksxk
vkSj oks ;s gSa esjh vkSykn dh bT+t+r o rdjhe
djus okyk vkSj mudh gktkr dks iwjk djus okyk
vkSj muds eqv+keykr ds fy;s rx o nw nkSM+ /kwi
djus okyk vkSj fny o tku ls muls eqgCcr djus
okykA datqy m+Eeky&12@100 g0&34180
40
&% vgys cSr ls cqXt+ j[kus okys tgUuqeh gSa %&

xqft+Lrk lQ+k ij et+dwjk vgknhl esa eqfgCckus vgys
cSr ds fy;s tks bukekr vkSj vTjs v+t+he ls
cgjs;kc gksus dk tks ft+ gqvk gS mldh lv+knr
ftldks gkfly gks tk;s rks mlds ,t+kt+ks bdjke o
ekjZrks dkejkuh dk v+kye D;k gksxk jkst+s d+;ker
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vkSj vgys cSr
vrgkj dh dqcZr ls tks eqkjZQ+ gks tk;s oks vYykg
rv+kyk dh jger o veku esa jgsxk vkSj ;s
eqfgCckus vgys cSr ds fy;s cM+s Q[+j vkSj ekZjr
dk ed+ke gksxk vgys cSr ls eqgCcr dh tt+k
vYykg dh jger o tUur gS vkSj buls cqXt+ o
v+nkor dh lt+k nkst+[k+ gSA
gt+jr v+CnqYyk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls

fjok;r gS uch vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k tks k[+l vkys eqgEen dh eqgCcr ij ejk
oks kghn ejk tks k[+l vkys eqgEen dh eqgCcr ij
ejk oks ex+Qwj ejk ;kuh mldh ex+fQjr gks xbZ
vkSj tks k[+l vkys eqgEen dh eqgCcr ij ejk oks
tUur esa bl rjg tk;sxk ftl rjg nqYgu vius
nwYgk ds ?kj tkrh gS vkSj tks k[+l vkys eqgEen dh
eqgCcr ij ejk rks mldh d+cz ij vYykg rv+kyk
jger ds Q+fjrksa dks eqd+jZj Q+jek;sxk vkSj tks
k[+l vkys eqgEen dh eqgCcr ij ejk oks jkst+s
egkj bl rjg vk;sxk fd mldh iskkuh ij vk;rs
jger fy[kh gksxh vkSj tks k[+l vkys eqgEen ds
cqXt+ ij ejk oks tUur dh [kqcw Hkh ugha lw?ksxkA
gqCcs vgys cSr vkSj rkft+;knkjh&14]15
41
gt+jr vcw lbZn [kqnjh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq
ls fjok;r gS ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k& ml k[+l ij vYykg rv+kyk
dk l[+r v+t+kc gksxk tks esjs vgys cSr ds ckjs esa
eq>s rdyhQ+ igqpk;sxkA datqy m+Eeky&12@93

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS jlwys vdje lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& vxj dksbZ k[+l
dkckrqYykg ds ikl :Dus ;ekuh vkSj ed+kes
bczkghe ds nje;ku [kM+k gksdj uekt+ i<+s vkSj
jkst+k Hkh j[ks fQj oks bl gky ij ejs fd esjs
vgys cSr ls cqXt+ j[krk Fkk rks cskd oks tgUuqe esa
tk;sxkA eqLrnjd gkfde&3@161 eqv+te dchj
rcjkuh&11@176 etemT+t+okbn&9@171
vgys cSr ls cqXt+ j[kus ds lcc bUlku

ds reke usd vkeky vdkjr cckZn gks tkrs gSa
vkSj nqfu;k o vkf[k+jr esa mlds vkeky mls dksbZ
uQ+k u nsaxs ftlus vgys cSr ls cqXt+ j[kk xks;k
mlus gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls cqXt+ j[kk
vkSj ftlus gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls cqXt+
j[kk xks;k mlus vYykg rv+kyk ls cqXt+ j[kk vkSj
,slk k[+l tgUuqe esa fugk;r l[+r v+t+kc esa
eqfCryk gksxk vkSj u mldh uekt+s mlds dke
vk;saxh vkSj u jkst+k vkSj u nhxj usd vkeky
cfYd oks nkf[k+ys tgUuqe gksxk vkSj tgUuqe dh
ngdrh gqbZ vkx mldk nk;eh fBdkuk gksxhA
42
ls fjok;r gS ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k& [kqnk dh d+le ftlds d+Ct+s
dqnjr esa esjh tku gS ge vgys cSr ls cqXt+ j[kus
okyk dksbZ ,d k[+l Hkh ,slk ugha fd ftls vYykg
rv+kyk tgUuqe esa u Mkys eqLrnjd gkfde&3@162
gt+jr vcw lb+Zn [kqnjh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k& ftlus vgys cSr ls cqXt+ j[kk
oks equkfQ+d+ gSA nqjsZ eUlwj&7@349 beke vgen
fcu gEcy& Q+t+kbys lgkck&2@661
mEeqy eksfeuhu gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugk Q+jekrh gSa& uch vdje lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us v+yh] Q+kfrek] glu o gqlSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke dks viuh deyh esa ys fy;k vkSj
nqv+k dh ,s vYykg tks buls v+nkor nqeuh j[ks
rw mlls v+nkor j[k vkSj tks budks nksLr j[ks rw
mls nksLr j[kA etemT+t+okbn&9@166
tSlk fd vgys bZeku dk v+d+hnk gS fd gqtwj

lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh nqv+k dHkh jn~n ugha
gksrh cfYd kjQ+s ed+cwfy;r ikrh gS ;kuh tks vgys
cSr vrgkj dk nksLr gS oks vYykg rv+kyk dk nksLr
gS vkSj tks vgys cSr dk nqeu gS oks vYykg
rv+kyk dk nqeu gS vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dk nqeu
nkst+[k+h vkSj v+t+kcs bykgh dk eqLrfgd+ o lt+kokj
gS vkSj vYykg rv+kyk ftls viuk nksLr cuk ys oks
jgers bykgh vkSj tUur dk eqLrfgd+ o lt+kokj gS
43
gt+jr tkfcj fcu v+CnqYyk ls fjok;r gS ljojs
dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& tks
esjs vgys cSr ls cqXt++ j[krk gS vYykg rv+kyk mls
jkst+s d+;ker ;gwfn;ksa ds lkFk tek djsxk pkgs oks
jkst+s uekt+ dk ikcUn D;ksa u gks vkSj [kqn dks
eqlyeku xqeku djrk gksA
eqv+te vkSlr&rcjkuh&4@212
etemT+t+okbn&9@172
gt+jr t+Sn fcu vjd+e jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k& v+yh] Q+kfrek] glu o gqlSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke rqe ftlls yM+ksxs eSa Hkh mlls
yM+wxk vkSj ftlls rqe lqyg djksxs eSa Hkh mlls
lqyg d:xkA frfeZt+h&2@762 bCus ektk&1@82
eqv+te dchj&rcjkuh&5@184
eqLrnjd gkfde&3@161

fjok;r gS jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k& ,s vYykg tks eq>ls vkSj esjs vgys cSr
ls cqXt+ o v+nkor j[krk gks mls dljrs eky vkSj
dljrs vkSykn ls uokt+ ;s mudh xqejkgh ds fy;s
dkQ+h gS fd mudk eky dlhj gks tk;s il ml
dlhj eky ds ckbl mudk fglkc rohy yEck gks
tk;s vkSj mudh fotnkfu;r tt+okrh pht+sa dlhj
gks tk;s rkfd muds k;krhu dljr ls gks tk;saA
vy fQ+jnkSl&1@492
44
&% vgys cSr vrgkj dh eqgCcr okftc gS %&

vYykg rv+kyk gekjk [k+kfyd+ o ekfyd gS ftlus
gesa vkjQqy e[k+ywd+kr cuk;k vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh mEer esa iSnk Q+jek;k vkSj gesa
nhus bLyke v+rk fd;k tks dk;ukr dh reke
usv+erksa esa lcls vQ+t+y usv+er gS ftlus gesa
cskqekj usv+erksa cjdrksa ls uokt+k ftlus ge
eqlyekuksa ds fy;s tUur dks vkjkLrk fd;k ftlus
gekjh nqU;koh t+:fj;kr o gktkr dh rdehy dh
vkSj nqfu;k esa bUlku dh bfCnrk ls bf[+rrke rd
vkSj d+cz ls d+;ker rd vkSj d+;ker ls nkf[k+ys
tUur rd gesa vYykg rv+kyk dh jger fugk;r
t+:jh gS vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dh jger ds fy;s
mldh bafrgkbZ eqgCcr t+:jh gSA
vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dh eqgCcr gkfly djus

ds fy;s mlds egcwc gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
dh eqgCcr t+:jh gS ftuds t+fj;s gesa dqjku o
lqUur vkSj vgdkes kjhv+r o jkgs fgnk;r feyh
vkSj ftuds rqQS+y gesa nqfu;k esa cs kqekj usv+ersa
feyha vkSj bUgha ds olhys vkSj kQ+kv+r ls vYykg
rv+kyk gesa tUur v+rk djsxk vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye ls eqgCcr djuk xks;k vYykg
rv+kyk ls eqgCcr djuk gS vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq
vySg olYye dh eqgCcr ds fy;s vgys cSr ls
eqgCcr t+:jh gS vkSj vgys cSr vrgkj gqtwj
lYyYykgq vySg olYye dh lqUurksa o dekykr dk
t+kfgjh o ckfruh vkbuknkj csgrjhu uewuk gSa vkSj
45
bLyke dh cd+k ds t+kfgjh eqgkfQt+ vgys cSr
vrgkj gaS ftuls vkt bLyke ft+Unk o rkfcUnk gSA

fjok;r gS ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k esjh mEer esa ls mlds fy;s esjh
kQ+kv+r gS ftlus esjs vgys cSr ls eqgCcr dhA
rkjh[k+ cx+nkn&2@146

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS uch vdje lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& vYykg rv+kyk ls
eqgCcr djks fd oks rqEgas usv+erksa ls uokt+rk gS vkSj
vYykg rv+kyk ds fy;s eq>ls eqgCcr djks vkSj esjs
lcc ls esjs vgys cSr ls eqgCcr djksA
frfeZt+h&2@737 eqv+te dchj& rcjkuh&3@46
gt+jr bCus v+Cckl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k& vkneh d+;ker ds fnu d+cz ls
mBdj b/kj m/kj gjdr u dj ldsxk tc rd
mlls pkj ckrksa dk tokc u ys fy;k tk;s m+ez ds
ckjs esa fd fdl dke esa xqt+kjh vkSj ftLe dh rkd+r
ds ckjs esa fd dgk [k+pZ dh vkSj eky ds ckjs esa fd
dgk [k+pZ fd;k vkSj esjs vgys cSr ls eqgCcr ds
ds ckjs esaA eqv+te dchj& rcjkuh&11@83
etemT+t+okbn&10@346
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k djeYykgq otgqy djhe ls

46
Q+jek;k& fd viuh vkSykn dks rhu ckrsa fl[kkvks
vius uch dh eqgCcr vkSj vius uch ds vgys cSr
dh eqgCcr vkSj dqjku i<+uk rks cskd dqjku ds
b+Ye okys d+;ker ds fnu ftl fnu vYykg rv+kyk
dh jger ds lk;s ds flok dksbZ lk;k u gksxk
vYykg dh jger ds lk;s esa ;s yksx vfEc;k vkSj
usd cUnksa ds lkFk gksaxsA dqatqy m+Eeky&16@456
jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us gt+jr

ekSyk v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls Q+jek;k&,s
v+yh cskd vYykg rv+kyk us rq>s vkSj rsjh vkSykn
dks vkSj rsjs ?kj okyksa dks vkSj rsjs ennxkjksa dks
vkSj rsjs pkgus okyksa dks c[+k fn;k gS il rq>s ;s
[kqk[k+cjh eqckjd gksA vy fQ+jnkSl&5@329
gt+jr vcwtj jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq us

dkcs dk njokt+k idM+s gq;s Q+jek;k&fd eSaus gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks Q+jekrs gq;s lquk gS fd
rqeesa esjs vgys cSr dh felky uwg v+ySgllyke dh
drh ds ekfuUn gS fd tks blesa lokj gks x;k oks
futkr ik x;k vkSj tks ihNs jgk ;kuh tks p<+ u
ik;k oks gykd gks x;kA fedkr&3@264
ot+kgr%& vgys cSr dks drh&,&uwg v+ySgLlyke

dgus dk ekuk vkSj eQ+gwe ;s gS fd oks yksx tks uwg
v+ySgLlyke ds eqfUdj Fks vkSj vYykg o jlwy
dh ukQ+jekuh djrs vkSj dq+j o kjdkh esa eqfCryk
jgrs Fks vkSj muesa ls ckt+ us uwg v+ySgLlyke dks
cqXt+ o dhuk ds lcc eq[+rfyQ+ vfT+t+;rsa igqpk;ha
Fkha oks reke ljdk yksx gt+jr uwg v+ySgLlyke
47
dh drh esa lokj u gks lds vkSj rwQkus uwg esa x+d+Z
gksdj gykd gks x;s vkSj tks yksx drh esa lokj gks
x;s Fks oks futkr ik x;s FksA
blh rjg ftuds fny vgys cSr vrgkj

dh eqgCcr ls ycjst+ gSa oks futkr ik tk;saxs vkSj
vkf[k+jr esa vTjs v+t+he ds eqLrfgd+ vkSj vYykg
rv+kyk dh jger ls cgjs;kc gksaxs vkSj tUur esa
nkf[k+y gksaxs vkSj ftuds fny vgys cSr vrgkj dh
eqgCcr ls [k+kyh gaS muds fy;s gykdr gS vkSj oks
yksx vgys cSr vrgkj ls cqXt+ o dhuk ls ckbl
ukjs tgUuqe esa rwQ+kus uwg dh rjg x+d+Z gks tk;saxs
vkSj tgUuqe ds eq[+rfyQ+ v+t+kc esa eqfCryk fd;s
tk;saxsA
gj ekeykr esa ,rnky csgrj kS% gS

ysfdu eqgCcr ds ekeys ,rnky ugha D;ksafd eqgCcr
dh dksbZ gn ugha gksrh vYykg rv+kyk vkSj mlds
egcwc jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
vkSj vgys cSr vrgkj ls gesa ftl d+nj eqgCcr
gksrh gS ml fed+nkj ls dbZ xquk T+;knk gesa mudh
d+qjcr gkfly gksrh gS et+hn gekjh cf[+kk vkSj
vPNs gj o vYykg rv+kyk dh jger o [kqkuwnh
dk lcc curh gS vkSj eqgCcr o vd+hnr ij gh
bZeku dh cqfu;kn vkSj cf[+kk dk bfUglkj gS ;kuh
lgh my v+d+hnk vkSj lPph eqgCcr ls gh gekjh
ex+fQ+jr vkSj vPNs gj mEehn curh gSA
gt+jr v+Cckl fcu v+Cnqy eqRrfyc

jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugqe us gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
48
olYye ls fkdk;r dh fd dqjSk tc vkil esa
xq+rxw dj jgs gksrs gaS vkSj ge bl njfe;ku tc
muls feyrs rks oks xq+rxw cUn dj nsrs vkSj [k+keksk
gks tkrs rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k ml t+kr dh d+le ftlds d+Ct+s dqnjr esa
esjh tku gS fd fdlh k[+l ds fny esa ml oD+r
rd bZeku nkf[k+y ugh gks ldrk tc rd fd
vYykg rv+kyk ds fy;s vkSj esjh d+jkcr dh otg
ls esjs vgys cSr ls eqgCcr u djsA
bCus ektk&1@80 frfeZt+h&2@727
gt+jr bCus m+ej jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

dk c;ku gS fd gt+jr vcwc fln~nhd+ jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugq Q+jekrs gaS fd jgers nks v+kye
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh jt+k eUnh vkSj [kqkuwnh
vgys cSr dh eqgCcr esa gSA
lgh cq[k+kjh&2@424]433
uch vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg us Q+jek;k&

dksbZ cUnk ml oD+r rd eksfeu ugha gks ldrk tc
rd fd eSa mlds ut+nhd mldh tku ls T+;knk
egcwc rj u gks tk vkSj esjs vgys cSr mls
mlds vgys [kkuk ls T+;knk egcwc rj u gks tk;as
vkSj esjh vkSykn mls viuh vkSykn ls T+;knk egcwc
u gks tk;s vkSj esjh t+kr mls viuh t+kr ls T+;knk
egcwc rj gks tk;sA eqv+te dchj& rcjkuh&7@70
kqv+cqy bZeku&2@189 etemT+t+okbn&1@88
vy fQ+jnkSl&5@154
49

&% ds eukfd+c %&
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh t+krs vd+nl ls
f[k+ykQ+rs ckfruh vkSj foyk;r dk ljpek QwVk tks
vgys cSr vrgkj dks v+rk gqvk tks ckn esa fo;kyr
o beker ds uke ls ekSlwe gqvk gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us viuk uk;cs foyk;r gt+jr ekSyk
v+yh eqrZt+k jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dks eqd+jZj
fd;k vkSj gt+jr beke glu o gt+jr beke gqlSu
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugqe fcyk;rs v+yh dh uwjkuh
keak ds nks eq[+rfyQ+ psgjs vkSj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
ds uk;cs fcyk;r gaS gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq
otgqy djhe ls gh dqrfc;r eqtn~fn;r x+kSfl;r]
v+Cnkfy;r ds pes QwVs ftlls mEer ds eksfeuhu o
vkSfy;k o lkfyghu Q+St+;kc gq;s vkSj fcyk;r dk ;s
flyflyk gt+jr esagnh v+ySgLlyke ij [k+Re gksxkA
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh v+ySgLlyke dh

Q+t+hyr esa ftruh vgknhl eqckjdk okfjn gSa fdlh
nhxj lgkck dh Q+t+hyr esa bruh vgknhl okfjn
ugha gSa vki ds t+krs ikd dks oks ed+keks efUt+yr
vkSj ,st+kt+ gkfly gqvk tks nhxj lgkck dks gkfly
u Fkk vki vkyk ejrcr o ikdht+k lhjrks fdjnkj
ds gkfey Fks vki dh Q+t+hyr esa cskqekj vgknhl
eUdwy gSa ftuesa ls ckt+ dk rt+fdjk ntsZ t+Sy gS
eqykfgt+k Q+jek;saA
gt+jr t+Sn fcu vjd+e jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

ls fjok;r gS fd ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg
50
olYye us x+nhjs [kqe ij d+;ke fd;k vkSj gt+jr
ekSyk v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dk gkFk
idM+dj Q+jek;k ftldk eSa ekSyk gw mldk v+yh
ekSyk gSA frfeZt+h&2@710 fedkr&3@243
x+nhjs [kqe eDdk eqdjZek vkSj enhuk equOojk ds
njfe;ku ,d txg dk uke gS
gt+jr vcw gqjSjk jftvYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls

fjok;r gS fd x+nhjs [kqe dk fnu Fkk tc uch
vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us gt+jr ekSyk
v+yh djeYykgq otgqy djhe dk gkFk idM+dj
Q+jek;k& ftldk eSa ekSyk gw mldk v+yh ekSyk gSA
bl ekSd+s ij vYykg rv+kyk us ;s vk;r

ukft+y Q+jekbZ&fd vkt eSaus rqEgkjs fy;s rqEgkjs nhu
dks eqdEey dj fn;k vkSj rqe ij viuh usv+ersa
iwjh dj nha vkSj rqEgkjs fy;s crkSj nhu bLyke
ilUn dj fy;kA lw0&ek;nk&5@3 beke
tykyqn~nhu l;wrh&nqjsZ eUlwj&2@708 bCus dlhj&
vy fonk;k ou fugk;k&5@464 bCus vlkdj&
gt+jr vcw lb+Zn [kqnjh jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS ;s vk;rs eqckjdk&fd ,s
jlwy lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye tks dqN vkidh
rjQ+ vkids jc ds tkfuc ls ukft+y fd;k x;k oks
lkjk yksxksa dks igqpk nhft;s lw0&ek;nk&5@67
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy djhe dh
Q+t+hyr esa ukft+y gqbZ bl vk;r dk kkus uqtwy
51
c;ku djrs gq;s Q+jekrs gaS fd ;s vk;rs eqckjdk

tc ukft+y gqbZ rks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us gt+jr ekSyk v+yh dk gkFk idM+k vkSj Q+jek;k
fd ftldk eSa ekSyk gw mldk v+yh ekSyk gS ,s
vYykg rw mls nksLr j[k tks v+yh dks nksLr j[ks
vkSj mlls v+nkor j[k tks v+yh ls v+nkor j[ksA
nqjsZ eUlwj&2@817 rQ+lhj dchj&12@49]50
rQ+lhj et+gjh&3@152
gt+jr t+Sn fcu vjd+e jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

olYye us x+nhjs [kqe ds ed+ke ij f[k+rkc fd;k
vkSj Q+jek;k& ftldk eSa ekSyk gw mldk v+yh ekSyk
gS ,s vYykg tks v+yh dks nksLr j[ks rw mls nksLr
j[k tks v+yh ls v+nkor j[ks rw mlls v+nkor j[k
vkSj tks v+yh dh uqljr enn djs rw mldh
uqljr Q+jeka vkSj tks v+yh dh bv+kur djs
rw mldh bv+kur Q+jekaA datqy m+Eeky&11@609
eqv+te dchj&rcjkuh&5@192 vyfonk;k ou
fugk;k&4@170 etemT+t+okbn&9@104
uch vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye

us gt+jr ekSyk v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dk
gkFk idM+k vkSj Q+jek;k v+yh gj ml k[+l dk
nksLr gS tks eq>s nksLr j[krk gS uht+ Q+jek;k& ,s
vYykg rw mldks nksLr j[k tks v+yh dks nksLr
j[krk gSA bCus ektk&1@72
52
jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k&
v+yh eq>ls gS vkSj eSa v+yh ls gw vkSj esjs ckn
v+yh gj eksfeu dk oyh gSA frfeZt+h&2@710
et+dwjk gnhl ikd bl ckr ij nykyr

djrh gS fd dksbZ gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k
v+ySgLlyke dks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls
tqnk xqeku u djs gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq
otgqy djhe dk vncks ,grjke o rkt+heks rdjhe
xks;k rkt+hes eqLrQ+k gS vkSj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ksjs
[kqnk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dh rud+hl xks;k
rud+hls eqLrQ+k gS vkSj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k
dk ft+ ft+s eqLrQ+k gS vkSj ft+s eqLrQ+k njvLy
ft+s [kqnk gS vkSj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq
otgqy djhe ls eqgCcr xks;k gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye ls eqgCcr dh v+yker gS vkSj gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls eqgCcr vYykg rv+kyk
ls eqgCcr dh v+yker gS vkSj ekSyk v+yh ksjs [kqnk
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dk eqfgc esgcwcs eqLrQ+k
gS vkSj esgcwcs eqLrQ+k esgcwcs [kqnk gS vkSj gt+jr
v+yh djeYykgq otgqy djhe dk nqeu njvLy
nqeus jlwy gS vkSj nqeus jlwy njvLy nqeus
[kqnk gS vkSj reke nqeus jlwy d+kfcys ykur vkSj
tgUuqe ds vgy vkSj v+t+kcs ukj ds eqLrfgd+ gSaA
gt+jr vEekj fcu ;kflj jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS ljdkjs nks v+kye
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& tks eq> ij
bZeku yk;k vkSj esjh rlnhd+ dh eSa mls foyk;rs
v+yh dh olhv+r djrk gw ftlus v+yh dks oyh
53
tkuk mlus eq>s oyh tkuk vkSj ftlus eq>s oyh
tkuk mlus vYykg dks oyh tkuk vkSj ftlus v+yh
ls eqgCcr dh mlus eq>ls eqgCcr dh vkSj ftlus
eq>ls eqgCcr dh mlus vYykg ls eqgCcr dh vkSj
ftlus v+yh ls cqXt+ j[kk mlus eq>ls cqXt+ j[kk
vkSj ftlus eq>ls cqXt+ j[kk mlus vYykg ls cqXt+
j[kkA datqy m+Eeky&11@611
etemT+t+okbn&9@108]109
eqLun vy fQ+jnkSl&1@429
rkjh[k+ nfed+&40@181]182
foyk;rs v+yh ds QS+t+ ds cxS+j u dksbZ

x+kSl gks ldk u dksbZ dqrqc vkSj u dksbZ v+Cnky gks
ldk foyk;r] x+kSfl;r] beker] dqrfc;r]
v+Cnkfy;r lc foyk;rs v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v++Ugq ds QS+t+ ls gSa vkSj vkidh lhjrs ikd reke
eqlyekuksa ds fy;s csgrjhu jkgs fgnk;r dk uewuk gS
,d erZck pkj vlgkc gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg

olYye dh ckjxkgs vd+nl esa gkft+j gq;s muesa ls
,d us gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy djhe
dh fkdk;r djrs gq;s v+t+Z fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg D;k
vkius ugha ns[kk fd gt+jr v+yh us ,slk fd;k vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us mlls eqg Qsj fy;k
fQj nwljk mBk mlus Hkh gt+jr ekSyk v+yh dh
fkdk;r esa ;gh dgk vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us mlls Hkh eqg Qsj fy;k fQj blh rjg rhljs
vkSj pkSFks k[+l us Hkh mBdj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh dh
fkdk;r esa oks gh ckr nksgjkbZ fQj gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye mudh rjQ+ eqroTtS gq;s vkSj vki
54
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds psgjs eqckjd ls xqLlk
t+kfgj gks jgk Fkk vki us Q+jek;k fd rqe vyh ls
D;k pkgrs gks ;s rhu erZck Q+jek;k fQj bjkkn
Q+jek;k& v+yh eq>ls gS vkSj eSa v+yh ls gw vkSj oks
esjs ckn gj eksfeu dk oyh gSA frfeZt+h&2@710
ot+kgr%& et+dwjk gnhl ikd esa gt+jr ekSyk v+yh

djeYykgq otgqy djhe dh fkdk;r ij gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk psgjk eqckjd
eqrkx+b;j gks tkuk vkSj ml ij xqLls dk t+kfgj
gksuk vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk mu
fkdk;r djus okys vlgkc ls eqg Qsjuk vkSj vki
lYyYykgq vySg olYye dk ;s bjkkn Q+jekuk fd
v+yh eq>ls gS vkSj eSa v+yh ls gw bl ckr dh rjQ+
bkkjk djrk gS fd rqe tks gt+jr v+yh dh fkdk;r
djrs gks rks xks;k rqe esjh gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh fkdk;r djrs gks D;ksafd tc gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jeak fn;k fd v+yh
eq>ls gS vkSj eSa v+yh ls gw rks gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
dh fkdk;r djuk xks;k gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh fkdk;r djuk gS vkSj vki lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dk et+dwjk vgknhl esa nwljk Q+jeku
fd esjs ckn v+yh gj eksfeu dk oyh gS ;kuh tks
gt+jr ekSyk vyh dh foyk;r dk eqfUdj gS oks
eksfeu gh ugha cfYd equkfQ+d+ gS gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ds cskqekj Q+t+kby o
ejkfrc gSa ftudk kqekj vkSj eqokft+uk djuk uk
eqefdu gSA
55
Q+jekrh gSa uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
Q+jek;k djrs Fks fd fdlh equkfQ+d+ dh gt+jr v+yh
ls eqgCcr ugha gks ldrh vkSj dksbZ eksfeu gt+jr
v+yh ls cqXt+ ugha j[k ldrkA frfeZt+h&2@712
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us eq>ls v+gn Q+jek;k fd rq>ls
eksfeu gh eqgCcr djsxk vkSj rq>ls cqXt+ j[kus
okyk equkfQ+d+ gh gksxkA bCus ektk&1@72
frfeZt+h&2@718
ml t+ekus eas lgkckfdjke jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugqe equkfQ+d+ksa vkSj eksfeuksa dh igpku
bl rjg fd;k djrs Fks fd ftlds psgjs ij gt+jr
ekSyk v+yh v+ySgLlyke ds uke ls ejksM+ o
fldqM+u vk tk;s rks oks equkfQ+d+ gS vkSj ftldk
psgjk gt+jr ekSyk v+yh v+ySgLlyke ds uke ls
[kqkh vkSj ekjZr ls f[ky mBs oks eksfeu gSA

Q+jek;k& gt+jr v+yh dk esjs lkFk rv+kYyqd+ bl
rjg ls gS ftl rjg gk:u v+ySgLlyke dk ewlk
v+ySgLlyke ds lkFk rv+kYyqd+ gS vycRrk esjs
ckn ucwor ughaA lgh cq[k+kjh&1@526
gt+jr lkn fcu vch oD+d+kl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS tc vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye x+t+c;s rcwd dks rkjhQ+ ys tk jgs Fks rks
56
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k djeYykgq otgqy djhe dks
enhuk equOojk dk [k+yhQ+k eqd+jZj fd;k rks gt+jr
ekSyk v+yh us gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls
v+t+Z fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg vki eq>s v+kSjrksa vkSj
cPpksa esa NksM+s tkrs gSa vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us Q+jek;k D;k rqe bl ckr ij jkt+h vkSj [kqk
ugha fd rqEgkjk ntkZ esjs ut+nhd ,slk gS tSls gk:u
v+ySgLlyke dk ntkZ ewlk v+ySgLlyke ds ut+nhd
Fkk ij esjs ckn dksbZ uch ughaA lgh eqfLye&6@90
ot+kgr%&
gr%&gt+jr gk:u v+ySgLlyke ewlk v+ySgLlyke
ds ppk t+kn HkkbZ Fks vkSj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ppk t+kn HkkbZ Fks tc
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye x+t+o;s rcwd ij tkus
ds fy;s rS;kj Fks ml oD+r vkius ;s bjkkn Q+jek;k
fd ,s v+yh D;k rqe bl ckr ij jkt+h vkSj [kqk
ugha fd rqEgkjk ntkZ esjs ut+nhd ,slk gS tSls gk:u
v+ySgLlyke dk ewlk v+ySgLlyke ds ut+nhd Fkk
bl bjkkns eqckjd ls gt+jr ekSyk v+yhjft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugq dks oks kjQ+ erZck feyk tks cuh
bZljkbZy esa gk:u v+ySgllyke dks feyk Fkk exj
Q+d+Z bruk Fkk fd gk:u v+ySgLlyke uch gaS vkSj
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye [k+kfreqy vfEc;k gSa
vkids ckn dksbZ iSx+Ecj nqfu;k esa ugha vkuk FkkA
tc vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye

x+t+o;s rcwd ij tkus yxs rks gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
v+ySgLlyke dks enhuk equOojk dk [k+yhQ+k eqd+jZj
fd;k rks gt+jr ekSyk v+yh us v+t+Z fd;k fd vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye eq>s vius lkFk x+t+o;s
57
rcwd ij ugha ys tk jgs cfYd v+kSjrksa vkSj cPpksa
dh ns[kHkky o fgQ+kt+r ds fy;s enhus esa NksM+s tk
jgs gaS rks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k
fd D;k rqe bl ckr ij jkt+h vkSj [kqk ugha fd
rqEgkjk esjs lkFk rv+kYyqd+ bl rjg gS ftl rjg
gk:u v+ySgLlyke dk ewlk v+ySgLlyke ds lkFk
rv+kYyqd+ Fkk tc gt+jr ewlk v+ySgLlyke dksgs rwj
ij x;s rks gt+jr gk:u v+ySgLlyke dks viuk
[k+yhQ+k cuk x;s Fks ysfdu bl gnhl ;s eqjkn ugha
fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds folky ds ckn
Hkh vki [k+yhQ+k gksaxs cfYd gt+jr ekSyk v+yh dks
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us oD+rh rkSj ij
[k+yhQ+k eqd+jZj fd;k Fkk x+jt+ ;s fd tks d+jkcr
gk:u v+ySgLlyke dks ewlk v+ySgLlyke ls Fkh
mlls dbZ xquk T+;knk d+jkcr gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
eqrZt+k dks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls FkhA
lkn fcu vch oD+d+kl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd eqv+kfo;k fcu vcw lqfQ+;ku
us lkn fcu vch oD+d+kl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq
dks gqDe fn;k vkSj iwNk fd rqe vcw rqjkc gt+jr
v+yh eqrZt+k dks cqjk D;ksa ugha dgrs gt+jr lkn
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq us dgk fd eSa rhu ckrksa
dh otg ls gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy
djhe dks cqjk ugha dgwxk tks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jekbZ Fkha eSaus lquk gS gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ls x+t+c;s rcwd
ij tkrs oD+r eq[k+kfrc gksdj Q+jek;k ,s v+yh D;k
rqe bl ckr ij jkt+h ugha fd rqEgkjk nt+kZ esjs
ut+nhd ,slk gS tSls gk:u v+ySgLlyke dk ewlk
58
v+ySgLlyke ds ut+nhd Fkk ij esjs ckn dksbZ uch
ugha vkSj eSaus lquk gS [kS+cj ds fnu vki lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k dy eSa ,sls k[+l dks
>.Mk nwxk tks eqgCcr j[krk gS vYykg vkSj mlds
jlwy ls vkSj vYykg vkSj mldk jlwy Hkh mlls
eqgCcr j[krs gSa vkSj mlds gkFkkas ij vYykg rv+kyk
Q+rg nsxk ;s lqudj ge bafrt+kj djrs jgs fQj vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k v+yh dks
cqykvks fQj gt+jr v+yh vk;s rks mudh vk[kas nq[rh
Fkha gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us gt+jr v+yh
dh vk[kksa ij viuk yqv+kcs ngu eqckjd yxk;k
il mudh vk[kkas dh reke rdyhQ+s [k+Re gks xbaZ
fQj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh dks >.Mk fn;k x;k vkSj
vYykg rv+kyk us gt+jr v+yh ds gkFk ij Q+rg nh
vkSj eSaus lquk gS tc ;s vk;r ukft+y gqbZ fd cqyk;sa
ge vius csVksa dks vkSj cqykvks rqe vius csVksa dks--
------vk;rs eqgkcyk rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us gt+jr v+yh] lb;nk Q+kfrek vkSj glu
o gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugqe dks cqyk;k vkSj
Q+jek;k ,s vYykg ;s esjs vgys cSr gSA
lgh eqfLye&6@91 frfeZt+h&2@714
vcw rqjkc gt+jr ekSyk v+yh dh dqfUu;r gS
rljhg%& et+dwjk gnhl eqckjdk ls dbZ ckrsa okt+sg

gqbaZ gSa ,d ;s fd vYykg o jlwy vkSj gt+jr v+yh
dh ckgeh eqgCcr o d+jkcr bl ckr ij nykyr
djrh gS fd gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy
djhe ejrcr ds v+kyk ed+keks efUt+yr ij Q+kbt+
Fks vkSj nwljh ckr jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ds b+Yes x+Sc dks lkfcr djrh gS fd vki
59
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk ;s Q+jekuk fd dy eSa

ml k[+l dks >.Mk v+rk d:xk ftlds gkFkksa ij
vYykg rv+kyk Q+rg nsxk ;s vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ds b+Yes x+Sc ij nykyr djrk gSA
rhljh ckr ;s fd tc vk;rs eqgkcyk

ukft+y gqbZ rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
vCukvuk esa glu o gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugqe dks vkSj fulkvuk esa flQZ+ lb;nk Q+kfrek
t+gjk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk dks vkSj vUQqlkuk
esa gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us vius lkFk
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dks
kkfey fd;k vkSj Q+jek;k ;s esjs vgys cSr gSa vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds bl Q+jekus eqckjd us
yksxksa ds vgys cSr ds eqrkv+fYyd+ eqx+kyrs dh uQ+h
dj nh fd dksbZ k[+l v+yh] Q+kfrek] glu o gqlSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke dks esjs vgys cSr ls tqnk xqeku u
djs cfYd esjs vgys cSr esa gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
lb;nk Q+kfrek vkSj glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke
v+kyk njtkr ds eUlc ij Qkbt+ gSA

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS uch djhe lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& ,s v+yh rw nqfu;k o
vkf[k+jr esa ljnkj gS rsjk egcwc esjk egcwc gS
vkSj esjk egcwc vYykg dk egcwc gS vkSj rsjk
nqeu esjk nqeu gS vkSj esjk nqeu vYykg dk
nqeu gS vkSj mlds fy;s gykdr cckZnh gS tks esjs
ckn rqEgkjs lkFk cqXt+ j[ks eqLrnjd gkfde&3@138
60
gt+jr v+CnqYyk fcu v+Cckl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugk ls Q+jek;k ;s v+yh fcu vcw rkfyc
gSa budk xksLr esjk xksLr gS vkSj budk [kwu esjk
[kwu gSA eqv+te dchj&rcjkuh&11@93
etemT+t+okbn&9@102

Q+jek;k vYykg rv+kyk v+yh ij jge Q+jek;s uht+
Q+jek;k ,s vYykg v+yh ft/kj dks #[k djsa gd+ dk
:[k Hkh m/kj dks gks tk;sA frfeZt+h&2@712
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy

djhe gd+ o fgnk;r ds dkfey o csgrjhu uewuk
Fks vki us dHkh gd+ o fgnk;r dk vkSj gd+ o
fgnk;r us dHkh vkidk lkFk u NksM+k ftl rjg :g
vkSj ftLe dk et+cwr ckgeh rv+kYyqd+ gksrk gS mlh
rjg gt+jr ekSyk v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq
dk gd+ o fgnk;r ls et+cwr ckgeh rv+kYyqd+ Fkk
vkSj ;s lkjk Q+St+ nqv+k;s eqLrQ+k ds vlj o fuLcrs
eqLrQ+k ls FkkA

olYye us lgkckfdjke ds njfe;ku HkkbZ pkjk
d+k;e djk;k rks gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq
otgqy djhe bl gkyr esa gkft+j gq;s fd vkidh
vk[kkas ls vklw tkjh Fks vkdj v+t+Z fd;k ;k
jlwyqYykg vkius lgkck ds njfe;ku HkkbZ pkjk
61
d+k;e Q+jek;k ysfdu eq>s fdlh dk HkkbZ ugha cuk;k
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k ,s v+yh
rqe nqfu;k o vkf[k+jr esa esjs HkkbZ gksA
frfeZt+h&2@713
jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye

us gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k v+ySgLlyke dks
viuk HkkbZ d+jkj fn;k vkSj nqfu;k o vkf[k+jr esa
vki bl vt+he ejrcr ls cgjs;kc gq;sA
gt+jr vul fcu ekfyd jft+vYykgq

v+ySg olYye ds ikl ,d idk gqvk ifjUnk j[kk
Fkk vkius nqv+k ekxh ,s vYykg e[k+ywd+ esas ls vius
egcwc rjhu k[+l dks esjs ikl Hkst rkfd oks esjs
lkFk ;s ifjUnk [kk;s brus esa gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
gkft+j gq;s fQj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
gt+jr v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ds lkFk
ifjUnk [kk;kA frfeZt+h&2@713
gt+jr v+CnqYyk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

ls fjok;r gS ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k djeYykgq otgqy
djhe us Q+jek;k& tc eSa dqN ekxrk gw rks gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye eq>s v+rk Q+jekrs gSa vkSj
vxj eSa [k+keksk jgrk gw rks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye eq>ls bfCrnk Q+jekrs gSa ;kuh vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye gt+jr v+yh ls [kqn iwNrs
vkSj cxS+j loky ds v+rk Q+jekrs frfeZt+h&2@713
62
gt+jr tkfcj jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r
gS jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us rkW;Q+
ds fnu gt+jr ekSyk v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq
dks cqyk;k vkSj muls ljxkskh dkukQwlh dh rks
yksxksa us dgk gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
vius ppkt+kn HkkbZ ds lkFk ljxkskh rohy gks xbZ
rks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k eSaus
v+yh ls ljxkskh ugha dh cfYd vYykg rv+kyk us
v+yh ls ljxkskh Q+jekbZ gS ;kuh vYykg rv+kyk
ds gqDe ls eSus ljxkskh dh gS frfeZt+h&2@715
gt+jr mEes v+rh;k jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugk ls fjok;r gS ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us ,d ydj Hkstk ftlesa gt+jr
v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq Hkh Fks eSus gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks gkFk mBk;s nqv+k ekxrs
gq;s lquk Fkk ,s vYykg ml oD+r rd esjk folky u
gks tc rd rw eq>s v+yh dks u fn[kk nsA
frfeZt+h&2@719
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh v+ySgLlyke dh

tqnkbZ esa gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk ;s nqv+k
Q+jekuk bafrgkbZ eqgCcr dh v+yker gS fd gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ls
csgn eqgCcr Fkh vkSj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh dks Hkh
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls csbafrgk eqgCcr
Fkh gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy djhe
vYykg o jlwy ds eqfgc Hkh Fks vkSj esgcwc Hkh FksA
63
gt+jr bCus v+Cckl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq
ds njokt+s ds flok reke njokt+s cUn djus dk gqDe
fn;kA tks efLtns ucoh esa [kqyrs Fks
frfeZt+h&2@717
gt+jr beke glu fcu v+yh v+ySfgeqLlyke

us [kqRck fn;k vkSj Q+jek;k& xqft+rk dy rqels oks
gLrh tqnk gks xbZ ftuls u rks xqft+rk yksx b+Ye esa
lcd+r ys lds vkSj u gh ckn esa vkus okys muds
b+Yeh erZcs dks ik ldsaxs gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye mudks viuk >.Mk nsdj Hkstrs Fks vkSj
ftcjkbZy vkidh nk;h rjQ+ gksrs Fks vkSj ehdkbZy
vkidh ck;h rjQ+ gksrs Fks vkSj vkidh Q+rg gksus
rd oks vkids lkFk jgrs FksA eqLun vgen&1@199
eqv+te vkSlr& rcjkuh&2@336
gt+jr tkfcj jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq c;ku

djrs gSa fd x+tc;s [k+Scj ds fnu gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
djeYykgq otgqy djhe us fd+yk [kS+cj dk njokt+k
mBk fy;k ;gk rd fd eqlyeku fd+ys ij p<+ x;s
vkSj mls Q+rg dj fy;k gkykfd ml njokt+s dks
pkyhl vkneh feydj mBkrs FksA beke vkd+ykuh&
Q+rgqy ckjh&7@478 beke bCus v+yh kSck& vy
eqlfUuQ+&6@347

olYye us Q+jek;k& eSa b+Ye dk kgj gw vkSj v+yh
64
mldk njokt+k gS fygktk tks bl kgj esa nkf[k+y
gksuk pkgrk gS oks ckcs v+yh ls vk;sA eqLrnjd
gkfde&3@126]127 etemT+t+okbn&9@114 vy
fQ+jnkSl&1@44 eqv+te dchj& rcjkuh&11@55
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k djeYykgq otgqy

djhe ls fjok;r gS uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k& eS fgder dk ?kj gw vkSj
v+yh mldk njokt+k gSA frfeZt+h&2@714
tks k[+l gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye

dh ckjxkgs vd+nl ls b+Yeks ekv+jQr ls Q+St+;kc
gksus dk rkfyc gks rks mls ckcs v+yh ls xqt+juk
gksxk ckcs v+yh ls xqt+js cx+Sj ckjxkgs eqLrQ+k ls
dksbZ QS+t+;kc ugha gks ldrk vkSj ckcs v+yh vgys
cSr vrgkj dh lPph eqgCcr o v+d+hnr ls [kqyrk
gS vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dh dqcZr o jlkbZ vkSj
Q+T+yks dje dk gqlwy uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye vkSj vgys cSr vrgkj dh eqgCcr ls gSA
gt+jr v+CnqYyk fcu el+n jft+vYykgq

lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k fd gt+jr
v+yh ds psgjs dks ns[kuk Hkh b+cknr gSA eqLrnjd
gkfde&3@102&g0&4737 vy fQ+jnkSl&4@294
mEeqy eksfeuhu gt+jr vk;kk fln~nhd+k

jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk Q+jekrh gSa fd eSus vius
okfyn gt+jr vcw c fln~nhd+ jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq dks ns[kk fd oks dljr ls gt+jr v+yh ds
65
psgjs dks ns[kk djrs Fks rks eSus vkils iwNk fd ,s
vCcktku D;k otg gS fd vki dljr ls gt+jr
v+yh ds psgjs dh rjQ+ ns[krs jgrs gSa gt+jr vcw
c fln~nhd+ jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq us tokc
fn;k fd ,s esjh csVh eSus gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dks Q+jekrs gq;s lquk gS fd gt+jr v+yh ds
psgjs dks ns[kuk Hkh b+cknr gSA
gt+jr ryhd+ fcu eqgEen c;ku djrs gS fd

eSus gt+jr b+ejku fcu glhu dks ns[kk fd oks
gt+jr v+yh dks VdVdh ck/ks ns[k jgs Fks fdlh us
muls iwNk fd vki ,slk D;ksa dj jgs gSa rks mUgksaus
tokc fn;k fd eSus gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
dks Q+jekrs gq;s lquk fd gt+jr v+yh dh rjQ+
ns[kuk Hkh b+cknr gSA etemT+t+okbn&9@109

jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk ls fjok;r gS jlwys
vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k fd
v+yh dk ft+ Hkh b+cknr gSA vy fQ+jnkSl&2@244
datqy m+Eeky&11@601
gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rvkyk v+U+ gk+
Q+jekrh gSa fd eSus uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dks Q+jekrs gq;s lquk gS fd v+yh vkSj dqjku
dk pksyh nkeu dk lkFk gS ;s nksuksa dHkh Hkh tqnk u
gksaxs ;gk rd fd esjs ikl gkSt+s dkSlj ij Hkh
bdV~Bs vk;saxsA eqLrnjd gkfde&3@134
etemT+t+okbn&9@134
66
v+Ugq Q+jekrs gSa fd ;s vk;kr& cskd tks yksx
bZeku yk;s vkSj usd v+ey fd;s rks jgeku muds
fy;s yksxksa ds fnyksa esa eqgCcr iSnk Q+jeak nsxk&
lw0&ej;e&19@96 ;s vk;rs djhek gt+jr ekSyk
v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dh kku esa mrjh
vkSj blls eqjkn eksfeuhu ds fnyksa esa gt+jr v+yh
dh eqgCcr Mkyuk gSA r+lhj dqjrch&6@153
etemT+t+okbn&9@125
gt+jr bCus v+Cckl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls

fjok;r gS fd ;s vk;r gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq
otgqy djhe ds gd+ esa ukft+y gqbZ ;kuh eksfeuhu
ds fnyksa esa gt+jr ekSyk v+yh dh eqgCcr Mky nhA
nqjsZ eUlwj&4@747 r+lhj et+gjh&6@161
beke v+Cnqy jT+t+kd us gt+jr bCus v+Cckl

ls fjok;r fd;k gS fd bl vk;r ls eqjkn nqfu;k esa
eksfeuhu ds fnyksa esa gt+jr ekSyk v+yh dh eqgCcr
iSnk djuk gSA r+lhj vCnqy jTt+kd&2@367
nqjsZ eUlwj&4@748
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k dh kku ck tqckus dqjku&

oks tks vius eky [kS+jkr djrs gSa jkr esa vkSj fnu
esa Nqis gq;s vkSj t+kfgj lw0&cd+jkg&274

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd ;s vk;r gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk vU+gq ds gd+ es ukft+y gqbZ
vkids ikl pkj fnjge Fks vkius ,d fnjge jkr
67
dks ,d fnjge fnu dks vkSj ,d fnjge [kqfQ+;k
vkSj ,d fnjge ,sykfu;k [k+pZ fd;kA
nqjsZ eUlwj&1@936 r+lhj bCus v+Cckl&1@165
r+lhj bCus dlhj&1@384r+lhj et+gjh&1@539
r+lhj dqjrch&2@419
dqjku ethn dh lwjg rgjhe esa vYykg jCcqy
bT+t+r us gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy
djhe dks lkfygqy eksfeuhu Q+jek;k&
rks cskd vYykg gh mudk nksLr o ennxkj gS vkSj

ftcjbZy vkSj lkfygqy eksfeuhu usd bZeku okys
vkSj Q+fjrs muds ennxkj gSaA lw0&rgjhe&4
eqQ+fLljhusfdjke bl vk;r dh rQ+lhj esa Q+jekrs

gSa fd lkfygqy eksfeuhu ls eqjkn gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
djeYykgq otgqy djhe gSaA
r+lhj bCus dlhj& 28@566
gt+jr vLek fcUrs m+eSl jftvYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk

ls fjok;r gS fd eSusa uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dks Q+jekrs gq;s lquk gS fd lkfygqy
eksfeuhu gt+jr ekSyk v+yh v+ySgLlyke gSaA
nqjsZ eUlwj&6@643 r+lhj dqjrch&9@504
beke bCus vlkdj jgerqYykg v+ySg us bCus

vC+ckl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls c;ku fd;k gS
fd lkfygqy eksfeuhu ls eqjkn gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk vU+gq gSaA
rkjh[+k bCus vlkdj&42@361 nqjsZ eUlwj&6@643
68
&% [k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek

lykeqYykg v+ySgk ds eukfd+c %&
gt+jr lb;nk Q+kfrek v+ySgLlyke [k+okrhu
esa lcls vQ+t+y o vkyk gaS vkSj dk;ukr dh reke
v+kSjrksa dh ljnkj gSa vYykg rv+kyk us bUgs [k+kl
b+uk;kr o flQ+kr ls uokt+k gS iwjh bUlkuh dk;ukr
esa fdlh dks gwj dk yd+c v+rk ugha gqvk vki [k+kl
b+uk;kr o flQ+kr o ,st+kt+ dh cqfu;kn ij [k+kl
v+t+erksa dh gkfey Fkha vki v+kfcnk] t+kfgnk] rkfgjk]
kkfdjk o lkfcjk vkSj jc dh jt+k ij jkt+h jgus
okyh csfeLy ikdht+k [k+krwu Fkha gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh uwjs ut+j mEeqy eksfeuhu gt+jr
[k+nht+krqy dqcjk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk dh
y[+rs ftxj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy
djhe dh tkst+k vkSj gluSu djheSu jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugqe dh ek vkSj reke [k+okrhus tUur
dh ljnkj gSaA
vYykg rv+kyk us lb;nk Q+kfrek lykeqYykg

v+ySgk dks oks ,t+kt+ vkSj cqyUn ed+keks ejrc ls
uokt+k ftldh dksbZ nwljh felky ugha vkSj fdlh
nwljh [k+krwu dks ;s kjQ+ gkfly u gqvk vkidh
[kqlwfl;kr esa ls ;s Hkh gS fd vkidk fudkg v+ksZ
vkt+e ij equfD+d+n gqvk vkSj vki eklwehu dh
Q+sgfjLr o vklekuh kkf[+l;rksa ds t+qejs esa kkfey
gSa ljojs dk;ukr jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dks viuh lcls I;kjh o ykMyh csVh
lb;nk Q+kfrek lykeqYykg v+ySgk ls csgn eqgCcr
Fkh vkSj bl eqgCcr dk vankt+ tqnkxkuk Fkk gqtwj
69
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls lb;nk Q+kfrek
v+ySgLlyke dk fjrk flQ+Z cki vkSj csVh dk fjrk
u Fkk cfYd gqDes bykgh ls mEer ds eqLrd+fcy o
gd+ o fgnk;r vkSj beker o fd+;knr jguqekbZ
vkSj jgcjh ls eqUlfyd gSA

jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk Q+jekrh gSa ljojs
dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us [k+krwus tUur
lb;nk Q+kfrek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk ls
Q+jek;k& ,s Q+kfrek D;k rqe bl ckr ij jkt+h ugha
fd rqe esjh mEer dh reke v+kSjrksa dh ljnkj gksA
lgh eqfLye&6@121
gt+jr gqt+SQ+k jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls

fjok;r gS Q+jekrs gaaS fd esjh okfynk us eq>ls iwNk
fd rqeus dc gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls
eqykd+kr dh Fkh eSus dgk fd bruh eqn~nr ls eSa
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls ugha fey ldk ;s
lqudj oks jat+hnk gqbaZ rks eSaus v+t+Z fd;k fd eq>s
btkt+r nhft;s fd eSa gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
ds lkFk ex+fjc dh uekt+ i<w vkSj rqEgkjs vkSj
vius fy;s nqv+k;s ex+fQ+jr djk il eSa gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh f[k+ner esa gkft+j gqvk
vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds lkFk uekt+s
ex+fjc vnk dh ;gk rd fd vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us uekt+s bkka vnk Q+jekbZ vkSj py iM+s eSa
Hkh vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ihNs py iM+k
esjh vkgV lqudj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k dkSu gqt+SQ+k gS eSaus v+t+Z fd;k th gk vki
70
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k rq>s D;k dke
gS vYykg rq>s vkSj rsjh ek dks c[+k ns fQj
Q+jek;k ;g ,d Q+fjrk gS tks vkt jkr ls igys
dHkh ugha mrjk blus vius jc ls btkt+r ekxdj
eq>s lyke djus vkSj eq>s ;s [kqk[k+cjh nsus ds fy;s
gkft+j gqvk gS fd Q+kfrek v+ySgLlyke reke
tUurh v+kSjrksa dh ljnkj gSa vkSj glu o gqlSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke reke tUurh ukS tokuksa ds ljnkj
gSaA frfeZt+h&2@734
rljhg%& et+dwjk gnhl ikd ls dbZ ckrsa okt+sg gqbaZ

gSa fd gt+jr gqt+SQ+k jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq
viuh vkSj viuh okfynk dh nqv+k;s ex+fQ+jr ds
bjkns ls uch vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
f[k+ner esa gkft+j gq;s Fks ysfdu gt+jr gqt+SQ+k ds
nqv+k;s ex+fQ+jr v+t+Z djus ls d+Cy ljojs dk;ukr
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk ;s Q+jekuk fd ,s
gqt+SQ+k vYykg rv+kyk rq>s vkSj rsjh ek dks c[+k ns
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk ;s bjkkns eqckjd
vkids b+Yes x+Sc ij nykyr djrk gS fd vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds b+Yes x+Sc esa ;s ckr Fkh
fd gt+jr gqt+SQ+k jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq fdl
bjkns ls esjs ikl vk;s gSaA
nwljh ckr ;s fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg

olYye ij lyke i<+us ij yxus okys ,rjkt+kr dh
uQ+h dj nh fd tc eykbdk Q+fjrs bT+us [kqnk ls
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks lyke v+t+Z djus
dh x+jt+ ls vkrs gSa rks ge eqlyeku vius I;kjs
vkd+k rktnkjs enhuk jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq
71
v+ySg olYye ij lyke Hkstrs gSa rks ckt+ yksxksa dks
D;ksa rdyhQ+ gksrh gS vkSj lyke i<+us ij ,rjkt+kr
yxkrs gSa gkykfd muds reke ,rjkt+kr cs cqfu;kn
vkSj cn v+d+hnxh vkSj muds cs&bZeku gksus ij
nykyr djrs gSaA
rhljh ckr ;s fd vYykg rv+kyk us Q+fjrs

ds t+fj;s vius egcwc rd ;s iSx+ke vkSj [kqk[k+cjh
Hksth fd [k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek v+ySgLlyke
reke [k+okrhus tUur dh ljnkj gSa vkSj gluSu
djheSu v+ySfgeqLlyke reke tokukus tUur ds
ljnkj gSa cfYd gd+hd+r ;s gS fd gluSu djheSu
reke tUurh enks ds ljnkj gSa D;ksafd gnhl ikd esa
gS fd tUur esa dksbZ Hkh enZ o v+kSjr cw<+k ugha gksxk
;kuh lc toku gksaxs vkSj rhl lky dh m+ez ds gksaxs
vkSj geskk blh m+ez esa jgsaxs vkSj u dHkh mudh
tokuh [k+Re gksxhA
jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us

Q+jek;k& Q+kfrek esjs ftxj dk VqdM+k gS mldh
rdyhQ+ esjh rdyhQ+ gS vkSj tks pht+ mls vfT+t+;r
ns oks esjs fy;s Hkh vfT+t+;rukd gS frfeZt+h&2@763
uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us

Q+jek;k& Q+kfrek esjs ftLe dk fgLlk gS ftlus
Q+kfrek dks xqLlk fnyk;k mlus eq>s xqLlk fnyk;kA
lgh cq[k+kjh&2@424

Q+jek;k& cskd Q+kfrek esjh kk[k+s lejckj gS ftl
72
pht+ ls mls [kqkh gksrh gS ml pht+ ls eq>s Hkh [kqkh
gksrh gS vkSj ftl pht+ ls mls rdyhQ+ igqprh gS
ml pht+ ls eq>s Hkh rdyhQ+ igqprh gSA
eqLrnjd gkfde&3@168 eqLun vgen&4@332
[k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugk ls gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
eqgCcr dk ;g ,d vyx vankt+ gS fd gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us lb;nk Q+kfrek dks
vius ftLe vd+nl dk ,d tqt+ vkSj ftxj dk
VqdM+k dgk vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk
;s Q+jekuk fd Q+kfrek dh gj rdyhQ+ xks;k esjh
rdyhQ+ gS vkSj Q+kfrek v+ySgLlyke dks xqLlk
fnykuk vkSj mUgsa ukjkt+ djuk xks;k eq> gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks xqLlk fnykuk vkSj
ukjkt+ djuk gS vkSj lb;nk Q+kfrek dks tks pht+
[kqkh igqpkrh gS oks pht+ eq>s Hkh [kqkh igqpkrh gS
vkSj ;s gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vkSj lb;nk
Q+kfrek lykeqYykg v+ySgk ds njfe;ku ,d
vuks[kh vkSj cs feLy ckgeh eqgCcr gS ftldh dksbZ
nwljh felky ugha gS vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh rdyhQ+ o ukjkt+xh njvLy vYykg
rv+kyk dh ukjkt+xh vkSj xt+c dk ckbl gSA

lb;nk Q+kfrek ls Q+jek;k& csd vYykg rv+kyk
rsjh ukjkt+xh ij ukjkt+ gksrk gS vkSj rsjh jt+k ij
jkt+h gksrk gSA eqv+te dchj&rcjkuh&1@108
eqLrnjd gkfde&3@167
73
gt+jr v+CnqYykg fcu m+ej jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd uch vdje lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye tc lQ+j dk bjknk Q+jekrs rks
vius vgy o v+;ky esa lcls vkf[k+j esa lb;nk
Q+kfrek ls xq+rxw Q+jekdj lQ+j ij j*okuk gksrs
vkSj lQ+j ls ckilh ij lcls igys lb;nk Q+kfrek
ds ikl rkjhQ+ ykrs vkSj Q+jekrs& ,s Q+kfrek esjs
ek cki rq> ij dqckZu gksaA
gkfde& vy eqLrnjd&3@169]170
reke lgkckfdjke dk ;s ekywe Fkk fd tc

gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh f[k+ner esa gkft+j
gksrs vkSj dqN v+t+Z djrs rks dgrs fd ;k jlwyqYykg
esjs ek cki vki ij dqckZu gksa exj uch djhe
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ut+nhd lb;nk Q+kfrek
v+ySgLlyke dh d+njks efUt+yr o ,st+kt+ dk oks
cqyUn ed+ke Fkk fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
viuh y[+rs ftxj [k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek ls
Q+jekrs ,s Q+kfrek esjs ek cki rq> ij dqckZu gksaA

ls fjok;r gS uch vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us Q+jek;k& esjs ikl ,d Q+fjrs us vkdj v+t+Z
fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg vYykg rv+kyk us vki ij
lyke Hkstk vkSj Q+jek;k fd eSus vkidh csVh
Q+kfrek dk fudkg ekyk&,&vkyk v+ksZ vkt+e ij
v+yh fcu vcw rkfyc ls dj fn;k gS il vki
t+ehu ij Q+kfrek dk fudkg v+yh ls dj nsaA
eqfgCcs rcjh&1@73
74
gt+jr v+CnqYykg fcu el+n jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
olYye us Q+jek;k vYykg rv+kyk us eq>s gqDe
Q+jek;k gS fd Q+kfrek dk fudkg v+yh ls dj nwA
etemT+t+okbn&9@204
lb;nk Q+kfrek lykeqYykg v+ySgk dh kkuks

v+t+er dk ;s v+kye fd vkidks ;s kjQ+s v+t+he
gkfly gqvk gS fd vkidk fudkg vYykg jCcqy
bT+t+r us v+ksZ vkt+e ij equfD+d+n fd;k vkSj
vkids etfyls fudkg esa 40 pkyhl gt+kj Q+fjrksa
us fkdZr dh fQj gqDes [kqnk ls t+ehu ij vkidk
fudkg gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ls gqvkA
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ksjs [kqnk djeYykgq

otgqy djhe ls fjok;r gS uch djhe lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k esjh csVh Q+kfrek d+;ker
ds fnu bl rjg mBsxh fd ml ij bT+t+r dk tksM+k
gksxk ftls vkos g;kr esa /kks;k x;k gksxk lkjh
e[k+ywd+ mls ns[kdj nax jg tk;sxh fQj mls tUur
dk fyckl iguk;k tk;sxk ftldk gj gqYyk tUurh
fyckl gt+kj gqYyksa ij eqkrfey gksxk vkSj gj ,d
ij lCt+ [k+r ls fy[kk gksxk esjh csVh Q+kfrek dks
vglu cgqr vPNh] cgqr [kwc lwjr o vdey
cM+h dkfey] fugk;r ekfgjs Q+u o reke rj
djker vkSj bT+t+r ds lkFk nqYgu dh rjg ltkdj
lRrj gt+kj gwjksa ds >qjeqV esa tUur esa ys tk;k
tk;sxkA eqfgCc rcjh&95
75
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k djeYykgq otgqy djhe ls
Q+jek;k& d+;ker ds fnu eq>s cqjkZd ij vkSj esjh
csVh Qkfrek dks esjh lokjh m+t+ck ij fcBk;k tk;sxk
jkst+s d+;ker vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r gt+jr

lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk v+ySgLlyke dks oks cqyUn
ed+ke o bT+t+rks bdjke ls ljQ+jkt+ Q+jek;sxk fd
vfEc;kfdjke Hkh mUgsa ns[kdj jd djsaxs jkst+s
d+;ker gqDes [kqnk gksxk fd ,s egkj okyks viuh
fuxkgsa vkSj ljksa dks >qdk yks rkfd Q+kfrek fcUrs
eqgEen lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye xqt+j tk;s vkSj
vki nks lCt+ pknjksa esa fyiVh gqbZ lRrj gt+kj gwjksa
ds >qjeqV esa xqt+j tk;saxhaA
gt+jr vcw vb;wc vUlkjh jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd jkst+s d+;ker v+kZ
dh xgjkb;ksa ls ,d funk nsus okyk vkokt+ nsxk fd
,s egkj okyksa vius ljksa dks >qdkyks vkSj viuh
fuxkgsa uhph dj yks rkfd Q+kfrek fcUrs eqgEen
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye iqy fljkr ls xqt+j tk;sa
il vki lRrj gt+kj [k+kfnek gwjksa ds lkFk xqt+jsaxhA
eqfgCcs rcjh&1@94 datqy m+Eeky&12@105

jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk ls fjok;r gS Q+jekrh gSa
fd eSus jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
lkgct+knh [k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek ls c<+dj
fdlh dks vknkr glu lhjr o fdjnkj vkSj od+kj
76
o mBus cSBus esa gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds
eqkkck ugh ns[kk uht+ Q+jekrha gSa tc Q+kfrek
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk rkjhQ+ ykrha rks gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye muds bLrd+cky ds fy;s
[kM+s gks tkrs vkSj mUgsa pwers fQj mUgsa viuh txg
fcBkrs vkSj tc gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
lb;nk Q+kfrek lykeqYykg v+ySgk ds ;gk rkjhQ+
ys tkrs rks lb;nk Q+kfrek gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ds bLrd+cky ds fy;s [kM+h gks tkrha vkSj
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks pwerh vkSj
viuh txg fcBkrh tc gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye v+yhy chekj gq;s rks lb;nk Q+kfrek
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk gkft+j gqb vkSj vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ij >qd xb vki dk ckslk
fy;k fQj lj mBk;k vkSj jks iM+ha fQj nksckjk >qdha
vkSj lj mBk;k rks gal jgh Fkha gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye ds folky ds ckn eSaus muls iwNk fd
crkvks fd tc vki gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
ij igyh ckj >qdha vkSj lj mBk;k rks vki jks jgha
Fkha fQj nksckjk >qddj lj mBk;k rks gal jgha Fkha
bldh D;k otg gS rks vkius Q+jek;k&eq>s gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us crk;k fd blh et+Z esa
esjk folky gksxk rks eSa jks iM+h fQj crk;k vgys
cSr esa lcls igys rqe eq>ls feyksxh ;s lqudj eSa
gal iM+hA frfeZt+h&2@765 lgh cq[k+kjh&2@424

fjok;r djrh gSa fd tc lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk
v+ySgLlyke viuh ejtqy ekSr esa eqfCryk gqb rks
eSa mudh rhekjnkjh fd;k djrh Fkh chekjh ds bl
77
iwjs v+lsZ ds nkSjku tgk rd eSaus ns[kk fd ,d fnu
lqcg mudh gkyr csgrj Fkh vkSj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
v+ySgLlyke fdlh dke ls ckgj x;s Fks lb;nk
Q+kfrek t+gjk us dgk ,s vEek mEes lyek esjs
xqLy ds fy;s ikuh yk;sa rks eSa ikuh yk;h vkSj vki
lb;nk Q+kfrek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk us xqLy
fd;k fQj cksyha vEek eq>s u;k fyokl nsa vkSj eSaus
,slk gh fd;k fQj vki fd+Cyk :[k+ gksdj ysV xb
vkSj viuk gkFk eqckjd vius :[k+lkj vd+nl ds
uhps dj fy;k vkSj Q+jek;k vEek vc esjh oQ+kr
gks tk;sxh eSa xqLy djds ikd gks pqdh gw fygkt+k
eq>s dksbZ u [kksys il mlh txg vkidh oQ+kr gks
xbZA eqLun vgen&6@461etemT+t+okbn&9@210
gtjr tkfcj fcu v+CnqYykg jft+vYykgq

v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k esjh csVh dk uke Q+kfrek
blfy;s j[kk x;k gS fd vYykg rv+kyk us mls vkSj
mlls eqgCcr j[kus okyksa dks nkst+[k+ ls vyx&Fkyx
dj fn;k gSA datqy m+Eeky&12@109 g0&34227
vy fQ+jnkSl&1@364
gtjr vcw gqjSjk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

ls fjok;r gS fd gt+jr ekSyk v+yh jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugq us ckjxkgs fjlkyr ekc esa v+tZ+ fd;k
;k jlwyqYykg vkidks esjs vkSj Q+kfrek esa dkSu
T+;knk egcwc gS vki lYyYYkkgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k Q+kfrek eq>s rqe ls T+;knk I;kjh gS vkSj rqe
eq>s mlls T+;knk v+t+ht+ gks etemT+t+okbn&9@173
eqv+te vkSlr&rcjkuh&7@343 g0&7675
78
&% eukfd+cs gluSu djheSu v+ySfgeqLlyke %&

ljojs dk;ukr jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ds ftLe vd+nl ij lokjh djus okys
gluSu djheSu v+ySfgeqLlyke v+t+he kkuks
v+t+er o ejrcr ds ml v+kyk ed+ke ij Q+kbt+
Fks ftldk rlOoqj Hkh eqgky gS gluSu djheSu dks
uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh xksn eqckjd
vkSj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k o [k+krwus tUur
lb;nk Q+kfrek v+ySfgeqLlyke dh t+sjs fuxjkuh o
ljijLrh esa rjfc;r ikus dk kjQ+ gkfly gqvk
ftudks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us viuh
tqckus eqd+n~nl pqlkdj ikyk ftudks viuh iqr
eqckjd ij lokj djds f[kyk;k ftudks vius csVs
vkSj xqykus nqfu;k ds nks Qwy d+jkj fn;k buls
eqgCcr dks viuh eqgCcr vkSj buls v+nkor
nqeuh dks viuh v+nkor d+jkj fn;k vkSj gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us viuh mEer ij gluSu
djheSu dh eqgCcr dks okftc dj fn;k ;s oks
vt+he gfLr;k gS fd ftu ij eykbdk Q+fjrs Hkh
jd fd;k djrs gSaA
ekjdk&,&djcyk esa gt+jr beke gqlSu

jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq us viuh vk[kks ls vius
xqyku dks mtM+rs ns[kk fQj Hkh vkids d+ne
eqckjd esa ,d yEgs ds fy;s Hkh yx+ft+k u vkbZ
vki ij elkbcks vkyke ds igkM+ VwVs fQj Hkh vki
lcz o rgEeqy ij bfLrd+ker dk nkeu idM+s gq;s
nhus eqgEenh dh fgQ+kt+r dh taxs djcyk esa ftUuks
ds cknkkg vkidh f[k+ner esa gkft+j gqvk vkSj v+t+Z
79
dh ,s beke v+kyh ed+ke vki btkt+r nsa rks eSa bu
reke ydjs ;t+hn dk [k+kRek dj nw ysfdu gt+jr
beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke us Q+jek;k fd eSa rqEgsa
btkt+r ugha ns ldrk D;ksafd rqe vkSj rqEgkjk
ydj lc ftUu gSa tks fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs vkSj bUlku
vkSj ftUukr dh tax ;s uk balkQ+h gS vkSj eSa uk
balkQ+h dh tax ugha djuk pkgrk D;ksafd eSa ;gk
v+n~yks balkQ+ dh tax dj jgk gw vkSj vkius ;s
dgdj ftUukr cknkkg dks :[k+lr dj fn;kA
gt+jr beke gqlSu eSnkus djcyk esa [kqRck

bjkkn Q+jeak jgs Fks vkSj vius [k+seksa ds fxnZ vkx
jksku djok yh Fkh ekfyd fcu m+oZkg us iqdkj dj
dgk ,s gqlSu rqeus ogk dh vkx ls igys ;gha vkx
yxk nh rc vkius Q+jek;k ,s nqeus [kqnk eq>s
mEehn gS fd eSa tUur esa tkxk vkSj rw nkst+[k++ esa
tk;sxk fQj vkius ckjxkgs [kqnkoUnh esa vius gkFk
eqckjd mBk;s vkSj nqv+k dh ,s esjs jc bl uk&
cdkj dks v+t+kcs ukjs tgUuqe ls d+Cy bl nqfu;k
esa vkx dk v+t+kc ns vkSj vkidh nqv+k ed+cwy gqbZ
vkSj mlh oD+r ekfyd fcu m+okZg dk ?kksM+k fondk
vkSj mldk iko jdkc esa my>k vkSj ?kksM+k mls
?klhVrk gqvk ys x;k vkSj vkx dh [k+Und+ esa Mky
fn;k vkSj oks vkx esa tydj HkLe gks x;k fQj
gt+jr beke v+kyh ed+ke us lTnk&,&kq vnk
fd;k vkSj gEns bykgh ctk yk;s vkSj v+t+Z fd;k ,s
vYykg rsjk kq gS fd rwus vkys jlwy ds xqLrk[k+
dks lt+k nhA lokusg djcyk&88
80
,d ;t+hnh cn dyke xqLrk[k+ us gt+jr beke gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke ls dgk fd vkidks vYykg ds jlwy
ls D;k fulcr bl tqeys us gt+jr beke v+kyh
ed+ke dks bZt+k rdyhQ+ igqpkbZ vkSj vkius nqv+k
Q+jekbZ ,s vYykg bl cn xq+rkj dks vius v+t+kc
esa fxj+rkj Q+jeak vkidh nqv+k ed+cwy gqbZ vkSj ml
cn xq+rkj dks ,dne d+t+k;s gktr gqbZ vkSj oks
?kksM+s ls mrjdj ,d rjQ+ cjg~uk uaxk gksdj
d+t+k;s gktr ds fy;s cSBk fd ,d fl;kg fcPNw us
,slk Mad ekjk fd pkjksa rjQ+ nkSM+k&nkSM+k fQjk vkSj
fQj ej x;kA lokusg djcyk&89
gluSu djheSu dh kkuks v+t+er o

Q+t+hyr esa cskqekj vgknhl okfjn gSa ftuesa ls dqN
dk rt+fdjk gLcs tS+y gSA
gt+jr ;v+kyk fcu ejkZg ls fjok;r gS uch

djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k gqlSu
eq>ls gS vkSj eSa gqlSu ls gwA frfeZt+h&2@732
ot+kgr%& et+dwjk gnhl ikd esa ;s ckr dk+fcys

roTtkS gS fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk
Q+jeku fd gqlSu eq>ls gS ;s ckr rks le> esa vkrh
gS ysfdu ;s Q+jeku fd eSa gqlSu ls gw blesa D;k
fgder gS D;ksafd tqt+ dqy ls gksrk gS dqy tqt+ ls
ugha gksrk rks bl vkd+ky dk eQ+gwe vkSj [kqyklk
;s gS fd [kkrwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek v+ySgLlyke
dh xksn eqckjd ls djcyk rd gqlSu v+ySgLlyke
eq> gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls Fkk vkSj
djcyk ls d+;ker rd eSa gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
81
olYye gqlSu ls gw ;kuh bLyke dk oqtwn eqgEenh
gS vkSj bLyke dh cd+k gqlSuh gS nhus bLyke ekjdk
,&djcyk ds ckn gqlSu ls gS njvLy dekykrs
gqlSu dk lqnwj eqLrQ+k ls gqvk vkSj dekykrs eqLrQ+k
dk tgwj gqlSu ls gqvk dekykrs gqlSu dk elnj
eqLrQ+k gSa vkSj dekykrs eqLrQk dk et+gj gqlSu gaSA
tks dekykr gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke

esa Fks oks reke eqLrQ+k ls Fks vkSj oks dekykrs
eqLrQ+k ftudk t+gwj gksuk ckd+h Fkk oks djcyk esa
okdS+v+ gq;s kgknr beke gqlSu vLy esa kgknrs
eqLrQ+k dh rdehy Fkh vkSj Q+jekus eqLrQ+k fd eSa
gqlSu ls gw bl rjQ+ Hkh bkkjk djrk gS fd gt+jr
beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dk t+kfgj o ckfru o
gqLuks teky o [kwfc;k o fdjnkjks deky vkSj
lhjrks v[k+ykd+ lc eq> gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ls gSa vkSj esjh kgknr o lczks kq vkSj
ed+kes jt+k ij bfLrd+ker ds dekykr dk t+gwj
gqlSu ls lkfnj gksxk tks esjs nhu bLyke dh
fgQkt+r vkSj cd+k dk lcc cusxkA
vYykg rv+kyk us vius egcwc jgers

nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh kgknr ds
t+gwj ds fy;s gt+jr beke gqlSu dks eqUr[k+c
Q+jek;k blfy;s vYykg rv+kyk us gluSu djheSu
dks tqfjZ;rs eqLrQ+k v+rk Q+jekbZ vkSj t+kfgjh o
ckfruh eqkkcgr v+rk dh vkSj gluSu djheSu ds
dekykr dk elnj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
dks cuk;k vkSj dekykrs eqLrQ+k dk et+gj gluSu
djheSu dks cuk;kA
82
vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r us tks eksftt+kr o dekykr
vkSj usv+ersa reke vfEc;kfdjke v+ySfgeqLlyke
dks eq[+rfyQ+ v+rk dh oks lc vius egcwc ljdkjs
nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh t+krs ikd esa
;dtk tek Q+jeka nh vc jgk loky kgknr dk rks
dqN vfEc;kfdjke dks usv+ers kgknr Hkh v+rk gqbZ
rks esjs vkd++k rktnkjs enhuk gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye bl usv+ers kgknr ls dSls eg:e jgrs
vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dks ;s dSls xokjk gksrk fd esjk
egcwc usv+ers kgknr ls eg:e jg tk;s vycRrk
vYykg rv+kyk dks vki lYyYykgq vySg olYye
ij [k+Res ucwor Hkh djuh Fkh vkSj usv+ers kgknr
Hkh v+rk djuk Fkh exj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh kgknr dk t+gwj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh t+krs ikd ls eqfEdu u FkkA
D;ksafd vYykg rv+kyk us vius esgcwc

ls ok;nk Q+jek;k Fkk fd ,s esgcwc rsjh oQ+kr fdlh
dkfQ+j ;k nqeu ds gkFkksa ls u gksxh fd dksbZ nqeu
;k dkfQ+j ;s rkuk u ns ev+kt+vYykg fd eSaus
gqtwj lYyYykgq vy+Sg olYye dks d+Ry fd;k gS
vYykg rv+kyk dks ,sls rkuks ls vius egcwc dks
cpkuk Hkh Fkk vkSj vkidh nqeuksa ls fgQ+kt+r Hkh
Q+jekuh Fkh vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks
tkes kgknr Hkh fiykuk FkkA
lwjg ek;nk esa vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r us vius egcwc

ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls ok;nk
Q+jek;k&,s egcwc vYykg rv+kyk yksxksa ls rqEgkjh
fuxsgckuh Q+jek;sxkA lw0&ek;nk&5@67
83
vycRrk vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh ;s
[+okfgk Fkh fd eSa vYykg rv+kyk dh jkg esa kghn
dj fn;k tk vkSj tkes kgknr ls lSjkc gks tk
vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dks vkidh [+okfgk dh rdehy
Hkh djuh Fkh vkSj [k+Res ucwor dks Hkh cjd+jkj
j[kuk Fkk vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh [+okfgks
kgknr tks vkius t+kfgj dh oks eqUnjtk t+Sy
vYQ+kt+ks esa et+dwj gSaA
gt+jr vcw gqjSjk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

ls fjok;r gS fd eSaus jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ls lquk gS vkius Q+jek;k& d+le gS ml
t+kr dh ftlds d+Cts+ dqnjr esa esjh tku gS vxj
eqlyeku bl ckr dks uk ilan djrs fd eSa ftgkn
esa pyk tk vkSj oks ihNs jg tk;sa vkSj esjs ikl
bruh lokfj;k ugha gSa fd lc dks lkFk ys tk
vxj eq>s bl ckr dk [+;ky u gksrk rks eSa gj
VqdM+h ds lkFk fudyrk tks ftgkn ij tkrh d+le gS
ml t+kr dh ftlds d+Cts+ dqnjr esa esjh tku gS fd
esjh rks ;gh vkjtw gS fd eSa vYykg rv+kyk dh jkg
esa d+Ry dj fn;k tk fQj ft+Unk fd;k tk] fQj
d+Ry dj fn;k tk] fQj ft+Unk fd;k tk] fQj
d+Ry dj fn;k tk fQj ft+Unk fd;k tk] fQj
d+Ry dj fn;k tkA lgh cq[k+kjh&4@266 g0&2797
vkSj uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh

vkSykn gt+jr v+CnqYykg] gt+jr d+kfle o gt+jr
bczkghe jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugqe dk tokuh rd
ft+Unk jguk Hkh eqfEdu u Fkk
84
D;ksafd vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh vkSykn gks
vkSj mls ucwor u feys ;s dSls eqfEdu gksrk fd
ckt+ vfEc;kfdjke dh vkSykn dks Hkh usv+ers ucwor
feyh vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh vkSykn
dks usv+ers ucwor u feys rks dy dks dksbZ rkuk
nsrk fd Q+yk uch ds csVs Hkh uch Fks vkSj blds
vykok ufc;ksa dks ucwor vkids rqQ+Sy feyh vkSj
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds csVs usv+ers ucwor
ls eg:e jgsa vYykg rv+kyk dks ;s eatwj o xokjk
u Fkk blfy;s vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
vkSykn dks tokuh esa igqpus ls igys gh oQ+kn ns nh
D;ksafd vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r dks flyflyk&,&ucwor
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh t+krs vd++nl ij
[k+Re Hkh djuk FkkA
dqjku ethn esa vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r us bjkkn

Q+jek;k& eqgEen lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye rqEgkjs
enksZa esa ls fdlh ds cki ugha gk oks vYykg ds
jlwy vkSj vkf[k+jh uch gSaA lw0&vgt+kc&33@40
blfy;s vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye

dh vkSykn tokuh rd ft+Unk u jgh blesa fgders
bykgh Fkh fd [k+Res ucwor Hkh d+k;e jgs vkSj
vkidk csVk Hkh jgs blfy;s vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r us
Q+jek;k ,s esgcwc gj uch dh uLy muds csVksa ls
pyh exj rsjh uLy rsjh csVh Q+kfrek jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugk ls pysxh blfy;s ljojs dk;ukr
jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k&glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke ;s esjs nks
csVs gSa vkSj esjk ulc bUgha ls pysxkA
85
gt+jr v+CnqYyk fcu el+n jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS Q+jekrs gaS fd eSaus uch vdje
uwjs eqtLle lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks ns[kk fd
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us gt+jr glu o
gt+jr gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke dk gkFk idM+dj
Q+jek;k ;s esjs csVs gSaA eqLrnjd gkfde&3@180
gt+jr m+ej fcu [k+Rrkc jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq Q+jekrs gSa eSus ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dks Q+jekrs lquk gS fd gj v+kSjr ds
csVksa dh fulcr muds cki dh rjQ+ gksrh gS flok;
Q+kfrek dh vkSykn ds fd eSa mudk ulc gw vkSj eSa
gh mudk cki gwA eqv+te dchj& rcjkuh&3@44
etemT+t+okbn&4@224

fjok;r gS fd uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us Q+jek;k& vYykg rv+kyk us gj uch dh tqfjZ;r
mldh lqYc ls tkjh Q+jekbZ vkSj esjh tqfjZ;r
gt+jr v+yh fcu vcw rkfyc dh lqYc ls pysxhA
datqy m+Eeky&11@400 etemT+t+okbn&9@172
gt+jr m+ej fcu [k+Rrkc jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq Q+jekrs gS fd eSus ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dks Q+jekrs gq;s lquk gS fd d+;ker
ds fnu esjs glcks ulc ds flok gj flyflyk&,&
ulc equd+rkv+ gks tk;sxk gj csVs dh fulcr mlds
cki dh rjQ+ gksrh gS ek flok;s vkSykns Q+kfrek ds
86
fd mudk cki Hkh eSa gh gw vkSj mudk ulc Hkh eSa
gh gwA eqLun vgen&2@626eqv+te dchj&3@44
blfy;s vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r us gluSu djheSu dks

gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh kgknr ds fy;s
pqu fy;k vkSj gluSu djheSu dks gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh t+kfgjh o ckfruh kch; cuk;kA
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ksjs [kqnk ls fjok;r gS fd

gt+jr glu lhus ls lj eqckjd rd vkSj gt+jr
gqlSu lhus ls iko eqckjd rd gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye ds eqkkck FksA frfeZt+h&2@733
gt+jr m+dck fcu gkfjl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq Q+jekrs gSa eSus vcw c fln~nhd+ jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugq dks ns[kk fd vkius beke gqlSu mBk;k
gqvk Fkk vkSj vki Q+jeak jgs Fks esjs cki dh d+le
rqe jlwys [kqnk ds eqkkck gks gt+jr v+yh ds eqkkck
ugha vkSj gt+jr v+yh gal jgs FksA
lgh cq[k+kjh&2@253& g0&3750
gt+jr vcw jkQ+v+ c;ku djrs gSa fd lb;nk

Q+kfrek ls fjok;r gS fd oks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ds ejtqy folky ds nkSjku glu o gqlSu
dks vkids ikl yk;ha vkSj v+tZ+ fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg
;s vkids csVs gSa bUgsa viuh fojklr esa dqN v+rk
Q+jek;sa vki lYyYYkgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k
glu ds fy;s esjh gScr o ljnkjh vkSj gqlSu ds
fy;s esjh tqjZkr o l[k+kor dh fojklr gSA datqy&
m+Eeky&13@760 g0&37710 vy fQ+jnkSl&4@280
87
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh eqrZt+k djeYykgq otgqy djhe
Q+jekrs Fks fd ftl k[+l dh ;s [+okfgk gks fd oks
yksxksa esa ,slh gLrh dks ns[ks tks xnZu ls psgjs rd
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh lcls dkfey
kch; eqkkck] gekDy gks rks oks glu dks ns[k ys
vkSj ftl k[+l dh ;s [+okfgk gks fd oks yksxksa esa
,slh gLrh dks ns[ks tks xnZu ls iSj rd jaxr o
lwjr nksuks esa gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
lcls dkfey kch; gks rks oks gqlSu dks ns[k ysA
t+kfgjh kDy esa gluSu djheSu gqtwj

lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls bruh eqkkcgr j[krs Fks
fd vxj nksuks kgt+knksa gluSu djheSu dks feyk
fn;k tk;s rks nksuks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
dh rLohj Fks gluSu djheSu dks vgys tUur dh
fl;knr ljnkjh dk feyuk vkSj dqjku dks vgys
cSr ds et+cwr rv+kYyqd+ ds lkFk tksM+uk vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh :gkuh o ckfruh
eqkkcgr ij nykyr djrk gSA
pqukpk gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh

fljhZ kgknr ftldh bfCrnk x+t+o;s [kS+cj esa gqbZ
tc ,d ;gwfn;k v+kSjr us vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dks [kkus esa t+gj fn;k vkSj oks t+gj bruk
knhn l[+r]rst+ Fkk fd ,d lgkch ogha ij Q+kSr
gks x;s vkSj bl kgknr dh rdehy gt+jr beke
glu dh kgknr ij eqdEey gqbZ tc gt+jr beke
glu dks t+gj fn;k x;k vkSj vkius tkes kgknr
ukSk Q+jek;kA
88
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh tgjh kgknr
ftldh bfCrnk xt+c;s mgn ls gqbZ tc vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks ust+k yxk vkSj psgjs
eqckjd ls [kwu cgk vkSj iRFkj yxs psgjk eqckjd
t+[+eh gqvk vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds
nkr eqckjd dk ,d fdukjk VwV x;k vkSj bldh
rdehy djcyk esa gt+jr beke gqlSu ij eqdEey
gqbZ kgknrs eqLrQ+k dk t+gwj tks gqtwjs ikd dh t+krs
vd+nl ls eqfEdu u Fkk oks gt+jr beke glu o
beke gqlSu dh t+krs ikd ls t+kfgj gqvk vkSj
kgknrs eqLrQ+k glu o gqlSu dh kDy esa t+kfgj gqbZ
kgknrs eqLrQ+k dh t+gj ls bfCrnk gqbZ rks

gt+jr beke glu ij t+gj ls bfUrgka gqbZ vkSj ust+s
ls eqLrQ+k dh kgknr dh bfCrnk gqbZ rks gt+jr
beke gqlSu ij ust+ks ls bfUrgka gqbZ vxj kgknrs
gqlSu u gksrh rks u nhu bLyke cprk vkSj u bZeku
cprk cfYd nhu bLyke dh kDy fcxM+ tkrhA
jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us

gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dk ckslk fy;k
vkSj Q+jek;k gqlSu eq>ls gS vkSj eSa gqlSu ls gw
vkSj vYykg rv+kyk mlls eqgCcr j[krk gS tks
gqlSu ls eqgCcr j[krk gSA bCus ektk&1@82
gt+jr beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

ls eqgCcr dh tt+k vkSj bZuke ;s gS fd beke gqlSu
ls eqgCCr j[kus okys k[+l ls vYykg rv+kyk
eqgCcr j[krk gS vkSj vYykg rv+kyk ftlls eqgCcr
djs oks x+tcs bykgh ls egQwt+ jgrk gS vkSj gt+jr
89
beke gqlSu dh eqgCcr mlds fy;s [k+Sj o cf[+kk
dk t+fj;k curh gS vkSj oks vYykg rv+kyk dh
veku esa jgrk gS vkSj ckjxkgs [kqnkoUnh esa mldk
ntkZ cqyUn ed+ke dh lv+knr dk kjQ+ gkfly
djrk gSA

ls fjok;r gS fd ,d ckj uch vdje lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye uekt+ i<+k jgs Fks fd gt+jr beke
gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq vki lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh iqr ihB eqckjd ij lokj gks
x;s rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us gkyrs
lTnk esa vius lTns dks rohy yEck dj fn;k
lgkck&,&fdjke jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugqe us
[+;ky fd;k fd dksbZ ckr gks xbZ gS fQj tc vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us lyke Qsjk rks
lgkckfdjke us v+t+Z fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg vkius
lTnk rohy Q+jek;k fd geus xqeku fd;k fd dksbZ
vEjs bykgh okdS+v+ gks x;k gS ;k fQj vki ij ogh
ukft+y gksus yxh gS ;k dksbZ vkSj ckr gks xbZ gS
fQj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k esjk
csVk gqlSu esjs ij lokj Fkk rks eSus tYnh djuk
equkflc ugha le>k fd esjs lTns ls lj mBkus ls
dgha esjs gqlSu dks dksbZ uqdlku ;k pksV u igqps
vkSj dgha mldk fny jathnk u gks tk;sA
eqLun vgen&3@494
eqLrnjd gkfde&3@181
cSgd+h& lquu dqcjk&2@263
90
gt+jr v+CnqYyk fcu el+n jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye uekt+ vnk Qjeak jgs Fks rks glu o
gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh iqr eqckjd ij lokj gks x;s rks yksxksa
us mudks euk fd;k rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k bUgsa NksM+ nks bu ij esjs ek
cki dqckZu gksaA eqv+te dchj& rcjkuh&3@47
gt+jr vcw gqjSjk jft+vYykgq rv++kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS Q+jekrs gS fd ge uch djhe
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds gejkg uekt+s bkkak vnk
dj jgs Fks tc vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye gkyrs
lTnk esa Fks rks glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh iqr eqckjd ij lokj
gks x;s tc vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us lTns
ls lj mBk;k rks mu nksuks glu o gqlSu dks vius
ihNs ujeh ds lkFk idM+dj t+ehu ij fcBk fn;k
fQj tc vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye nksckjk lTns
esa x;s rks kgt+kn xku us nksckjk Hkh ,slk gh fd;k
;gk rd fd vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us uekt+
eqdEey dj yh blds ckn vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us glu o gqlSujft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugqe
dks viuh jku eqckjd ij fcBk fy;kA
[k+lkblqy dqcjk&2@136
vyfonk;k ou fugk;k&6@152
eqLun vgen&2@513
etemT+t+okbn&2@513
eqLrnjd gkfde&3@183
91
rljhg%& uekt+ b+cknrs [kqnk gS vkSj gkyrs uekt+ esa
dksbZ ,slh ckr gkby gks ftldh kjhv+rs eqrgjk us
eqekfu;r dh gks tSls lyke dk tokc nsus ;k gkyrs
uekt+ esa nksuks gkFkks ds bLrseky djus oxS+jkg ls
uekt+ Q+kfln [k+jkc gks tkrh gS exj esjs eqLrQ+k
ds uwjs ut+j gluSu djheSu dk oks vkyk ed+ke fd
gkyrs uekt+ esa ljojs dk;ukr jgers nks v+kye
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh iqr eqckjd ij lokjh
djrs vkSj [ksyrs exj uekt+ Q+kfln ugha gksrh cfYd
gluSu djheSu ds ,slk djus ls gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dks d+Ych ekjZr vkSj pes eqckjd
dks BUMd feyrh gluSu djheSu dk bl rjg vki
dh iqr eqckjd ij [ksyuk vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ds d+Ycs vrgj dks [kqkh igqpkrkA
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye gkyrs uekt+

esa gluSu djheSu dks vkfgLrxh vkSj ujeh ds lkFk
viuh iqr eqckjd ls mrkjrs fd dgha mUgsa uqdlku
;k pksV u igqps bl ckr dk [+;ky j[kuk esjs
eqLrQ+k dh gluSu djheSu ls csgn eqgCcr dh
v+yker gS fd gkyrs uekt+ esa Hkh vkius vius y[+rs
ftxj csVksa gluSu djheSu dh ijokg vkSj fQ+
j[kuk fd dgha muds fny jathnk u gksa vkSj vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk ;s Q+jeku ds esjs ek
cki bu ij dqckZu gksa ;s bjkkn eqckjd gluSu
djheSu dh kkuks v+t+er o ,t+kt+ dks v+t+he cqyUnh
ds ed+ke ij Q+kbt+ gksus ij nykyr djrk gSA
gt+jr bCus m+ej jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls

fjok;r gS uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
92
Q+jek;k glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke nqfu;k esa ;s
esjs nks Qwy gSaA lgh cq[k+kjh&2@433
frfeZt+h&2@731 fedkr&2@258
gt+jr vb;wc vUlkjh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq c;ku djrs gS fd eSa jlwys vdje lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh ckjxkgs vd+nl esa gkft+j gqvk
rks ns[kk fd glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke vkidh
xksn eqckjd esa [ksy jgs gSa eSus v+t+Z fd;k ;k
jlwyqYykg D;k vki buls eqgCcr djrs gSa rks gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& fd eSa buls
eqgCcr D;ksa u d: esjs xqykus nqfu;k ds ;gh rks
nks Qwy gSa ftudh egd dks eSa lw?krk jgrk gwA
etemT+t+okbn&9@181
gt+jr m+ej fcu [k+Rrkc jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq Q+jekrs gS fd eSus glu o gqlSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke dks ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq
vySg olYye ds dU/kksa ij lokj ns[kk rks gljr
Hkjs ygts esa dgk fd vkids uhps fdruh csgrj
lokjh gS rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
tokcu bjkkn Q+jek;k fd t+jk ;s Hkh rks ns[kks fd
lokj fdrus csgrj gSaA etemT+t+okbn&9@181

ls fjok;r gS fd ,d ckj uch vdje lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye [kkrwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek
lykeqYykg v+ySgk ds ?kj ds lkeus :ds rks vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk
93
dks lyke fd;k brus esa gluSu djheSu esa ls ,d
kgt+knk ?kj ls ckgj vk;k rks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us ml kgt+kns ls Q+jek;k fd vius cki ds
dk/ks ij lokj gks tk rw esjh vk[kks dk rkjk gS fQj
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us mUgsa gkFk ls idM+k
rks oks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds dk/ks ij
lokj gks x;s fQj nwljk kgt+knk ckgj vk;k rks
mlls Hkh vkius Q+jek;k [kqk vkenhn vius cki ds
dk/ks ij lokj gks tk rw esjh vk[kks dk rkjk gS fQj
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us mUgs Hkh vius
dk/ks ij lokj dj fy;kA etemT+t+okbn&9@180
ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye

gluSu djheSu dks viuh jkuks ij fcBk ysrs vkSj
dgrs ;k vYykg bu nksuks ij jge Q+jeak D;ksafd eSa
Hkh bu ij esgjckuh djrk gwA fedkr&3@256
gt+jr tkfcj fcu v+CnqYyk c;ku djrs gaS

fd eSa uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ikl
gkft+j gqvk rks ns[kk fd vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye pkj nks gkFkksa vkSj nks Vkxks ds cy ij
py jgs Fks vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
iqr eqckjd ij gluSu djheSu lokj Fks vkSj vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye Q+jeak jgs Fks rqEgkjk V
D;k [kwc gS vkSj rqe nksuks lokj Hkh D;k [kwc gksA
etemT+t+okbn&9@182
94
vYykg rv+kyk us vius esgcwc jgers nks v+kye
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds uwjs ut+j gluSu
djheSu dks vgys tUur dh fl;knr ljnkjh v+rk
Q+jekbZ vkSj vius gchc ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye vkSj vgys cSr vrgkj dks tUur
dk ekfydks eq[+rkj cuk;k oks ftls pkgsaxs mls tUur
dk okfjl cuk nsaxs reke eqfgCckus vgys cSr jkst+s
d+;ker kQ+kv+rs eqLrQ+k ls cgjs;kc gksaxs vkSj
bT+t+r o bdjke ds lkFk tUur esa nkf[k+y gksaxs vkSj
gluSu djheSu dh t+sjs ljnkjh esa gksaxs vkSj reke
[k+okrhu lb;nk Q+kfrek dh t+sjs ljnkjh esa gksaxhA
gt+jr v+CnqYyk fcu m+ej jft+vYykgq

lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& glu o gqlSu
v+ySfgeqLlyke vgys tUur ds ljnkj gSaA
bCus ektk&1@73 frfeZt+h&2@730
gt+jr vcwc fln~nhd+ jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye feEcj ij rkjhQ+ ys x;s vkSj Q+jek;k
esjk ;s csVk glu v+ySgLlyke ljnkj gS vYykg
rv+kyk blds gkFkksa nks tekv+rksa ds njfe;ku lqyg
djk;sxkA frfeZt+h&2@732 lgh cq[k+kjh&2@432
gt+jr md+ck fcu vkfej jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

olYye us Q+jek;k& glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke
v+kZ ds nks lqrwu gSa ysfdu oks yVds gq;s ugha gSa uht+
Q+jek;k tc vgys tUur tUur esa eqd+he gksaxs rks
95
tUur v+t+Z djsxh ;k vYykg rwus eq>s vius lqrwuksa
esa ls nks lqrwuks ls eq>s vkjkLrk o t+hur nsus dk
ok;nk Q+jek;k Fkk fQj vYykg rv+kyk Q+jek;sxk
D;k eSus rq>s glu o gqlSu dh ekStwnxh ds t+fj;s
vkjkLrk ugha dj fn;kA ;gh rks esjs nks lqrwu gSa
etemT+t+okbn&9@184 rkjh[k+ cx+nkn&2@239
glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke ;s nksuks

tUur ls vk;s gq;s uke gSa rkjh[k+s nqfu;k esa buls
igys :,s t+ehu ij fdlh dk uke glu o gqlSu u
Fkk vYykg rv+kyk us buds ukeksa dks fgt+kc esa j[kk
;gk rd fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
vius y[+rs ftxj csVksa ds uke glu o gqlSu j[ks
vkSj dqy tUur uwj gS blfy;s glu o gqlSu ;s
nksuks uke Hkh uwj gSaA
gt+jr ekSyk v+yh ksjs [kqnk jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq Q+jekrs gSa fd tc glu jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugq iSnk gq;s rks mudk uke getk vkSj
tc gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq iSnk gq;s rks
mudk uke tkQ+j j[kk ,d fjok;r esa gS fd mudk
uke gcZ j[kk fQj eq>s uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us cqykdj Q+jek;k fd eq>s bu nksuks
lkgct+knksa gluSu djheSu ds ukeksa dks rCnhy djus
dk gqDe fn;k x;k gS gt+jr ekSyk v+yh Q+jekrs gSa
eSus v+t+Z fd;k vYykg vkSj mlds jlwy csgrj
tkurs gSa il vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us muds
uke glu o gqlSu j[ksA eqLun vgen&1@159
eqLrnjd gkfde&4@308 rkjh[k+ nfed+&7@116
96
,d erZck uch vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds
lkeus gluSu djheSu dqrh yM+ jgs Fks vkSj vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye gt+jr beke glu
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dh enn Q+jeak jgs Fks
glu tYnh djks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls
[k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugk us v+t+Z fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg vki
glu dh enn Q+jeak jgs gS yxrk gS oks vkidks
gqlSu ls T+;knk I;kjk gS vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k ,slk ugha gS ftcjkbZy
v+ySgLlyke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dh
enn dj jgs gSa blfy;s eSus pkgk fd eSa glu dh
enn d:A bCus vlkdj&rkjh[k+ nfed+&13@223
beke tykyqn~nhu l;wrh&[k+lkblqy dqcjk&2@465
eqfgCcs rcjh&1@34
vgys cSr vrgkj ls bafrgkbZ eqgCcr et+cwr

bZeku dh v+yker vkSj rkjhds fny dh uwjkuh jkskuh
gS vkSj buls cqXt+ o dhuk eqnkZ fny vkSj [k+kfjts
vt+ bLyke dh nyhy gS tks k[+l vYykg o jlwy
dh eqgCcr dks gkfly djus dk rkfyc o [+okfgkean
gks rks mls gj gky esa vgys cSr dh eqgCcr dks
ykft+e idM+uk gksxk ge xqukgxkjksa ds ikl brus usd
vkeky ugha tks gekjh cf[+kk vkSj v+t+kcs bykgh ls
egQwt+ j[kus vkSj tUur esa ys tkus ds fy;s dkQ+h
gksas vycRrk vgys cSr dh eqgCcr ;d+huu gesa t+:j
v+t+kcs bykgh ls egQwt+ j[kus vkSj gekjh cf[+kk
vkSj tUur esa ys tkus ds fy;s uQ+k c[+k vkSj
ennxkj gksxh vgys cSr vrgkj dh eqgCCr gesa
97
vYykg o jlwy ds ut+nhd vkSj jkgs tUur dh
rjQ+ ys tkrh gS vkSj buls cqXt+ o v+nkor gesa
tgUuqe dh rjQ+ ys tkrh gS vkSj vYykg o jlwy
ls egt+ nwjh ds flok dqN Hkh gkfly ugha gksrkA
lyeku Q+kjlh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

c;ku djrs gS uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us Q+jek;k ftlus glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke ls
eqgCcr dh mlls eSus eqgCcr dh vkSj ftlls eSa
eqgCcr d: mlls vYykg rv+kyk eqgCcr djrk gS
vkSj ftls vYykg jCcqy bT+t+r esgcwc j[krk gS mls
usv+erksa okyh tUur es nkf[k+y djrk gSA
etemT+t+okbn&9@181
et+dwjk gnhl esa gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg

olYye ds Q+jeku dk vankt+ tqnk vkSj fujkyk gS
fd ftlus gluSu djheSu ls eqgCcr dh mlls eSa
eqgCcr djrk gw vkSj cskd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ftlds eqfgc gksa oks vYykg rv+kyk dk
esgcwc gks tkrk gS vkSj ftldk eqfgc jCcqy
v+kyehu gks rks oks e[k+lwl o eqd+jZcs [kqnk gks tkrk
gS vkSj oks tUur dk eqLrfgd+ o lt+kokj gks tkrk
gS ;gk rd fd vYykg rv+kyk mlds fy;s tUur
dks okftc dj nsrk gSA

Q+jek;k ;k vYykg eSa glu v+ySgLlyke ls
eqgCcr j[krk gw rw Hkh blls eqgCcr j[k vkSj ml
98
k[+l ls Hkh eqgCcr j[k tks glu v+ySgLlyke ls
eqgCcr j[krk gksA lgh eqfLye&6@102
gt+jr v+CnqYykg fcu el+n jft+vYykgq

lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k ftlus eq>ls
eqgCcr dh ml ij ykft+e gS fd oks bu nksuks
o glu gqlSu ls Hkh eqgCcr djsA
fulkbZ&lquu dqcjk&5@50 etemT+t+okbn&9@179

Q+jek;k tks eq>ls eqgCcr djrk gS ml ij bu nksuks
glu o gqlSu ls eqgCcr djuk okftc gSA
cSgd+h&lquu dqcjk&2@263 etemT+t+okbn&9@180
gt+jr mlkek fcu t+Sn jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS Q+jekrs gSa fd eSa ,d jkr fdlh
dke ds fy;s ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh f[k+ner esa gkft+j gqvk gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye ckgj rkjhQ+ yk;s vkSj vki ds ikl
dqN fyiVk gqvk Fkk eq>s ekywe u gks ldk fd oks
D;k pht+ gS eSa viuh t+:jr ls Q+kfjx+ gqvk fQj
eSus v+t+Z fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg vki us D;k pht+ yisV
j[kh gS vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us diM+k
gVk;k rks eSus ns[kk fd gluSu djheSu vki dh jkuks
ij gSa vkius Q+jek;k ;s esjs csVs vkSj esjh csVh ds
csVs gS ,s vYykg eSa buls eqgCcr djrk gw rw Hkh
bUgsa esgcwc j[k vkSj mUgsa Hkh esgcwc j[k tks buls
eqgCcr j[ksaA frfeZt+h&2@731
99
gt+jr ;v+kyk fcu ejkZg jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq
ls fjok;r gS fd gluSu djheSu gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh rjQ+ pydj vk;s il mu esa ls
tc ,d igqpk rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
viuk cktw mlds xys esa Mkyk fQj nwljk igqpk rks
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us viuk nwljk cktw
mlds xys esa Mkyk fQj ,d dks pwek fQj nwljs dks
pwek fQj Q+jek;k& ,s vYykg eSa buls eqgCcr
djrk gw rw Hkh buls eqgCcr djA
eqv+te dchj rcjkuh&3@32

ls fjok;r gS uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k& ftlus glu o gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugqe ls eqgCcr dh mlus eq>ls eqgCcr dh vkSj
ftlus buls cqXt+ j[kk mlus eq>ls cqXt+ j[kkA
bCus ektk&1@81
gt+jr lyeku Q+kjlh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

c;ku djrs gS fd eSus ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dks Q+jekrs gq;s lquk gS fd glu o
gqlSu v+ySgLlyke esjs csVs gSa ftlus buls eqgCcr
dh mlus eq>ls eqgCcr dh vkSj ftlus eq>ls
eqgCcr dh mlus vYykg ls eqgCcr dh vkSj ftlus
vYykg rv+kyk ls eqgCcr dh rks vYykg rv+kyk us
mls tUur esa nkf[k+y dj fn;k vkSj ftlus glu
o gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugqe ls cqXt+ j[kk
mlus eq>ls cqXt+ j[kk vkSj ftlus eq>ls cqXt+ j[kk
ml ij vYykg rv+kyk dk x+t+c gqvk vkSj vYykg
rv+kyk us mls vkx esa nkf[k+y dj fn;kA
100
eqLrnjd gkfde&3@181
jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us ;s

iskhuxksbZ Q+jekbZ Fkh fd esjs ckn f[k+ykQ+rs jkfknk
rhl lky rd jgsxh fQj cknkkgr vk tk;sxh
gt+jr vcwc fln~nhd+ jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq
dh f[k+ykQr <+kbZ lky jgh gt+jr mej jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugq dh f[k+ykQ+r nl lky jgh gt+jr
mleku x+uh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dh f[k+ykQ+r
ckjg lky jgh vkSj gt+jr ekSyk v+yh jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugq dh f[k+ykQr ikp lky jgh vkSj
gt+jr beke glu dh f[k+ykQ+r N% eghus jgh fQj
blds ckn nkSjs cknkkgr dh bfCrnk gqbZA
tc gt+jr ekSyk v+yh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq f[k+ykQ+rs jkfknk ds eUlc ij Q+kbt+ gq;s ml
oD+r vehj eqv+kfo;k nfed+ ds xoZuj Fks rks vehj
eqv+kfo;k ij ykft+e Fkk fd viuh gqdwer dks gt+jr
ekSyk v+yh dh f[k+ykQ+rs jkfknk ds rkcSv+ dj nsrs
ysfdu vehj eqv+kfo;k us ,slk ugha fd;k cfYd
f[k+ykQ+rs v+yh dh cSr ls bUdkj djrs gq;s viuh
gqdwer dks vkt+kn gqdwer esa rCnhy djrs gq;s
vkt+kn gqdwer dk ,syku dj fn;k gkykfd vehj
eqv+kfo;k dk ;s QS+lyk vkSj bd+nke kjv+u tkbt+ o
nq:Lr u Fkk cfYd gt+jr ekSyk v+yh dh f[k+ykQ+r
ls cx+kor Fkh ftlds urhts esa gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
vkSj vehj eqv+kfo;k ds njfe;ku tax gkby gqbZ
ftlls eqlyekuksa ds bRrsgkn o bRrsQ+kd+ esa njkj
iM+hA
101
vkSj ckgeh rQ+jhd+ ds ckbl eqlyekuks esa fd+rky o
[kwjst+h dk ekgkSy cjik gqvkA
fQj tc gt+jr glu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq f[k+ykQ+rs jkfknk ij Q+kbt+ gq;s rks eqlyekuks
dks fd+rky o [kwjst+h ls egQwt+ j[kus vkSj muds
bRrsgkn vkSj mudh [kS+j o csgrjh ds fy;s gt+jr
beke glu us vehj eqv+kfo;k ls gksus okyh tax dks
jksdk vkSj ,d eqv+kfgns ds rgr r[+rs f[k+ykQ+r ls
vyx gks x;s vkSj vehj eqv+kfo;k ls cSr dj yh
vkSj ml eqv+kfgns esa ;s r; gqvk Fkk fd vehj
eqv+kfo;k vius ckn viuh gqdwer vius okfjlksa dks
ugha nsaxs cfYd eqlyeku ftls pkgsa mls gqdwer ds
fy;s eqUr[k+c dj ysaxs ysfdu vehj eqv+kfo;k us fQj
x+yrh dh vkSj vius Q+kfld+ks Q+kftj csVs dh eqgCcr
vkSj u+lkuh [+okfglkr ds x+ycs ds ckbl vehj
eqv+kfo;k us eqv+kfgns dks rksM+rs gq;s vius cndkj o
uk vgy csVs ;t+hn dks viuh gqdwer dh r[+rk
ukhuh ds fy;s uket+n fd;k vkSj ;t+hn iyhn dks
viuh gqdwer dk okfjl o tkukhu cukus dk ,syku
dj fn;kA
vkSj ;gha ls tcjks tqYe o f[k+ykQ+s nhuks

lqUur dh gqdwer dk vkxkt+ gqvk ftlus bLykeh
dkuwu o vgdkes kjhv+r o lqUur ds fut+ke dks
cny fn;k vkSj bl gqdwer esa d+Ryks x+kjr tcjks
tqYe o [kwjst+h dh bafrgk gqbZ ;t+hn iyhn ds gqDe
ls enhuk equOojk esa geyk fd;k x;k ftlesa v+kSjrkas
dh bT+t+r o vkc: dks rkj&rkj fd;k x;k vkSj
mudh cs gqjerh dh xbZ vkSj gt+kjkas vQ+jkn ftuesa
102
eqgkftjhu o vUlkj o gq+Q+kt+ o lgkck o rkcbZu
vkSj nhxj vQ+jkn kghn fd;s x;s vkSj rhu fnu
d+Ryks x+kjr o ywVikV dh xbZ gt+jr vcw lbZn
[kqnjh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq lgkch dh nk<+h
idM+dj rekps ekjs x;s vkSj mudh csbT+t+rh dh xbZ
;t+hnh Q+kSt us efLtns uoch esa ?kksM+s ck/ks

vkSj mudh yhn o iskkc ls efLtn esa xUnxh cik
gqbZ vkSj rhu fnu rd vt+ku o vd+ker o uekt+
eqv+Rry jgh fQj ;t+hnh ydj us eDdk eqdjZek
ij geyk fd;k [k+kuk&,&dkck ij iRFkj cjlk;s
efLtns gjke ds lqrwu VwV x;s vkSj [k+kuk&,&dkck
esa vkx yxk nh ftlls dkcs dk fx+ykQ+ o nhokjsa
ty xbZa ;s reke okD+;kr pkSlB 64 fgt+jh esa gq;s
vkSj blh nkSjku ;t+hn iyhn dks dqyax dk knhn nnZ
mBk vkSj blh et+Z esa oks okflys tgUuqe gqvk vkSj
mldh ekSr dh [k+cj ls ;t+hnh Q+kSt ds gkSlys iLr
gks x;s vkSj oks eSnkus tax ls Hkkxus yxs vkSj eDdk
Q+rg gqvk vkSj ;t+hfn;ksa dh nfjUnxh o tqYe ls
eDdk dks futkr feyhA
gnhl ikd esa gS uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg

olYye us Q+jek;k ftlus vgys enhuk ds lkFk
cqjkbZ dk bjknk fd;k rks vYykg rv+kyk mls
tgUuqe esa bl rjg fi?kyk nsxk tSls ued ikuh esa
?kqyrk gS rks tc vgys enhuk ds fy;s flQ+Z cqjkbZ
dk bjknk djuk xqukgs v+t+he o tgUuqe esa l[+r
rjhu nnZukd v+t+kc dk ckbl gS rks ftlds gqDe ls
ekjdk&,&djcyk cik gqvk vkSj ftu yksxks us
103
[k+kuoknk&, jlwy o vlgkc dks kghn fd;k mu
ij fugk;r tqYe o lf[+r;k dh rks muds vatke o
muds v+t+kc dk v+kye D;k gksxkA
gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke vkSj muds

tka fulkjksa ds tlns vd+nl dks ?kksM+ksa dh Vkiksa ls
ikeky fd;s x;s [k+kuoknk&,&jlwy ds [k+seksa dks
ywVdj vkx yxk nh xbZ vkSj mUgsa d+Snh cuk;k x;k
ljs beke gqlSu dks ust+s ij p<+k;k x;k [k+okrhus
vgys cSr dh cs gqjerh dh xbZ tc gt+jr beke
gqlSu dk etywe yqVk fiVk dkfQ+yk nfed+ esa
njckjs ;t+hn ey+u esa igqpk rks cnc[+r dkfQ+j
cndkj ;t+hn us gt+jr beke gqlSu ds nUnkus
eqckjd ij NM+h ekjh vkSj dgk vkt geus vius
ed+rwyhu dk cnyk ys fy;k cnc[+r ;t+hn us vius
vUnj Nqis gq;s dq+j dks t+kfgj dj fn;k njckjs
;t+hn esa ekStwn ;s eatj ns[kdj ,d lgkch mBs vkSj
;t+hn dks bl dq+jkuk gjdr ls euk fd;k vkSj
Q+jek;k& [kqnk dh d+le eSus viuh vk[kksa ls gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks gt+jr beke gqlSu ds
ycksa dks ckslk nsrs gq;s ns[kk gSA
;t+hn iyhn vkSj mlds gqDejku vkSj Q+kSts

;t+hn ds oks reke vQ+jkn tks ekjdk&,&djcyk esa
[k+kuoknk&,&jlwy o vglkc ds f[k+ykQ+ tax esa
kkfey Fks mu reke dk vatke nqfu;k esa Hkh fugk;r
l[+r nnZukd gqvk vkSj vkf[k+jr esa Hkh mu ij oks
nnZukd fugk;r l[+r v+t+kc eqlYyr fd;k tk;sxk
ftldk dksbZ rlOoqj Hkh ugha dj ldrk ;t+hn ybZu
ds bafrgkbZ tqYe o T+;knrh vkSj [k+kukokn&,&jlwy o
104
vlgkc dks d+Ry djus ds bjfrdkc us ;t+hn ejnwn
dks dkfQ+j o eqjrn cuk fn;k vkSj oks nk;eh ukjs
tgUuqe dk eqLrfgd+ gks x;kA
beke bCus dlhj us vy fonk;k ou fugk;k esa jd+e

fd;k gS& tc gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dk
ljs vuoj ;t+hn ds ikl yk;k x;k rks oks gt+jr
beke gqlSu ds yckus vd+nl ij NM+h ekjrs gq;s
dgrk Fkk ,s dkk cnj esa d+Ry gksus okys esjs cqtqxZ
ft+Unk gksrs tks x+t+c&,&cnj esa ekjs x;s Fks rks eSa
mUgsa crkrk fd rqEgkjs d+Ry dk cnyk eSus gqlSu dh
kgknr dh kDy esa ys fy;k gS vkSj geus rqEgkjs nks
xquk vkjkQ+ dks d+Ry djds ;kses cnj dk cnyk ys
fy;k gS mldk ;s ,syku mlds bZekunkj gksus dk dksbZ
bedku ckdh ugha j[krk vkSj mlds dkfQ+j gksus dh
dbZ nyhysa gSaA vy fonk;k ou fugk;k&8@192
eksfeu dks d+Ry djuk xqukg gS vkSj vgys cSr

dks d+Ry djuk dq+j gS D;ksafd [k+kuoknk&,&jlwy dh
vfT+t+;r njvLy vfT+t+;rs jlwy o vfT+t+;rs [kqnk
gS gkykfd vYykg rv+kyk dks dksbZ bZt+k rdyhQ+
ugha ns ldrk vycRrk gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh vfT+t+;r dks vYykg rv+kyk us viuh
vfT+t+;r d+jkj fn;kA

cskd tks yksx vYykg vkSj mlds jlwy dks
vfT+t+;r nsrs gS mu ij vYykg dh ykur gS nqfu;k
vkSj vkf[k+jr esa vkSj vYykg us muds fy;s ft+Yyr
dk v+t+kc rS;kj dj j[kk gSA lw0&vgt+kc&33@57
105
gnhl ikd esa gS ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye [k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek lykeqYykg
v+ySgk ds ?kj ds ikl ls xqt+js rks gt+jr beke
gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dks jksrs gq;s lquk rks vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k ,s Q+kfrek
D;k rqEgsa ekywe ugha fd gqlSu dk jksuk eq>s rdyhQ+
nsrk gSA eqv+te dchj& rcjkuh&3@116
etemT+t+okbn&9@201
tc gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dk fdlh ekewyh

ckr ij jksuk gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks
rdyhQ+ nsrk gS rks t+jk x+kSj djks fd djcyk esa tc
gqlSu ds xys ij ryokj pyh gksxh rhjksa ls ftLe
Nyuh gqvk gksxk ftLe vr+gj ij ryokjks vkSj ust+ks
dh t+jcsa yxh gkasxh ml oD+r ljdkjs nks v+kye
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks fdruh rdyhQ+ gqbZ
gksxh tc [k+kuoknk&,&jlwy dh csgqjerh o d+Ryks
x+kjr vkSj mUgsa cskqekj vfT+t+;rs nh xb xqykus
jlwy tc djcyk esa mtM+ x;k vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye ds fny dh nqfu;k ds Qwy eqj>k x;s
ml oD+r esjs vkd+k jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh rdyhQ+ dk v+kye D;k gksxk
ftldk dksbZ eqokt+uk o rlOoqj ugha dj ldrkA
mEeqy Q+t+y fcUrqy gkfjl tks gt+jr v+Cckl

jft+vYykgq rv+kyk vUgq dh vgfy;k vkSj gt+jr
v+CnqYyk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dh okfynk Fkha
c;ku djrh gSa fd ,d fnu uch djhe lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh f[k+ner esa gkft+j gksdj eSus v+t+Z
fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg vkt jkr eSus ,d cqjk [+okc
106
ns[kk gS vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k oks
[+okc D;k gS eSa v+t+Z xqt+kj gqbZ ;k jlwyqYykg eSaus
ns[kk fd vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ftLe
vd+nl dk ,d VqdM+k dkVdj esjh xksn esa j[k fn;k
x;k rks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k
fd rwus vPNk [+okc ns[kk gS bakk vYykg esjh csVh
Q+kfrek v+ySgLlyke ds ;gk yM+dk iSnk gksxk tks
rsjh xksn esa vk;sxk [k+krwus tUur lb;nk Q+kfrek
t+gjk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk ds ;gk gt+jr
beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq iSnk gq;s vkSj
esjh xksn esa vk;s tSlk fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k Fkk ,d fnu eSa ljojs dk;ukr
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh f[k+ner esa gkft+j gqbZ
rks eSus gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dks mBkdj
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh xksn eqckjd esa
j[k fn;k esjh roTtks b/kj&m/kj gks xbZ fQj eSus
ns[kk fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh vk[kks ls
vklw tkjh Fks eSa v+t+Z xqtkj gqbZ ;k jlwyqYykg esjs
ek cki vki ij dqckZu gksa D;k ckr gS vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k fd ftcjkbZy
v+ySgLlyke esjs ikl vk;s vkSj eq>s [k+cj nh fd
v+ud+jhc esjh mEer esjs csVs gqlSu dks kghn djsxh
vkSj esjs ikl ml txg dh feV~Vh yk;s gSa tks lq[k+Z
gSA fedkr&3@262

jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk c;ku djrh gS fd gqlSu
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh f[k+ner esa gkft+j gq;s tc fd vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ij ogh ukft+y gks jgh Fkh
107
vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ysVs gq;s Fks vkSj
gt+jr beke gqlSu vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds
ftLe vd+nl ij p<+ x;s vkSj [ksyus yxs ftcjkbZy
v+ySgLlyke us gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls
dgk ;k eqgEen lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vki
vius bl csVs gqlSu ls eqgCcr djrs gSa vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jekk;k& ,s ftcjkbZy
eSa vius csVs gqlSu ls eqgCcr D;ksa u d: ftcjkbZy
v+ySgLlyke us dgk cskd v+ud+jhc vkidh mEer
vkids ckn vkids bl csVs gqlSu dks kghn djsxh
vkSj ftcjbZy v+ySgLlyke us gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dks feV~Vh nh vkSj dgk bl feV~Vh
okyh t+ehu ij vkidk csVk gqlSu kghn fd;k tk;sxk
vkSj ml t+ehu dk uke djcyk gS il ftcjbZy
v+ySgLlyke pys x;s fQj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ckgj rkjhQ+ yk;s vkSj oks feV~Vh vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds nLr vd+nl esa Fkh vkSj
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vkcnhnk Fks fQj vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& ,s vk;kk
ftcjbZy us eq>s [k+cj nh fd esjk csVk gqlSu djcyk
esa kghn fd;k tk;sxk fQj vki vlgkc dh rjQ+
rkjhQ+ ys x;s ftuesa gt+jr ekSyk v+yh] gt+jr vcw
c fln~nhd+] gt+jr m+ej] gt+jr gqtS+Qk] gt+jr
vEekj] gt+jr vcwtj jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugqe
ekStwn Fks vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ml
oD+r Hkh vkcnhnk Fks lgkckfdjke us v+t+Z fd;k ;k
jlwyqYykg fdl pht+ us vkidks vkcnhnk dj fn;k
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& ftcjkbZy
us eq>s [k+cj nh fd esjk csVk esjs ckn djcyk esa
kghn fd;k tk;sxk vkSj esjs fy;s ogk dh feh yk;s
108
gSa vkSj eq>s crk;k fd bl feV~Vh okyh t+ehu ij
gqlSu kghn fd;k tk;sxkA etemT+t+okbn&9@188
uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us oks

feV~Vh gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk
ds ikl j[kok nh vkSj Qj+ek;k fd tc ;s feV~Vh
[kwu esa cny tk;s rks le> ysuk esjk csVk gqlSu
kghn gks x;k gSA [k+lkblqy dqcjk&2@125
etemT+t+okbn&9@189
ftl oD+r gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us

gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk dks oks
feV~Vh j[kus ds fy;s nh ml oD+r vki lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh reke vt+okts eqrgjkr g;kr Fkha
ysfdu vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us gt+jr mEes
lyek dks gh feV~Vh j[kus dks D;ksa nh D;ksafd vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds b+Yes xS+c esa ;s ckr Fkh
vkSj vkidh pes ucwor ;s ns[k jgh Fkh fd ftl
oD+r esjk csVk gqlSu djcyk esa kghn fd;k tk;sxk
ml oD+r reke vt+okts eqrgjkr esa ls flQ+Z gt+jr
mEes lyek gh ft+Unk jgsaxh blfy;s vki lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us ml feV~Vh dks j[kus ds fy;s
gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk dks
eqUr[k+c Q+jek;k vkSj mUgsa feV~Vh j[kus ds fy;s nh
vkSj Q+jek;k tc ;s feV~Vh [kwu esa cny tk;s rks
le> ysuk esjk csVk gqlSu kghn gks x;k gS vkSj tc
okD+;k djcyk dk t+gwj gqvk vkSj gt+jr beke
gqlSu v+ySgLlyke kghn fd;s x;s rks ml oD+r
109
flQ+Z gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk
gh ft+Unk Fkha vkSj vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
reke vt+okts eqrgjkr oQ+kr ik pqdh FkhaA

ls fjok;r gS fd mUgksus kgknrs beke gqlSu ds fnu
[+okc esa gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks ns[kk fd
vki jks jgs gSa vkSj vkidk ljs vd+nl vkSj jhk
nk<+h eqckjd ij xnZ iM+h gqbZ gS mEes lyek us
bldh otg nj;k+r dh rks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k eSa vHkh&vHkh ekgns gqlSu
gqlSu dh kgknrxkg ls vk jgk gw gt+jr mEes
lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk us ns[kk fd ml
khkh dh feV~Vh [kwu esa cny xbZ FkhA
gt+jr bCus v+Cckl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

ls fjok;r gS Q+jekrs gSa& fd ,d nksigj ds oD+r
eSus gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks [+okc esa
ns[kk fd xslw eqckjd fc[kjs gq;s gSa vkSj nLr eqckjd
esa ,d khkh gS ftles [kwu gS eSa v+t+Z xqt+kj gqvk
esjs ek cki vki ij dqckZu gksa ;s D;k gS vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k ;s gqlSu vkSj
mlds vglkc lkfFk;ksa dk [kwu gS eaS fnu Hkj bls
tek djrk jgk gw fQj eSus oks oD+r ;kn j[kk rks
ekywe gqvk fd gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke
mlh oD+r kghn fd;s x;s FksA fedkr&3@263
[k+kuoknk&,&jlwy vkSj vlgkc ij tqYe o

T+;knrh djus okys vkSj mUgs d+Ry djus okys vkSj
buds d+Ry dk gqDe nsus okys reke yksx v+t+kcs
110
bykgh esa fxj+rkj gq;s budk nqfu;k esa Hkh fugk;r
nnZukd o [k+kSQ+ukd vatke gqvk vkSj muesa ls dksbZ
,d Hkh ,slk ugha Fkk fd ftls vYykg rv+kyk us
nqfu;k esa l[+r rjhu lt+k nsrs gq;s gykd u fd;k
gks vkSj vkf[k+jr esa Hkh mu reke yksxks ij tgUuqe
esa fugk;r l[+r rjhu nnZukd eq[+rfyQ+ v+t+kc
eqlYyr fd;k tk;sxk vkSj oks geskk nkst+[k+ ds l[+r
v+t+kc esa eqfCryk jgsaxsA
tc m+cSnqYykg fcu ft+;kn vkSj mlds lkfFk;ksa

ds lj ykdj efLtn ds lgu esa ,d nwljksa ds lkFk
feykdj j[ks x;s rks ,d lki vk;k oks mu ljksa ds
njfe;ku ls fudyk vkSj bCus ft+;kn ds uFkquksa es
nkf[k+y gks x;k vkSj nks rhu ckj mlus ;gh fd;k
vkSj FkksM+h nsj ckn pyk x;k vkSj xk;c gks x;kA
frfeZt+h&2@734

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd vYykg rv+kyk us
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ij ogh Hksth fd
eSus ;g~;k bCus t+dfj;k v+ySfgeqLyke ds cnys
lRrj gt+kj vQ+jkn d+Ry fd;s gSa vkSj rsjs uokls
ds cnys eq>s lRrj gt+kj vkSj lRrj gt+kj d+Ry
djuk gSA eqLrnjd gkfde&3@485 gnhl u0&4208
fljZqkgknrSu&53
111
&%rkft+;knkjh ds tkbt+ gksus ds kjbZ nykby%&
v+kjk eqgjZe esa rkft+;knkjh djuk tkbt+ o lckos

nkjSu gS bu vb;ke esa kcZr] f[kpM+k] fcj;kuh] [khj
ox+Sjkg ij Q+kfrgk fnykuk vkSj yksxksa esa rd+lhe
djuk vkSj pk;] kcZr] [khj oxS+jkg dh lchy djuk
ckbls [k+Sjks cjdr o lokc gSA

tks yksx vYykg rv+kyk dh fukkfu;ksa dh rkt+he o
vncks ,gfrjke djrs gSa ;s Qsv+y muds fnyksa dk
rd+ok gSA lw0&gt&32
rQ+lhj o vgknhl esa fy[kk gS fd gj oks

pht+ kv+kb:Yykg ;kuh vYykg rv+kyk dh fukkuh
vkSj mldh ;knxkj esa nkf[k+y gS ftldks ns[kdj
vYykg o jlwy vkSj vYykg okys ;kn vk tk;sa
vkSj eSa rkft+;knkjh dh eq[k+kfyQ+r djus okyksa ls
iwNrk gw fd D;k mUgsa rkft+;k ns[kdj beke gqlSu
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v++Ugq vkSj mudh dqjckuh ;kn
ugha vkrhA

Q+jek;k& ftl pht+ dks vYykg rv+kyk us gjke
d+jkj fn;k oks gjke gS vkSj ftldks gyky d+jkj
fn;k oks gyky gS vkSj ftl pht+ ds ckjs esa [k+keksk
jgk oks ekQ+ gSA frfeZt+h] bCus ektk] fedkr&367
112
bjkkn Q+jek;k& vYykg rv+kyk us ckt+ pht+as Q+t+Z
Q+jekbZ gSa mUgsa t+k;k er djks vkSj tks gjke dj
fn;k mudh gqjer er rksM+ks vkSj tks gqnwn ed+jZj
fd;s gSa mu gqnwn ds vkxs er c<+ks vkSj ckt+ pht+ksa
esa mlus lqdwr [k+kekskh bf[+r;kj dh gS vkSj ;s
lqdwr fdlh Hkwy dh otg ls ugha cfYd jger o
dje dh otg ls gS rks muesa cgl u djksA
fedkr&325
et+dwjk vgknhl dh jkskuh esa ;s ckr

lkfcr gqbZ fd rkft+;knkjh djuk tkbt+ gS D;ksafd
vYykg rv+kyk us rkft+;knkjh ds eqrkv+fYyd+
[k+kekskh bf[+r;kj dh gS vkSj dqjku o gnhl esa
rkft+;knkjh dh dgha eqekfu;r ugha vkbZ gS vkSj ftu
pht+ksa ds ckjs esa vYykg rv+kyk us [k+kekskh bf[+r;kj
dh gS oks pht+sa gekjs fy;s ekQ+ gSa vkSj ftu pht+ksa
dks vYykg rv+kyk us ekQ+ Q+jek;k gks rks oks pht+sa
fdlh Hkh rjg ls uktkbt+ o gjke ugha gks ldrha
vkSj vYykg o jlwy us ftu pht+ksa dks gjke d+jkj
u fn;k gks mu pht+ksa dks gjke o ukt+kbt+ dguk
fcYdqy x+yr o cs cqfu;kn gS vkSj ftl rjg ge
jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
eqgCcr o v+d+hnr esa bZn feyknqUuch dk tu cM+s
t+kWd+ o tksk vkSj ,greke ds lkFk eukrs gSa blh
rjg ge beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dh
eqgCcr esa rkft+;knkjh djrs gSa vkSj mudh ;knxkj
eukrs gSaA
113
v+Ugq ls ejoh gS fd vkius Q+jek;k vxj fdlh
pht+ dh rLohj cukuk t+:jh le>ks rks nj[+rksa dh
;k ,slh pht+ dh rLohj cukvks ftlesa :g u gksA
;kuh tkunkj u gks fedkr&386
et+dwjk gnhl Hkh bl ckr ij nykyr djrh

gS fd rkft+;k cukuk tkbt+ gS D;ksafd x+Sj tkunkj
dh rLohj cukuk tkbt+ gS vkSj rkft+;k x+Sj tkunkj
gS vkSj mlesa tku ugha gksrh ftl rjg igkM+]
edku] taxy] unh] >juk] ckx+kr efLtns eDdk
eqv+Tt+ek o enhuk equOojk ox+Sjkg dh rLohj cukuk
tkbt+ gS blh rjg jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu ;kuh rkft+;k
cukuk tkbt+ gSA
lSb;n vYykek ekSykuk egcwc mj jgeku

fu;kt+h t;iqjh viuh fdrkc ^^eqgCcrs vgys cSr
dqjku o vgknhl dh jkskuh esa** Q+jekrs gSa fd
dqjku o gnhl dh :g ls ftUgsa vgys cSr ls
eqgCcr ugha oks equkfQ+d+ gSa eqgCcr dk rd+kt+k ;s gS
fd tks pht+ egcwc ls fulcr j[krh gS rks eqgCcr
djus okyk ml pht+ ls Hkh fulcr j[krk gS vkSj
mldh rkt+heks rdjhe djrk gS vkSj rkft+;k vgys
cSr ls fulcr j[krk gS rks ftls vgys cSr ls
eqgCcr gksxh oks rkft+;s ls Hkh eqgCcr djsxk vkSj
rkft+;k jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu dh ud+y gSA
felky ds rkSj ij gkth yksx eDdk eqdjZek o

enhuk equOojk ls cgqr lh pht+sa vius&vius eqYdksa
esa ykrs gSa fQj mu pht+ksa dks vius fjrsnkj nksLr
114
vgokc cx+Sjkg dks crkSj rksgQ+k nsrs gaS vkSj mUgsa
ysus okys yksx mu pht+ksa dks bT+t+r dh ut+j ls
ns[krs gaS vkSj mu pht+ksa dks rcjqZd le>rs gaS
gkykfd gd+hd+r ;s gS fd oks pht+sa eDdk o enhuk
ls vkrh t+:j gS ysfdu oks pht+sa eDdk o enhuk
dh cuh gq;h ugha gksrh gSa cfYd oks nwljksa eqYdksa ls
ykdj eDdk eqdjZek o enhuk equOojk esa csph tkrh
gSa ysfdu fQj Hkh ge mu pht+ksa dh rkt+he o
rdjhe djrs gSa D;ksafd oks reke pht+sa eDdk eqdjZek
o enhuk equOojk ls fulcr j[krh gSa blfy;s
d+kfcys rkt+he gksrh gSaA
blh rjg tks yksx beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls eqgCcr djrs gSa vkSj tc oks
rkft+;s dks ns[krs gSa rks mldh rkt+he djrs gSa vkSj
mldks jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu rlOoqj djrs gSa D;ksafd
rkft+;s dh fulcr beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq ls okcLrk gksrh gS blfy;s rkft+;k Hkh d+kfcys
rkt+he gksrk gSA
blh rjg tc fdlh vkSfy;k&,&fdjke ;k

cqtqxkZusnhu dh njxkg ij ge gkft+jh ds fy;s tkrs
gSa vkSj tks rcjqZdkr ge nqdkuksa ls [k+jhnrs gSa ysfdu
oks rcjqZd tc rd nqdkuksa ij Fkk rks mldh rkt+he
ugha gksrh Fkh ysfdu tc oks rcjqZd vkLrkuk&,&
vkSfy;k dh gkft+jh ns vkrk gS rks ogh rcjqZd
d+kfcys rkt+he gks tkrk gS D;ksafd mls njxkgs
vkSfy;k ;k cqtqxkZusnhu dh ft+;kjr dk kjQ+ gkfly
gks tkrk gS vkSj mldh fulcr ml njxkg esa ekStwn
oyh vYykg ls okcLrk gks tkrh gS blfy;s ge ml
115
rcjqZd dks Hkh bT+t+r vkSj ,grjke dh ut+j ls
ns[krs gSaA
tc dksbZ k[+l ml rcjqZd dks ysdj okil

vius ?kj vkrk vkSj ml rcjqZd dks yksxks esa
rd+lhe djrk vkSj dgrk fd eSa [+okt+k x+jhc uokt+
dh njxkg ij gkft+jh ds fy;s vtesj kjhQ+ x;k Fkk
;k gt+jr okfjl ikd dh njxkg nsok kjhQ+ x;k Fkk
;k gt+jr vykmn~nhu lkfcj dy;jh dh njxkg ij
gkft+jh ds fy;s x;k Fkk ox+Sjkg vkSj ;s rcjZqd ogha
dk gS rks ge yksx ml rcjqZd dks fdruh bT+t+r dh
ut+j ls ns[krs D;ksafd oks rcjqZd vkSfy;k&,&fdjke
o cqtqxkZusnhu ls fulcr j[krk gSA
,d ckr d+kfcys roTtkS gS vkSj gesa ml ij

x+kSj djuk pkfg;s fd dqN kgj o dLcs ,sls gSa fd
ftuds uke ds vkf[k+j esa ge kjhQ+ yt+ dk
bLrseky djrs gSa tSls cx+nkn kjhQ+] vtesj kjhQ+]
nsok kjhQ+] fdNkSNk kjhQ+] dkYih kjhQ+] fcyxzke
kjhQ+] ekjSgjk kjhQ+] cjsyh kjhQ+ ox+Sjkg vkf[k+j
,slk D;ksa gS D;ksafd bu reke kgj o dLcksa esa
vkSfy;k&,&fdjke o cqtqxkZusnhu enQwu gSa vkSj bu
kgjksa o dLcksa ls vYykg ds usd lkfyghu cqtqxksZa
vkSj okfy;ksa dh fulcr tqM+h gS blfy;s bu kgjksa o
dLcksa ds uke Hkh ge rkt+he ds lkFk ysrs gSa rks usd
lkysg cqtqxksZa o vkSfy;k&,&fdjke dh fulcr ls ml
kgj dk uke Hkh rkt+he ds d+kfcy gks tkrk gS rks
lb;nquk gt+jr beke gqlSu dh fulcr ls rkft+;k
fdruh cM+h rkt+heks vnc vkSj ,grjke ds d+kfcy
gksxk bldk ge vkSj vki [kqn vUnkt+k yxk;sa vkSj
116
rkft+;s dks rkt+heks rdjhe dh ut+j ls ns[ksasA
ftl rjg dkx+t+ flQ+Z dkx+t+ gksrk gS ysfdu

tc ml dkx+t+ ij vYykg o jlwy dk uke fy[k
fn;k tk;s rks oks pwe dj lj vk[kksa ij yxkus ds
d+kfcy gks tkrk gS blh rjg tc fdlh dkx+t+ ij
dqjku fy[k fn;k tkrk gS rks oks vYykg dk dyke
gks tkrk gS vkSj oks rkt+heks vnc o ,grjke ds
d+kfcy gks tkrk gS blh rjg ge efLtns ucoh vkSj
xqEcns [kt+jk ;k [k+kuk&,&dkck dh rLohj tks flQZ+
dkx+t+ ij cuh gqbZ gksrh gS ysfdu ge mls pwers
vkSj mldh rkt+he djrs gSa vkSj mudk ,grjke
djrs gSa vkSj mu rLohjksa dks ,slh txg j[krs vkSj
ltkrs gSa fd tgk mudh cs vnch u gksA
gkykfd oks dkx+t+ ij cuh gksrh gSa vkSj

oks vly Hkh ugha gksrh cfYd mldh ud+y gksrh gaS
ysfdu fQj Hkh ge mu rLohjksa dh rkt+he djrs gSa
D;ksafd oks vYykg o jlwy ls fulcr j[krh gSa
blfy;s ge ml dkx+t+ dks ugha ns[krs cfYd ge ;s
ns[krs gSa fd ml dkx+t+ ij fy[kk vkSj cuk D;k gS
vkSj blh rjg ge rkft+;s dh dkx+t+ vkSj iUuh dks
ugha ns[krs gSa cfYd ;s ns[krs gSa fd ;s jkst+k&,&beke
gqlSu gS ftldh fulcr lb;nquk beke v+kyh ed+ke
gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke ls gS tks vius
ukuk tku gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds y[+rs
ftxj gSa blfy;s ge rkft+;s dks rkt+he dh ut+j ls
ns[krs gSa vkSj ck uh;rs rkt+he jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu
rkft+;k dh ft+;kjr djuk beke v+kyh ed+ke
gt+jr beke gqlSu ls lPph eqgCcr dh v+yker gSA
117
vgys b+Ye bl ckr dks tkurs gSa fd fdlh pht+ dk
tkbt+ ;k uktkbt+ gksuk pkj pht+ksa ij eqUgflj gSA
1&dqjku 2&gnhl 3&bTekv+ 4&d+;kl vkSj bu pkjksa
pht+ksa ls rkft+;knkjh dk uktkbt+ gksuk lkfcr ugha
ysfdu m+Yek&,&fdjke esa bf[+rykQ+ gS dqN m+Yek
rkft+;knkjh dks tkbt+ d+jkj nsrs gS vkSj dqN m+Yek
bls uktkbt+ d+jkj nsrs gSa vkSj tks m+Yek bls
uktkbt+ dgrs gSa oks bl otg ls dgrs gSa fd
rkft+;knkjh esa dqN dke x+Sj kjbZ gSa tSls cSUM+ cktk
csgwnk [ksy rekks] Nrksa ij cSBdj [kkus dh pht+sa o
nhxj pht+ksa dks yksxksa ds chp t+ehu ij Qsaduk ;s
lc dke okd+bZ uktkbt+ gSa ysfdu bl otg ls
rkft+;knkjh dks uktkbt+ dguk fcYdqy x+yr gS vkSj
;s mudh T+;knrh o tqYe gS tks gesa beke gqlSu
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dh ;knxkj eukus ls
jksdrs gSa tks ,d vPNk vkSj usd v+ey gS vkSj
ckbls vTj gS vkSj jgk loky bl Q+sv+y ls
tqM+h gqbZ cqjkb;ksa dk rks gj vPNkbZ ds lkFk cqjkbZ
Hkh tqM+h gksrh gS rks mUgsa pkfg;s fd flQ+Z cqjkbZ dks
jksdus dh yksxksa dks rkdhn djsa u fd vPNkbZ dks
ftl rjg gj bUlku ds lkFk vYykg rv+kyk us ,d
kSrku eqd+jZj dj j[kk gS tks gesa cqjkbZ dk gqDe
nsrk gS vkSj gekjs u+l ls cqjs dke djkrk gSA
rks D;k ge bUlku ls ljt+n gksus okys xqukgksa

vkSj cqjkb;ksa dks jksdsaxs ;k mlls okd+Sv gksus okys
usd dke vkSj vPNkb;ksa dks jksdsaxs D;ksafd bUlku ds
lkFk vPNkbZ vkSj cqjkbZ nksuks tqM+h gksrh gSa il gesa
pkfg;s fd ge flQZ+ cqjkbZ dks jksdas u fd vPNkbZ dks
118
felky ds rkSj ij kknh C;kg esa cgqr lh ckrsa
f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ gSa tSls enZ v+kSjr dk ,d lkFk tek
gksuk] csinkZ v+kSjrksa dk enksZa ls xq+rxw djuk] enksZa
dks uk esgje dks ns[kuk tks l[+r gjke gS blds
vykok nwYgk Hkkrh dh cqjh jLesa] cSUM cktk] vkfrk
ckt+h] [kM+s gksdj [kkuk ihuk] twrk pqjkbZ dh jLesa
ox+Sjkg ;s lc cqjkbZ vkSj f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ mewj gSa rks
D;k bl otg ls fdlh dks kknh C;kg ds fy;s euk
fd;k tk;sxk ;k kknh dks uktkbt+ d+jkj fn;k tk;sxk
ugha gjfxt+ ugha cfYd kknh C;kg esa kkfey gksus
okyh cqjkbZ;ksa vkSj f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ dkeksa dks jksdk
tk;sxkA
blh rjg jkst+k uekt+ Q+t+Z gS exj ckt+ yksx

jkst+k uekt+ esa fn[kkok fj;kdkjh djrs gSa vkSj
fj;kdkjh gjke gS rks D;k bl otg ls jkst+k uekt+
ls jksdk tk;sxk ;k fj;kdkjh ls jksdk tk;sxk blh
rjg ukSdjh djuk kjv+u tkbt+ gS exj blds lkFk
fjor Hkh yh tkrh gS tks Q+sv+ys gjke gS rks D;k
bl otg ls ukSdjh djus dks euk fd;k tk;sxk ;k
fjor ysus ls euk fd;k tk;sxk blh rjg frtkjr
esa Hkh >wB] Q+jsc] /kksdk] csbZekuh ox+Sjkg nhxj dbZ
rjg dh cqjkb;k gksrh gSa vkSj ckt+ yksx rks viuh
frtkjr esa gjke gyky dk Hkh reht+ ugha j[krs rks
D;k bu cqjkbZ;ksa vkSj xqukgksa dh otg ls frtkjr
dks uktkbt+ ;k gjke dgk tk;sxk ;k frtkjr ls
tqM+h cqjkbZ;ksa dks jksdk tk;sxkA
blh rjg rkft+;knkjh esa tks dke

x+Sj kjbZ gSa gesa mu dkeksa dks jksduk pkfg;s u fd
119
rkft+;knkjh dks jksduk pkfg;s ftl rjg efLtn
[k+kuk&,&dkck dh ud+y gS tks ,d b+ekjr gSS mlh
rjg rkft+;k gt+jr beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq ds jkst+s dh ud+y gS bl nyhy ls Hkh rkft+;k
cukuk tkbt+ gS vkSj beke gqlSu vkSj kghnkus
djcyk dh ;knxkj eukus ds fy;s rkft+;knkjh djuk
o ft+s kgknrSu djuk tkbt+ o lokcs nkjSu gSA
dksbZ v+ey ,slk fd;k tk;s ftldh otg ls

vly okfd+;+k djcyk ut+jksa ds lkeus vk tk;s rks
ogh v+ey T+;knk dkjxj gksrk gS tSls rkft+;s dks
ns[kdj okfd+;+k djcyk gekjh ut+jksa ds lkeus vk
tkrk gS vkSj bl nyhy ls Hkh rkft+;knkjh djuk
csgrj v+ey gS gnhl ikd esa gS tks ftlls eqgCcr
djsxk mldk gj mlds egcwc ds lkFk gksxk ;kuh
vYykg rv+kyk ds ;gk nksuksa ,d eqd+ke ij gksaxs
vkSj vxj ge vgys cSr ls eqgCcr djsaxs vkSj
mudh eqgCcr esa mudh ;knxkjh eukus ds fy;s
rkft+;knkjh djsaxs rks d+;ker ds fnu gesa mudk lkFk
feysxk tks gekjs fy;s cM+s Q+[+j dh ckr gksxh vkSj
mudk lkFk gekjs fy;s futkr gS vkSj mudk lkFk
gesa tUur esa ys tk;sxkA
ckt+ yksx dgrs gS fd fdlh dh ekSr ij

rhu fnu ls T+;knk lksx eukuk kjv+u tkbt+ ugha o
choh ds fy;s kkSgj dh ekSr ij pkj eghuk nl fnu
rd lksx eukuk tkbt+ gS blls T+;knk lksx eukuk
gjke o uktkbt+ gS ;s ckr fcYdqy gd+ gS ysfdu
gt+jr beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq rks
kghn gq;s gSa vkSj kghn ft+Unk gksrk gS vkSj geskk
120
ft+Unk gh jgsxk eqlyeku muds ejus dk lksx ugha
eukrk cfYd oks rks bl ckr dk x+e eukrk gS fd
beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq vkSj vkids
?kj okyksa vkSj nhxj kqgnk&,&djcyk us tks eqlhcrsa
vkSj rdyhQsa+ mBkb vkSj vkids ftLe eqckjd ij
cgkRrj 72 ls T+;knk ryokjksa ds t+[+e Fks vkSj
vkids lkeus vkids HkkbZ vkSj csVs vkSj Hkrhts Hkwds
I;kls kghn gks x;s vkSj vkids HkkbZ gt+jr v+Cckl
dk lhuk Nyuh dj fn;k x;k vkSj cktw dkV fn;s
x;s vkSj vkidk [k+kunku djcyk esa yqV x;k vkSj
[k+kuoknk&,&jlwy dks fdruh vfT+t+;rsa nh xbZ vkSj
vkidh vt+okts eqrg~jkr vkSj vkidh csVh ldhuk
dh csgqjerh dh xbZ vkSj cs kqekj vfT+t+;rsa nh xbZa
[k+kuoknk&,&jlwy nhu bLyke ds fy;s dqjcku gks x;s
reke kqgnk&,&djcyk Hkwds I;kls kghn gks x;s gRrk
fd mUgsa ikuh dh ,d cwn Hkh u feyh rks ge bu
reke ckrksa dk x+e eukrs gSa vkSj tc ft+s beke
gqlSu ;k ft+s djcyk gksrk gS rks gt+jr beke gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke ls eqgCcr djus okys eqlyekuksa dh
vk[kksa ls vklw [kqn o [kqn tkjh gks tkrs gSaA
ckt+ yksx rks beke v+kyh ed+ke gt+jr

beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dk x+e eukus vkSj muds
x+e esa vklw cgkus dks Hkh uktkbt+ o fcnv+r d+jkj
nsrs gSa tcfd gd+hd+r ;s gS fd tc ft+s beke gqlSu
;k ft+s djcyk gks vkSj fny x+exhu u gks rks oks
fny beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dh eqgCcr ls [k+kyh
gSa D;ksafd eqgCcr dk rd+kt+k ;s gksrk gS fd egcwc
ds iko esa dkVk Hkh pqHks vkSj rdyhQ+ gesa gks vkSj
beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq us djcyk esa
121
fdruh cM+h&cM+h cskqekj rdyhQ+sa mBkbaZ rks gesa
mudk fdruk T+;knk x+e gksuk pkfg;s vkSj eqgCcr ds
dbZ njtkr gksrs gSa vkSj muesa lcls pk ntkZ ;s gS
fd dksbZ k[+l eqgCcr dh reke gnksa dks ikj djrs
gq;s [kqn dks vius egcwc dh eqgCcr esa x+d+Z dj ns
;gh lPph vkSj gd+hd+h eqgCcr gksrh gSA
gt+jr beke ekfyd jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq dks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls csgn
eqgCcr Fkh tc vki enhus dh xfy;ksa ls xqt+jrs rks
ogk dh nhokjksa dks pwers gq;s tkrs Fks ftlds ckbl
vkidk psgjk xnZ vkywn gks tkrk Fkk rks yksxksa us
vkils dgk fd gt+jr vki ,slk D;ksa djrs gSa ftlls
vkidk psgjk xnZ vkywn gks tkrk gS beke ekfyd
jgerqYykg v+ySg us Q+jek;k fd eSa vius egcwc
dh eqgCcr ds lcc ,slk djrk gw D;ksafd tc esjs
vkd+k jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
tc bu xfy;ksa ls xqt+jrs gksaxs rks vkidk gkFk
eqckjd bu nhokjksa ls yxk gksxk blfy;s eSa bu
nhokjksa dks pwe ysrk gw D;ksafd bu nhokjksa dh fulcr
esjs vkd+k v+ySgLlyke ls gS rks yksxksa us dgk fd
gt+jr ,slk eqfEdu ugha gS fd ljdkjs nks v+kye
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye enhus dh xfy;ksa ls xqt+jrs
gksa vkSj vius nLrs eqckjd nhokjksa dkss yxkrs gq;s
pyrs gksa fQj beke ekfyd jgerqYykg v+ySg us
Q+jek;k Bhd gS fd ,slk ugha gks ldrk ysfdu ,slk
rks gks ldrk gS vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds
ftLe vd+nl ds diMs+ dksbZ fgLlk bu nhokjksa ls
yx x;k gks fQj yksxksa us dgk fd ,slk Hkh ugha gks
ldrk D;ksafd vki nhokjksa ls dqN nwjh cukdj pyk
122
djrs Fks rks fQj beke ekfyd jgerqYykg v+ySg
us Q+jek;k Bhd gS geus ekuk fd ;s ugha gks ldrk
ysfdu ,slk rks t+:j gqvk gksxk fd esjs vkd+k tc
bu enhus dh xfy;ksa ls xqt+jrs gksaxs rks bu nhokjksa
ij vkidh fuxkgs jger t+:j iM+h gksxh fQj yksxksa
us dgk fd gt+jr ,slk Hkh eqfEdu ugha D;ksafd tc
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye pyrs Fks rks vki
viuh ut+jsa geskk uhph j[krs Fks fQj beke ekfyd
jgerqYykg v+ySg us Q+jek;k pyks geus ekuk ;s
Hkh Bhd gS ysfdu ,slk ugha gks ldrk fd esjs vkd+k
ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk ftl
xyh ls xqt+j gks vkSj ml xyh dh nhokjksa us vkids
:[k+s vuoj dk nhnkj u fd;k gks vkSj ftu nhokjksa
us esjs egcwc dk nhnkj fd;k gks oks rkt+heks rdjhe
vkSj pweus ds d+kfcy gSa blfy;s budks pweuk esjs
fy;s csgrj vkSj [k+Sjks cjdr dk ckbl gSA
vkSj ;s gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls

lPph eqgCcr dh v+yker gS tc ge vius vkd+k
dk uke eqgEen lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye lqurs gSa
rks ge vius vxwBksa dks pwedj vk[kksa ls yxkrs gaS
D;ksafd ;s gqtwj ls eqgCcr dh v+yker gS blh rjg
tc vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds csVs vkSj
y[+rs ftxj gt+jr beke gqlSu ;k djcyk dk ft+
gks vkSj fny x+exhu vkSj vk[ksa ue u gksa rks ;s
v+d+hnr eUnksa vkSj muls eqgCcr j[kus okyksa ds fy;s
dSls eqfEdu gks ldrk gS cfYd gd+hd+r ;s gS fd
tc gt+jr beke gqlSu ;k djcyk dk ft+ gksrk gS
;k tc rkft+;k ut+jksa ds lkeus gksrk gS rks muls
eqgCcr j[kus okys yksxksa ds vklw tkjh gks tkrs gSa
123
D;ksafd ftl oD+r rkft+;k mudh ut+jksa ds lkeus
gksrk gS ml oD+r mudk t+kfgjh ftLe rkft+;s ds
ut+nhd gksrk gS ysfdu oks [kqn gt+jr beke gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke vkSj djcyk dh ;knksa ds rlOoqj esa
[kks tkrs gSa vkSj muds fny x+exhu vkSj vk[ksa
vkcnhnkg gks tkrh gSaA
ysfdu ckt+ yksx beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk vUgq ds x+e vkSj mudh ;kn esa jksus ij Hkh
,rjkt+ djrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd fdlh ds x+e ;k
fdlh dh ;kn esa jksuk uktkbt+ o cslczh dh v+yker
gS tcfd vYykg rv+kyk us dqjku ethn esa gt+jr
;wlqQ v+ySgLlyke ds x+e vkSj mudh ;kn esa gt+jr
;kdwc v+ySgLlyke ds jksus dks Qlcjqu tehy
Q+jek;k ;kuh csgrj lcz vkSj gt+jr ;kdwc
v+ySgLlyke dbZ lkyksa rd vius csVs gt+jr ;wlqQ
v+ySgLlyke dh tqnkbZ ds x+e vkSj mudh ;kn esa
bruk jks;s fd jks&jks dj vkidh vk[ksa lQ+sn gks xbZa
vkSj vxj jksuk uktkbt+ ;k cslczh dh v+yker gksrh
rks vYykg rv+kyk dqjku ethn esa gt+jr ;kdwc
v+ySgLlyke ds jksus dks csgrj lcz d+jkj u nsrkA

vkSj oks ;wlqQ v+ySgLlyke dks dq,s esa Qsaddj
vius cki ds ikl jkr ds oD+r jksrs gq;s igqps
vkSj dgus yxs ,s gekjs cki fd ge yksx nkSM+ esa
eqd+kcyk djus pys x;s Fks vkSj geus ;wlqQ dks
vius lkeku ds ikl NksM+ fn;k Fkk mls HksfM+;s us [kk
fy;k vkSj oks deht+ ij >wBk [kwu yxkdj ys vk;s
;kdwc us dgk gd+hd+r ;s ugha gS cfYd rqEgkjs
124
gkfln u+lksa us ,d cgqr cM+k dke rqEgkjs fy;s
vklku vkSj [kqk xokj cuk fn;k tks rqeus dj
Mkyk il bl gknls ij lcz gh csgrj gS vkSj
vYykg gh ls enn pkgrk gw ml ij tks dqN rqe
c;ku dj jgs gksA lw0&;wlqQ&16]&18
vkSj ;kdwc us muls eqg Qsj fy;k vkSj dgk gk;

vQ+lksl ;wlqQ dh tqnkbZ ij vkSj mudh vk[ksa x+e
ls jks&jks dj lQsn gks xbZ lks oks x+e dks t+Cr
fd;s gq;s Fks ;kuh oks lcz djrs jgs lw0&;wlqQ&84
,d vkSj ed+ke ij vYykg rv+kyk us

jksuk gd+ vkSj bZeku dh v+yker d+jkj fn;k gSA
vkSj ;gh otg gS fd muesa ckt+ lPps

bZlkbZ tc lqurs gSa oks tks jlwy dh rjQ+ mrjk rks
mudh vk[ksa ns[kks vklqvksa ls mcy jgha gSa blfy;s
fd oks gd+ dks igpku x;s gSa vkSj oks dgrs gSa ,s
gekjs jc ge bZeku yk;s rw gesa gd+ ds xokgksa esa
fy[k ysA lw0&ek;nk&83
ljojs dkSusu lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us

beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv++kyk v+Ugq dh kgknr
dk tc&tc ft+ fd;k rc&rc vki x+exhu gq;s
vkSj vkidh pes eqckjd ls vklw tkjh gq;s ftl
oD+r ftcjbZy v+ySgLlyke us gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dks gt+jr beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugq dh kgknr dh [k+cj nh rks vki ;s
[k+cj lqudj vkcnhnkg gks x;s rks bu reke nyhyksa
125
ls lkfcr gqvk fd gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke
ds x+e vkSj mudh ;kn esa vklw cgkuk tkbt+ o
lqUurs jlwy vkSj csgrj vTj dk ckbl gSA
ckt+ yksx ;s dgrs gSa fd rkft+;knkjh ;t+hnh

dke gS fd ftl rjg ;t+hfn;ksa us gt+jr beke&
v+kyh ed+ke gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dks
kghn djds muds ljs eqckjd dks ust+s ij j[kdj
?kqek;k Fkk rks eSa mu cnv+d+hnk vkSj cnuh;r j[kus
okys yksxksa ls dguk pkgrk gw fd tkfgy ls tkfgy
eqlyeku dk Hkh v+d+hnk vkSj uh;r ;s ugha gksrh fd
oks ljs eqckjd dks vius dk/kksa ij j[ks gq;s gSA
cfYd mudk v+d+hnk vkSj uh;r ;s gksrh gS fd

ftl rjg uch vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
vius I;kjs csVksa vkSj uoklksa ;kuh gt+jr beke glu
o gt+jr beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk vUgqe dks
vius dk/ks eqckjd ij lokj fd;k Fkk mlh rjg ge
gqlSuh jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu ;kuh rkft+;s dks vius
dk/kksa ij j[k dj ck&uh;rs ft+;kjr ?kqekrs gSaA
gnhl ikd esa gS fd gj bUlku ds vkeky dk

nkjksenkj mldh uh;rksa ij gS vkSj vYykg rv+kyk
vius cUns dk flQZ+ ckfru ;kuh mldh uh;rksa dks
ns[krk gS fd esjs cUns dh uh;r vkSj bjknk D;k gS
vkSj vYykg rv+kyk gj bUlku dks mlds usd
vkekyksa dk cnyk mlds t+kfgj dks ns[kdj ugha nsrk
cfYd mldh usd uh;rksa dks ns[kdj v+rk djrk gS
tSls vxj dksbZ k[+l viuh b+cknr ;k usd v+ey
yksxksa dks fn[kkus ds fy;s djrk gS rks mls viuh
126
b+cknr o usd v+ey dk dksbZ Hkh vTj cnyk ;k
lokc ugha feysxk D;ksafd gj usd v+ey ds fy;s
usd uh;r dk gksuk t+:jh gSA
ftl rjg ge viuh vk[kksa ls ek cgu csVh

choh ox+Sjkg dks ns[krs gSa ysfdu mu reke yksxksa dks
ns[kus dh ut+j o uh;r vkSj v+d+hnk vyx&vyx
gksrk gS vxj dksbZ k[+l ;s dgs fd dksbZ k[+l
viuh vk[kksa ls reke yksxksa dks vyx&vyx ut+j
ls dSls ns[k ldrk gS D;ksafd vk[ksa rks nks gh gksrh gSa
rks ;s mldh cn v+d+hnxh o cn uh;rh vkSj cn
xqekuh dh nyhy gS D;ksafd vk[ksa nks gSa fuxkg ,d gS
ysfdu ml fuxkg esa uh;rsa gt+kjksa gSa vkSj tks yksx
rkft+;s ds ckjs esa bl rjg dk [+;ky djrs gSa fd
beke gqlSu dk ljs eqckjd dks yksx fy;s ?kwers gSa
rks ;s mudh cn uh;rh vkSj cn xqekuh gS vkSj cn
xqekuh l[+r xqukg gS vkSj mUgsa pkfg;s fd bl rjg
ds cqjs [+;kykr o cn uh;rksa vkSj cn xqekfu;ksa ls
cpsa vkSj bl rjg ds xqukgksa ls btfrukc djsa rkfd
vYykg rv+kyk dh ukjkt+xh vkSj xqukgksa ls egQ+wt+
jgsa vkSj rkft+;s dks rkt+heks rdjhe dh ut+j ls ns[ksa
blh rjg dk ,d loky vkyk gt+jr

beke vgen jt+k [kk jgerqYykg v+ySg ls fd;k
x;k fd rkft+;k ijLr dk ft+Cgk gyky gS ;k gjke
rks vki us tokc esa Q+jek;k& fd dksbZ tkfgy ls
tkfgy eqlyeku Hkh rkft+;s dks ekv+cwn ugha tkurk
vkSj rkft+;k ijLr dk y+t+ cgkfc;ksa dh T+;knrh gS
ftl rjg rkt+he o rdjhe et+kjkr rb;ck ij
eqlyekuksa dks d+cz ijLr dk yd+c nsrs gSa ;s lc
127
mudh tgkyr o cs bYeh o tqYe gSA
Q+rkok jt+fo;k&24@500
eqgjZeqy gjke x+e vkSj [kqkh nksuksa dk eghuk

gS x+e bl ckr dk gS fd gt+jr beke gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke vkSj vkids [k+kunku vkSj vkids
lkfFk;ksa ij rdyhQ+ksa vkSj eqlhcrksa ds igkM+ VwVs
vkSj ml ij Hkwd o I;kl dh fkn~nr gRrk fd
eklwe cPpksa dks Hkh ikuh e;Llj u gqvk gt+jr
beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dh xksn eqckjd esa vkids
y[+rs ftxj v+yh vlxj dks kghn fd;k x;k ,d
,slk rhj v+yh vlxj dh xnZu esa yxk fd [kwu ds
Q+Ookjs fudy iM+s vkSj eSnkus djcyk dh t+ehu
kghnksa ds [kwu ls yky gks xbZ vkSj gt+jr beke
gqlSu v+ySgLLyke us vius ftLes vd+nl esa cs
kqekj t[+eksa ds vykok cs kqekj rdyhQsa vkSj
eqlhcrsa mBkbZa vkSj vkf[k+j esa vki Hkh gkyrs ltns
esa kghn dj fn;s x;sA
vkSj [kqkh bl ckr dh gS fd gt+jr beke

gqlSu v+ySgLlyke reke rdyhQ+ksa dks cnkZLr djrs
gq;s lcz vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dh jt+k ij jkt+h jgs
vkSj ,sls uktqd o l[+r ijskkfu;ksa Hkjs gkykrksa ij
lkfcr d+neh jgrs gq;s kgknr dk tke uksk Q+jek;k
blfy;s reke eqlyekuksa ds fy;s ;s cM+s Q+[+j vkSj
[kqkh dh ckr gS vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dqjku ethn
esa bjkkn Q+jekrk gS& fd tks yksx esjh jkg esa ekjs
tk;sa mUgsa eqnkZ u dgks cfYd oks ft+Unk gSa vkSj ft+Unk
dk x+e ugha cfYd [kqkh eukbZ tkrh gS bl rjg ekgs
eqgjZe x+e vkSj [kqkh nksuksa dk eghuk gSA
128
ckt+ yksx dgrs gSa fd kjv+ esa rkft+;knkjh dh dqN
vly ugha vkSj ;s Q+sv+y fonv+r o uktkbt+ gS rks
eSa muls ;s iwNuk pkgrk gw fd dqjku o gnhl vkSj
fQ+d+k esa bldh eqekfu;r dgk ij vkbZ gS gkykfd
xqft+rk lQ+k ij dqjku o vgknhl dh jkskuh esa ;s
ckr lkfcr gks pqdh gS fd rkft+;knkjh djuk tkbt+
o lokcs nkjSu gS vkSj dqjku ethn dh lwjg gt dh
vk;kr ls Hkh okt+sg gks pqdk gSA
fd oks gj pht+ vYykg rv+kyk dh

fukkuh gS ftls ns[kdj vYykg o jlwy vkSj vYykg
okys ;kn vk tk;sa rks rkft+;s dks ns[kdj beke gqlSu
v+ySgLLyke dh ;kn vkuk bl ckr ij nykyr
djrk gS fd rkft+;k Hkh vYykg rv+kyk dh fukkuh
gS vkSj tks yksx vYykg rv+kyk dh fukkfu;ksa vkSj
;knxkjksa dk ,greke djrs gSa ;s Q+sv+y muds fnyksa
dk rd+ok gS ;kuh rkft+;k cukuk vkSj yksxksa dks
mldh ft+;kjr djkuk ,d vPNk o csgrjhu vkSj
egcwc o ed+cwy v+ey gSA
vkSj vgknhl eqckjdk ls Hkh ;s ckr lkfcr

gks pqdh gS fd ftl dke ds fy;s vYykg o jlwy us
[k+kekskh bf[+r;kj dh gS ;k ftl vEj dke ;k
Q+sv+y dh gesa eqekfu;r ugha Q+jek;h oks dke gekjs
fy;s ekQ+ gSa rkft+;knkjh ds eqrkv+fYyd+ vYykg o
jlwy dh [k+kekskh bl ckr ij nykyr djrh gS fd
rkft+;knkjh uktkbt+ ugha cfYd tkbt+ o lokcs nkjSu
gS vkSj rkft+;knkjh djuk ;s gekjh beke gqlSu ls
lPph eqgCcr o v+d+hnr gS vkSj ftls beke gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke ls eqgCcr gks oks rkft+;knkjh djs vkSj
129
mudh ;knxkj euk;s vkSj ftls muls eqgCcr u gks
rks oks mudh ;knxkj u euk;sA
nqfu;k esa cgqr ls dke nhu esa u;s gq;s gSa

tks dqjku o gnhl ls lkfcr ugha ysfdu oks reke
dke nhu vkSj eqlyekuksa ds fy;s Q+k;nseUn lkfcr
gq;s gSa vkSj oks reke dke gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ds ckn fclky v+ey esa vk;s tSls dqjku
dk ,d lkFk tek gksuk] dqjku ethn ds g:Q+ ij
t+sj] t+cj] isk] ox+Sjkg dk yxkuk] tqek ds fnu
oD+rs tqek ,d vkSj vt+ku dk bt+kQk djuk]
efLt+nksa esa v+kSjrksa dk u vkuk vkSj tekv+r esa
v+kSjrksa dh fkdZr ls eqekfu;r] jet+kuqy eqckjd esa
rjkohg dh uekt+ ck tekv+r vnk djuk ox+Sjkg
vkSj ftl u;s dke dks djus ls nhu ;k eqlyekuksa
dks Q+k;nk igqps oks dke vYykg o jlwy ds ut+nhd
csgrj vkSj ilanhnk gksrk gS vkSj bls fcnv+rs gluk
dgrs gSa ;kuh vPNh fcnv+r vkSj nhu esa u;k oks
dke ftlls nhu ;k eqlyekuksa dks uqdlku igqps mls
fcnv+rs lb;k dgrs gS ;kuh cqjh fcnv+r blfy;s
lcls igys gesa fcnv+r dk ekuk vkSj eQ+gwe dks
vPNh rjg le> ysuk pkfg;s rkfd fdlh vPNs ;k
cqjs dke esa Q+d+Z djus esa gels x+yrh u gks vkSj
fdlh dke dks cqjk dgus ls igys vPNh rjg le>
ysa fd ;s dke vPNk gS ;k cqjk lgh gS ;k x+yr
vkSj ;s fcnv+rs gluk gS ;k fcnv+rs lb;k rc
mlds ckn fdlh dke ds eqrkv+fYyd+ vPNk ;k cqjk
[+;ky djsa ;gh lgh vkSj vPNk rjhd+k gS vkSj ;gh
nhu o eqlyekuksa ds gd+ esa csgrj gSA
130
ckt+ yksx bZn ehyknqUuch dk tu eukus ij Hkh
,rjkt+ djrs gSa vkSj bls fcnv+r d+jkj nsrs gSa
gkykfd ;s cgqr csgrjhu v+ey gS vkSj cs kqekj
vTj dk ckbl gS tks jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh eqgCcr o v+d+hnr ds lcc fd;k tkrk
gS vkSj bl v+ey ls cs kqekj nhuh o nqU;koh o
m[k+joh Q+okbn gSa vkSj bZn feyknqUuch dk tu ge
eqlyekuksa ds fnyksa esa uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh eqgCcr dh uwjkuh jkskuh vkSj bZeku esa
fu[kkj ykrk gS vkSj tks k[+l bl tu dks eukus
ij ,rjkt+ djs ;k fcnv+r dgs oks [kqn dks gqtwj dk
mEerh gksus dk xqeku Hkh u djs D;ksafd ftls gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vkSj muds vgys cSr ls
eqgCcr ugha xks;k oks eqlyeku gh ugha dk;ukr esa
ge reke eqlyekuksa ds fy;s bZn feyknqUuch ls
c<+dj dksbZ tu o [kqkh vkSj ed+kes ekjZr ughaA
ljdkjs nks v+kye dh vken ij nks v+kye

esa [kqfk;k eukbZa xbZa vkSj ge Hkh bl eqckjd fnu
ij [kqfk;ksa dk bt+gkj djrs gSa vkSj mudk mEerh
gksus dk lqcwr isk djrs gSa vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh rkjhQ+ vkojh dh oks lqgkuh ck cjdr
?kM+h dks ;kn djuk vkSj [kqfk;k eukuk ;s gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ls lPph eqgCcr dh
v+yker gS vkSj blls nhu ;k eqlyekuksa dks fdlh
rjg dk dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksrk fQj Hkh bl csgrj
v+ey dks fcnv+r d+jkj nsuk ;s mudh cn v+d+hnxh
vkSj de v+D+yh dh nyhy gS vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye ls mudh eqgCcr egt+ fn[kkok gSA
131
rks ftl rjg ge ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh vken dh ;knxkj eukrs gSa mlh rjg
ge muds uwjs ut+j fny ds Qwy o ftxj ds VqdM+s
gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dh ;knxkj eukrs
gSa rks ge blesa D;k x+yr djrs gSa tks ckt+ yksxksa dks
cgqr T+;knk rdyhQ+ gksrh gS ukuk dh ;knxkj eukuk
vkSj uokls dh ;knxkj u eukuk D;k ;s lgh o
nqjLr gS ;kuh gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
;knxkj eukus dks tkbt+ dguk vkSj muds uokls
gt+jr beke gqlSu dh ;knxkj eukus dks uktkbt+
dguk D;k ;s uk balkQh ugha cfYd ,slk dguk beke
gqlSu ls eqgCcr djus vkSj v+d+hnr j[kus okyksa ij
tqYe o T+;knrh gS gt+jr beke gqlSu dh ;knxkj
ge tqywls rkft+;k dh kDy esa eukrs gSa tSls gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh vken dh ;knxkj ge
tqywl dh kDy esa eukrs gSa rks blesa ge D;k cqjk
djrs gS tks yksx gesa blls jksdrs vkSj fcnv+r o
uktkbt+ dk Q+rok nsrs gSaA
gkykfd gd+hd+r ;s gS fd tc ge gqtwj

lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vkSj vgys cSr dh eqgCcr
esa ;knxkjs gqlSu eukrs vkSj tqywls rkft+;k fudkyrs
gSa rks gekjk ;s Q+sv+y vYykg o jlwy ds ut+nhd
csgrjhu o ilanhnk gS vkSj bl Q+sv+y ds bgfreke
djus ls gekjs vkd+k uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dks cgqr T+;knk [kqkh feyrh gS vkSj gqtwj
dks [kqk djuk xks;k vYykg rv+kyk dks [kqk o jkt+h
djuk gS vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks
[kqkh igqpkus ds lcc gesa mudh dqcZr ulhc gksrh
gS tks gesa dqcsZ bykgh dh efUt+y rd igqpkrh gSA
132
gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dh ;knxkj eukus
ls gekjs fnyksa esa ekStwn mudh eqgCcr vkSj bZeku esa
iq[+rxh o fu[kkj vkrk gS vkSj gekjs vkSj gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds njfe;ku rv+kYyqd+krksa
esa et+cwrh vkrh gS vkSj ;s et+cwrh gesa gqtwj vkSj
muds vgys cSr ds d+jhc dj nsrh gS vkSj gekjs
fny gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vkSj vgys cSr
dh eqgCcr ls equOoj gksrs gSa vkSj ;s eqgCcr jkst+s
d+;ker gekjs fy;s kQ+kv+r dk csgrjhu t+fj;k gksxh
tqywls gqlSuh ;kuh rkft+;knkjh djus ls nhu

;k d+kSe dks fdlh fd+Le dk dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksrk
vkSj uk gh fdlh eqlyeku dks fdlh rjg dh dksbZ
rdyhQ+ o ijskkuh gksrh gS gk vxj blesa dqN dke
f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ gSa rks gesa pkfg;s mu dkeksa ls ijgst+
djsa vkSj rkft+;knkjh esa kkfey cqjkb;ksa dks nwj djus
dh dksfkk djsa ysfdu bl otg ls rkft+;k dks
uktkbt+ ;k fcnv+r dguk xks;k beke gqlSu
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk vUgq vkSj kqgnk;s djcyk ls
fuQ+kd+ j[kus dh nyhy gSA
ftu cqjkbZ;ksa dh otg ls ckt+ yksx tqywls

gqlSuh ;k jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu rkft+;s dks uktkbt+
;k gjke dgrs gSa vkSj Q+rok nsrs gSa rks eSa muls
,d loky djrk gw Bhd blh rjg dh cqjkbZ;k nhxj
dkeksa esa Hkh ik;h tkrh gS rks oks yksx mu dkeksa dks
uktkbt+ o gjke D;ksa ugha dgrs vkSj mu dkeksa ij
uktkbt+ o gjke Q+rok tkjh D;ksa ugha djrs D;k ;s
gd+ vkSj balkQ dh ckr gSA
133
felky ds rkSj ij ckt+kj esa nqdkunkj ls t+:jr dk
lkeku [k+jhnus ds fy;s cgqr lh uk esgje v+kSjrsa Hkh
vkrh gSa vkSj nqdkunkj viuh lkSnk cspus ds fy;s
mu v+kSjrksa ls ckrphr Hkh djrk gS vkSj muesa
vDlj v+kSjrsa cs inkZ gksrh gSa vkSj lkSnk dks ij[kus
le>us fQj lkSnk dks viuh ilUn ds eqrkfcd+
bUrs[k+kc djus vkSj lkSnk dh d+her r; djus ;kuh
bl njfe;ku nqdkunkj vkSj v+kSjr dqN oD+r ckge
xq+rxw djrs gSa vkSj nksuks yksxksa dh fuxkgsa ,d nwljs
ij dbZ ckj iM+rh gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh fny esa cn&
[+;kyh Hkh iSnk gksrh gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh cn fuxkg
vkSj cn [+;kyh mls ft+uk tSlh cM+h cqjkbZ vkSj
xqukg dh rjQ+ ys tkrh gS vkSj ckt+ yksx rks ft+uk
dh rjQ+ ekby gks tkrs gSa vkSj oks bl xqukg ds
eqjrfdc gks tkrs gSa vkSj ckt+ yksx rks >wB] Q+jsc]
/kksdk] csbZekuh ij eqrfey viuh lkSnk dks csprs gSa
vkSj gjke eky dekrs gSa vkSj ;s reke ckrsa cqjkbZ
o xqukg gSa rks D;k bu cqjkbZ;ksa dh otg ls frtkjr
djuk uktkbt+ o gjke gksxk& gjfxt+ u gksxkA
blh rjg tc ge ckt+kj tkrs rks jkLrksa

vkSj ckt+kjksa esa cgqr lh v+kSjrsa cs inkZ ?kwerh gSa ;k
tc ge lQ+j ij tkrs gSa rks jkLrksa esa] jsyos
IysVQkeZ ij] Vsuksa esa] gokbZ tgkt+ ij vDlj v+kSjrsa
cs inkZ gksrh gSa vkSj vDlj yksxksa dh cn fuxkg mu
v+kSjrksa ij iM+rh gS vkSj fny esa cqjs [+;kykr iSnk
gksrs gSa vkSj blds vykok nhxj cgqr lh cqjkbZ;k
ckt+kjksa vkSj lQ+j ds jkLrksa ds njfe;ku gkby gksrh
gSa rks D;k bu cqjkbZ;ksa dh otg ls ckt+kj tkuk ;k
lQ+j djuk gjke o uktkbt+ gksxk& gjfxt+ u gksxkA
134
cqjkbZ rks kSrku dh rjg gj txg ekStwn gS rks D;k
gj txg tkuk cqjk vkSj xqukg gS cfYd gesa pkfg;s
fd ftu vPNs vkSj lokc ds dkeksa ds lkFk cqjkbZ
Hkh tqM+h gqbZ gks rks ge flQZ+ cqjkbZ ls cpsa vkSj
vPNs dkeksa ds lkFk cqjkbZ tqM+h gksus dh otg ls
vPNs dkeksa dks rdZ u djsa ;gh v+d+yeUnh dh
v+yker gS vkSj nqfu;k o vkf[k+jr esa gekjs fy;s
csgrj vkSj [k+Sjks cjdr o vTj dk ckbl gSA
gnhl ikd esa gS gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg

olYye us ckt+kj dks t+ehu ij lcls cqjh txg
crk;k ysfdu dHkh ckt+kj tkus ;k ckt+kj esa frtkjr
djus dks euk ugha Q+jek;k cfYd ckt+kj vkSj
frtkjr esa okdSv+ gksus okyh cqjkbZ;ksa vkSj xqukgksa ls
cpus dh gesa rkdhn Q+jekbZ vkSj ;gh rjhd+k gekjk
Hkh gksuk pkfg;s fd ge [kqn dks cqjkbZ;ksa vkSj xqukgksa
ls ikd j[kus dh gj eqefdu dksfkk djsa vkSj mu
vPNs dkeksa dks djuk u NksM+s ftuls dqN cqjkbZ;k Hkh
okcLrk gSaA
blh rjg kknh C;kg o nhxj rd+kjhc Hkh

dbZ rjg dh cqjkb;ksa vkSj xqukgksa ij eqrfey gksrh
gaS ysfdu rkft+;k vkSj tqywls gqlSuh dh eq[k+kfyQ+r
djus okys yksxksa dks ogk dksbZ cqjkbZ ut+j ugha vkrh
gS cfYd oks yksx mEnkg fyokl t+Scs ru djds mu
rd+jhcksa esa fkdZr djrs vkSj [kkrs ihrs cSBrs mBrs
vkSj yksxksa ls xq+rxw djrs vkSj fudkg i<+krs vkSj
ut+jkuk gkfly djrs vkSj mUgsa dks eqckjd ckn
nsrs vkSj oks dHkh Hkh ,slh txgksa ls ,jkt+ ugha djrs
pkgs ogk [kM+s gksdj [kkuk&ihuk gks ;k v+kSjrksa dh
135
csinZxh gks enksZa o v+kSjrksa dk ckge galh et+kd]
vkfrkckth] cSUM]+ cktk o nhxj x+Sj eqfLyeksa dh
cqjh jLesa gksa ysfdu oks yksx bu reke cqjkb;ksa o
xqukgksa ls cs ijokg jgrs gSa ge jkst+ ckt+kj tkrs gSa
vkSj lky Hkj esa lSasdM+ksa kknh C;kg o nhxj rd+kjhc
esa fkdZr djrs gSa ysfdu ckt+kj o kknh C;kg ox+Sjkg
esa mUgsa dksbZ Hkh dke f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk
vkSj u dksbZ cqjkbZ ut+j vkrh gS vkSj tqywls gqlSuh
rkft+;k lky esa ,d ckj fudyrk gS rks mUgsa blesa
cgqr lh cqjkb;k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa gkykfd ge ij
okftc gS fd ge tgk dgha Hkh fdlh cqjkbZ ;k
f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ dke dks ns[ksa rks mls viuh rkd+r ds
eqrkfcd+ jksdus dh gj eqefdu dksfkk djsa pkgsa
ckt+kj gks ;k kknh C;kg gks ;k tqywls gqlSuh gks ;k
nhxj dksbZ Hkh etkfyl gks ;k rd+jhc ysfdu cqjkbZ
ds lkFk vPNkbZ dks Hkh [k+Re djuk ;s fgekd+r vkSj
de b+Yeh dh nyhy gS vkSj gesa blls btfrukc
ijgst+ djuk pkfg;sA
gkykfd kjhv+r gesa bl ckr dh d+rv+u

btkt+r ugha nsrh fd fdlh vPNs ;k usd dke ds
lkFk cqjkbZ tqM+h gks rks ml vPNs dke dks uktkbt+
;k gjke d+jkj fn;k tk;s cfYd tks dke kjv+u
tkbt+ gSa ;k ftl dke dks vYykg o jlwy us tkbt+
o gyky d+jkj fn;k ;k ftl dke dh vYykg o
jlwy us gesa eqekfuv+r ugha Q+jekbZ rks ml dke dks
uktkbt+ ;k gjke xqeku djuk Hkh l[+r xqukg gS
vkSj gj vPNs dke dk lokc feyrk gS vkSj gj
cqjk dke xqukg gS blfy;s gesa pkfg;s fd cqjs dkeksa
ls ijgst+ djsa vkSj vPNs dkeksa dh rjQ+ jkfx+c gksa
136
vkSj rkft+;k tks vly esa beke v+kyh ed+ke gt+jr
beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke ds jkst+k&,&ikd dh ud+y
gS mldh rkt+he o rdjhe djuk vkSj beke gqlSu
dh ;knxkj eukuk vkSj tqywls gqlSuh esa rkft+;s dh
ft+;kjr djuk vkSj yksxksa dks ft+;kjr djkuk ;g
,d vPNk v+ey gS tks csgrj vTj dk ckbl gS
blfy;s gesa pkfg;s fd bl v+ey dks cM+s tksk o
eqgCcr vkSj [kqywl vkSj ,greke ds lkFk djsa bakk
vYykg ge vkSj vki bl vPNs v+ey dk csgrjhu
vTj ik;saxsA
ckt+ yksx ,sls Hkh gSa tks cs uekt+h gSa tc

th pkgk uekt+ i<+yh vkSj tc th ugha pkgk rks
ugha i<+h blds vykok Vh0oh0 vkSj eksckby ij
fQYesa ns[krs Vh0oh0 lhfj;y cM+s kkSd+ vkSj ,greke
ls ns[krs gSa vkSj Vh0oh0 vkSj eksckby ij xkkus
lqurs gSa vkSj nhxj cgqr ls cqjs dke djrs gSa vkSj
cM+s [kwclwjr vankt+ ls rkft+;knkjh vkSj tqywls gqlSuh
dks uktkbt+ o gjke dgrs gSa ysfdu [kqn dk
eqgkflck ugha djrs vkSj uk gh viuh cqjkb;ksa ij
x+kSjks fQ+ djrs gSa tcfd uekt+ Q+t+Z gS gesa gj gky
esa i<+uh gksxh jet+ku ds jkst+s Q+t+Z gSa gesa gj gky
esa j[kus pkfg;s vkSj nhxj Q+jkbt+ o okftckr vkSj
oks vkeky ftudk gesa vYykg o jlwy us djus dk
gqDe fn;k gS oks gesa t+:j djuk pkfg;s ysfdu ckt+
yksx bu reke vkekyksa ls os fQ+ vkSj os ijokg
gksrs gSa ysfdu tqywls gqlSuh o rkft+;s dh eq[k+kfyQ+r
djrs ugha Fkdrs vkSj [kqn dks nhunkj eqRrd+h o
ijgst+xkj xqeku djrs gSa D;k ;s mudh de vD+yh
o os b+Yeh vkSj gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke ls
137
fuQ+kd+ j[kus dh nyhy ugha gSA
gkykfd gdhd+r ;s gS fd rkft+;knkjh

djus ls beke v+kyh ed+ke gt+jr beke gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke o nhxj kqgnk&,&djcyk dh ;knsa
rkt+k gksrh gSa vkSj ;s [+;ky vkrk gS fd gekjs beke
gqlSu v+ySgLlyke us nhu bLyke ds fy;s [kqn dks
dqjcku dj fn;k vkSj vius [k+kunku dks nhu ij
fuNkoj dj fn;k ;s bczr gekjs fy;s ckbls [k+Sj gS
tks gesa lcd+ nsrh gS fd ge Hkh mudh jkg ij pysa
vkSj [kqn dks nhu bLyke ds y;s oD+Q+ dj nsa vkSj
mudk jkLrk bf[+r;kj djsa o mudh eqgCcr esa [kqn
dks x+dZ+ dj nsa ftlus gekjs nhu bLyke dh fgQ+kt+r
dh rks mudh ;knxkj eukuk gekjs fy;s csgrj v+ey
gS ftlus gekjs nhu dks cpkus ds fy;s lc dqN
fd;k rks mudh ;kn dks rkt+k djuk vkSj vius fnyksa
dks mudh ;kn vkSj mudh eqgCcr ls equOoj djuk
vkSj vius bZeku dks u;k fu[kkj nsuk ;s nqfu;k vkSj
tks dqN mlesa gS mlls csgrj o vQ+t+y gSA
tc dksbZ k[+l rkft+;s dks ns[krk gS rks ml

oD+r oks rkft+;s ds d+jhc gksrk gS ysfdu mldk
[+;ky o rlOoqj gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke o
djcyk dh rjQ eqroTtS gksrk gS tks mlds fny dks
x+exhu vkSj vk[k dks jksus ij etcwj dj nsrk gS
vkSj mudh ;kn esa vk[k ls fudyk gj vklw vgys
cSr ls eqgCcr dh xokgh nsrk gS vkSj ftl rjg ge
beke v+kyh ed+ke gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke
ds ukuk tku gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
vken dh ;knxkj eukrs gSa mlh rjg tc ge gqtwj
138
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds uokls o csVs beke
gqlSu dh ;knxkj eukrs gSa vkSj ;s Q+sv+y eqgCCr o
v+d+hnr ls okcLrk gS vkSj nqfu;k dh dksbZ Hkh pht+
fdlh ds fny ls eqgCcr o v+d+hnr dks ugha fudky
ldrh D;ksafd vYykg o jlwy vkSj vgys cSr dh
eqgCcr bZeku dh cqfu;kn gS vkSj ftl pht+ dh
cqfu;kn et+cwr gksrh gS rks oks ml pht+ dh iq[+rxh
vkSj et+cwrh ds fy;s dkjlkt+ gksrh gS bu reke
nykby ls ;s ckr lkfcr gksrh gS fd beke gqlSu dh
;knxkj eukuk o rkft+;knkjh djuk o tqywls gqlSuh
esa rkft+;ksa dh ft+;kjr djuk vkSj yksxksa dks rkft+;ksa
dh ft+;kjr djkuk lc tkbt+ o lokcs nkjSu gSA
v+kjk eqgjZe esa rkft+;knkjh vkSfy;k&,&fdjke

o lwfQ+;k&,&fdjke us cM+s tksk o eqgCcr] vkSj
,grjke o ,greke ds lkFk dh gS vkSj ftl dke
dks vkSfy;k&,&fdjke o lwfQ+;k&,&fdjke us fd;k gks
oks dke uktkbt+ o x+yr gks gh ugha ldrk D;ksafd
;s yksx vYykg rv+kyk ds eqd+jZchu usd lkfyghu
egcwc cUns gSa tks dHkh uktkbt+ o gjke dke dh
rjQ+ fuxkg Hkh ugha djrs vkSj NksVh ls NksVh de
njts okyh lqUurksa dks Hkh rdZ ugha djrs vkSj oks
vkyk ed+ke ij Q+kbt+ gSa vkSj vYykg rv+kyk us
mUgsa foyk;r ls ljQ+jkt+ Q+jek;k vkSj muds
njtkr dks b+T+t+rks ,t+kt+ ls lj cqyUn Q+jek;kA

lquyks cskd vYykg rv+kyk ds ofy;ksa ij u dqN
[k+kSQ+ gS u dqN x+e oks tks bZeku yk;s vkSj
ijgst+xkjh djrs gSa mUgsa [kqk[k+cjh gS nqfu;k esa vkSj
139
vkf[k+jr esa vkSj vYykg rv+kyk dh ckrsa cny
ugha ldrh vkSj ;gh cM+h dke;kch gSA
lw0&;wuql&63]&64
gekjs ihjks eqfkZn vkys jlwy lb;n v+Yykek

ekSykuk moSl eqLrQ+k lkgc fcYxzkeh v+kjk eqgjZe
dh lkr rkjh[k+ dks ,d v+ye mBkrs gSa vkSj xfy;ksa
esa ?kqekrs gSa vkSj gt+jr v+Cckl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq ds ikl djcyk esa tks v+ye Fkk ml v+ye
dk ,d eqrcjZd VqdM+k lSb;n moSl eqLrQ+k lkgc
fd+Cyk ds ikl ekStwn gS ml eqckjd VqdM+s dks igys
xqLy fn;k tkrk gS fQj mls v+ye esa ulc djds
gt+jr lb;n moSl eqLrQ+k lkgc ml v+ye dks
yksxksa dh ft+;kjr ds fy;s fcyxzke kjhQ+ dh xfy;ksa
esa ckvncks ,grjke ?kqekrs gSa vkSj ;s beke gqlSu
v+ySgLLyke dh ;knxkj eukus vkSj rkft+;knkjh ds
tkbt+ gksus dh ft+Unk ut+hj gSA
eks0 dkfle fu;kt+h cjsyoh us viuh fdrkc

Qt+kbys vgys cSr esa gt+jr kkg fu;kt+ dk okD+;k
;w fy[krs gSa fd vkQ+rkcs kjhv+r gt+jr kkg fu;kt+
cs fu;kt+ lkgc fprh d+knjh cjsyoh jgerqYykg
v+ySg ftuds nj is vgys rjhd+r o vgys kjhv+r
lc v+d+hnr ds lkFk viuk lj >qdkus esa Q+[+j
eglwl djrs gSa vkidk okD+;k djkekrs fut+kfe;k esa
fy[kk gS fd ,d ckj gt+jr fu;kt+ cs fu;kt+ ds
lkFk lwjr ds jgus okys ,d v+kfye rkft+;ksa dh
ft+;kjr ds fy;s rkjhQ+ ys x;s gt+jr kkg fu;kt+
cs fu;kt+ jgerqYykg v+ySg dk geskk ;s rjhd+k Fkk
fd vki rkft+;s ds r[+r dks gkFk yxkdj vius eqg
140
o d+Yc fny ij Qsjrs Fks exj bl ckj gt+jr us
rkft+;s ds r[+r dks ckslk ns fn;k ;g ns[kdj vkids
lkFk tks v+kfye lkgc Fks muds fny esa [+;ky vk;k
fd gt+jr lkgc us ;s D;k x+t+c dj fn;k fd
rkft+;s ds r[+r dks eqg ls ckslk ns fn;kA
v+kfye lkgc ds fny esa tSls gh ;s [+;ky

vk;k rks gt+jr kkg fu;kt+ cs fu;kt+ jgerqYykg
v+ySg dks bldh [k+cj gks xbZ D;ksafd vki cgqr cM+s
cqtqxZ vkSj vYykg rv+kyk ds oyh Fks fQj gt+jr
kkg fu;kt+ cs fu;kt+ us v+kfye lkgc ls Q+jek;k
fd rkft+;s dh rjQ+ nsf[k;s fQ+j v+kfye lkgc us
rkft+;s dh rjQ+ ns[kk rks D;k ns[krs gSa fd rkft+;s ds
nksuksa rjQ+ beke glu o beke gqlSuv+ySfgeqLlyke
[kM+s gSa vkSj v+kfye lkgc us tc ;s ns[kk rks mu
ij fjD+d+r rkjh gks xbZ vkSj oks t+ehu ij yksVus
yxs blds ckn gt+jr kkg fu;kt+ cs fu;kt+ jg0
vkSj rkft+;ksa dh ft+;kjr ds fy;s rkjhQ+ ys x;sA
ftu m+Yek&,&fdjke us rkft+;kknkjh dks

uktkbt+ dgk gS oks bl otg ls dgk gS fd muds
oD+rs g;kr esa tks rkft+;s cuk;s tkrs Fks oks tkunkj
rLohjksa ij eqrfey gksrs Fks tSls eksj] ?kksM+k] iqryh]
cqjkZd+] ijh ox+Sjkg ysfdu cnyrs t+ekus vkSj gkykr
us bu tkunkj rLohjksa ds rkft+;s esa pyu dks [k+Re
dj fn;k gS vkSj vkt gkykr ;s gSa fd ekStwnk nkSj
esa rkft+;ksa esa tkunkj dh rLohj ugha gksrh vkSj x+Sj
tkunkj dh rLohj cukuk kjv+u tkbt+ gS tks fd
vgknhl ls lkfcr gSA
vkyk gt+jr beke vgen jt+k [kk jgerqYYkkg
141
v+ySg Q+jekrs gSa fd rkft+;s dh vly bl d+nj
Fkh fd jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu dh lgh ud+y cukdj
ck uh;r rcjZqd edku esa j[kuk blesa kjv+u gtZ
u Fkk rLohj edkukr ox+Sjkg x+Sj tkunkj dh cukuk
o j[kuk lc tkbt+ gSSA Q+rkok jt+fo;k&24@513
vkyk gt+jr dh bl rgjhj ls okts+g gqvk

fd rkft+;k cukuk tkbt+ gS vkSj lgh ud+y ls eqjkn
rkft+;s esa tkunkj rLohj u gks ysfdu ckt+ yksx ;s
dgrs gSa fd lgh ud+y ls eqjkn ;s gS fd djcyk esa
tSlk gt+jr beke gqlSu dk jkst+k gS oSlk gh cukvks
ysfdu ;s flQ+Z b+Yeh v+D+y dh le> dk Q+d+Z gS
D;ksafd dbZ y+t+ ,sls gksrs gSa ftuds dbZ ek;us gksrs
gSa vkSj t+:jr ds eqrkfcd+ ge mUgsa vius bLrseky
esa ysrs gSa tSls&oyh dk ekuk nksLr] ennxkj] dQ+hy
ljijLr]ft+Eesnkj vkSj oks k[+l tks [kqnk ds d+jhc
gks] okfjn dk ekuk vkus okyk vkSj ekStwn gS] fd+Cyk
dk ekuk dkck vkSj dyek rkt+he gS] vlckc dk
ekuk lkeku vkSj lcc dh tek gS] vkSd+kr dk ekuk
gSfl;r vkSj oD+r dh tek gS] vEj dk ekuk Q+sv+y]
gqDe vkSj dke gS] dt+k dk ekuk gqDes [kqnk o ekSr
vkSj oks bcknr tks eqd+jZj oD+r ds ckn vnk dh
tk;s]jd+e dk ekuk rgjhj o eky o nkSyr gS vgy
dk ekuk ekfyd o yk;d+ vkSj [k+kunku] ox+Sjkg gSaA
blh rjg gekjs pkjks bekeksa esa cgqr lh

ckrksa ds eqrkv+fYyd+ bf[+rykQ+ gS gkykfd pkjksa gd+
ij gSa Q+d+Z ;s fd ftlds d+;kl esa tks ckr vkbZ ogh
mUgksaus fy[k nh ;k c;ku dj nh fdlh us dgk fd
Q+yk ckr lqUur gS rks fdlh us mldks okftc dgk
142
vkSj fdlh us Q+t+Zs fdQ+k;k dgk ;s b+Yeh vD+y dh
le> dk Q+d+Z gS vkSj jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu tks fd
,d b+ekjr dh ud+y gS vkSj b+ekjrksa dh rkehjkr
vDlj gksrh jgrh gS vkSj muds uDks cnyrs jgrs
gSa ,d t+ekus esa [k+kuk&,&dkck o efLtns ucoh dh
rLohj dqN vkSj Fkh ysfdu vkt dqN vkSj gS vkSj
ftl pht+ dks ge fny ls eqdEey rkSj ij eku ysa
oks pht+ ogh gks tkrh gS tSls geus baZV lhesUV ckyw
ox+Sjkg ls ,d pkj nhokjh cukbZ vkSj fny ls eku
fy;k ;s efLtn gS rks oks efLtn gks tkrh gSA
blds fy;s t+:jh ugha fd efLtns gjke

;k efLtns ucoh dh lgh ud+y gks rHkh efLtn gksxh
,slk [+;ky j[kuk fgekd+r vkSj x+yr o cs cqfu;kn
gS blh rjg geusa rkft+;k cuk;k vkSj fny ls eku
fy;k fd ;s jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu gS rks ;d+huu oks
jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu gS vkSj ;gh gekjk v+d+hnk gksuk
pkfg;s D;ksafd bZeku dh cqfu;kn v+d+hns ij gksrh gS
vkSj vPNk xqeku o lgh v+d+hnk gesa futkr dh
rjQ+ ys tkrk gS vkSj cn xqekuh vkSj cn v+d+hnk
gesa xqejkgh dh rjQ+ ys tkrk gSA
dqjku o gnhl ge lqUuh Hkh i<+rs gSa vkSj

nsocUnh ogkch Hkh i<+rs gSa ysfdu Q+d+Z le> vkSj
v+d+hns dk gS gekjh vPNh lksp vkSj vPNh le>
vkSj lgh v+d+hnk gesa vYykg o jlwy ds jkLrs dh
rjQ+ ys x;k vkSj nsocUnh ogkch dh cqjh lksp vkSj
cnv+d+hnk mUgsa xqejkgh vkSj nkst+[k+ dh rjQ+ ys x;k
vkSj ckt+ et+ewu ;k rgjhj ;k elkby dks i<+uk
vklku gS ysfdu mudk le>uk cgqr eqfdy gSA
143
vkSj ;gh eqfdykr bf[+rykQ+ dh otg curh gS
blfy;sa gesa pkfg;s bl ekeys esa ogl u djsa cfYd
vPNh lksp o le> iSnk djsa vkSj lgh v+d+hnk j[ksa
rkfd gj ckr dks le>us esa gesa vklkuh gksA
vkyk gt+jr jgerqYykg v+ySg ds t+ekus

esa tks rkft+;s cuk;s tkrs Fks oks tkunkj lwjrksa ij
eqrfey gksrs Fks vkSj muds lkFk dqN x+Sj kjbZ mewj
Hkh rkft+;knkjh esa kkfey Fks blfy;s vkyk gt+jr
vgen jt+k [kk us rkft+;knkjh dks uktkbt+ d+jkj
fn;k vkSj et+dwjk rgjhj esa uht+ Q+jek;k rkft+;ksa esa
tkunkj dh rLohjsa ifj;k] cqjkZd+ oxS+jkg vkSj v+kjk
eqgjZe esa lhuk tuh ekre ckts rkks enZ v+kSjr dk
esy tksy csgwnk [ksy rekks Nrksa ij cSBdj [kkus dh
pht+sa ;k vkSj dksbZ pht+ dk Q+saduk ;k yqVkuk ;s lc
ckrsa f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ gSa bl otg ls vkyk gt+jr
vgen jt+k [kk jgerqYykg v+ySg us rkft+;knkjh
dks uktkbt+ d+jkj fn;kA
rkft+;k o tqywls gqlSuh uktkbt+ ;k gjke

ugha gS cfYd blds lkFk tks f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ dke gSa
oks x+yr o uktkbt+ gSa vkyk gt+jr vgen jt+k [kk
jgerqYykg v+ySg ds Q+rcksa ls ;s ckr lkfcr gks
pqdh gS fd vkius rkft+;knkjh dks uktkbt+ flQZ+ bl
otg ls dgk fd rkft+;knkjh esa dqN x+Sj kjbZ mewj
Hkh kkfey Fks vkSj vki rkft+;s ds f[k+ykQ+ ugha Fks
cfYd rkft+;s esa tkunkj dh rLohjksa dh otg ls
vkius rkft+;s dks uktkbt+ dgk ysfdu vc rkft+;s
ls tkunkj rLohjksa dks eqdEey rkSj ij gVk fn;k
x;k gS blfy;s rkft+;s dks uktkbt+ dguk fcYdqy
144
x+yr o cs cqfu;kn gS vkyk gt+jr vgen jt+k [kk
us vius dbZ Q+roksa esa jkbtk ;k eqjOotk y+t+ dk
bLrseky fd;k gS vkSj jkbtk ds ekuk ;s gS fd tks
pht+ ml oD+r jkbt pyu esa gks vkids rgjhj
fd;s gq;s Q+ros gLos t+Sy gSa ftuesa jkbtk y+t+ dk
bLrseky gqvk gSA
rkft+;k jkbtk dk cukuk o ns[kuk tkbt+ ughaA

v+ye o rkft+;k o esagnh ftl rjg jkbt gS

fcnv+r gSA Q+rkok jt+fo;k&24@500
rkft+;k jkbtk uktkbt+ o fcnv+r gS

cdkyr dk iskk tSlk vktdy jkbt gS kjv+u

gjke gSA Q+rkok jt+fo;k&11@257
vkyk gt+jr vgen jt+k [kk jgerqYykg v+ySg

Q+jekrs gS&
v+kjk eqgjZe esa beke gqlSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq o nhxj kqgnk&,&fdjke ds uke ls ln~d+k
[k+Sjkr o bZlkys lokc djks vkSj bu vb;ke fnuksa
esa jkst+s j[kks vkSj mudk lokc beke gqlSu o nhxj
kqgnk&,&fdjke dh ut+j djks vkSj v+kjk eqgjZe esa
xfeZ+;ksa ds fnuksa esa kcZr fiyk;sa vkSj tkM+ksa ds fnuksa
esa pk; ox+Sjkg fiyk;sa [kkus dks pkgs fdruk yt+ht+ o
osk d+herh cuk;sa lc [k+Sj gS f[kpM+k] iqyko ox+Sjkg
tks pkgsa cuk;sa eqgrktksa dks f[kyk;sa vius ?kj okyksa
145
dks f[kyk;sa usd uh;r ls lc lokc gSA
blfy;s ge eqlyekuksa dks pkfg;s fd kjbZ

rjhd+s ds eqrkfcd+ rkft+;knkjh djsa vkSj beke gqlSu
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls lPph eqgCcr vkSj
v+d+hnr dk lcwr nsa vkSj v+kjk eqgjZe esa jkst+k&,&
beke gqlSu rkft+;k cuk;sa vkSj eqgCcr o v+d+hnr
o vncks ,grjke ds lkFk mudh ft+;kjr djsa vkSj
tqywls gqlSuh dh kDy esa yksxksa dks jkst+k&,&beke
gqlSu rkft+;s dh ft+;kjr djk;sa rkfd gekjs fy;s ;s
v+ey [k+Sjks cjdr o lokc dk ckbl cusA
m+Yek;s vgys lqUur o cqtqxkZus nhu dk rkft+;knkjh

ds eqrkv+fYyd+ dWky o Q+sv+y&
1&gt+jr kkg fu;kt+ cs fu;kt+ cjsyoh jgerqYykg

v+ySg dk ekewy Fkk fd kcs v+kkwjk dh jkr esa
rkft+;ksa dh ft+;kjr ds fy;s rkjhQ+ ys tkrs Fks vkSj
tc gt+jr dks t+kQ gqvk ;kuh detksjh dh gkyr
esa nwljs yksxksa ds lgkjs ls rkjhQ+ ys tkrs Fks vkSj
gt+jr us rkft+;s ds r[+r dks ckslk Hkh fn;kA
djkekrs fut+kfe;k&37
2&gt+jr eq+rh ;kdwc ykgkSjh Q+jekrs gSa fd eqgjZe

vius reke yektkr ds lkFk djuk tkbt+ gS vkSj
;s vPNk v+ey gS tks vkSfy;k vYykg ls lkfcr gSA
rksgQ+rqu ukt+jhu&52
3&vkys jlwy gt+jr lb;n vCnqy jT+t+kd+ ckloh

146
jgerqYykg v+ySg ftl oD+r rkft+;k mBrk rks
vki [kM+s jgrs vkSj tc rkft+;k :[k+lr gksrk rks
vki uaxs iko rkft+;s ds lkFk tkrs Fks vkSj nQ+u
djds ?kj okil vkrs Fks vkSj ;s oks vkys jlwy
oyh&,&dkfey Fks ftudh uLy esa ls lSb;n gt+jr
okfjl ikd jgerqYykg v+ySg rkjhQ+ yk;s ftudh
njxkg nsok kjhQ+ esa gSA djkekrs jT+t+kfd+;k&15
4&kkg dqrcqn~nhu laHkyh dk ekewy Fkk fd vkids

lkeus rkft+;k vkrk rks vki ck vnc [kM+s gks tkrs
Fks vkSj vki jksrs jgrs FksA Q+rkok rkft+;knkjh&3
5&kkg v+Cnqy v+t+ht+ eqgn~fnl nsgyoh Q+jekrs gSa fd

rkft+;s ds lkeus j[kdj tks Q+kfrgk nh tkrh gS oks
eqrcjZd gSA Q+rkok v+t+ht+h&1@189
6&lb;n v+Yykek ekSykuk egcwc mj jgeku fu;kt+h

t;iqjh us rkft+;knkjh dh fgek;r esa ,d fdrkc
rluhQ+ Q+jekbZ gS vkSj vkius rkft+;knkjh dks tkbt+
o lokcs nkjSu vkSj vPNk Q+sv+y crk;kA
eqgCcrs vgys cSr dqjku o vgknhl dh jkskuh esa
7&gt+jr v+Yykek lyker v+yh nsgyoh kkfxnsZ

gt+jr kkg vCnqy v+t+ht+ nsgyoh Q+jekrs gSa fd
[kqnk dk kq gS fd rkft+;knkjh bLyke esa gS vkSj
blls nhuh Q+k;ns gksrs gSaA
rCljkrqy bZeku& nhus eqgEenh vkSj rkft+;knkjh
8&gt+jr lb;n kkg v+Cnqy jT+t+kd+ ckloh

jgerqYykg v+ySg Q+jekrs gSa fd rkft+;s dks dksbZ ;s
147
u tkus fd [kkyh dkx+t+ ;k iUuh gS cfYd kghnkus
djcyk dh eqd+n~nl :gsa bl rjQ+ eqroTtS gksrh gSaA
djkekrs jT+t+kfd+;k&15
9&gt+jr ubZeq}hu eqjknkcknh lkgc eqQ+fLljs dqjku

rkft+;k cukus esa ikcUnh ls pUnk fn;k djrs Fks vkSj
vkids lkgct+kns vkSj takukhu vkSj tke;s ubZfe;k
eqjknkckn ds eqroYyh lSb;n bt+gk:}hu fe;k lkgc
fd+Cyk dk c;ku gS fd esjs okfyn us iwjh ft+Unxh esa
dHkh rkft+;s dh eq[k+kfyQ+r ugha dhA
Qt+kbys vgys cSr&35
10&gt+jr v+Yykek ekSykuk Hkksys fe;k lkgc fd+Cyk

lTtknk ukhu vkLrkuk vkfy;k xat eqjknkckn ftyk
mUuko Q+jekrs gSa fd rkft+;knkjh djuk] lohy
yxkuk] Q+kfrgk fnykuk tkbt+ o lokcs nkjSu gSA
Q+rok& gt+jr v+Yykek ekSykuk Hkksys fe;k lkgc
11&ekSykuk rtEeqy gqlSu jgekuh Q+jekrs gSa fd

Q+jek;k fd vYykg rv+kyk us beke glu o beke
glSu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dks mEer dh
flQ+kfjk ds fy;s iSnk Q+jek;k gS bl gd+ dh
vnk;xh vkSj beke v+kyh ed+ke dh T+;knk ls T+;knk
[kqkh gkfly djus ds fy;s xqykekus gqlSuh lokc ikus
dh uh;r ls lkykuk ;knxkj dks viuk ljek;s
g;kr cuk;s gq;s gSa gj lky gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ;knxkjh m+gn ds fy;s kqgnk, m+gn dh d+czksa
ij rkjhQ+ ys tkrs Fks vkSj muds fy;s nqv+k;s jger
djrs FksA dekykrs jgekuh&121
148
12&gt+jr lb;n gkth okfjl ikd jgeqrYykg
v+ySg rkft+;k okys ?kjksa ij rkjhQ+ ys tkrs Fks vkSj
dHkh cSBrs Fks vkSj dHkh [kM+s jgdj ykSV vkrs Fks
vkSj cLrh ds reke rkft+;s vkids njckj rd vkrs
Fks vkSj ml oD+r vki ckgj [kM+s gksdj rkft+;ksa dh
ft+;kjr fd;k djrs FksA fekdkr&,&gDdkfu;k&84
13&kkg v+Cnqy v++t+ht+ nsgyoh dk ekewy Fkk fd vki

rkft+;s dks dk/kk yxkrs FksA Q+t+kbys vgys cSr&35
14&vkys jlwy gt+jr v+Yykek ekSykuk d+kjh o

gkfQ+t+ lb;n moSl eqLrQ+k lkgc lTtknk ukhu
fcyxzke kjhQ+ eqgjZe dh lkr rkjh[k+ dks eqgCcr
vkSj [kqywl vkSj ,grjke o ,greke ds lkFk v+ye
mBkrs vkSj ft+;kjr ds fy;s xfy;ksa esa ys tkrs gSa
vkSj gt+jr v+Cckl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ds
ikl tks v+ye djcyk esa Fkk mldk ,d eqrcZjd
VqdM+k tks gt+jr lb;n moSl eqLrQ+k lkgc ds ikl
ekStwn gS vkSj oks ml VqdM+s dks bl v+ye esa ulc
djrs gSaA
15&m+Yek;s eDdk eqdjZek o enhuk equOojk dk Q+rok

eqgjZe esa eqjOotk rkft+;k okftcqy ,grjke gS vkSj
nl eqgjZe dks Q+kfrgk fnykuk ykft+e gS vkSj kjcr
dh lchy vkSj eyhnk f[kpM+k ox+Sjkg rkft+;s ij
j[kdj Q+kfrgk fnykuk rcjqZd gS Q+rkok edb;k&37]
&38&lkysg bCus vgen eDdk eqdjZek o vcw rqjkc
mejh enhuk equOojk
149
&% rkft+;knkjh ,d egcwc
o ed+cwy v+ey gS %&
gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke bekjrs bLyke ds
lqrwu gaS nhu bLyke dh fgQ+kt+r vkSj cd+k ds fy;s
[k+kucknk&,&jlwy dh dqckZuh nhu bLyke ds fy;s
,d cs feLy vEjs v+t+he Fkh ftlls bLyke vkt
ft+Unk o rkfcUnk gS rkjh[ks+ bLyke esa gd+ vkSj
ckfry dh lSadM+ksa taxs gqbZ vkSj gkt+kjks vQ+jkn
kghn gq;s ysfdu fdlh vkSj kgknr dks bl d+nj
kkSgjr o ed+keks efUt+yr gkfly u gqbZ ftruh
kgknrs beke gqlSu dks gqbZ gt+jr beke v+kyh
ed+ke dh kgknr vd+cjks vkt+e gS gt+kjksa lky
xqt+j tkus ds ckn Hkh gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dh
kgknr dk ft+ vkZ rk Q+kZ vkt Hkh ft+Unk gS
vkSj rk d+;ker ft+Unk o rkfcUnk jgsxkA
vki kgknr ds ml ed+ke ij Q+kbt+ gSa

tgk vkt rd fdlh dh jlkbZ u gks ldh [k+kucknk&
,&jlwy vkSj vkids vlgkc ij djcyk esa bafrgkbZ
tqYeksa flre <k;s x;s gt+jr beke gqlSu vkSj
vlgkc dks rhu fnu Hkwdk I;klk kghn fd;k x;k
tlns eqckjd ?kksM+ksa dh Vkiksa ls ikeky fd;s x;s
[kokrhus vgys cSr dh os gqjerh dh xbZ ;rhe
eklwe cPpksa dks uaxs iko vkSj gt+jr beke gqlSu
vkSj vlgkc ds ljs eqckjd dks ust+ks ij j[kdj
dwQ+k ls nfed+ rd ys tk;k x;k [k+kucknk&,&jlwy
ij djcyk esa ftl d+nj elkbcks vkyke vkSj
fugk;r l[r rdyhQ+ xqt+jh ,slh rdyhQ+ks eqlhcr
dk;ukr esa fdlh ij u xqt+jhA
150
ysfdu jt+k;s bykgh dh ryc esa [k+kucknk&,&jlwy
lcz o rgEeqy ij bfLrd+ker vkSj ed+kes jt+k ij
lkfcr d+neh jgs gkykfd bl eqd+ke ij cM+s&cM+s
oyh vYykg ds d+ne bfLrd++ker gkfly u dj lds
ysfdu [k+kucknk&,&jlwy dk oks cqyUn o vkyk
ed+ke gS fd ed+kes jt+k ij t+jkZ cjkcj Hkh yfX+tks
d+ne u gq;s gt+jr beke gqlSu us vius okfyns
fxjkeh gt+jr ekSyk v+yh djeYykgq otgqy djhe
dh rkyheks rjfc;r vkSj viuh ek [k+krwus tUur
lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk ds nw/k dh ykt j[krs gq;s
vkSj vius ukuk tku ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh tqckus vd+nl ls pwls gq;s yqvkos
ngu dk gd+ vnk djrs gq;s nhu bLyke ds
vgdkekr vkSj lqUurksa ij eqdEey v+ey iSjk jgrs
gq;s nhu bLyke dh fgQ+kt+r dhA
ysfdu vkt mlh bLyke ds ekuus okys vkSj

[kqn dks gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk xqyke
dgus okys vkSj vgys cSr ls eqgCcr dk nkok djus
okys ckt+ yksx ;kns djcyk vkSj ;kns gqlSu esa
rkft+;kknjh djus ls fcyk otg vkSj fcyk kjbZ
nyhy ds eqfgCckus vgys cSr dks jksdrs vkSj Q+rok
nsrs gSa vgys cSr dh eqgCcr o v+d+hnr ls okcLrk
bl csgrjhu vkSj egcwc o ed+cwy v+ey dks
uktkbt+ d+jkj nsrs gSa tks fd vly esa vTjs v+t+he
o lokcs nkjSu dk ckbl gSA
ckt+ de b+Ye vkSj fgderksa ls vatku dqN

m+Yekvksa us et+gc ds uke ij ngkr xnhZ vkSj cs
cqfu;knh Q+roks ds t+fj;s yksxksa esa Mj vkSj bf[+rykQ+
151
o bfUrlkj dks gekjs eqv+kkjs ij eqghr dj fn;k gS
vkSj lqUur tekr ds bRrsgkn o bRrsQ+kd+ dks
eqUrfkj dj fn;k gS ftlds ckbl tekrs vgys
lqUur dbZ eq[+rfyQ+ VqdM+ks esa caVdj detksj gks xbZ
gS dqN m+Yekvksa ds ckgeh o bLykeh bf[+rykQ+ us
yksxksa dks ,d nwljs ls cb+Zn nwj dj fn;k gS vkSj
gqCcs vgys cSr vkSj rkft+;knkjh ds ekStwv+ ij
bf[+rykQ+ o bfUrlkj vkSj v+thc dkedk esa yksxksa
dks mY>k dj j[k fn;k gS ftlds lcc ls ckt+
yksxksa ds fny vgys cSr dh eqgCcr ls [k+kyh gks x;s
gSa vkSj ftuds fny vgys cSr dh eqgCcr ij ekewj
ugha oks equkfQ+d+ gSaA
rkft+;knkjh ds uktkbt+ gksus dk nkck djus

okyks rqEgsa ;s lun fdlus nh fd rqe gd+ o lnkd+r
ij gks vkSj viuh os fgderh o Q+roksa ls yksxksa dks
Mjkus okyks bLyke rqEgkjk gh et+gc ugha gS cfYd
bLyke iwjh dk;ukr dk et+gc gS rkft+;knkjh dks
cqX+t+ o v+nkor dh ut+j ls ns[kus okyks gekjs
ekgkSy o eqv+kkjs esa gt+kjksa cqjkbZ;k ekStwn gSa mUgsa
ckv+t+ o ulhgr ds t+fj;s nwj djus dh igy o
dksfkk djks vxj rqe lqfUu;r o gD+d+kfu;r vkSj
lnkd+r dk nkck djrs gks D;k rqEgsa dksbZ vkSj cqjkbZ
ut+j ugha vkrh ;k fQj tkudj Hkh vatku cus gksA
cfYd gd+hd+r ;s gS fd rkft+;knkjh ds reke

eq[k+kfyQ+hu dk fnyh vkSj ckfruh ed+ln rkft+;knkjh
dks [k+Re djdss yksxksa ds fnyksa ls vgys cSr dh
eqgCcr vkSj ;kns gqlSu dk feVkuk gS rkfd vkus
okyh uLysa ;s Hkwy tk;sa fd ekjdk&,&djcyk D;k Fkk
152
vkSj gt+jr beke gqlSu dkSu Fks ysfdu mudk ;s
ed+ln o [+okfgk bakk vYykg dHkh iwjh u gksxh
D;ksafd vYykg rv+kyk ftls c<+k;s mls dkSu feVk
ldrk gSA
uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k&

ftl ij rqEgkjk fny eqrebZu gks vxjpk yksx rqEgsa
dqN Hkh Q+rok nsaA eqLun&vgen
et+dwjk gnhl bl ckr ij nykyr djrh

gS fd ftl elys ij m+Yek&,&&fdjke esa ckgeh
bf[+rykQ+ gks ;kuh dksbZ tkbt+ dgs vkSj dksbZ
uktkbt+ dgs rks gekjk fny ftl ij eqrebZu gks ;k
dkfey ;d+hu gks oks gekjs fy;s lgh o nq:Lr vkSj
csgrj gS rkft+;knkjh djus o ;knxkjs gqlSu eukus ds
ekSfd+Q+ ij eqfgCckus vgys cSr ds fny dkfey
;d+hu ds lkFk eqrebZu jgrs gSa blfy;s mudk ;s
Q+sv+y kjbZ ,rokj ls tkbt+ o lokcs nkjSu gS vkSj
;s vgys cSr vrgkj ls lPph eqgCcr o v+d+hnr
dh v+yker gS vc m+Yek tks pkgs Q+rok nsa vYykg
o jlwy vkSj vgys cSr dh bafrgkbZ eqgCcr vly
bZeku dh cqfu;kn gS vkSj vgys cSr dh eqgCcr esa
;knxkjs gqlSu eukuk vkSj rkft+;knkjh djuk ;s bZeku
dk ,d tqt+ fgLlk gSA
;knxkjs gqlSu rkft+;knkjh dks tks yksx

uktkbt+ o fcnv+r dgrs gS D;k oks vius cqtqxksZa dh
lkykuk ;knxkj ugha eukrs gkykfd oks yksx vius
cqtqxksZa dh lkykuk ;knxkj kDys m+lZ cM+s t+kd+ o
,greke ds lkFk eukrs gSa vkSj yk[kksa :i;k [k+pZ
153
djrs gSa ysfdu gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke tks
vius ukuk tku ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ds ftxj ds Qwy o fny ds VqdM+s gSa mudh
;knxkj eukus ls ge eqfgCckus vgys cSr dks jksdrs
vkSj Q+rok nsrs gSa D;k ;s mudh T+;knrh o tqYe
ugha gS cfYd oks vius b+Yeh bfD+rnkj dk x+yr o
uktkbt+ bLrseky djrs gSa vkSj viuh rkukkkgh vkSj
euekuh o gqDes u+l dh gqdwer d+k;e djuk pkgrs
gSa vkSj yksxksa dks mlds rkcSv+ vkSj eqrb+;u djuk
pkgrs gSa tks fd fcYdqy uktkbt+ o x+yr vkSj
f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ gSA
et+gcs bLyke esa ftu pht+ksa ds eqrkv+fYyd+

bf[+rykQ+ gks ;kuh lghmy v+d+hnk m+Yek&,&fdjke
fdlh vEj ;k Q+sv+y dks tkbt+ dgsa vkSj dqN
uktkbt+ dgsa rks ge reke lqUuh eqlyekuksa dks iwjh
vkt+knh gS fd ge ftu m+Yek dh pkgsa bfD+rnk
iSjoh djsa kjhv+rs eqrgjk fdlh ,d dh iSjoh
djus ls gesa d+rv+u ugha jksdrh ftl rjg gekjs
fQ+d+bZ pkj beke gSa vkSj ge ftl beke dh pkgsa
bfD+rnk djsa kjv+u tkbt+ gSA
pqukpk ;knxkjs gqlSu rkft+;knkjh ds ekSfd+Q+

ij Hkh m+Yek&,&fdjke esa bf[+rykQ+ gS rks gekjk
ftu m+Yek ij ,rd+kn gks vkSj fny eqrebZu gks rks
gekjk mu m+Yek dh iSjoh djuk kjv+u tkbt+ gSA
dbZ rkd+rsa bUlku dks lh/kh jkg ls HkVdkus o

xqejkg djus ij yxh gSa ftuesa lcls cM+k geyk
lh/kh jkg fljkrs eqLrd+he ij kSrku dk gksrk gSA
154
eSa t+:j yksxksa dks xqejkg djus ds fy;s rsjh lh/kh
jkg esa rkd yxkdj cSBwxk fQj eSa t+:j muds ikl
vkxk muds vkxs ls vkSj muds ihNs ls vkSj muds
nk;sa ls vkSj muds ck;sa lsA lw0&vkv+jkQ+&7@16
vc ,d loky iSnk gksrk gS fd gj m+Yek ;s

nkck djrk gS fd esjk ekSfd+Q+ lgh&my v+d+hnk gd+
o lnkd+r vkSj fljkrs eqLrd+he ij gS rks vc ;s
Q+Slyk dSls gks fd dkSu lgh gS vkSj dkSu x+yr rks
bl vkd+ky ls futkr ikus vkSj bldk tokc vkSj
bl dkedk ls ckgj fudyus vkSj fljkrs eqLrd+he
ikus ds fy;s csgrj o vklku jkLrk vYykg jCcqy
bT+t+r us lwjg& fulk esa gesa ejgEr Q+jeak fn;kA
tks dksbZ vYykg o jlwy dh brkv+r djs rks ;gh

yksxjkst+s d+;ker mu gfLr;ksa ds lkFk gksaxs ftu ij
vYykg us [k+kl buke Q+jek;k gS tks fd vfEc;k]
fln~nhd+hu] kqgnk vkSj lkfyghu gSaA lw0&fulk&69
;kuh fljkrs eqLrd+he vYykg rv+kyk ds buke

;k+rk cUnksa dk jkLrk gS vkSj buke ;k+rk cUnksa ds
pkj rcd+kr gS ftu ij vYykg rv+kyk us buke
fd;k gS ;kuh vfEc;k] fln~nhd+hu] kqgnk o lkfyghu
vkSj bUgha dk jkLrk fljkrs eqLrd+he gS tSlk fd
lwjg% Q+kfrgk ls okt+sg gksrk gS ^^bgfnufLljkry
eqLrd+he fljkry yt+huk vUv+Erk v+ySfge** ;kuh
vYykg rv+kyk gesa fljkrs eqLrd+he lh/kh jkg
ij pyk mu yksxksa ds jkLrs ij ftu ij rwus buke
fd;k gS vYykg rv+kyk us cjkgs jkLr vius cUnksa ls
dyke ugha fd;k cfYd vius gj gqDe o iSx+ke ds
155
fy;s uch o jlwy dks iSx+Ecj o v+eyh uewuk cuk;k
bjkkns ckjh rv+kyk gS&

cskd jlwyqYykg dh t+krs vd+nl rqEgkjs fy;s
fugk;r glhu csgrjhu uewuk gSA lw0&vgt+kc&21
gj k[+l dks gd+ o ckfry vkSj lgh o

x+yr esa bfEr;kt+ djus ds fy;s ,d v+eyh uewus dh
t+:jr gksrh gS rks ftl rjg vYykg rv+kyk us
viuh fgnk;r dk vkbuknkj uewuk vius egcwc
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks cuk;k mlh rjg
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us viuh fgnk;r dk
vkbuknkj uewuk vkSfy;k&,&fdjke dks eqrb+;u fd;k
fd esjs ckn vkSfy;k&,&fdjke dk jkLrk gh jkgs
fgnk;r o fljkrs eqLrd+he gS vxj ge fljkrs
eqLrd+he ds eqrykkh gSa rks gesa pkfg;s fd m+Yek&,&
fdjke ds bf[+rykQ+h jkLrs dks NksM+dj muds jkLrksa
ij pysa ftu ij vYykg rv+kyk us buke fd;k gS
vkSj mUgha ds rt+sZ v+ey ij v+ey djsa ;gh gekjs
fy;s csgrj vkSj ckbls futkr gS D;ksafd bUgha dk
t+kfgj o ckfru fgnk;r ;k+rk gksrk gS vkSj bUgha
dk jkLrk fljkrs eqLrd+he gSA
tc fdlh elys ij m+Yek&,&fdjke esa

bf[+rykQ+ gks tk;s vkSj [kqn dh vD+y lgh QS+lyk
djus ij d+kflj gks rks vYykg rv+kyk us gesa tks
jkLrk v+rk fd;k gS ogh gekjs fy;s lgh vkSj csgrj
gS ftl jkLrs ij vYykg rv+kyk ds buke ;k+rk
cUns pys gksa mlh jkLrs dks bf[+r;kj djsa mlh ij
lkfcr d+neh jgrs gq;s bfLrd+ker gkfly djsaA
156
rks ekywe gqvk fd reke vkSfy;k&,&fdjke dk jkLrk
o rjhd+k fljkrs eqLrd+he gS vkSj tks buds rjhd+s
ij pys mldk jkLrk gd+ o fgnk;r ij gS vxj
ge vkSfy;k&,&fdjke o lwfQ+;k&,&fdjke dh gkykrs
ft+Unxh dk eqrkv+yk djsa rks gesa irk pyrk gS fd
bUgksaus cM+s t+Wkd+ o ,greke ds lkFk rkft+;knkjh dh
gS vkSj tks Q+sv+y vkSfy;k vYykg ls lkfcr gks oks
x+yr o uktkbt+ gks gh ugha ldrk D;ksafd vkSfy;k
vYykg ls dksbZ uktkbt+ Q+sv+y dk lkfnj gksuk uk
eqfEdu gS D;ksafd reke vkSfy;k&,&fdjke o lwfQ+;k
&,&fdjke vYykg rv+kyk ds e[k+lwl o eqd+Zjc vkSj
buke ;k+rk cUns gSa vkSj bUgha dk jkLrk fljkrs
eqLrd+he gSA
ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k

vfEc;k vkSj kqgnk ds vykok dqN yksx ,sls gksaxs
ftu ij d+;ker ds fnu vfEc;k jd+ djsaxs vkSj
muds psgjksa ij uwj gksxk vkSj oks vYykg ds oyh
gksaxsA fedkr
ckt+ yksxksa us rks rkft+;knkjh dh eq[k+kfyQ+r esa

bfUrgka dj nh gRrk fd jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu rkft+;s
dks gh uktkbt+ d+jkj ns fn;k vkSj ft+;kjrs rkft+;k
vkSj rkt+hes rkft+;k dks uktkbt+ o gjke dgrs gaS
gkykfd gnhl ikd esa gS fd x+Sj tkunkj dh rLohj
cukuk tkbt+ gS ysfdu bu yksxksa dh jkst+k&,&beke
gqlSu rkft+;s ls uQ+jr o nqeuh ds ckbl et+dwjk
gnhl ikd dks Hkh ut+j vankt djus ij bUgsa et+cwj
dj fn;k gS gkykfd fcyk kjbZ nyhy o lcwr ds
fdlh pht+ dks uktkbt+ d+jkj nsrs gq;s Q+rok nsuk
157
kjv+u o d+rv+u fcYdqy]gjfxt+ tkbt+ ugha cfYd
xqukg gS vkSj b+Yeh d+;kl esa x+yrh ;k Hkwy pwd dk
bedku fdlh ls Hkh gks ldrk gS tc fdlh elys
ij m+Yek&,&fdjke esa bf[+rykQ+ gks rks Hkh fdlh ls
ls x+yrh ;k Hkwy pwd dk bedku gks ldrk gSA
gnhl ikd esa okfjn gS&

Q+jek;k& tks cx+Sj lcwr fn;s Q+rok fn;k tk;sxk
mldk xqukg ml ij gS ftlus mldks Q+rok fn;kA
bCus ektk&1@47

ls fjok;r gS ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k& tks k[+l esjh rjQ++ ,slh ckr
eUlwc djs tks eSus u dgh gks rks mls viuk fBdkuk
tgUuqe esa cuk ysuk pkfg;s vkSj ftl k[+l dks x+Sj
eqLrun x+Sj lun Q+rok ns fn;k x;k gks rks mldk
xqukg Q+rok nsus okys ij gSA
eqLun vgen&4@429&gnhl u0&8761
vDlj rkft+;knkjh dh eq[k+kfyQ+r djus okys

yksx vkyk gt+jr beke vgen jt+k [kk jgerqYykg
v+ySg ds Q+roks dk gokyk nsrs gSa rks esjk muls ,d
loky gS fd bUgksus blds vykok vkyk gt+jr dh
dksbZ vkSj ckr Hkh dHkh ekuh gS dHkh mudh ckr ij
v+ey Hkh fd;k gS ;k flQ+Z rkft+;knkjh dks gh
uktkbt+ o gjke tkurs o ekurs gSa gkykfd mu ij
ykft+e gS fd vkyk gt+jr beke vgen jt+k [kk
158
jgerqYykg v+ySg ds nhxj Q+rkoksa ij Hkh x+kSj djsa
vkSj mUgsa fny ls rlyhe djrs gq;s mudh rkehy o
rdehy dks veyh tkek iguk;saA
vkyk gt+jr beke vgen jt+k [kk

jgerqYykg v+ySg ds Q+ros ds eqrkfcd+ vktdy
jkbt kknh o rd+jhcksa esa tkuk vkSj [kkuk cUn djsa
vkSj [kM+s gksdj [kkuk&ihuk cUn djsa ;gk rd fd
vxj etfyls fudkg f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ mewj ij
eqrfey gks rks fudkg i<+kuk Hkh cUn djsa vxj oks
gd+ o lnkd+r ij gSa vkSj vkyk gt+jr ls lPph
eqgCcr o v+d+hnr j[krs gSa vkSj muds dWky o
Q+sv+y ij v+ey djus dk nkok djrs gS ugha rks
mudh vkyk gt+jr beke vgen jt+k [kk
jgerqYykg v+ySg ls eqgCcr o v+d+hnr >wBh vkSj
egt+ fn[kkok gS cfYd oks flQZ+ ;knxkjs gqlSu
rkft+;knkjh dks feVkus vkSj eqfgCckus vgys cSr ds
fnyksa ls eqgCcrs gqlSu o ;kns gqlSu dks feVkus ds
dke dks vatke nsus ds fy;s vkyk gt+jr beke
vgen jt+k [kk jgerqYykg v+ySg ds Q+roksa dks
rksM+ ejksM+ dj yksxksa ds lkeus isk djrs gSa rkfd
fdlh rjg rkft+;knkjh [k+Re gks tk;s vkSj fnyksa ls
;kns gqlSu vkSj eqgCcrs gqlSu feV tk;sA
gkykfd vkyk gt+jr us dHkh rkft+;s dh

eq[k+kfyQ+r ugha dh vkSj dHkh Hkh kch; jkst+k&,&
beke gqlSu dks uktkbt+ ugha dgk vkSj u gh vius
Q+roksa esa rgjhj fd;k vkSj jgk loky rkft+;s ls
tqM+s x+Sj kjbZ mewj o tkunkj rLohjksa ds rkft+;s esa
kkfey gksus ds lcc vkius rkft+;knkjh dks uktkbt+
159
dgk ysfdu vkt cnyrs nkSj esa rkft+;s x+Sj tkunkj
rLohjksa ij eqrfey gksrs gSa tks gj lwjr kjv+u
tkbt+ gSa vkSj mudh ft+;kjr o rkt+he okbls lokc
gSA
vkyk gt+jr beke vgen jt+k [kk

jgerqYykg v+ySg ds Q+ros ds eqrkfcd jkbtk kknh
C;kg o rd+jhc es tkuk o [kkuk uktkbt+ gS D;ksafd
vktdy jkbtk kknh C;kg o rd+kjhc f[k+ykQ+s kjv+
mewj ij eqrfey gksrh gSa ftlds fy;s vkyk gt+jr
us l[+r eqekfu;r Q+jekbZ gSSA
fdlh f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ etfyl esa tkuk vkSj [kkuk

tkbt+ ugha vkSj vxj [kkuk nwljh txg gks tgk ij
dksbZ f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ dke u gks rks ogk vke vkneh
ds tkus esa dksbZ gtZ ugha ysfdu v+kfye o eqD+rnk
beke dk ogk Hkh tkuk tkbt+ ugha gSA
f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ etfyl o rd+jhc esa tkuk uktkbt+

gSA lquu vcw nkn&4@916&g0&3755
gt+jr vul jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls

fjok;r gS& ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us [kM+s gksdj ikuh ox+Sjkg ihus ls euk
Q+jek;k d+rknk us dgk geus dgk fd [kM+s gksdj
[kkuk dSlk gS rks vul us dgk ;s rks vkSj T+;knk
cqjk gSA lgh eqfLye&5@250 &g0&5275
lquu vcw nkn&4@893 &g0&3717
160
ls fjok;r gS uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us [kM+s gksdj ikuh ihus ls euk Q+jek;k&
lgh eqfLye&5@251 g0&5277

fjok;r gS fd ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k fd rqe es ls dksbZ dqN Hkh
[kM+s gksdj u fi;s vkSj tks Hkwys ls ih ys rks d+S dj
MkysA lgh eqfLye&5@251 g0&5279
blds vykok cjsyh ls tnhn Q+rok lkr 7

vxLr 2015 dks vej mtkyk v[k+okj esa lQ+gk u0
,d ij kk, gqvk Fkk ftldk et+ewu ;s Fkk fd ftl
kknh esa [kM+s gksdj [kkuk ihuk ;k tgst+ dh ekx gks
ogk m+Yek&,&fdjke fudkg ugha i<+k;saxs vycRrk
et+dwjk Q+rkokas ij vke rks vke [k+kl us Hkh v+ey
ugha fd;k cfYd gd+hd+r ;s gS fd mUgsa vkyk gt+jr
beke vgen jt+k [kk jgerqYykg v+ySg vkSj
cjsyh kjhQ+ ds Q+roksa ls dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gS mUgsa
rks vkyk gt+jr dh f[k+ykQ+ ot+hZ djrs gq;s x+Sj kjbZ
mewj ij eqrfey kknh o rd+kjhc esa fkdZr djuk
vkSj [kkuk&ihuk vkSj fudkg Hkh i<+kuk gS D;ksafd
blesa mUgsa nqU;koh Q+okbn gkfly gksrs gaSA
tc m+Yek gh vius b+Ye ds ckoqtwn vkyk

gt+jr vkSj cjsyh ds Q+roks ij v+ey iSjk ugha rks
D;k cs b+Ye vke yksx tks Q+ros ok lgh ekuk vkSj
eQ+gwe Hkh ugha tkurs rks D;k oks Q+roksa ij v+ey
djsaxs cfYd gd+hd+r ;s gS fd ckt+ m+Yek vius b+Ye
161
ij rdCcqj djrs gSa vkSj nhu bLyke dks vius
rjhds+ vkSj euekuh ls pykuk pkgrs gSa ,sls m+Yek
bLyke ds eqrkfcd+ ugha pyrs cfYd bLyke dks
vius eqrkfcd+ pykuk pkgrs gSaA
rkft+;knkjh dh eq[k+kfyQ+r djus okyks lky

esa x+Sj kjbZ mewj ij eqrfey lSdM+ksa kkfn;ksa vkSj
rd+kjhckas esa fkdZr djuk dc cUn djksxs vxj rqe
ckd+bZ vkyk gt+jr dh ckr ekurs gks rks kknh C;kg
o rd+kjhc esa tkuk o [kkuk vkSj fudkg i<+kuk
eqv+Rry djks vkyk gt+jr beke vgen jt+k [kk
jgerqYykg v+ySg ds gt+kjksa Q+ros ,sls gSa ftudk
vDlj vke o [k+kl cs b+Ye o v+kfye dk veyu
dksbZ rv+kYyqd+ ugha gS ftuesa ckt+ gLcs t+Sy gSA
eky ds cnys rkoht+ nsuk /kU/kk gS efLtn ds gqtjs

esa mtjr ysdj rkoht+ x.Ms djuk uktkbt+ gSA
Q+rkok jt+fo;k&8@95
fgUnq] ;gwnh o uljkuh dk cuk;k gqvk lkcqu ftlesa

pchZ iM+h gks pkgs xk; ;k cdjh dh gks ukikd o
gjke gSA Q+rkok jt+fo;k&4@573
dkfQ+j rchc ls eqlyekuksa dks bykt djkus dh

eqekfu;r gSA Q+rkok jt+fo;k&21@243
vaxzth nokbZ;ksa esa ftl d+nj jd+hd+ ;kuh iryh

nok;sa gSas lc esa meweu kjkc gksrh gS lc uftk o
gjke gSa eYQwt+krs vkyk gt+jr&3@365
162
toku x+Sj esgje v+kSjr ds lyke dk tokc u nsaA
cfYd fny esa tokc nsaA
eYQwt+krs vkyk gt+jr&3@351
ckt+ m+Yek us ekStwv+ rkft+;knkjh dks cqjkbZ

o xqukg ds ml eqd+ke ij j[kk gS ftl eqd+ke ij
nsocUnh ogkch tus bZn ehyknqUuch dks j[krs gaS
vkSj ;s mudh cqXts+ vgys cSr dh v+yker gS oks
vius c;ku o rd+jhj esa rkft+;knkjh dks ftl
fed+nkj esa uktkbt+ o gjke d+jkj nsrs gSa ml
fed+nkj esa nhxj gt+kjksa cqjkb;ksa o mewjs xqukg dks
ft+euu ugha ysrs vxj reke m+Yek vYykg o jlwy
dh Q+jekcjnkjh djrs gq;s vgdkes kjhv+r ds
ikcUn gksrs vkSj vYykg o jlwy dh brkv+r o
lqUurksa ij v+ey iSjk gksrs rks muesa ls ckt+ dh
tgUuqe esa tkus dh gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
iskhuxksbZ u djrsA

Q+jek;k& fd v+kfye dks ,slk v+t+kc fn;k tk;sxk
fd mlds v+t+kc dh l[+rh ds ckbl mlds bnZ fxnZ
tgUuqeh bdV~Bk gksaxsA eqLun vgen&5@205
rktnkjs enhuk ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg

olYye us Q+jek;k& vkf[k+j t+ekus esa tkfgy b+cknr
xqt+kj gksaxs vkSj Q+kfld+ m+Yek gksaxsA
datqy m+Eeky&14@322
163
Q+jek;k& dksbZ k[+l ml oD+r rd v+kfye ugha gks
ldrk tc rd fd oks vius b+Ye ij v+ey u djsA
datqy m+Eeky&10@192

,s bZeku okyks oks ckr D;ksa dgrs gks tks [kqn ugha
djrsA lw0&lQ+&2
gt+jr bCus el+n jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

us Q+jek;k& v+ud+jhc esjs ckn ,sls mEjk ljnkj]
gkfde] cknkkg Hkh vk;saxs tks ,slh ckrsa djsaxs tks
djsaxs ugha vkSj oks djsaxs ftudk mUgsa gqDe ugha fn;k
x;k gksxkA eqLun vgen&2@746& g0&4363
ckt+ yksx tks rkft+;knkjh dks uktkbt+ o

gjke dgrs gS ysfdu oks ?kj o nqdkuksa esa Vh0oh0
ij jkst+ fQ+Yesa o ukVd ns[krs gSa vkSj eksckby Qksu
ij fQ+Yesa ns[krs vkSj xkus lqurs vkSj ekSfld+h dk
et+k ysrs gSa tcfd et+dwjk ckrsa uktkbt+ o l[+r
gjke gSa lky esa 364 fnu Vh0oh0 ij fQ+Yesa o
ukVd vkSj eksckby Qksu ij xkus lqurs gSa vkSj
kkfn;ksa o nhxj rd+jhcksa esa fkdZr djrs gSa tks
f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ mewj ij eqrfey gksrh gSa ysfdu bu
lc x+Sj kjbZ mewj vkSj uktkbt+ o gjke dkeksa esa
mUgsa dksbZ cqjkbZ ut+j ugh vkrh mUgsa rks flQZ+
rkft+;knkjh esa gt+kjksa cqjkbZ;k ut+j vkrh gSaA
vxj mudh ut+j esa rkft+;knkjh djus okys eqfgCckus

164
vgys cSr cqjkbZ o Q+sv+ys xqukg djrs gSa rks ;s
mudh de b+Yeh o cs fgderh vkSj vgys cSr ls
cqXt+ o d+huk dh v+yker gS gkykfd jkst+k&,&beke
gqlSu rkft+;k dh ck uh;rs rkt+he ft+;kjr djuk
ckbls vTjs v+t+he gS vkSj Vh0oh0 ij fQ+Yesa o
ukVd ns[kuk vkSj eksckby Qksu ij fQ+Yesa ns[kuk
vkSj xkus lquuk flQZ+ vkSj flQZ+ cqjkbZ o xqukg ds
dke gSaA
rkft+;knkjh dh eq[k+kfyQ+r djus okyks D;k

rqEgsa [k+cj ugha fd fQ+Yesa o ukVd ns[kuk vkSj xkus
lquuk uktkbt+ o gjke vkSj xqukg ds dke gSa il
vius ?kjksa o nqdkuksa ls Q+kSju Vh0oh0 dks fudky
Qsadks vkSj ohfM;ks pfyr eksckby dk bLrseky djuk
NksM+ nks vkSj f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ kknh o rd+jhc esa
fkdZr djuk cUn dj nks vxj rqe vYykg o jlwy
dh brkv+r djrs gks vkSj vgdkes kjhv+r o lqUur
ij v+ey iSjk gksus dk nkok djrs gksA

Q+jek;k&vYykg rv+kyk us eq>s reke tgkuksa ds fy;s
jger o fgnk;r cukdj Hkstk gS vkSj ctk;s tkus
okys vkykrs ekSfld+h vkSj lkt+ksa dks feVkus dk gqDe
fn;k gSA eqLun vgen&8@286 &g0&22281

Q+jek;k& tks k[+l fdlh xkus okyh ds ikl cSBdj
xkuk lqurk gS d+;ker ds fnu vYykg rv+kyk mlds
dkuks esa fi?kyk gqvk lhlk mMsysxkA
datqy m+Eeky&15@96 &g0&40662
165
Q+jekus jlwy lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye gS&
gj [ksy gjke gS flok; rhu ds [k+kfoUn dk viuh
choh ls [ksyuk] ?kksM+s dks kk;Lrxh fl[kkrs gq;s mlds
lkFk [ksyuk vkSj viuh deku ds lkFk rhjankt+h
djukA Q+rkok jt+fo;k&24@79
ukp ns[kus okyk Q+kfld+ gSAQ+rkok jt+fo;k&24@341
tks k[+l ,sykfu;k Q+kfld gks ml k[+l dks lyke

nsuk eqd:g gSA Q+rkok jt+fo;k&24@341
kjbZ rkSj ij Q+kfld+ dh rkSghu okftc gSA

ckt+ yksx dgrs gSa fd rkft+;knkjh ls nhu

bLyke dks uqdlku gksrk gS D;ksafd rkft+;s ls kqgnk&
,&djcyk dh fulcr tqM+h gS vkSj rkft+;knkjh esa
x+Sj kjbZ mewj kkfey gksrs gSa blfy;s rkft+;knkjh
uktkbt+ gS vycRrk fQ+Yesa o ukVd ns[kus o kknh o
rd+jhc ls nhu bLyke ;k fdlh uch ;k oyh dh
fulcr ugha tqM+h gksrh cfYd oks viuk t+krh Q+sv+y
gS rks bldk tokc ;s gS fd eqlyeku dk gj tkbt+
o uktkbt+ dke nhu bLyke ls okcLrk gSA
felky ds rkSj ij gj eqlyeku ds ?kj esa

vYykg dk dyke dqjku ethn ekStwn gS vkSj ftl
?kj esa frykors dqjku o ft+s bykgh o uekt+ o
nhxj bcknr o v+ey lkysg dh ekStwnxh esa mlh ?kj
esa ukp xkuk] fQ+Yesa ukVd vkSj ekSfld+h o nhxj
[kqjkQ+kr o vYykg o jlwy dh f[k+ykQ+ ot+hZ djrs
166
gq;s f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ dke gksrs gSa D;k ;s vYykg o
jlwy dh ukQ+jekuh vkSj nhu bLyke ls tqM+h gqbZ
ckr ugha gS blh rjg kknh o rd+jhc esa vYykg o
jlwy dh ukQ+jekuh djrs gq;s kknh o rd+jhc esa
f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ mewj dks kkfey djuk D;k ;s bLyke
ls tqM+h gqbZ ckr ugha gS tcfd fudkg rjhd+k&,&
jlwy o lqUurs jlwy gS vkSj bLyke ls okcLrk gS
nkSjkus fudkg tgk [kqRcs esa vYykg o jlwy dk ft+
gksrk gS mlh etfyl esa vYykg o jlwy dh uk&
Q+jekuh o f[k+ykQ+ oth+Z djrs gq;s f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ o
x+Sj eqfLyeksa ds rjhd+s ij tkfgykuk o [kqjkQ+kr ds
dke gksrs gS D;k fudkg nhu bLyke ls tqM+h gqbZ
ckr ugha gSa vxj ge [kqn dks eqlyeku dgrs gSa
vkSj [kqn dks vYykg dk cUnk vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dk mEerh o xqyke dgrs gSa vkSj
ekurs gSa rks gekjk gj Q+sv+y o v+ey bLyke ls
okcLrk gSA

Q+jek;k& fudkg esjk rjhd+k gS il ftlus esjs rjhd+s
ls ,sjkt+ fd;k eqg Qsjk mlus eq>ls ,sjkt+ fd;kA
lquu bCus ektk&134
jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us

Q+jek;k& nkor nsus okys dks pkfg;s fd oks ijgst+xkj
yksxksa dks nkor ns vkSj Q+kfld+ yksxksa dks nkor u ns
vkSj rqEgkjk [kkuk usd yksx [kk;saA
lquu bCus ektk&126

167
Q+jek;k&rqe flQ+Z ijgst+xkj vkneh dk [kkuk [kkvks
vkSj rqEgkjk [kkuk Hkh ijgst+xkj yksx gh [kk;saA
eqLun vgen&3@38

Q+jek;k&lcls cqjk [kkuk oyhes dk oks gS ftlesa
ekynkj yksxksa dks cqyk;k tk;s vkSj Qqd+jk dks NksM+
fn;k tk;s lgh eqfLye&2@778
tqywls rkft+;k o nkSjkus ft+;kjrs rkft+;k vkSj

vkLrkuk&,&vkSfy;k ij enZ o v+kSjr ,d lkFk tek
gks tk;sa rks gekjs ckt+ m+Yek dgrs gSa fd ft+;kjrs
rkft+;k o vkLrkuk&,&vkSfy;k ij vkSjrksa dk tkuk
uktkbt+ gS ysfdu nhxj lSdM+ksa ed+kekr ij Hkh enZ
o v+kSjr ,d lkFk tek gksrs gSa tSls cktkj jkLrksa o
etkfyl] cl] Vsu] gokbZ tgkt+ ox+Sjkg ;gk rd fd
?kj esa kknh ;k rd+jhc ds ekSd+s ij fjrsnkj o nksLr
vgokc o v+t+ht+ks vd+kfjc o vgys [k+kunku ds
esgje o x+Sj esgje enZ v+kSjr ,d lkFk tek gksrs
gSa ysfdu gekjs ckt+ m+Yek et+dwjk txgksa ds fy;s
enZ o v+kSjr ds ,d lkFk tek gksus ij ,rjkt+ ugha
djrs vkSj u euk djrs gSa vkSj u dksbZ Q+rok
kjbZ gqDe ukfQ+t+ djrs gSaA
gkykfd gesa t+:jr bl ckr dh gS fd tgk enZ

o v+kSjr esgje o x+Sj esgje ,d lkFk tek gksa rks
[k+okrhu ij ykft+e gS fd oks insZ esa jgsa vkSj viuh
fuxkgksa dks ikd j[krs gq;s cn[+;kyh o cnxqekuh ls
btfrukc djrs gq;s viuh fuxkgksa o keZxkgksa dh
fgQ+kt+r djsa vkSj enksZa ij ykft+e gS fd oks viuh
168
fuxkgksa dks uhph j[ksa vkSj x+Sj esgje [k+okrhu dks
ns[kus ls ckt+ jgsa vkSj vius fny o t+gu dks
cn[+;kyh ds olols ls ikd j[krs gq;s viuh fuxkgksa
o keZxkgksa dh fgQ+kt+r djsa tSlk fd vYykg jCcqy
bT+t+r vkSj mlds gchc jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us gesa gqDe fn;k gSA

