:

.


.

.

. .

.

.

...

./
Dr El-Abassi

20-1
2
6
8
9
10
10
12
12
14
15
18
19
20
31-21
22
24
31
39-32
33 )(
36 )(

45-40
41
43
53-46
47
51
62-54
56
60
63

Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

:



.


.



.


.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

2 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:

" "
.


" "Statistics " " State .
.
.

.

:
.

.

.
.
)( ) (
. .
.
1601
) ( 1674-1624
.
.
) (1858 - 1777 ) . ( 1827 1749
) ( 1936 1857
.
) ( 1962 1890
.

3 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

.
.
.

.

:

:


.
.

.

.

.
.
.

:


.
1853
1878 .
.
1974
.
4 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi


.
:
:
.1 .
.
.2
.3 .
.4 .
.5
.
:

.
. :


...

. .
.
. .

...

...
( (
.
...

...
.
5 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:
.
.
Proposition
" " "
" . .
.



. Operational definitions


.
.
Population
) ( .

.

Sample
.
Representation ,Random
. :
.

:

%5 %10
.
.
. .
6 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

. .

. .
.

. .
.
.

.

:




.


. .

:


.


)( . Statistical Inferences

7 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:


.
.
.
:

. -1

. -2

. -3

.


.
.
.

)( :
.
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3
.
8 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi


.
:

Nominal .

) (

.
...

.
.
. Ordinal

) (
.


.2

. Interval

.

.
.
)(
)(
.

9 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
. Ratio

.
.
180 90 .

.
:



.
:

. -

. -

: -

.


:

: :

: :

.

10 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
: :

: :

: :

.

.

: :

11 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
: -
.

.

.

.
.
.

: -1
.

: -2
.

: -3
.

: -1

.
.

: -2

.
: -3

12 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

.
.

: -4

.

.

: -5

.
.
.


.

: -6

.
.

13 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:

-

. Descriptive
Method
.

1991 .
Experimental Method

)
( Experimental Group )
.( Control Group




.
) ( Explonatory


.

14 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:


-:
. .
. .
. .

.
- :


.
: -
.

.
: -
.

:


-:
: -1

.
: -2

15 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
Frame
.

: -3

.
.
.

: -4

Questionnaire
.
: -5

.
) ( .
: -6
.
.Pilot Study -:
. .
. .
. .

16 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:

. Observation
.Mail
. Telephone
. Interview
.

:

.
-:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 " " " " .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
.9 .
.10 .
.11
.
.12 .
.13 .
.14 .
.15 .
17 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:

.

.

:


.


.
:

.
.
Surveys
.

.

.


.

18 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

:
-1 :

.
-2 :

.
.
-3 :

.
:
:
. .
. ) ( .
. ) (.

)( :
-1 :
) (
.
-2 :

.2
,Z, T

-3 :

.
.

19 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi

20 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi

21 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

) (
.

.

.

) (

Harvard Graphics, K-Plot
.Offeice .
.
:

: ) ( Statistical Tables
)(
.
. :
1 : )(

.
- 2 : )(
.
.
3 : )(
... .
- 4 : )(

. .

22 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi



.
.
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
:
:
.
2001

2026

1367

526

1149

614

330

6012
:
.
2001

238 48 190
2129 732 1397
796 195 601
6454 4105 2349
9617 5080 4537
2000 2001
23 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
2001 2000

48 190 64 342
732 1397 794 1911
195 601 252 814
4105 2349 4690 2922
5080 4537 5800 5989

: ) ( Graphs
.
.
.
.

1 ) : ( Pictograms

.
.
.
. 2000
24774
3686
.

24 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
2 ) ( Pie Charts


. :

2001 :

238 48 190
2129 732 1397
796 195 601
6454 4105 2349
9617 5080 4537
:
1 .
2 .
3 360 .
.

67.1 8.3 22.1 2.5 %
241 30 80 9

.
) ( .

25 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

8.3%

22.1%

2.5%

67.1%

3.8%
30.8%

13.2% 14.4%

4.2% 0.9%

80.8%

51.8%

25.2%

6454 3163

67.3%

7.5%

3 ) ( Bar Charts

.
. :
1 ,
.
.


.

26 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:

: ) ( Simple Bar Charts

.

. 2001

2467
2315
991
1685
1553
606
9717
.
2500 2500

2000 2000
2467

2315

1500 1500
1685

1553

1000 1000
991

500 500
606

0 0

.
.

: ) ( Multiple Bar Charts

.
.

27 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

2000 .2001

2001 2000
2467 2762
2315 2713
991 1467
1685 2102
1553 1994
606 751
9617 11789

.

.
3000
2500
2713
2762

2000
2467

1994
2102

1500
2315

1467

1685

1553

1000
751
991

500
606

: ) ( Component Bar Charts

.

.

. .

28 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
2000 2001
. .

2001
2000

100%
2001 90%
2000 80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

: Scatter

.

.
. . 2000 1996
1600
1447
1400
1190
1171 1369
1200 1046 1346

894 1147
1000

800 929

600

400
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

1997
. 2001

29 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi
50

40

Deaths
30

20

10

JA

SE

JA

SE

JA

SE

JA

SE

JA

M
AY

AY

AY

AY

AY
N

N
N

N
P

20
19

19

19

20
19

20
19

19
19

19

19

20

20
97

98

99

00

01
97

98

99

00
97

98

99

00

01
Month

. )(

140000

120000

100000
Current Salary

80000

60000

40000

20000

0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

Beginning Salary

30 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

Definitions
Indicator: Unlimited number of a specific event :
in specific area in particular time. .
Proportion: It is the relation between a
category and the total, which means , :
dividing one category by another. .
Ratio: Arithmetic relation between two :
categories belong ton the same group.
Which means dividing one category on .
another.
Rates: Consecution of events among , :
population in a particular time, Rates ,
clarify degree of repetition of events
and spreading degree. Row rates are .
accounted according to the total .
population where as private rates are
accounted according to limited branch
group.
Constant: It is, arbitrary number for example (100.000 , 100 ) :
(100, 100.000) we can multiply it with
rates, proportion quantities to express
this measurement in order to simplify .
it to the readers.

Period Measures: It is the statistics, which

measures the events that happen for .
whole population on part of them
during a certain period of time.
Change Ratio: change amount (the difference) )( :
in comparing between two years and .
the original year.
:( )
Mean: A measure of central tendency. The
.
arithmetic average; the sum divided by
the number of cases.
Standard Deviation: A measure of dispersion :
around the mean. .

Coefficient of Variation: Data is considered ill :

conditioned if has a small coefficient of
variation (the standard deviation
divided by the mean), to compare the .
measurement not the same .

31 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi

32 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi


:
- )( . Categorical
- )( Numerical :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .

: )( Categorical

)(
Proportion , Percentages , Ratio & Rates
.
) ( Counting ) ( Category
.
) ( ) ( 20 ) ( 40 .

)( Proportions
. ) ( P ) ( F ) ( N
. ) . ( 1 :
F
=P ) ( =
N
. )
( .
.
20 12 = 12 / 20 = 0.6

33 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
Percentage % :
= 100 x
: = 12
= 20
= 100 x 12 % 60 = 20
12 100 / 20 = 60%
Ratio :
= 12 / 8 = 1.5
1.5 1 : 1.5 :
:
) ( 1 *

191 182 147
108 75 59
299 257 206
* .
.
) ( 2 )( .

P % N P % N P % N
0.639 63.9 191 0.708 70.8 182 0.714 71.4 147
0.331 33.1 108 0.292 29.2 75 0.286 28.6 59
1.000 100 299 1.000 100 257 1.000 100 206

1 : 1.77 1 : 2.43 1 : 2.49

34 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
Rates

.

.
) (

:

= 115,000

= 175,000

= 540,000

: / 100,000 x

100,000 :

= 51,3 =100,000x115,000\59

= 42,9=100,000x175,000\75

= 20=100,000x540,000\108

35 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
: )( Numerical

:
. Central Tendency
.
.

Mean
)( Average .
: 9 , 8 , 6 , 5 , 3 ,1 :
=6 = 6\36 = 6 \ 9+8+6+5+3+1 = x / n
1 :
2 .
3
.
4 .

Median
%50 %50 .
12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ,18
.
. 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
= ) ( 1 + 2
= )4 = 2 \ ( 1 + 7
= 4 15 %50 ) 3 (
% 50 ) ( 3 .
x / n = 105 / 7 = 15 =
.
12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17
.
. 1 12 13 14 15 16 17
36 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
= ) ( 1 + 2
=)3.5=2/(1+6
= 3.5 4 3
14 15 = ). 14.5=2\(15+14
x / n = 88 / 6 = 14.7 =
.
12 , 13 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 14
:
1
2
3
:
.1 Mode
.2 Geometric
.3 Harmonic
. Dsipartion
)
( . .

Range

Range = Max Min .
. :
110 111 112 113 114 116 117 118 119 120 .
40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160 175 190 .
= 115 .
.
= 10 = 110-120
= 50 = 40-190
. .

37 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi
:
1
2
3
4

Variance & Standard Deviation

.

= S
2 ( x x )2
Or
n x 2 ( x) 2
n 1 n 1
S = S 2
:

100 64 8- 10
144 36 6- 12
196 16 4- 14
225 9 3- 15
289 1 1- 17
361 1 1+ 19
400 4 2+ 20
529 25 5+ 23
576 36 6+ 24
676 64 8+ 26
________________________________________________________
3496 256 180

1 = 18 = 10\180
-2 =
3

= 28.4 = 256/9 = 3496 (180 180) / 10 = 256 / 9 = 28.4 = 5.3

9
:
.1 C. V
.2 Standardized Value
.3 Mid Range

38 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi
.
Statistics

X
N Valid 10
Missing 0
Mean 18.0000
Median 18.0000
Mode 10.00a
Std. Deviation 5.3333
Variance 28.4444
Range 16.00
Minimum 10.00
Maximum 26.00
Percentiles 25 13.5000
50 18.0000
75 23.2500
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

2
No of obs

0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Statistics

N Valid 473

Missing 1
F 100
Mean 43.67 r
Median e
38.00 q
80
Mode 36a
Std. Deviation 11.78
Variance 138.86 60

Range 42
Minimum 29 40

Maximum 71
Percentiles 25 35.00 20
50 38.00 Std. Dev = 11.78
Mean = 43.7
75 52.50 N = 473.00
0
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is show
30.0
32.5
35.0
37.5
40.0
42.5
45.0
47.5
50.0
52.5
55.0
57.5
60.0
62.5
65.0
67.5
70.0

39 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi

40 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

TEST OF HYPOTHESES
:


.
) (.
. -

- ) ( ) ( Null hypotheses

Alternative hypotheses - ) (

-
.

: -

... -

... -

... -
- .
- .
- .
%5 %1
.

*
-
.
.

41 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
-
.
.
:

II

.
) ( = P ( Type I Error ) .

.
) ( = P ( Type II Error ) .

.

.
.

Z 2
2

= n
D 2
, , D Z
) (.
:
2
Z p q
= n
D 2
P . q = 1-P
P . 0.5

42 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:

%5
% 10 .
.

. )P - Value (Significance

1. H0 : )(Null hypotheses .1

2. H1 : )(Alternative hypotheses .2

3. Calculate Statistic .3

4. Compute P - value .4

5. Compare p - value .5

P - value < .05 ... Reject H0 or Accept H1

P - value >= .05 ... Dont Reject H0
P - value ... Where
Observed Significant Level
.05 or .01 ... Nominal Significant Level

. 01 < p < .05 ... Significant

P < .05 .001 < p < .01 ... Highly Significant
P < .0001 ... Very Highly Significant
P-value

P > .05 Not Significant

P Value
. 2

43 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
TEST
DATA

Numerical Categorical

Parametric Non Parametric

) ( dist. known ) ( dist. free
* Sign - test
One Sample problem * T - test pairs * Binomial - test
* Wilcoxon - test
Two Related * Sign - test
* T - test pairs * Mcnemar - test
)(paired * Wilcoxon - test
Sample Independen * Mamn - Whitney
t
* T- test groups * 2 - test
s test
Multi samples * Kruskal - Wallis
* F-test * 2 - test
problem test

:
.1 :

- ) ( .

- .

.2
.

.3
.

44 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
. % 5 25 = X

Cases X
1 26.00
2 29.12
3 22.88
4 24.63 Statistics
5 33.11
X
6 28.21
Mean Statistic 28.2675
7 29.20
Std.
8 23.12 .8378
Error
9 27.15 Std. