Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HOW TO CITE: Punescu V. [Necessity to review Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis] Jurnalul de chirurgie (Iai).
2013; 9(2): 113-126. DOI: 10.7438/1584-9341-9-2-2.
MOF multiple organ failure (insuficiena multipl de organe) ; PP pancreatice sau/i peripancreatice
Tabelul II Scorul Marshall modificat pentru insuficiena multipl de organ (Multiple Organ Failure, MOF) [58]
Aparatul Scor*
0 1 2 3 4
Respirator (PaO2/FiO2)** > 400 301 - 400 201 - 300 101 - 200 101
Renal*** Creatinin seric (mol/L) 134 134 - 189 170 - 310 311 - 439 > 439
Creatinin seric (mg/dL) < 1,4 1,4 - 1,8 1,9 - 3,6 3,6 - 4,9 > 4,9
< 90 < 90
< 90 < 90
Cardiovascular (TAS, mmHg)**** > 90 Rspunde la Nu rspunde
Ph < 7,3 Ph < 7,2
lichide la lichide
* scor 2, definete prezena insuficienei multiple de organe
** la pacientul neventilat FiO2 poate fi estimat astfel:
suplimentare respiratorie cu aer FiO2: 21%; suplimentare cu oxigen 2 L/min FiO2: 25%; suplimentare cu oxigen 4 L/min FiO2: 30%;
suplimentare cu oxigen 6-8 L/min FiO2: 40%; suplimentare cu oxigen 9-10 L/min FiO2: 50%.
*** la pacientul cu insuficien renal preexistent, orice deteriorare se corecteaz la valoarea creatininemiei 134 mol/L sau 1,4 mg/dL;
**** fr suport inotrop; TAS: tensiunea arterial sistolic
Tabelul III Scorul SOFA (SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) [60]
Scor* SOFA 0 1 2 3 4
Aparat respirator
> 400 400 300 200** 100**
PaO2 / FiO2
Coagulare
> 150 150 100 50 20
Trombocite (103/mm3)
Funcie hepatic
< 20 20 - 32 33 - 101 102 - 204 > 204
Bilirubina ( mol/L)
Dopa > 5 Dopa > 15
Aparat cardiovascular Dopa
absence < 70 mmHg*** sau Adren 0,1 sau Adren > 0,1
Hipotensiune sau Dobutrex
sau Noradr 0,1 sau Noradr > 0,1
Sistem nervos central
15 13 - 14 10 - 12 6-9 <6
Glasgow Coma Scale
Funcie renal
300 440 > 440
Creatinina ( mol/L) < 110 110 - 170 171 - 299
sau diureza < 500 sau diureza < 200
sau Diureza(mL/zi)
* scorul SOFA se calculeaz prin suma scorurilor fiecrui organ ; un scor mai mic ca 9 estimeaz o mortalitate de 33% n timp de un scor de
peste 11 estimeaz o mortalitate de 95% ;
** ventilaie mecanic ;
*** tensiune arterial medie ;
Dopa : Dopamina, g/kg/min ; Adren : Adrenalin, g/kg/min ; Noradr : Noradrenalin, g/kg/min
mortalitatea putnd ajunge la 50%. Infecia sau a mai multor organe, trebuie precizat
necrozei la pacienii la care persist fiindc tratamentul se adreseaz fiecrui caz.
insuficiena organelor se asociaz cu Coleciile pancreatice i peri-
mortalitate extrem de ridicat. pancreatice se difereniaz dup coninutul
Evoluia severitii pancreatitei acute lichid sau solid. Sunt descrise urmtoarele
este dificil de determinat dac insuficiena forme:
organelor este prezent n primele 24 de ore, 1) colecii lichidiene peripancreatice
deoarece nu se tie dac pacientul are o acute, survenite n pancreatitele
insuficien tranzitorie a organelor sau una edematoase interstiiale;
persistent, dar va fi clasificat ca avnd 2) pseudochistul pancreatic, complicaie a
pancreatit acut sever. Dac insuficiena pancreatitei edematoase interstiiale, ce
organelor se rezolv dup 48 de ore va fi apare n mod obinuit dup 4
clasificat ca avnd pancreatit acut sever sptmni;
moderat, iar dac persist insuficiena 3) coleciile necrotice acute din fazele
organelor va fi ncadrat ca avnd pancreatit precoce ale pancreatitei;
acut sever. Dup admiterea n spital, 4) necroza cu perete format, rar
pacientul va fi reevaluat dup 24 de ore, 48 dezvoltat nainte de 4 sptmni, i n
de ore i 7 zile. care peretele format este confirmat
Dac n faza precoce se identific radiologic.
existena complicaiilor locale, se vor Criteriile morfologice ale pancreatitei
efectua investigaii pentru identificarea acute, definite pe baza tomografiei
modificrilor morfologice, deoarece: computerizate, combinate cu parametrii
1) prezena i extensia necrozei clinici, ajut la instituirea tratamentului.
pancreatice i peripancreatice nu poate Pentru caracterizarea pancreatitei acute, cele
fi definit n primele zile, necesitnd mai frecvente metode folosite pentru
repetarea CECT dup 5-7 zile; identificarea modificrilor morfologice sunt
2) extensia morfologiei i a necrozei nu ultrasonografia transabdominal i
sunt direct proporionale cu severitatea tomografia computerizat, la care se pot
insuficienei organelor; aduga imaginile de rezonan magnetic
3) dac imaginile identific prezena sau ultrasonografia endoscopic.
coleciilor lichidiene peripancreatice Colecia lichidian peripancreatic
sau a necrozei pancreatice, n general acut se dezvolt n faza precoce a
ele nu sunt tratate n acest interval de pancreatitei acute edematoase interstiiale i
timp. nu se asociaz cu necroza pancreatic.
n faza tardiv a pancreatitei sever Investigaiile imagistice nu identific un
moderate sau a pancreatitei acute severe, perete format, colecia este omogen i, pot
complicaiile locale evolueaz, unii pacieni fi prezente mai multe colecii. n majoritatea
cu persistena insuficienei organelor se pot cazurilor coleciile rmn sterile i se
vindeca fr complicaii locale. Prezena rezolv spontan. Cnd colecia persist peste
infeciei n zona de necroz crete riscul 4 sptmni se dezvolt pseudochistul
deceselor. Infecia necrozei fr persistena pancreatic. Colecia lichidian peri-
insuficienei organelor are o mortalitate mai pancreatic acut se rezolv sau rmne
mic dect necroza infectat cu persistena asimptomatic i nu necesit tratament i nu
insuficienei organelor. se ncadreaz n pancreatita acut sever.
Diferenierea morfologic a Pseudochistul pancreatic reprezint o
complicaiilor locale este necesar pentru colecie lichidian peripancreatic, i, uneori
stabilirea tipurilor de intervenie. Descrierea intrapancreatic, bine circumscris, rotund
complicaiilor locale, care pot fi absente, sau oval, cu perei bine formai. Conine
sterile sau infectate, i persistena material solid. De obicei prezint activitate
insuficienei organelor, a unui singur organ amilazic crescut, datorit rupturii canalului
122 Punescu V.
Jurnalul de Chirurgie (Iai), 2013, Vol. 9, Nr. 2
6. Talukdar R, Vege SS. Recent developments in 20. Bradley EL. The necessity for a clinical
acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol. classification of acute pancreatitis. The Atlanta
Hepatol. 2009; 7(suppl. 11): S3-S9. System. In: Bradley EL, editor, Acute
7. Frey CF, Zhou H, Harvey DJ, White RH. The pancreatitis: Diagnosis and therapy. New
incidence and case-fatality rates of acute York: Raven Press Ltd; 1994. p. 27-32.
biliary, alcoholic, and idiopathic pancreatitis in 21. Banks PA. Practice guidelines in acute
California 1994-2001. Pancreas. 2006; 33(4): pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92(3):
336-344. 377-386.
8. Yadav D, Lowenfels AB. Trends in the 22. British Society of Gastroenterology. United
epidemiology of the first attack of acute Kingdom guidelines for the management of
pancreatitis: a systematic review. Pancreas. acute pancreatitis. Gut. 1998; 42(Suppl. 2):
2006; 33(4): 323-330. S1-S13.
9. Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Sullivan T. 23. Bollen TL, Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC,
The changing character of acute pancreatitis: Gooszen HG, van Leeuwen MS. Toward an
epidemiology, etiology and prognosis. Curr update of the Atlanta classification on acute
Gastroenterol Rep. 2009; 11(2): 97-103. pancreatitis: review of new and abandoned
10. Lankisch PG, Breuer N, Bruns A, Weber- terms. Pancreas. 2007; 35(2): 107-113.
Dany B, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P. 24. Papachristou GI, Whitcomb DC. Predictors of
Natural history of acute pancreatitis: a long - severity and necrosis in acute pancreatitis.
term population based study. Am J Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2004; 33(4):
Gastroenterol. 2009; 104(11): 2797-2805. 871-890.
11. Sarles H. Proposal adopted unanimously by 25. Beger HG, Rau B, Isenmann R. Natural
the participants of the symposium on history of necrotizing pancreatitis.
pancreatitis at Marseille, 1963. Bibl Pancreatology. 2003; 3(2): 93-101.
Gastroenterol. 1965; 7: VII-VIII. 26. Bhatia M, Wong FL, Cao Y, Lau HY, Huang
12. Singer MB, Gyr K, Sarles H. Revised J, Puneet P, Chevali L. Pathophysiology of
classification of pancreatitis. Report of the acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2005; 5(2-
Second International Symposium on the 3): 132-144.
Classification of Pancreatitis in Marseille, 27. Lakisch PG, Pflichthofer D, Lehnick D. No
France. March 28-30, 1984. Gastroenterology. strict correlation between necrosis and organ
1985; 89(3): 683-685. dysfunction determines outcome in acute
13. Sarner M, Cotton PB. Definition of acute and pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2002; 89: 298-302.
chronic pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol. 1984; 28. Vege SS, Chari ST. Organ failure as an
13(3): 865-870. indicator of severity of acute pancreatitis: time
14. Sarner M. Pancreatitis: definitions and to revisit the Atlanta classification.
classification. In: Go VLW, Gardner JD, Gastroenterology. 2005; 128(4): 1133-1135.
Brooks FP, Lebenthal E, Di Magno EP, 29. Johnson CD, Abu-Hilal M. Persistent organ
Scheele GA, editors. The exocrine pancreas: failure during the first week as a marker of
biology, pathobiology and diseases. New fatal outcome in acute pancreatitis. Gut. 2004;
York: Raven Press; 1986. p. 459-464. 53(9): 1340-1344.
15. Bittner R, Block S, Bchler M, Beger HG. 30. Balthazar EJ, Robinson DL, Megibow AJ,
Pancreatic abscess and infected pancreatic Ranson JH. Acute pancreatitis: Value of CT in
necrosis. Different local septic complications establishing prognosis. Radiology. 1990;
in acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1987; 174(2): 331-336.
32(10): 1082-1087. 31. Balthazar EJ. Complications of acute
16. Beger HG. Surgery in acute pancreatitis. pancreatitis: clinical and CT evaluation.
Hepatogastroenterology. 1991; 38(2): 92-96. Radiol Clin North Am. 2002; 40(6): 1211-
17. Gazzaniga GM. Whats new on pancreatic 1227.
diseases: contribution to the updating course 32. Robinson PJ, Sheridan MB. Pancreatitis:
on Pancreatic Diseases, Geneva, April 22-25, computed tomography and magnetic
1992; Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thieme resonance imaging. Eur Radiol. 2000; 10(3):
Verlag; 1994. p. 459-464. 401-408.
18. Bradley EL. A clinically based classification 33. Chatzicostas C, Roussomoustakaki M, Vardas
system for acute pancreatitis. Summary of the E, Romanos J, Kouroumalis EA. Balthazar
International Symposium on Acute computed tomography severity index is
Pancreatitis, Atlanta, Ga, September 11-13, superior to Ranson criteria and Apache II and
1992. Arch Surg. 1993; 128(5): 586-590. III scoring systems in predicting acute
19. Bradley EL. A clinical based classification pancreatitis outcome. J Clin Gastroenterol.
system for acute pancreatitis. Ann Chir. 1993; 2003; 36(3): 253-260.
47(6): 537-541.
Pancreatita acut clasificarea Atlanta revizuit 125
Jurnalul de Chirurgie (Iai), 2013, Vol. 9, Nr. 2
34. Balthazar EJ, Freeny PC, van Sonnenberg E. 48. Sharma M, Banerjee D, Garg PK.
Imaging and intervention in acute pancreatitis. Characterization of newer subgroups of
Radiology. 1994; 193(2): 297-306. fulminant and subfulminant pancreatitis
35. Baron TH, Morgan DE, Vickers SM, Lazenby associated with a high early mortality. Am J
AJ. Organized pancreatic necrosis endoscopic, Gastroenterol. 2007; 102(12): 2688-2695.
radiologic, and pathologic features of a distinct 49. Talkudar R, Vege SS. Classification of the
clinical entity. Pancreas. 1999; 19(1): 105 severity of acute pancreatitis. Am J
108. Gastroenterol. 2011; 106: 1169-1170.
36. Banks PA, Freeman ML. Practice Parameters 50. Tran DD, Cuesta MA. Evaluation of severity
Committee of the American College of in patients with acute pancreatitis. Am J
Gastroenterology (2006). Practice guidelines Gastroenterol. 1992; 87(5): 604-608.
in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 51. Petrov MS, Windsor JA. Classification of the
2006; 101(10): 2379-2400. severity of acute pancreatitis: how many
37. Punescu V, Bordnc I, Popa C, Pop-Began categories make sense? Am J Gastroenterol.
V, Pop-Began D. Ce operm? Cnd operm? 2010; 105(1): 74-76.
Cum operm pancreatita acut? Jurnalul de 52. Frey CF. Classification of pancreatitis: state of
Chirurgie (Iai). 2006; 2(4): 378391. the art. Pancreas. 1986; 1(1): 62-68.
38. Pandol SJ, Saluja AK, Imrie CW, Banks PA. 53. Punescu V. Aspecte clinice i terapeutice n
Acute pancreatitis: bench to the bedside. pancreatita acut sever la nceputul secolului
Gastroenetrology. 2007; 132(3): 1127-1151. In: Bdescu Th, Chira C, Lengyel DM, Radu
39. Bradley EL. A natural history based clinical CM, editors, Tehnici moderne de investigaie
classification system for acute pancreatitis. In: i perspective terapeutice n bolile digestive.
Bchler MW, Uhl W, Friess H, Malpertherner Bucuret: Editura Medical; 2011. p. 325-384.
P, editors. Acute pancreatitis novel concepts 54. French Consensus Conference on Acute
in biology and therapy. Berlin, Viena: Pancreatitis: Conclusions and
Blackwell Science; 1999. p. 181-192. Recommendations. Paris, France, January 25-
40. Vege SS, Gardner TB, Chari ST, et al. Low 26, 2001. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;
mortality and high morbidity in severe acute 13(Suppl.4): S1-S13.
pancreatitis without organ failure: A case for 55. Yadav D, Agarwal N, Pitchumoni CS. A
revising the Atlanta classification to include: critical evolution of laboratory tests in acute
Moderately severe acute pancreatitis. Am J pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002; 97(6):
Gastroenterol. 2009; 104(3): 710-715. 1309-1318.
41. Mofidi R, Patil PV, Suttie SA, Parks RW. Risk 56. Isenmann Q. Classification of severe acute
assessment in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. pancreatitis. In: Beger HG, Matsuno S,
2009; 96: 137-150. Cameron JL, editors, Diseases of the pancreas.
42. Tenner S, Sica G, Hughes M, et al. Current surgical therapy. Berlin, Heidelberg:
Relationship of necrosis to organ failure in Springer-Verlag; 2008. p. 173-179.
severe acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 57. Bollen TL, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG,
1997; 113(3): 899-903. et al. The Atlanta classification of acute
43. Tenner S. Initial management of acute pancreatitis revisited. Br J Surg. 2008; 95(1):
pancreatitis: critical issues during the first 72 6-21.
hours. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004; 99(12): 58. Acute Pancreatitis Classification Working
2489-2494. Group. Revision of the Atlanta classification
44. Halonen K. Outcome prediction and quality of acute pancreatitis. 2008. [available online at
live in severe acute pancreatitis. Academic www.pancreasclub.com/wp-
Disertation. Medical Faculty of the University content/uploads/2011/11/AtlantaClassification.
of Helsinky; Helsinky: 2004. p. 40-64. pdf]
45. Punescu V, Spircu T, Bordnc I, Popa C, 59. Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, et al. Acute
Crciunoiu M. Valoarea predictiv a Pancreatitis Classification Group
insuficienei multiple de organe n pancreatita Classification of acute pancreatitis - 2012:
acut. Chirurgia (Bucureti). 2012; revision of the Atlanta classification and
107(Suppl.1): S323-S324. definitions by international consensus. Gut.
46. Uomo G. Do we really need a new category of 2013; 62(1): 102-111.
severity for patients with acute pancreatitis? 60. Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, et al. The
Journal of Pancreas. 2009; 10(5): 583-584. SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure
47. Isenmann R, Rau B, Beger HG. Early severe Assessment) score to describe organ
acute pancreatitis: characteristics of a new dysfunction / failure. Intensive Care Med.
subgroup. Pancreas. 2001; 22(3): 274-278. 1996; 22(7): 707-710.
126 Punescu V.
Jurnalul de Chirurgie (Iai), 2013, Vol. 9, Nr. 2
61. Johnson CD. U.K. guidelines for the 63. Miles KA, Griffiths MR. Perfusion CT: a
management of acute pancreatitis. Gut. 2005; worthwhile enhancement? Br J Radiol. 2003;
54(Suppl.3): iii1 iii9. 76(904): 220-231.
62. Chauhan S, Forsmark CE. The difficulty in 64. Thoeni RF. The revised Atlanta classification
predicting outcome in acute pancreatitis. Am J of acute pancreatitis: its importance for the
Gastroenterol. 2010; 105(2): 443-445. radiologist and its effect on treatment.
Radiology. 2012; 262(3): 751-764.