,s uch lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye eqlyeku enksZa dks
gqDe nks fd viuh fuxkgsa dqN uhph j[ksa vkSj viuh
ikjlkbZ dh fgQ+kt+r djsa ;s muds fy;s cgqr lqFkjk
gS vYykg rv+kyk dks muds dkeksa dh [k+cj gS vkSj
eqlyeku v+kSjrksa dks gqDe nks fd viuh fuxkgsa dqN
uhph j[ksa vkSj viuh ikjlkbZ dh fgQ+kt+r djsa vkSj
viuk cuko flaxkj u fn[kk;sa exj ftruk [kqn
t+kfgj gks vkSj vius nqiV~Vs fxjsokuksa ij Mkys jgsaA
lw0&uwj&31
,s uch lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye viuh chfo;ksa

vkSj lkgct+kfn;ksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dh v+kSjrksa ls
Qajek nsa fd pknjksa dk ,d fgLlk vius eqg ij
Mkys jgsaA lw0&vgt+kc&33@59
il ge eqlyekuksa dks pkfg;s fd ft+;kjrs

rkft+;k o tqywls rkft+;k esa viuh fuxkgksa dks flQ+Z
jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu rkft+;s dh rjQ+ eqroTtS djsa
vkSj cn[+;kyh o xqukg vkSj cqjkbZ ds dkeksa ls
btfrukc djsa vkSj viuh fuxkgksa dks ikd j[ksa ftl
rjg gkth yksx tc gt djus ds fy;s tkrs gSa rks
muds ?kj ls tkus ysdj okil vkus rd enZ o
169
v+kSjr ,d lkFk tek gksrs gaS tcfd yk[kksa vQ+jkn
gt ds fy;s tkrs gSa vkSj nkSjus gt vjkQ+kr]
eqtnYQ+k feuk o lQ+k eokZg vkSj [k+kuk&,&dkck
ox+Sjkg esa ,d lkFk tek gksrs gSa vkSj nkSjkus rokQ+
gj v+kSjr dk psgjk [kqyk gksrk gS vkSj reke
[k+okrhu dk psgjk [kqyk gksus ds ckotwn enZ viuh
uh;rksa o fuxkgksa dks x+Sj esgje dks ns[kus ls ikd
j[krs gq;s cn[+;kyh ls [kqn dks egQwt+ j[krs gSa vkSj
viuh fuxkgksa dh fgQ+kt+r djrs gSaA
Bhd blh rjg gesa pkfg;s fd gj ed+kekr ij

tgk enZ o v+kSjr ,d lkFk tek gksa pkgs ft+;kjrs
rkft+;k gks ;k vkLrkuk&,&vkSfy;k dh gkft+jh gks
pkgs ?kj gks ;k ckt+kj viuh fuxkgksa o uh;rksa dks
ikd j[ksa vkSj ck uh;r rkt+he jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu
rkft+;s dh ft+;kjr djsa rkfd csgrj tt+k ik;sa
vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye vkSj vgys cSr
dh dqcZr ls cgjs;kc gksaA
ckt+ yksx jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu rkft+;s dks

pweus ij Hkh ,rjkt+ djrs vkSj eqfgCckus vgys cSr
dks rkft+;k ijLr dk yd+c nsrs gSa ;s mudh cs b+Yeh
o cs fgderh vkSj cn xqekuh dh nyhy gS gkykfd
dksbZ Hkh k[+l ev+kt+vYykg rkft+;s dks [kqnk ugha
tkurk vkSj uk gh dksbZ mldh b+cknr djrk gS bl
rjg ds bYt+kekr yxkus okyks ;s cksgrku gS tks
xqukgs v+t+he gS gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke
dh eqgCcr o v+d+hnr esa jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu
rkft+;s dks ck fu;rs rkt+he pweuk tkbt+ o ckbls
[k+Sj gSA
170
ftl rjg ge eDdk eqdjZek o enhuk equOojk dh
rLohjksa dks pwers vkSj vk[kksa ls yxkrs gSa D;ksafd oks
vYykg o jlwy ls fulcr j[krh gSa blh rjg ge
jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu rkft+;s dks pwers gSa D;ksafd
rkft+;s dh fulcr gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke
ls gS tks vYykg rv+kyk vkSj mlds jlwy lYyYykgq
v+ySg ds egcwc gSa vkSj ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye dh vk[kksa dh B.Md o y[+rs ftxj
vkSj xqykus d+Yc ds Qwy gSaA
[k+kuk&,&dkck esa gtjs vLon tks fd ,d

iRFkj gS exj yksx mls pwers gSa rks tc iRFkj dks
pweus ls dksbZ cqr ijLr ugha gksrk rks jkst+k&,&beke
gqlSu rkft+;s dks pweus ls dksbZ cqr ijLr dSls gks
ldrk gS vYykg rv+kyk ds gqDe ls gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us [k+kuk&,&dkck ls rhu lkS lkB
360 cqr ckgj fudyok fn;s exj vYykg rv+kyk
us gtjs vLon ds vykok ,d vkSj iRFkj ;kuh
ed+kes bczkghe dks [k+kuk&,&dkck ds lgu esa ulc
djk fn;k vkSj gqDe fn;k fd ;s esjs [k+yhy bczkghe
v+ySgLlyke dh fukkuh gS blds d+jhc nks jdv+r
fufQ+y uekt+ vnk djksA
rks tc gtjs vLon dks pweus vkSj ed+kes

bczkghe ds d+jhc uekt+ i<+us ls dksbZ eqkkfjd ;k
cqr ijLr ugha gksrk rks jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu rkft+;s
dks pweus ls dksbZ rkft+;k ijLr dSls gks ldrk gS
rkft+;s dks pweus mldh rkt+he djus okyksa dh uh;rksa
vkSj muds ckfru dks le>ks vkSj ml ij x+kSj djks
fQj lgh o x+yr] gd o ckfry vkSj tkbt+ o
171
uktkbt+ esa bfEr;kt+ djks fQj viuh tqckus [kksyks
ifjfLrk dk ekuk vYykg rv+kyk dh t+kr esa fdlh
x+Sj dks kjhd djuk ;k x+Sj [kqnk dh b+cknr djuk
gksrk gS blfy;s eqfgCckus vgys cSr dks rkft+;k
ijLr dk yd+c nsus okyks viuh cn tqckusa cUn
j[kks vkSj ,sls xqukgksa ls rkSck djksA
clk vkSd+kr ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd yksx

vkSfy;k&,&fdjke o cqtqxkZusnhu ds et+kjkr ij iM+h
pknj dks pwers vkSj vk[kksa ls yxkrs gSa gkykfd bls
dksbZ uktkbt+ ugha dgrk vycRrk ftuds rqQS+y bu
gt+jkr dks foyk;r feyh rks mUgha dk jkst+k cukus o
pweus vkSj rkt+he o ft+;kjr djus dks ckt+ m+Yek
uktkbt+ d+jkj nsrs gSa D;k ;s mudh csb+Yeh o tqYe]
T+;knrh vkSj vgys cSr ls cqXt+ dh v+yker ugha gS
fd vkSfy;k vYykg ds et+kjkr ij iM+h pknj dks
pweuk tkbt+ vkSj tks ofy;ksa ds oyh gSa muds jkst+s
rkft+;s dks pweuk uktkbt+ D;k ;s lgh o nq:Lr gS
ckt+ yksx ;s dgrs gSa fd rkft+;knkjh dh

bfCrnk yax rSewj cknkkg ds t+ekus esa gqbZ vkSj oks
cknkkg fk;k Fkk ftlus rkft+;knkjh dh kq:v+kr dh
vkSj rkft+;knkjh djuk fk;kvksa dk dke gS rks bldk
tokc ;s gS fd rkft+;knkjh dh bfCrnk fdlh us Hkh
dh gks ysfdu vkSfy;k&,&fdjke o ekkb[k+s b+t+ke ls
rkft+;knkjh dk lkfcr gksuk bl ckr dh rjQ+ bkkjk
djrk gS fd rkft+;knkjh djuk tkbt+ o lokcs nkjSu
gS vkSj ;s ,d vPNk vkSj egcwc o ed+cwy v+ey
gS tks yksx fk;kvksa dh rkft+;knkjh dh eqkkcgr ds
172
ckbl lqUuh gt+jkr dks rkft+;knkjh djus ls euk
djrs gSa vkSj uktkbt+ dgrs gaS rks oks yksx viuh
de b+Yeh ds lcc ,slk djrs gSa rks eSa mUgsa crkuk
pkgrk gw fd fk;k vkSj lqUuh gt+jkr dh rkft+;knkjh
esa cgqr Q+dZ+ gS vkSj rkft+;k ls tqM+s reke mewj
eq[+rfyQ+ gSa ftl rjg b+cknr fgUnq] bZlkbZ] ;gwnh
ox+Sjkg nhxj et+gc ds yksx Hkh djrs gSa vkSj ge
eqlyeku Hkh djrs gSa ysfdu gekjh vkSj nhxj
et+gcksa dh b+cknr esa t+ehuks vkleku dk Q+d+Z gS
gekjh b+cknr gd+ gS vkSj mudh b+cknr ckfry gSA
blh rjg jkst+k ge Hkh j[krs gSa vkSj nhxj

et+gc ds yksx Hkh jkst+k j[krs gSa exj gekjs vkSj
muds jkst+ksa esa Q+dZ+ gS cfYd gekjs vkSj nhxj
et+gcksa ds reke nhuh ekeykr o rjhd+s ,d&nwljs
ls tqnk gSa ;kses vkkwjk dk jkst+k ge eqlyeku Hkh
j[krs gSa vkSj ;gwnh Hkh bl fnu dk jkst+k j[krs gSa
rks bl eqkkcgr dh otg ls ge ;kses vkkwjk dk
jkst+k rdZ ugha dj ldrs ysfdu dqN Q+dZ+ o rCnhyh
dj ldrs gSa tSlk fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us Q+jek;k fd rqe ;gwfn;ksa dh eq[k+kfyQ+r djks ;kuh
nks fnu jkst+k j[kksA eqLun vgen&g0&2154 blh
rjg nk<+h ge eqlyeku Hkh j[krs gSa vkSj nhxj
et+gc ds yksx Hkh j[krs gSa rks bl eqkkcgr dh
otg ls ge nk<+h j[kuk rdZ ugha dj ldrsA
nqfu;k esa reke et+gc dqN ekeykr esa

,d nwljs ls eqkkcgr j[krs gSa ysfdu muds rjhd+s
vkSj <ax gels vyx gSa gekjh eqv+kkjrh ft+Unxh dh
cgqr lh ckrsa nwljs et+gc ls dkQ+h feyrh tqyrh gSa
173
vycRrk gekjh ft+Unxh ls okcLrk reke mewj
vgdkes kjhv+r o lqUur ds eqrkfcd+ v+ey esa vkrs
gSa ;gk rd fd ckr ekSr Hkh dQ+u nQ+u ox+Sjkg
kjhv+r o lqUur rjhd+s ij eqrfey gksrk gS ysfdu
nhxj et+gcksa esa ,slk ugha gSa muds lqywd+ o rjhds+
ge eqlyekuksa ls cgqr vyx gSa rks bu eqkkcgr dh
otg ls vxj dksbZ dgrk gS fd rkft+;knkjh fkvkvksa
dk Q+sv+y gS rks ;s mldh csb+Yeh o de v+D+yh dh
v+yker gS vkSj ,sls yksx b+Ye o v+D+y ls deflu
o ukckfyx+ gSa tks oks rkft+;knkjh dh eq[k+kfyQ+r esa
,slh cs cqfu;knh ckrsa djrs gSaA
dqN yksx rks ,sls Hkh ftUgsa u rks nhu dh

le> gS vkSj u b+Ye ls dksbZ rv+kYyqd+ flQZ+ uekt+s
tqek i<+rs gSa vkSj lqcg ls kke rd gt+kjksa cqjkbZ o
xqukg ds dke djrs gSa vkSj vYykg o jlwy dh
ukQ+jekuh o f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ vkSj vYykg o jlwy dh
f[k+ykQ+ ot+ djrs gq;s gjke o uktkbt+ dke djrs
gSa vkSj oks vius bu cqjs o xqukg vkSj gjke o
uktkbt+ dkeksa ls os fQ+ jgrs vkSj bl ij x+kSjks
fQ+ ugha djrs vkSj rkft+;knkjh dks gjke o
uktkbt+ dgrs gSa uekt+ o jkst+ks dk ,greke u
djus okyks vkSj uktkbt+ o gjke dkeksa ls btfrukc
u djus okyks vkSj vYykg o jlwy dh ukQ+jekuh
djus okyks D;k rqEgkjh gt+jr beke gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke ls nqeuh gS ;k rqEgkjs fnyksa esa vgys
cSr ds fy;s fuQ+kd+ gS tks rqe rkft+;knkjh dh
eq[k+kfyQ+r djrs gks vkSj bl egcwc o ed+cwy
v+ey dks uktkbt+ dgrs gks ;kn j[kks rqEgkjk vgys
cSr ls fuQ+kd+ rqEgkjh gykdr dk lcc cusxkA
174
gt bLyke dk ,d jqdu vkSj b+cknrs [kqnk gS exj
eukflds gt esa vYykg rv+kyk vius egcwc o
e[k+lwl cUnksa dh ;knxkj dk bgfreke djkrk gS
;kuh jc rv+kyk us vius cjxt+hnk cUnksa dh ;knxkj
dks eukflds gt esa kkfey djrs gq;s ykft+e dj
fn;k pqukpk vjkQ+kr tks eDdk eqdjZek ls ckgj
ckjg 12 ehy ds Q+klys ij ,d eqd+n~nl eSnku gS
tgk gkth yksx gt ds fnu yCcSd iqdkjrs gSa vkSj
uekt+ o ft+s bykgh vkSj equktkr esa el:Q jgrs
gSa vkSj ;s gt+jr vkne v+ySgLlyke o gt+jr gOok
jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk dh ;knxkj Hkh gS tc
gt+jr vkne v+ySgLlyke vkSj gt+jr gOok tUur
ls nqfu;k esa Hksts x;s rks eq[+rfyQ+ vyx&vyx
txgksa ij Hksts x;s vkSj blh vjkQ+kr ds eSnku esa
nksuksa yksxksa dk feyki gqvk rks vYykg rv+kyk us
vkne v+ySgLlyke vkSj gt+jr gOok jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugk ds feyki dh txg dks mudh ;knxkj
cukrs gq;s eukflds gt esa kkfey dj fn;kA
blh rjg feuk esa gkth yksx tejn kSrku

dks dadfj;k ekjrs gSa ;s gt+jr bczkghe o gt+jr
bLekbZy v+ySfgeqLlyke dh ;knxkj gS lQ+k ejokg
ds lkr pDdj yxkuk ;s gt+jr gkt+jk jft+vYykgq
rv+kyk v+Ugk dh ;knxkj gS vkSj dqckZuh djuk ;s
gt+jr bczkghe o gt+jr bLekbZy v+ySfgeqLlyke
dh ;knxkj gS ed+kes bczkghe ds ut+nhd nks jdv+r
uekt+ fufQ+y vnk djuk ;s vYykg ds [k+yhy dh
;knxkj gS rks vYykg rv+kyk tc viuh b+cknr esa
vius egcwcksa vkSj cjxt+hnk cUnksa dh ;knxkj dk
bgfreke djkrk gS rks ge eqfgCckus vgys cSr dks
175
vYykg o jlwy ds I;kjs egcwc gt+jr beke gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke dh ;knxkj rkft+;knkjh djus ls
ckt+ yksx D;ksa jksdrs gSaA
vgys b+Ye bl ckr dks tkurs gSa fd fQ+d+bZ

elkby] fjok;rs vgknhl] r+lhjs dqjku o rkjh[k+
dh dqrqc ox+Sjkg nhxj cgqr lh ckrksa esa m+Yek&,&
fdjke] vkbEekfdjke] eqgn~fnlhu] eq+Lljhu]
eqvj[k+hu o lgkck o rkcbZu esa bf[+rykQ+ jgk gS
felky ds rkSj ij tc ;s vk;r ukft+y gqbZ fd
vYykg rks ;gh pkgrk gS fd ,s uch lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye ds ?kj okyksa rqels gj rjg dh
ukikdh dks nwj dj ns vkSj rqEgsa dkfey rgkjr
ls uokt+ dj fcYdqy ikdks lkQ+ o lqFkjk djns
lw0&vgt+kc&33 ckt+ lgkck us dgk fd et+dwjk
vk;rs djhek gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
reke vt+okts eqrgjkr ds ckjs esa ukft+y gqbZ vkSj
ckt+ lgkck us dgk fd ;s vk;r gt+jr ekSyk v+yh
lb;nk Q+kfrek vkSj glu o gqlSu v+ySfgeqLlyke
ds ckjs esa ukft+y gqbZA r+lhj dqjrch&7@564
blh rjg gekjs pkjks bekeksa esa Hkh fQ+d+bZ

elkby o cgqr lh ckrksa esa bf[+rykQ+ gS tSls fdlh
,d beke us dgk fd Qyk ckr okftc gS rks nwljs
beke us dgk fd lqUur gS vkSj rhljs beke us dgk
fd Q+t+sZ fdQ+k;k gS gkykfd elkbys kjhv+r dqjku o
vgknhl o b+Yeh d+;kl ij ecuh gksrs gSa fQj Hkh
gt+kjksa elkby esa pkjks bekeksa esa bf[+rykQ+ gS gkykfd
pkjks beke gd+ ij gSa vkSj gj ,d beke us gj ,d
elys dks fdlh u fdlh vk;rs dqjkuh ;k vgknhl
176
ls bLrnyky djrs gq;s eqLrun fd;k gS ftuesa ckt+
bf[+rykQ+h elkby gLcs t+Sy gSaA
1&beke vkt+e vcw guhQ+k ds ut+nhd dqRrk uftl

,S+u ugha gS ysfdu ckt+ Qqd+gk us blds uftl gksus
dks rjthg nh gSA Q+rkok jt+fo;k&4@402
nqjsZ eq[+rkj
2&dqRrk uftl ,+Su ugha Q+rkok v+kyexhjh ysfdu

blds uftl gksus esa ekkb[k+ dk bf[+rykQ+ gSA
3&dqRrs dh [k+jhn Q+jks[+r lgh gS blesa beke kkQbZ

dk bf[+rykQ+ gS muds ut+nhd dqRrk uftl ,+Su gSA
4&dqRrs vkSj x/ks dks ft+cg djds mldk xksLr cspuk

tkbt+ gS ysfdu blesa ekkb[k+ dk bf[+rykQ+ gSA
Q+rkok v+kyexhjh&4@367
ftu vkbEekfdjke us dqRrs dks uftl ,S+u dgk

mUgksaus Hkh vkSj ftUgksaus dqRrs dks uftl ,S+u ugha
dgk mUgksaus Hkh vgknhl eqckjdk ls gh bLrnyky
fd;k gS ftues ckt+ gLcs t+Sy gSaA

fjok;r gS fd ,d k[+l us v+t+Z fd;k ;k jlwyqYykg
vki Q+yk ds ?kj rkjhQ+ ys tkrs gSa vkSj gekjs ?kj
rkjhQ+ ugha ykrs rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us Q+jek;k fd rqEgkjs ?kj dqRrk gSA
Q+rkok jt+fo;k&4@408]409 eqLun vgen&2@327
177
Q+jek;k fd ftlus eosfk;ksa dh fgQ+kt+r o fkdkj
vkSj [ksrh ckM+h ds vykok dqRrk j[kk rks mlds
lokc ls jkst+kuk ,d d+hjkr ?kVk fn;k tk;sxkA
lgh eqfLye&4@201 fedkr&2@291
gt+jr vcw el+n vUlkjh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

olYye us dqRrs dh d+her ysus ls euk Q+jek;kA
lgh eqfLye&4@197

fjok;r gS uch vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us dqRrs vkSj fcYyh dh d+her ysus ls euk Q+jek;kA
lgh eqfLye&4@198
,d fnu ftcjbZy v+ySgLlyke gqtwj lYyYykgq

v+ySg olYye ls gkft+jh dk ok;nk djds pys x;s
nwljs fnu bfUrt+kj jgk exj ftcjbZy v+ySgLlyke
gkft+j u gq;s gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ckgj
rkjhQ+ yk;s eqykfgt+k Q+jek;k& fd ftcjbZy njs
nkSyr ij gkft+j gSa gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us Q+jek;k&D;ksa& ftcjbZy us v+t+Z fd;k fd jger
ds Q+fjrs ml ?kj esa nkf[k+y ugha gksrs ftl ?kj esa
dqRrk ;k rLohj gks fQj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye vUnj rkjhQ+ ys x;s pkjks rjQ+ rykk
fd;k rks iyax ds uhps dqRrs dk fiYyk fudyk tc
mls ckgj fudkyk rc ftcjbZy vySgLlyke gkft+j
gq;sA eYQwt+krs vkyk gt+jr&3@415
178
5&,d v+kSjr us d+kt+h ds ;gk nkok fd;k fd Q+yk
k[+l us eq>ls fudkg fd;k gS vkSj ml v+kSjr us nks
>wBs xokg isk fd;s rks d+kt+h us ml k[+l dks v+kSjr
dk kkSgj d+jkj fn;k rks beke vkt+e ds ut+nhd
v+kSjr enZ ds lkFk jgs vkSj ftekv+ ge fcLrjh Hkh
djs ysfdu beke kkQ+bZ ds ut+nhd uktkbt+ gSA
nqjsZ eq[+rkj&2@26 fgnk;k&4@52
6&vxj fdlh eqlyeku us fdlh ft+Eeh x+Sj eqfLye

tks bLykeh lYrur esa jgs vkSj lkykuk VSDl vnk
djs dks kjkc ;k f[kathj cspus ;k [kjhnus ds fy;s
odhy fd;k rks beke vkt+e ds ut+nhd tkbt+ gS
vkSj lkfgchu us Q+jek;k uktkbt+ gSA
Q+rkok vkyexhjh&4@367kjg my od+k;k&1@110
bLrnyky%& gt+jr m+ej jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

Q+jekrs gSa tc kjkc dh gqjer ukft+y gqbZ rks ml
oD+r ;s ikp pht+ksa ls rS;kj gksrh Fkh ;kuh vaxwj]
[ktwj] kgn] xUne vkSj tkS ls vkSj kjkc [k+Ej ls
eqjkn gj oks pht+ gS tks vD+y ij inkZ Mky nsA
vcw nkn&4@865

,s egcwc vki ls kjkc vkSj tq,s dk gqDe iwNrs gSa
rkss vki Q+jeka nsa fd bu nksuksa esa cM+k xqukg gSA
lw0&cd+jkg&219
lwjg&ek;nk esa vYykg rv+kyk bjkkn Q+jekrk gS&

kSrku rks ;gh pkgrk gS fd kjkc vkSj tq,s ds t+fj;s
rqEgkjs njfe;ku v+nkor vkSj nqeuh Myokns vkSj
179
rqEgsa vYykg ds ft+ ls vkSj uekt+ ls jksd ns D;k
rqe bu kj vaxst+ ckrksa ls ckt+ vkvksxsA
lw0&ek;nk&91
v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k&kjkc ihus okys] fiykus
okys] cspus okys] [k+jhnus okys] vaxwj fupksM+us okys]
uqpqM+okus okys] mlds mBkus okys vkSj ftldh rjQ+
mBkbZ tk jgh gS mu lc ij ykur Q+jekbZ gSA
vcw nkn&4@868
kjkc bl x+jt+ ls NksM+uk fd fljdk cu tk;s gjke
gSA vcw nkn&4@869
gt+jr bCus m+ej jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq ls
fjok;r gS fd gj ukk vkoj kS% [k+Ej kjkc gS
vkSj gj ukk vkoj gjke gSA vcw nkn&4@871
7&beke kkQ+bZ Q+jekrs gSa fd uekt+ esa v[k+hj
vRrgb;kr esa nq:n kjhQ+ i<+uk Q+t+Z gS beke vcw
guhQ+k Q+jekrs gSa fd lqUur gSA esjh uekt+&85
8&beke vkt+e vcw guhQ+k ds ut+nhd nsgkr esa
tqek tkbt+ ugha vkSj beke kkQ+bZ ds ut+nhd nsgkr
esa tqek tkbt+ gSA Q+rkok jt+fo;k&8@443
9&beke vgen fcu gEcy ds ut+nhd bZn cdjhn
dh uekt+ Q+t+sZ fdQ+k;k gS vkSj beke vkt+e ds
ut+nhd okftc gSA vg;kmy mywe&1@484
10&vgukQ+ guQ+h ds ut+nhd dqckZuh ds rhu fnu
gSa ysfdu beke kkQ+bZ ds ut+nhd dqckZuh ds pkj
fnu gSaA xqu;krqRrkfychu&419
180
11&tekv+r ls uekt+ i<+uk beke vgen ds ut+nhd
Q+t+sZ ,S+u gS beke kkQ+bZ ds ut+nhd Q+t+sZ fdQ+k;k gS
beke vcw guhQ+k ds ut+nhd lqUurs eqvfDdnk gSA
esjh uekt&86+
12&blh rjg bakk dh uekt+s forj beke vkt+e
ds ut+nhd okftc gSa tcfd nwljs beke ds ut+nhd
lqUur gSA vg;kmy mywe&1@484
13&beke ekfyd o beke kkQ+bZ ds ut+nhd dqckZuh
lqUur gS ckdh nwljs eqtrgnhu ds ut+nhd okftc
gSA xqu;krqRrkfychu&419
bLrnyky%& gt+jr bCus v+Cckl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS uch vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k& rhu oks pht+sa tks eq> ij Q+t+Z
gSa ysfdu oks rqEgkjs fy;s fufQ+yh gSa 1&dqckZuh
2&forj i<+uk 3&Qftj dh nks jdv+r i<+ukA
eqLrnjd gkfde&260 &g0&1147
12&vgukQ+ ds ut+nhd [kqRcs ds nkSjku dksbZ uekt+
tkbt+ ugha ysfdu nwljs beke ds ut+nhd tkbt+ gS
mUgksaus eqUnjtk t+Sy vgknhl ls bLrnyky fd;k gSA
uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k
rg~;rqy efLtn dh nks jdv+rksa dks u NksM+ks vxjpk
beke [kqRck ns jgk gksA lgh eqfLye&1@287
gt+jr tkfcj fcu v+CnqYyk c;ku djrs gSa fd
,d k[+l tqek ds fnu efLtn esa nkf[k+y gqvk jlwys
vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ml oD+r [kqRck
bjkkn Q+jeak jgs Fks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
us mlls nj;k+r fd;k D;k rqeus nks jdv+r uekt+
vnk djyh mlus v+tZ+ fd;k ugha rks vki lYyYykgq
181
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k rqe nks jdv+r uekt+
vnk dj yksA lgh cq[k+kjh&2@101 &g0&930
lgh eqfLye&2@339 &g0&2018 vcw nkn
12&vxj Qftj dh lqUursa u i<+ha gksa rks ckn Q+t+Z

i<+ ysa ysfdu beke vkt+e ds ut+nhd tkbt+ ughaA
vg;kmy m+ywe&1@485
13&ex+fjc dh vt+ku o vd+ker ds njfe;ku nks

jdv+r uekt+ fufQ+y i<+uk tkbt+ gS ysfdu vgukQ+
ds ut+nhd tkbt+ ughaA vg;kmy m+ywe&1@488
bLrnyky%& tc eqvfT+t+u ex+fjc dh vt+ku i<+rk

rks lgkckfdjke efLt+n esa lqrwuksa dh rjQ+ tkrs vkSj
nks jdv+r uekt+ fufQ+y i<+rsA lgh cq[k+kjh&1@87
jlwys vdje lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k&

vt+ku o vd+ker ds njfe;ku uekt+ gS tks pkgs
i<+sA lgh eqfLye&1@287
et+dwjk bf[+rykQ+h elkby ds vykok gt+kjksa

fQ+d+bZ elkby esa gekjs pkjks bekeksa esa bf[+rykQ+ gS
vkSj nqfu;k esa bu pkjks bekeksa ds eqd+fYyn gSa rks tks
yksx fdlh ,d beke ds eqd+fYyn gSa ckdh rhu
bekeksa ds eqd+fYyn ugha rks D;k oks gd+ ij ugha gSa
tcfd tc pkjksa beke gd+ ij gSa rks muesa ls fdlh
,d beke dh bfD+rnk djus okys reke yksx gd+ ij
gSa rks tc pkjks bekeksa esa gt+kjksa elkby esa bf[+rykQ+
gS ysfdu oks gd+ ij gSa vkSj muesa ls fdlh ,d
beke dh bfD+rnk iSjoh djus okys Hkh gd+ ij gSa
182
rks ekStwv+ rkft+;knkjh ij Hkh bf[+rykQ+ gS dqN
m+Yek bls tkbt+ dgrs gSa vkSj dqN uktkbt+ dgrs gSa
rks tks rkft+;knkjh dks tkbt+ dgus okys m+Yek dh
bfD+rnk iSjoh djus okys gd+ ij dSls ugha gks
ldrs o rkft+;knkjh dks tkbt+ o lokcs nkjSu dgus
okys m+Yek&,&fdjke dh iSjoh djrs gq;s rkft+;knkjh
djus okys yksx gd+ ij dSls ugha gks ldrs gkykfd
lp vkSj gd+ ;s gS fd rkft+;knkjh djus okys reke
eqfgCckus vgys cSr gd+ ij gSa vkSj vTjs v+t+he ds
eqLrfgd+ o lt+kokj gS vkSj rkft+;knkjh djuk tkbt+
o lokcs nkjSu vkSj ckbls [k+Sj gS vkSj ;g ,d
csgrjhu egcwc o ed+cwy v+ey gSA
gnhl ikd esa gS gt+jr m+ej jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd eSus uch djhe
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks Q+jekrs lquk gS fd eSaus
vius jc ls vius lgkck ds bf[+rykQ+ ds eqrkfYyd+
loky fd;k tks esjs ckn gksxk rks esjh rjQ+ ogh gqbZ
,s eqgEen lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye rqEgkjs vlgkc
esjs ut+nhd vkleku ds flrkjksa dh rjg gSa fd ckt+
ij ckt+ d+oh t+ksj vkoj] rkd+roj gSa ysfdu lc
uwjkuh gSa ftlus buesa ls fdlh ds ekSfQ+d+ dks
bf[+r;kj fd;k oks esjs ut+nhd fgnk;r ij gS jkoh
dk c;ku gS fd gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us
Q+jek;k&esjs lgkck flrkjksa dh rjg gSa rqe muesa ls
fdlh dh Hkh iSjoh djksxs rks fgnk;r gh ikvksxsA
fedkr&ckc eukfd+cs lgkck&3@222
,d vge elyk tks d+kfcys roTtkS gS fd tc

rd fdlh pht+ ds tkbt+ ;k uktkbt+ gksus ij reke
183
lqUuh m+Yek eqRrfQ+d+ u gksa rc rd ge reke lqUuh
eqlyekuksa dks kjhv+rs eqrgjk bl ckr dh btkt+r
o bf[+r;kj nsrh gS fd ge ftl m+Yek dh pkgsa iSjoh
djsa vkSj rkft+;knkjh ds eksfd+Q+ ij m+Yekvksa esa
bRrsQ+kd+ ugha gS blds vykok dqjku o vgknhl ls
Hkh rkft+;knkjh dk uktkbt+ gksuk lkfcr ugha gS
cfYd rkft+;knkjh ds ekSfd+Q+ ij m+Yek&,&fdjke dh
viuh v+D+yh lksp o le> gS fd ftlds v+D+yks
Q+ge esa tks ckr vk;h oks c;ku dj nh ;k jd+e
rgjhj dj nh gkykfd tks ckr dqjku o gnhl
vkSj bTekv+ o d+;kl ls [k+kfjt gks tks flQZ+ viuh
v+D+y o le> ls dgh tk;s mlesa x+yrh dk bedku
gks ldrk gSA
vkSj gj oks vEj ;k Qsv+y tkbt+ gS

ckrsZ ftldh eqekfu;r dqjku ;k gnhl ;k bTekv+
ls lkfcr u gks il gesa pkfg;s fd vxj gekjk
v+d+hnk ;s gS fd rkft+;knkjh ,d csgrjhu vkSj ckbls
[k+Sj v+ey gS vkSj bldk ,gfreke djus ls gesa
vYykg o jlwy vkSj vgys cSr dh dqcZr o eqgCcr
gkfly gksxh vkSj gekjs bZeku vkSj v+d+hnr dks
fu[kkj o rtn~nqn vkSj et+cwrh feysxh vkSj gekjh
futkr dk t+fj;k cusxh vkSj jkst+s d+;ker vYykg
rv+kyk dh gesa jger o uqljr vkSj uch djhe
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh kQ+kv+r dh lv+knr
gkfly gksxh rks rkft+;knkjh dks cM+s t+kWd+ vkSj
,gfreke o lPph eqgCcr o v+d+hnr ls djsa vkSj
rkft+;knkjh esa kkfey x+Sj kjbZ mewj dks rdZ dj nsa
rkfd bl csgrjhu v+ey dk ge csgrj vTj ik;sa
vkSj cqjkbZ o xqukg ls egQwt+ jg ldsaA
184
ftl rjg pkjks bekeksa esa fQ+d+bZ elkby esa bf[+rykQ+
gS mlh rjg dqN elkby esa guQ+h m+Yekvkas esa Hkh
bf[+rykQ+ gS tSls lqcg lkfnd+ ls rqywv+ vkQ+rkc
rd dksbZ uekt+ ugha flok; nks lqUur o nks Q+t+Z ds
vykok tkbt+ ugha tUurh tsoj lkfnd+ ls rqywv+
vkQ+rkc rd nks lqUur o nks Q+t+Z ds vykok
rg~;rqy oqtw] rg~;rqy efLtn vkSj d+t+k uekt+
tkbt+ gS dkuwus kjhv+r jkst+s dh gkyr esa gSt+ vk
x;k rks jkst+k VwV x;k]tUurh tsoj jkst+s dh gkyr
esa gSt+ vk x;k rks jkst+k u x;k dkuwus kjhv+r
kjkc ls vxj fkQ+k dk ;d+hu gks rks ihuk tkbt+ gS
v+kyexhjh&5@263] nok ds rkSj ij kjkc ;k eqnkZj
tkbt+ ugha jn~nqy eqgrkj fLizV vkSj kjkc dk nok
esa bLrseky djuk tkbt+ ugha ogkjs kjhv+r gkykfd
kjkc dh d+yhy FkksM+h fed+nkj Hkh gjke gSA
nok ds rkSj ij kjkc ihuk gjke gSA
lgh eqfLye&5@227 g0&5141
gt+jr bCus v+Cckl jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq
ls fjok;r gS fd ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k vYykg rv+kyk us ftl pht+ dks
gjke d+jkj fn;k ml pht+ ls fkQ+k Hkh mBkyh gSA
lgh cq[k+kjh&7@244 g0&5613
gt+jr tkfcj fcu v+CnqYyk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk

v+Ugq ls fjok;r gS fd ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& ftl pht+ dh dlhj
fed+nkj ukk vkoj gks mldh d+yhy FkskM+h fed+nkj
Hkh gjke gSA vcw nkn&4@872
185
blh rjg cgqr ls elkby esa guQ+h m+Yekvksa esa
bf[+rykQ+ gS exj yksx mu ij dHkh xkS+j ugha djrs
cfYd ckt+ yksxksa dk xk+Sj flQZ+ rkft+;knkjh ij jgrk
gS fd fdlh rjg rkft+;knkjh [k+Re gks tk;s
m+Yek&,&fdjke ds oks QS+lys vkSj Q+ros tks x+Sj
eqLrun vkSj tks dqjku o gnhl ls lkfcr ugha rks
mu reke Q+roksa esa Hkwy pwd o x+yrh dk bgfreky
eqefdu gS b+Ye dh nks lwjrsa ,slh gSa ftuesa x+yrh ;k
Hkwy pwd ds bgfreky dk rlOoqj Hkh ugha fd;k tk
ldrk vkSj oks nks lwjrs eqUnjtk t+Sy gSaA
1&oks b+Ye tks t+fj;k&,&ogh gks tks flQ+Z+ vfEc;k&,&

fdjke dks gkfly gqvkA
2&oks b+Ye tks t+fj;k&,&bYgkeh gks ;s flQZ+ vfEc;k&
,&fdjke o vkSfy;k&,&fdjke o lwfQ;k&,&fdjke
dks gkfly gqvkA ed+lwn ;s gS fd reke vkSfy;k&,&
fdjke o lwfQ;k&,&fdjke njtkr o ejkfrc esa
m+Yek&,&fdjke ls vQ+t+y o vkyk gSa vkSj tks
Q+sv+y vkSfy;k vYykg ls lkfcr gks mlesa x+yrh
dk bedku ugha gks ldrk vkSj rkft+;knkjh vkSfy;k&
vYykg ls lkfcr gS blfy;s rkft+;knkjh tkbt+ gSA
tks yksx rkft+;knkjh dh eq[k+kfyQ+r djrs gaS
vxj muls ,d loky fd;k tk;s fd rkft+;knkjh
fdl rjg ls uktkbt+ gS rks muds ikl dksbZ et+cwr
nyhy ugha gksrh flok; dqN m+Yek ds Q+rkoksa dh
det+ksj nyhy gksrh gS oks Hkh bTekbZ ugha cfYd
bf[+rykQ+h gksrh gS tks fd uk dkQ+h gS blds vykok
muds ikl rkft+;knkjh ds uktkbt+ gksus dh dksbZ
nwljh nyhy ugha gS tcfd eqfgCckus vgys cSr ds
186
ikl dqjku o vgknhl o vkSfy;k&,&fdjke o
m+yek&,&fdjke dh et+cwr nyhysa gSa tks rkft+;knkjh
ds tkbt+ o lokcs nkjSu gksus ds fy;s dkQ+h gSa
[+oktk x+jhc uokt+ us rkft+;knkjh dh vkSj vkt rd
vtesj esa rkft+;knkjh gksrh gS vkSj rkft+;k njxkg
kjhQ+ esa curk gS gt+jr futkeqn~nhu] gt+jr nkrk
xat c[+k] gt+jr okfjl ikd jg0 o nhxj lSadM+ksa
vkSfy;k&,&fdjke us eqgCcr o v+d+hnr ds lkFk cM+s
t+kWd+ vkSj bgfreke ls rkft+;knkjh dh vkSj jkst+k&,&
beke gqlSu rkft+;s dks rkt+he o v+ncks bgfrjke
dh ut+j ls ns[kk bu gt+jkr dh lokusg g;kr dh
dqrqc esa rkft+;knkjh dk rt+fdjk feyrk gS vkSj
vkt Hkh vtesj kjhQ+] cgjkbp kjhQ+] dfy;j
kjhQ+] fdNkSNk kjhQ+] nsok kjhQ+] cjsyh kjhQ+ vkSj
eduiqj kjhQ+ ox+Sjkg tks :gkfu;r ds ejdt+ gSa
ogk dh [k+kud+kgsa jkst+k&,&beke gqlSu rkft+;k ls
ltkbZ tkrh gSaA
t+jk lkspks vly bLyke [+okt+k x+jhc uokt+

gSa ;k vkt ds m+Yek gSa ftudk b+Ye o nhuh f[k+nekr
egt+ ut+jkus vkSj t+fj;k&,&ev+kk ij ecuh gS
vkSj ckt+ m+Yek rks ,sls gSa tks fdlh etkfyl ;k
bfTrekv+ esa fkdZ+r ls d+Cy vius f[k+rkckr o
rd+jhj dk ut+jkuk r; djrs gSa gkykfd gd+hd+r ;s
gS fd tks r; fd;k tk;s mls d+her dgrs gSa vkSj
tks [kqkh ls fcyk r; fd;s fn;k tk;s oks ut+jkuk gSA
exj bu m+Yekvksa us rks ut+jkus dk ekuk gh cny
fn;k cl viuh euekuh vkSj Q+ros ckft+;ksa ls
eqlyekuksa ij viuk jksc o ncnck d+k;e djds
gkfde dh rjg viuh gqdwer pkgrs gSa vkSj [kqqn dks
187
eqRrd+h o ijgst+xkj xqeku djrs gSa budh Q+ros&
ckft+;ksa us lqUur tekr dks eq[+rfyQ+ VqdM+ksa vkSj
tekrksa esa eqUrfkj dj fn;k gSA
ckt+ m+Yek rks rkft+;knkjh ls bruh cM+h nqeuh

j[krs gSa fd ;knxkjs gqlSu rkft+;knkjh dks feVkus
ds fy;s tc oks fdlh m+Yek ds Q+ros dk gokyk nsrs
gSa rks ml Q+ros esa Qsj cny djds vkSj mls rksM+
ejksM+ dj vkSj mlesa rCnhyh djrs gq;s yksxksa ds
lkeus isk djrs gSa gkykfd ;s kjv+u uktkbt+ gSA
felky ds rkSj ij ,d Q+rok gLcs t+Sy gS eqykfgt+k

Q+jek;sa& vkjk&,&eqgjZe esa rkft+;kknjh vkSj d+cz o
lwjr ox+Sjkg cukuk tkbt+ ughaA
Q+rkok vt+hft+;k&1@75
et+dwjk Q+rok kkg v+Cnqy v+t+ht+ eqgn~fnl

nsgyoh dk gS tks fcYdqy lgh o gd+ gS fd rkft+;s
esa d+cz cukuk tkbt+ ugha vkSj lwjr ls eqjkn
tkunkj rLohj gS tks fd rkft+;s esa gh ugha cfYd
gj txg uktkbt+ o xqukg gS ysfdu ,d ekSyoh us
viuh fdrkc esa bl Q+ros esa Qsjcny djds kk,s
fd;k gS tks ntsZ t+Sy gSA
vkjk eqgjZe esa tks rkft+;knkjh gksrh gS xqEcn uqek
rkft+;k o rLohjsa cukbZ tkrh gSa ;g lc uktkbt+ gSA
et+dwjk ckyk Q+ros esa Qsjcny fd;k x;k gS tks fd
x+yr o kjbZ gqDe ds f[k+ykQ+ gS tcfd kjbZ gqDe
vkSj rjhd+k ;s gS fd tc ge fdlh v+kfyes nhu dk
Q+rok ;k fdlh gnhl dk gokyk nsa rks ogh fy[ksa tks
188
fd mldh vly gks mlesa Qsjcny djus dh kjhv+rs
eqrgjk gesa d+rv+u btkt+r ugha nsrh vc t+jk xk+Sj
djks et+dwjk nksuks Q+roksa esa D;k Q+d+Z gS kkg v+Cnqy
v+t+ht+ us vius Q+ros esa d+cz fy[kk vkSj ekSyoh
lkgc us Qsjcny djrs gq;s xqEcn fy[kk tcfd
xqEcn cukuk kjv+u tkbt+ gS vkSj rkft+;s esa
d+cz cukuk uktkbt+ gS ysfdu bu ekSyoh lkgc us
d+cz vkSj xqEcn esa bfEr;kt+ Q+d+Z ugha j[kk vkSj
rkft+;s ls viuh nqeuh ds ckbl kkg v+Cnqy v+t+ht+
eqgn~fnl nsgyoh ds Q+ros dks rCnhy dj fn;kA
kkg v+Cnqy v+t+ht+ eqgn~fnl nsgyoh ds

t+ekuk&,&g;kr esa tkunkj rLohjksa ij eqrfey
rkft+;s cuk;s tkrs Fks vkSj rkft+;knkjh esa dqN x+Sj
kjbZ mewj Hkh kkfey Fks blfy;s vkius rkft+;knkjh
ds uktkbt+ gksus dk Q+rok fn;k ysfdu vkius rkft+;s
dh eq[k++kfyQ+r dHkh ugha dh vkSj bl ckr dh iq[+rk
nyhy ;s gS fd vkidh blh fdrkc esa nwljk Q+rok
rkft+;s dh fgek;r esa rgjhj gSA
rkft+;s ij j[kdj tks Q+kfrgk nh tkrh gS oks

eqrcjZd+ gSA Q+rkok vt+hft+;k&1@189
;s ckr d+kfcys roTtkS vkSj xk+Sj djus dh gS

fd tks k[+l rkft+;knkjh dks uktkbt+ dgs vkSj ogh
k[+l rkft+;s ij j[kdj tks Q+kfrgk nh tk;s mls
eqrcjZd dgs D;k ;s nksuksa ckrsa v+thc vkSj vuks[kh
ugha gSa cfYd et+dwjk Q+ros dk ekuk vkSj eQ+gwe ;s
fudyrk gS fd vkius rkft+;knkjh esa kkfey x+Sj kjbZ
mewj vkSj tkunkj rLohjksa tSls eksj] ?kksM+k] ijh]
189
iqryh ox+Sjkg ds kkfey gksus ds ckbl vkius
rkft+;knkjh dks uktkbt+ dgk ysfdu bl ekStwnk nkSj
esa rkft+;ksa esa kkfey tkunkj rLohjksa dks eqdEey
rkSj ij gVk fn;k x;k gS vkSj vc rkft+;s esa dksbZ
cqjkbZ ckd+h ugha gS blfy;s rkft+;knkjh esa kkfey
f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ dkeksa dks rd+Z djds rkft+;knkjh djuk
ckbls [k+Sj vkSj vTjs v+t+he o lokcs nkjSu gSA
gt+jr kkg v+Cnqy v+t+ht+ eqgfn~nl nsgyoh

dk okD+;+k ekgwj gS fd vki rkft+;knkjh dh
eq[k+kfyQ+r esa Q+rok fy[kok jgs Fks ryck gkft+j Fks
vkSj vki ,d ps ed+ke ij cSBs Fks vb;kes eqgjZe
Fks ;dk;d ml rjQ+ ls ,d rkft+;k xqt+jk ftldks
ns[kdj gt+jr vius eqd+ke ls mBs vkSj rkft+;s ds
lkFk&lkFk py fn;s ykSVdj vk;s rks vkidh vk[kksa
ls vklw tkjh Fks vkSj diM+s QVs gq;s Fks mUgksaus ryok
ls dgk fd ;s Q+rok pkd dj nks QkM+ nks ryck
dks cgqr gSjr gqbZ vkSj ryck us nj;k+r fd;k fd
gt+jr vHkh vHkh vkius Q+rok fy[kok;k vkSj fdl
otg ls bls pkd djokrs gSa gt+jr kkg v+Cnqy
v+t+ht+ jgerqYykg v+ySg us Q+jek;k fd eSaus ns[kk
fd rkft+;s ds lkFk ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye x+e ds v+kye esa rkjhQ+ ys tk jgs
Fks eSaus mUgsa lyke isk fd;k rks vki lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us nwljh rjQ+ eqg Qsj fy;k fQj eSaus
nwljh rjQ+ tkdj lyke isk fd;k rks vkius fQj
eqg Qsj fy;k rc eSaus lcc nj;k+r fd;k rks vki
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k rqe viuk dke
djks eSa rks gqlSu ds x+e esa djcyk tk jgk gwA
gqCcs vgys cSr vkSj rkft+;knjh&25
190
il gesa pkfg;s fd rkft+;knkjh dks kjbZ rjhd+s ls
cM+s t+kWd+ o bgfreke ls djsa vkSj yksxksa dks
rkft+;knkjh esa kkfey x+Sj kjbZ mewj dks rd+Z djus
ds fy;s ujeh o gqLus [kqYd+ vkSj vPNs dyke ls
rYd+hu o rkdhn djsa rkfd rkft+;knkjh ls okcLrk
reke x+Sj kjbZ mewj dks eqdEey rkSj ij [k+Re
fd;k tk lds blds vykok tgk Hkh kj o xqukg ds
dke gksa pkgs ?kj gks ;k ckt+kj pkgs kknh gks ;k
rd+kjhc ;kuh gj txg tgk cqjkbZ dks ns[ks mls nwj
djus dh gj eqefdu dksfkk djsaA
gekjh [k+okrhu ekvksa cguksa vkSj csfV;ksa

dks pkfg;s fd ?kj ls ckgj gj txg inkZ ukhu jgsa
vkSj vkLrkuk&,&vkSfy;k ij oD+rs gkft+jh o ft+;kjr
ck vnc ck bgfrjke vkSj inkZukhu gksdj tk;sa rks
ogk Hkh tkuk ckbls [k+Sj gS ftl rjg mEeqy
eksfeuhu gt+jr vk;kk fln~nhd+k jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugk us vgdkes kjhv+r ds eqrkfcd+ ft+;kjrs dqcwj
dh rks mUgha ds rjhd+s dks v+ey esa ykrs gq;s njxkgs
vkSfy;k vYykg esa gkft+jh nsa vkSj ft+;kjrs rkft+;k
o tqywls b+Zn ehyknqUuoh dh ft+;kjr inkZukhu gksdj
djsa rkfd csgrj vTj ik;saA
ckt+ yksx vgys cSr vrgkj dks v+ySgLlyke

dgus ij Hkh ,rjkt+ djrs gSa gkykfd vkbEek fdjke
o eqgnfnlhufdjke us vgys cSr dks viuh dqrqc esa
v+ySgLlyke fy[kk gt+jr kkg oyhmYykg eqgn~fnl
nsgyoh] beke cx+oh] dkt+h lukmYykg ikuhirh]
beke tykyqn~nhu l;wrh] beke rcjh] beke dqjcrh]
beke Q[k+:n~nhu jkt+hjgerqYykg v+ySfge vtebZ+u
191
ox+Sjkg us vgys cSr vrgkj dks viuh dqrqc esa
v+ySgLlyke fy[kk beke cq[k+kjh us viuh lgh esa
fdrkcqy eukfd+c esa gt+jr lb;nk Q+kfrek t+gjk
vkSj gt+jr beke gqlSu dks v+ySgLlyke fy[kkA
lgh cq[k+kjh&2@423]432
vgys cSr vrgkj dks v+ySgLlyke dgus

ij dHkh bf[+rykQ+ u Fkk ysfdu vc bl nkSj esa
bf[+rykQ+ kq: gks x;k vkSj ;s bf[+rykQ+ [k+kjft;r
dk vlj gS vgys b+Ye bl ckr dks tkurs gSa fd
v+ySgLlyke dk yqXch ekuk ^^ml ij lyke gks** gS
vkSj ;s ,d nqv+k gS vkSj lyke fk;kjs bLyke gS
vkSj fdlh xk;ckuk k[+l ds lyke ds tokc esa
v+ySgLlyke dgk tkrk gS ;kuh o v+ySdk
v+ySgLlyke rks fQj vgys cSr vrgkj dks
v+ySgLlyke dgus ij ,rjkt+ D;ksa gkykfd yqXch
ekuk ds eqrkfcd+ fdlh xk;ckuk k[+l dks
v+ySgLlyke dg ldrs gSa ysfdu nk;js kjhv+r ds
rgr vfEc;k&,&fdjke vkSj vgys cSr vrgkj dks
gh v+ySgLlyke dgrs gSaA
D;ksafd vYykg rv+kyk us vius egcwc jgers

nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds lkFk vgys
cSr vrgkj dks lykerh esa kkfey fd;k gS gj
uekt+ esa tks ge nq:n i<+rs gSa mlesa Hkh gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds lkFk vkys jlwy dks
vYykg rv+kyk us kkfey djrs gq;s [k+kl dj fn;k
;kuh lykrks lyke esa gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
vkSj vkys jlwy ,d lkFk gSa vkSj tks vgys cSr dks
v+ySgLlyke dgus ij ,rjkt+ djs oks os b+Ye vkSj
192
cgqr cM+k tkfgy gSA
ckt+ yksx v+kjk eqgjZe esa gjk o yky

diM+k iguus ij Hkh ,rjkt+ djrs gSa gkykfd fdlh
Hkh fnu dlh Hkh jax dk diM+k iguuk tkbt+ gS
ysfdu irk ugha bu ,rjkt+ djus okyksa us kjhv+r
dh dkSu lh ubZ fdrkc x<+yh gS ftlds eqrkfcd+ ;s
yksx cs cqfu;knh vkSj x+Sj kjbZ ckrsa djrs vkSj
,rjkt+kr yxkrs gSa ftldh kjhv+r esa dgha vly
ugha cfYd ;s flQ+Z mudh tgkyr o cs b+Yeh vkSj
muds u+l ls lkfnj gksus okyh fQ+twy ckrsa gSa tks
oks ,slh ckrsa djrs gSa vkSj rkft+;knkjh dks uktkbt+
dgrs gSa tcfd rkft+;knkjh dk uktkbt+ gksuk dqjku
o gnhl vkSj bTekv+ o d+;kl ls lkfcr ugha rks
fQj oks fdl fcuk ij rkft+;knkjh dks uktkbt+ dgrs
gSa ;s Hkh flQ+Z muds u+l dk gqDe gS u fd kjbZ
gqDe tks fd ekuk tk;sA
et+gcs bLyke eqgCcr o veu dks QSykus

vkSj uQ+jr dks feVkus o ckgeh bRrsgkn dks d+k;e
djus vkSj tkgfy;r o xqejkgh ds va/ksjksa ls fudky
dj futkr o jkgs fgnk;r dh jkskuh dh rjQ+ ys
tkus dk iSx+ke ysdj vk;k exj dqN m+Yekvksa dh
cn t+gfu;r vkSj ckgeh bf[+rykQ+ us bl iSx+ke dk
ekuk gh cny fn;k vkt bl uktqd oD+r esa tgk
kSrku vkSj u+lkuh [+okfglkr o kgokr vkSj
yT+t+kr bUlku ij x+kfyc gaS vkSj gekjs bLykeh
ekgkSy dh fQ+t+k esa kj o cqjkbZ bl d+nj gkoh gS
ftldk dksbZ es;kj iSekuk ugha ,sls esa voke dh
bLykg o fgnk;r vkSj jguqekbZ djus ds otk;
193
vkil esa m+Yekvksa dk ckgeh fuQ+kd+ vkSj cqXt+ o
,d nwljs dh cqjkbZ;k vkSj ,d&nwljs ij Q+ros yxkus
ds dke us et+gcs bLyke vkSj eqlyekuksa dks dlhj
uqdlku igqpk;k gS vkSj vgys lqUur tekr dks
eq[+rfyQ+ VqdM+ksa esa rd+lhe djus dk dke fd;k gSA
ckt+ m+Yek ,d nwljs dh cqjkbZ o rud+hl

djus esa el:Q+ gSa vkSj vDlj yksxksa dks nqU;koh
dkeksa vkSj u+lkuh [+okfgkkr dh rdehyh dkeksa ls
Qqjlr ugha vkSj nksuks rjg ds yksx vius vius
jkLrs vkSj eqd+ke ls HkVdj fQ+Ruksa esa eqfCryk gSa rks
vc ,sls gkykrksa esa eqlyekuksa dh bLykg o fgnk;r
vkSj jguqekbZ dk t+fj;k dkSu cusA
gt+jr v+CnqYyk fcu m+ej fcu vyv+kl

jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq Q+jekrs gSa fd eSaus jgers
nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks Q+jekrs gq;s
lquk gS fd cuh bljkbZy dk ekeyk nq:Lr pyrk
jgk ;gk rd fd muesa dS+nh v+kSjrksa dh vkSykn Hkh
Qy Qwy xbZ mUgksaus viuh jk; ls ml vkSykn ds
eqrkfYyd+ Q+ros nsuk kq: dj fn;s [kqn Hkh xqejkg
gq;s vkSjksa dks Hkh xqejkg fd;kA bCus ektk&1@47
gt+jr bCus el+n jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

ls fjok;r gS Q+jekrs gSa fd ,d erZck eSaus ,d
k[+l dks dqjkus djhe dh fdlh vk;r dh frykor
nwljh rjg ls djrs gq;s lquk eSa ljdkjs nks v+kye
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh f[k+ner esa gkft+j gqvk
vkSj ;s ckr v+t+Z dh il vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye ds psgjs eqckjd dk jax cny x;k vkSj
194
psgjs eqckjd ij ukxokjh ds vklkj eglwl gq;s fQj
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Qjek;k rqe nksuksa
lgh gks rqe ls igys yksx bf[+rykQ+ dh otg ls
gykd gq;s blfy;s rqe bf[+rykQ+ u fd;k djksA
eqLun vgen&2@746 g0&4364
ckt+ ,sls Hkh m+Yek gSa ftUgksaus eky ds cnys

vius t+ehj vkSj bUlkfu;r rd dks csp fn;k gS
gRrk fd fcyk oyh lj ijLr dh btkt+r ds ;s
yksx enZ o v+kSjr yM+dk o yM+dh dk ckge
fudkg egt+ pUn :i;ksa ds ykyp dh otg ls i<+k
nsrs gSa gkykfd ;s nqU;koh o kjbZ gj lwjr d+rv+u
uktkbt+ gS ysfdu eky ds ykyp o [+okfgk ds x+ycs
us bUgsa vU/kk dj fn;k gS tks ;s yksxksa ds tt+ckrksa
vkSj mudh bT+t+r ds lkFk f[kyokM+ djrs gq;s dqN
nqU;koh Q+okbn gkfly djus dh x+jt+ ls x+Sj kjbZ
dkeksa dks vatke nsus esa kjbZ vgdkekr vkSj vYykg
o jlwy ds gqDe dh fcYdqy ijokg ugha djrsA
t+jk lkspks vkSj x+kSj djks fd mu ek cki ij

D;k xqt+jrh gksxh tc mudh csVh mudh btkt+r ds
cx+Sj fdlh x+Sj yM+ds ds lkFk ?kj ls pyh tkrh vkSj
mu ek cki dh bT+t+r o vjekuksa dks rkj&rkj
djrs gq;s vkSj mudh bT+t+r dks nkx+nkj o uhyke
djrs gq;s vkSj mudh ukQ+jekuh djrs gq;s oks
yM+dh fdlh yM+ds ls fudkg dj ysrh gS rks ml
oD+r mu ek cki ds fny ij D;k xqt+jrh gS ftldk
vankt+k yxkuk uk eqefdu gS ekuks mu ij rdkyhQ+
o x+eksa dk igkM+ VwV iM+k gks vkSj :lokb;k vkSj
keZlkjh mudh ft+Unxh ij eqghr gks tkrh gS vkSj
195
mudh vk[kksa ds lkFk&lkFk mudk fny Hkh jksrk gS
vkSj muds [+okc o vkjtw,sa ikeky gksdj pduk pwj
gks tkrh gSaA
exj ckt+ m+Yekvksa dks fdlh ds x+e o

rdkyhQ+ vkSj bT+t+r ls dksbZ ljksdkj ugha mUgsa rks
Q+d+r ml eky ls eryc gksrk gS tks fudkg ds
ckbl gkfly gksrk gS pkgs fudkg kjv+u tkbt+ gks
;k uktkbt+ gks mUgsa dksbZ Q+d+Z ugha iM+rk cfYd oks
vius b+Ye dks uktkbt+ o x+yr rjhd+s ls bLrseky
djrs gq;s flQ+Z eky gkfly djus dh x+jt+ ls fudkg
i<+k nsrs gSa gkykfd bl rjg ds fudkg dh vYykg
o jlwy us l[+r eqekfu;r Q+jekbZ gS vkSj ,sls
fudkg dks egt+ ckfry vkSj uk d+kfcys dqcwy d+jkj
fn;k gSA

jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk ls fjok;r gS uch djhe
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k ftl fdlh
v+kSjr dk mlds oyh dh btkt+r ds cx+Sj fudkg
dj fn;k tk;s rks mldk fudkg ckfry o uk d+kfcys
dqcwy gSA ;s tqeyk rhu ejrck Q+jek;k
lquu vch nkn&2@599 g0&2083 eqLrnjd&
gkfde&2@168 nqjsZ eUlwj&1@664 frfeZt+h&2@110
eqLun beke kkQbZ&393 lquu bCus ektk&2@30
g0&1879 frfeZt+h&1@561 g0&1094
vdjek fcu [k+kfyn c;ku djrs gSa fd eSa

lQ+j esa pUn gejkfg;ksa ds lkFk Fkk fd muesa ,d
csck v+kSjr Hkh Fkh ftlus ,d vkneh dks viuk oyh
196
eqUr[k+c fd;k vkSj ml oyh ljijLr us ml
v+kSjr dk fudkg ,d enZ ls djk fn;k rks gt+jr
m+ej jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq us fudkg djus okys
vkSj ftldk fudkg gqvk Fkk nksuksa dks dks<+s yxok;s
vkSj ml v+kSjr dk fudkg Hkh [k+Re dj fn;kA
eqLun beke kkQ+bZ&394 eqlfUuQ+ bCus v+yh kSck&
3@456 eqlfUuQ+ v+Cnqy jT+t+kd&6@198
vcw tqcSj jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq c;ku

djrs gSa fd lb;nquk m+ej jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq
ds ikl ,d ,slk fudkg yk;k x;k ftl ij flQZ+
,d enZ o ,d v+kSjr gh xokg Fks rks vki us
Q+jek;k ;s ikskhnk fudkg gS eSa bls tkbt+ d+jkj ugha
nsrk vxj eq>s bldk igys b+Ye gksrk rks eSa jTe
dj nsrkA jTe&;kuh iRFkj ekj ekj dj gykd
djuk] o laxlkj djuk eqLun beke kkQ+bZ&394
ekSrk beke ekfyd&2@535

us Q+jek;k fd dksbZ v+kSjr& v+kSjr dk fudkg u djs
vkSj u dksbZ v+kSjr [kqn viuk fudkg djs cskd
t+kfu;k gS oks tks [kqn viuk fudkg djrh gSA
nqjsZ eUlwj&1@664 vcw nkn&2@598
lquu bCus ektk&2@31 g0&1882
gt+jr vcw ewlk jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq

Q+jekrs gSa fd ljdkjs nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k fd oyh ds cx+Sj dksbZ fudkg
ughaA lquu bCus ektk&2@31 g0&1881
197
frfeZt+h&1@560 g0&1093 nqjsZ eUlwj&1@664
vcw nkn&2@600 g0&2085

v+Ugq Q+jekrs gSa jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye us Q+jek;k oyh ds cx+Sj dksbZ fudkg ughaA
lquu bCus ektk&2@31 g0&1880
beke cSgd+h us gt+jr bejku jft+vYykgq

rv+kyk v+Ugq ls fjok;r fd;k gS Q+jekrs gSa ljojs
dk;ukr lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k& oyh
vkSj nks v+kfny xokgksa ds cx+Sj fudkg tkbt+ ughaA
cSgd+h&lquu dqcjk&7@125 nqjsZ eUlwj&1@664

vkSj eqlyeku v+kSjrksa dks eqkfjd enksZa ds fudkg
esa u nks tc rd fd oks eqlyeku u gks tk;saA
lw0&cd+jkg&221
bl vk;rs djhek esa vYykg rv+kyk us

v+kSjrksa ds ctk; muds v+kSfy;k ljijLrksa dks
f[k+rkc Q+jek;k vkSj mUgsa gqDe fn;k fd eqlyeku
v+kSjrksa dk fudkg eqkkfjd enksZ ls u djsa dqjkus
djhe ds bl vankts c;ku ls okts+g gqvk fd
eqlyeku v+kSjr vius fudkg dk ekeyk [kqn r;
ugha dj ldrh mlds fudkg dk ekeyk mlds oyh
ljijLr ds t+fj;s o olhys ls gh vatke ik;sxk
eqQ+fLljhu fdjke us bl vk;r dks fudkg ds elys
esa ul d+jkj fn;kA
198
beke dqjrch jgerqYykg v+ySg Q+jekrs gSa fd ;s
vk;r crkSj ul bl ckr dh nyhy gS fd oyh dh
btkt+r ds cx+Sj fudkg djuk tkbt+ ugha gSA
r+lhj dqjrch&2@103
ks[kqy bLyke beke bCus rSfe;k jgerqYykg

v+ySg Q+jekrs gSa fd v+kSjr [kqn fudkg ugha dj
ldrh cfYd mlds fudkg dk cUnkscLr djuk mlds
oyh dh ft+Eesnkjh gSA vcwnkn&2@596
nwljh vk;rs djhek Hkh bl rjQ bkkjk

djrh gS fd oyh dh btkt+r ds cx+Sj v+kSjr dk
fudkg tkbt+ ughaA
vkSj rqe vius enkasZ vkSj v+kSjrksa esa ls mudk fudkg

dj fn;k djks tks cs fudkg gksaA lw0&uwj&32
bl vk;rs djhek esa Hkh vYykg rv+kyk us

dqokjh yM+dh vkSj csck v+kSjrksa ds vkSfy;k dks
f[k+rkc djds mUgsa fudkg dk cUnkscLr djus dk
gqDe fn;k gS beke cx+oh jgerqYykg v+ySg Q+jekrs
gSa ;s vk;r bl ckr dh nyhy gS fd cskkSgj v+kSjrksa
ds fudkg dk cUnkscLr djuk vkSfy;k dh ft+Eesnkjh
gSA r+lhj cx+oh&3@73 r+lhj dqjrch&12@239
vcwnkn&2@596
dk;ukr dh gj kS% dh r[k+yhd+ dk dksbZ u

dksbZ ed+ln t+:j gksrk gS vkSj m+Yek&,&fdjke dh
r[k+yhd+ dk ed+ln nhuh rcyhx+ o yksxksa dh
fgnk;r o bLykg dk t+fj;k cuuk gS vkSj vYykg
199
o jlwy ds vgdkekr dh rjQ+ yksxksa dks jkfx+c
djuk gS il m+Yek&,&fdjke dks pkfg;s fd vius
ckgeh fuQ+kd+ o cqXt+ dks [k+Re djsa vkSj bf[+rykQ+h
elkby esa cglks eqokfglk vkSj Q+ros ckft;ksa esa
iM+dj vius oD+r dks t+k;k u djsa cfYd oks ftl
dke ds fy;s r[k+yhd+ fd;s x;s gSa mu reke dkeksa
dks vYykg o jlwy ds gqDe ds eqrkfcd+ csgrj
rjhd+s vkSj usd uh;r o b[k+ykl ds lkFk vatke nsaA
vkSj ge eqfgCckus vgys cSr ij ykft+e gS

fd rkft+;knkjh esa tks x+Sj kjbZ mewj kkfey gSa mUgsa
eqdEey rkSj ij rdZ dj nsa vkSj viuh [k+okrhu dks
bl fgnk;r o ulhgr ds lkFk ft+;kjrs rkft+;k dh
btkt+r nsa fd oks eqdEey rkSj ij inkZ ukhu jgsa
vkSj viuh fuxkgksa o uh;rksa dks ikd j[ksa vkSj
vius fnyksa esa fdlh Hkh rjg dh cqjh vkSj xqukg dh
ckr nkf[+ky u gksus nsa vkSj dksbZ Hkh ,slk dke u
djssa tks f[k+ykQ+s kjv+ gksA
vkSj ge ij ykft+e gS fd gj rjg dh

[kqjkQ+kr o tkfgykuk dkeksa o x+Sj eqfLyeksa ds rjhd+ks
ls btfrukc djsa vkSj viuh ut+jksa dks flQZ+ jkst+k&,
&beke gqlSu dh rjQ+ eqroTtS djsa vkSj tqywls
rkft+;k esa gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke vkSj
kqgnk;s djcyk dh eud+cr i<+sa vkSj vYykg o
jlwy ds lkFk&lkFk ukjk&,&gqlSu yxk;sa vkSj ft+s
kgknrSu djsa vkSj kqgnk;s djcyk dh eqgCcr o x+e
esa viuh vk[kksa dks vkcnhnk djsa o vgdkes kjhv+r
ds nk;js o gn esa jgdj ;knxkjs gqlSu euk;sa rkfd
bl egcwc o ed+cwy v+ey dk ge csgrj vTj ik;sa
200
vkSj jgk loky m+Yekvksa ds Q+roksa o ,rjkt+ dk tks
rkft+;knkjh dks uktkbt+ dgrs gSa rks mudh reke
nyhysa rkft+;knkjh dks uktkbt+ d+jkj nsus ds fy;s uk
dkQ+h vkSj cgqr det+ksj vkSj d+fkcys eksv+rcj ugha
blfy;s muds rkft+;knkjh dh eq[k+kfyQ+r esa fn;s x;s
c;kukr o f[k+rkckr vkSj Q+roksa dks ut+j vankt
djrs gq;s rkft+;knkjh djsa D;ksafd xqft+rk t+ekuksa ls
ysdj vkt ds ekStwnk nkSj rd ckt+ m+Yekvksa dk ;s
ekewy jgk gS fd ,d nwljs dh cqjkbZ o rud+hn vkSj
rud+hl djuk jgk gSA
gqTtrqy bLyke bekes rlOoqQ+ beke xt+kyh

jgerqYykg v+ySg dh fdrkc vg;kmy m+ywe ij
oD+rh m+Yekvksa us ,rjkt+kr o xS+j eksv+rcj gksus
dk Q+rok fn;k ;gk rd fd bl csgrjhu o jkguqek
eksv+rcj fdrkc vg;kmy m+ywe dks tyokus dk
izksxzke eqd+jZj fd;k exj vYykg rv+kyk ds Q+T+yks
dje vkSj gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh jger
ds ckbl oks vius ukikd bjknksa esa dke;kc u gq;s
blds vykok gt+jr vykmn~nhu lkfcj dfy;jh
jgerqYykg v+ySg ij oD+rh m+Yekvksa us cs cqfu;kn
,srjkt+ vkSj xqejkgh ds bYt+kekr yxk;s gRrk fd
mUgsa efLtn ls ckgj fudky fn;k blh rjg gt+jr
tqUuwu feJh jgerqYykg v+ySg ox+Sjkg nhxj
vkSfy;k&,&fdjke o lwfQ+;k&,&fdjke vkSj vkyk
gt+jr beke vgen jt+k [kk jgerqYykg v+ySg
tSlh vt+he kf[+l;r ij Hkh cskqekj bYt+kekr o
,rjkt+kr yxk;s x;s vkSj bu vkSfy;k&,&fdjke vkSj
ekkb[ks+ b+t+ke ls okcLrk v+d+hnr eUnksa ds fnyksa dks
pksV igqpk;h xbZA
201
ftl fnu gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke kghn
gq;s ml fnu lRrj 70 gt+kj Q+fjrs mrjs vkSj
muds x+e esa jks;s vkSj d+;ker rd mu ij jksa;sxs
t+ehu rks t+ehu vklekuksa esa Hkh x+es gqlSu euk;k
tkrk gS ;gk rd fd dk;ukr dh gj kS% x+es gqlSu
eukrh gS tc ftcjbZy v+ySgLlyke us gqtwj
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dks gt+jr beke gqlSu dh
kgknr dh [k+cj nh rks vki lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye dh pes eqckjd ls vklw tkjh gq;s vkSj
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye fugk;r x+exhu gq;s
rks ftudk x+e vkZ rk Q+kZ euk;k tkrk gS rks
mudk x+e eukus vkSj muds x+e esa vklw cgkus ls
eqfgCckus vgys cSr dks ckt+ yksx D;ksa jksdrs gSa vkSj
uktkbt+ dgrs gSa ysfdu tc muds ;gk mudk dksbZ
v+t+ht+ Q+kSr gks tkrk gS ;k dksbZ eky ox+Sjkg dk
nqU;koh uqdlku gks tkrk gS rks ngkM+s ekj ekjdj cs
bf[+r;kj jksrs gSa vkSj gesa kqgnk&,&djcyk ds x+e esa
jksus ls euk djrs gSaA
[k+kukcknk&,&jlwy djcyk esa nhu bLyke ds

fy;s dqjcku gks x;s vkSj dbZ lgkck o vkids
v+t+ht+ vd+kfjc o nksLr vgokc vkSj gt+jr eqfLye
o muds nks eklwe csVs kghn dj fn;s x;s gt+jr
v+yh vlx+j tks flQZ+ N% 6 ekg ds eklwe cPps Fks
mUgksaus Hkwd I;kl dh gkyr esa gt+jr beke gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke dh xksn esa ne rksM+k gt+jr v+yh
vdcj us Hkh Hkwd I;kl dh gkyr esa kgknr ik;h
vkSj vkids Hkkts lb;nk tS+uc jft+vYykgq rv+kyk
v+Ugk ds csVs v+kSu vkSj eqgEen tks deflu vkSj
eklwe Fks oks Hkh vkids vkSj viuh ek lb;nk t+Suc
202
ds lkeus kghn gks x;s tc ckslkxkgs ucoh ij rhj
o ust+s pys vkSj vkys eqgEen ij ikuh dks cUn dj
fn;k x;k vkSj Hkwd I;kl dh fkn~nr ij ryokjksa ds
okj ls t+[+e ij t+[+e [kk;s vkSj vkids lkeus
vkids HkkbZ vkSj csVs vkSj Hkrhts kghn gks x;s vkSj
vki gt+jr beke v+kyh ed+ke muds [kwu vkywnk
ftLeksa dks mBk mBk dj ,d txg tek djrs FksA
[k+kukcknk&,&jlwy dh v+kSjrksa dh csgqjerh

dh xbZ gRrk fd muds ljksa ls pknjsa Hkh Nhu yh xbZa
ftudks vkleku us Hkh csinkZ u ns[kk oks eSnkus
djcyk esa uaxs flj dj nh xbZa chekj tS+uqy
vkcnhu jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq dks chekjh vkSj
det+ksjh ds ckbl tc mu ij pyk Hkh ugha tkrk
Fkk Hkkjh csfM+;ksa ls muds ftLes vd+nl dks tdM+
fn;k x;k D;k v+kyes eatj gksxk fd tc gt+jr
beke v+kyh ed+ke ds lkeus vkids HkkbZ Hkrhts vkSj
csVs kghn fd;s x;s vkSj muds [kwu vkywnk ftLeksa
dks ns[kdj mu ij D;k xqt+jh gksxhA
dk;ukr esa ,slh eqlhcrsa o rdkyhQ+ u

fdlh ij xqt+jh vkSj u fdlh ij xqt+jsxh uch djhe
lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dk ckxs+ peu djcyk esa
mtM+ x;k fQj vxj dksbZ ;s dgs fd muds x+e esa
vklw cgkuk uktkbt+ gS rks cskd oks nqeus vgys
cSr vkSj nqeus jlwy gS vkSj ;s vt+heks vdcj
dqckZuh mUgksaus vius fy;s ugha nha cfYd nhus eqgEenh
dh fgQ+kt+r o cd+k ds fy;s Fkh vxj oks ,slk u
djrs rks vkt bLyke dh kDyks lwjr fugk;r tqYeks
tgkyr o xqukgksa vkSj kj ls ycjst+ gksrhA
203
gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk c;ku
djrh gSa fd ,d fnu gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye
vius ?kj esa rkjhQ+ Q+jeak Fks vkSj lcls Q+jeka
fn;k fd vHkh esjs ikl dksbZ u vk;s il eSus
bfUrt+kj fd;k ;gk rd fd gqlSu v+ySgLlyke
vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds gqtjs eqckjd esa
nkf[k+y gq;s fQj eSus fgpd+h ca/kus dh vkokt lquh
fd vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye jks jgs Fks tc eSus
gqtjs eqckjd esa >kdk rks ns[kk fd gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke vki lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh
xksn eqckjd esa gSa vkSj uch djhe lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dh iskkuh ikSaN jgs gSa
vkSj lkFk gh lkFk jks jgs gSa fQj vki lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye us Q+jek;k ftcjbZy v+ySgLlyke
?kj esa ekStwn gSa vkSj mUgksaus eq>ls dgk gS D;k vki
gqlSu ls csgn eqgCcr djrs gSa eSaus dgk gk fQj
ftcjbZy v+ySgLlyke us dgk cskd vkidh mEer
gqlSu dks lj t+ehus djcyk esa kghn djsxh vkSj
ftcjbZy ml lj t+ehu dh feV~Vh Hkh yk;s gSa fQj
vki lYyYykgq vySg olYye us oks feV~Vh gt+jr
mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk dks fn[kkbZA
eqLun vgen&2@782 etemT+t+okbn&9@189
vcw uq,se us vLcx+ fcu uckrk ls fjok;r dh

gS fd eSnkus djcyk dh oks txg tgk beke v+kyh
ed+ke gt+jr beke gqlSu o kqgnk&,&djcyk kghn
gq;s mldh fulcr gt+jr ekSyk v+yh us Q+jek;k Fkk
fd ;s gqlSu vkSj mlds dkfQ+ys ds Vksa ds cSBus dh
txg gS ;s muds dtkcs j[kus dh txg gS vkSj ;s
204
muds [kwu dk ed+ke gS vkys eqgEen dk ,d fxjksg
bl eSnku esa kghn gksxk ftl ij t+ehu o vkleku
jks;saxsA [k+lkblqy dqcjk&2@162 fljZqkgknrSu&31
tc gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dks kghn

fd;k x;k rks lwjt dks xzgu yxk gRrk fd nksigj
ds oD+r rkjs uewnkj gq;s ;gk rd fd mUgsa bRehuku
gksus yxk fd ;s jkr gSA etemT+t+okbn&9@197
tc gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke dks kghn

fd;k x;k rks vkleku lq[k+Z gks x;kA
etemT+t+okbn&9@197

Q+jekrh gSa fd eSaus ftUuksa dks lquk fd oks gqlSu
v+ySgLlyke ds d+Ry ij uksgk dj jgs gSaA
etemT+t+okbn&9@199
kgknr beke gqlSu ds fnu eqYds+ kke esa tks

iRFkj mBk;k tkrk rks oks [kwu vkywn gksrkA
etemT+t+okbn&9@194
gt+jr beke gqlSu dh kgknr ds fnu va/ksjk

gks x;k vkSj rhu jkst+ rd dkfey va/ksjk jgk vkSj
cSrqy eqd+n~nl ds iFFkjksa ds uhps rkt+k [kwu ik;k
x;kAvyfonk;k oufugk;k&5@710fljZqkgknrSu&57
tc gt+jr beke gqlSu kghn gq;s rks vkleku

ls [kwu dh ckfjk gqbZ tc lqcg gqbZ rks ?kM+s vkSj
eVds [kwu ls Hkjs gq;s FksA fljZqkgknrSu&57
205
Q+jekrh gSa fd gqt+wj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds
folky ds ckn eSus ftUuksa dk jksuk ugha lquk Fkk
exj vkt dh jkr eSus ftUuksa dks jksrs gq;s lquk rc
eSus le> fy;k fd esjk csVk gqlSu kghn gks x;k gS
fQj gt+jr mEes lyek jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugk
us viuh duht+ ls dgk fd ?kj ls ckgj fudydj
ekywe dj rc ekywe gqvk fd gqlSu v+ySgLlyke
kghn gq;s gSa vkSj ftUu uksgk dj jgs gSaA
fljZqkgknrSu&59
ftl fnu gt+jr beke gqlSu v+ySgLlyke

kghn gq;s ml fnu cSrqy eqd+n~nl esa tks iFFkj
mBk;k tkrk mlds uhps ls rkt+k rkt+k [kwu fudyrk
FkkA fljZqkgknrSu&57
rkft+;knkjh ,d csgrjhu vkSj egcwc o ed+cwy

v+ey gS vkSj ;s vgys cSr vrgkj ls lPph eqgCcr
o v+d+hnr dh v+yker gS ftl rjg gt+jr m+oSl
djuh jft+vYykgq rv+kyk v+Ugq us vius lkjs nkr
gqtwj lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh lPph eqgCcr esa
rksM+ fn;s Fks gkykfd muds fy;s ;s Q+sv+y dksbZ kjbZ
gqDe u Fkk cfYd mUgksaus eqgCcrs jlwy ds lcc ,slk
fd;k Fkk vkSj ge eqfgCckus vgys cSr Hkh vgys cSr
vrgkj dh lPph eqgCcr ds lcc ;knxkjs gqlSu
eukrs gSa vkSj ;kns gqlSu esa rkft+;knkjh djrs gSa vkSj
bakk vYykg bl egcwc o ed+cwy v+ey dks nk;e
o d+k;e j[ksaxsA
206
vYykg rv+kyk vius egcwc gqtwj lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye ds ln~ds+ o rqQS+y ge lc eqlyekuksa
dks fgnk;r v+rk Q+jek;s vkSj tqeyk ekeykr esa
lgh o x+yr] tkbt+ o uktkbt+ esa bfEr;kt+ Q+dZ+
djus dh lykfg;r v+rk Qjek;s vkSj gekjh v+D+yks
Q+ge esa rokukbZ v+rk Qjek;s rkfd ge rsjs vkSj
rsjs gchc lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye dh Q+jekcjnkjh
djrs gq;s jkgs gd+ ij py ldsa vkSj gesa viuh
vkSj vius egcwc jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg
olYye vkSj vgys cSr vrgkj dh lPph vkSj
gd+hd+h vkSj t+kfgjh o ckfruh eqgCcr esa x+d+Z djns
;k vYykg rsjs egcwc dh xqykeh dk iV~Vk esjs xys
esa gks vkSj gesa reke cqjkbZ;ksa vkSj xqukgksa vkSj
kSrku ds kj ls egQwt+ j[k vkSj ge reke
eqlyekuksa dks tks g;kr gSa vkSj tks oQ+kr ik pqds gSa
mu lcdh vius gchc ljojs dk;ukr lYyYykgq
v+ySg olYye ds ln~ds+ o rqQS+y ex+fQ+jr Q+jeka
vkSj ge lc eqlyekuksa ds lx+hjk o dchjk xqukgksa
dks c[+k ns vkSj gesa bLyke ij ft+Unk j[k vkSj
bZeku ij mBk vkSj gesa fljkrs eqLrd+he ij pyus
dh rkSQ+hd+ ejgEr Q+jekA vkehuA
=======
207
vYykg rv+kyk bl fdrkc dks vius egcwc ljdkjs
nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ln~d+s o
rqQ+Sy kjQ+s ed+cwfy;r v+rk Q+jek;s vkSj bl
fdrkc dks cjkgs bZlkys lokc eqv+fYyQ+ ds okfyns
fxjkeh ejgwe tukc bZn eqgEen okjlh lkgc dh
:g dks vTjs v+t+he v+rk Q+jek;s vkSj vius gchc
jgers nks v+kye lYyYykgq v+ySg olYye ds ln~ds+
o rqQ+Sy mudh ex+fQ+jr Q+jek;s& vkehuA
uksV& tks gt+jkr vius v+t+ht+ks vd+kfjc ;k vius

okfynSu ds bZlkys lokc ;k nhuh rcyhx+ ;k lokc
ikus dh uh;r ls bl fdrkc dks Niokdj yksxksa esa
rd+lhe djuk pkgrs gSa oks cjkgs jkLr ge ls jkCrk
d+k;e djsaA
Mk0 vkt+e csx d+knjh

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Azmate Taziyadari.... by DR - Azam Beg Qadri.... 09897626182

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Azmate Taziyadari.... by DR - Azam Beg Qadri.... 09897626182

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v+t+ers

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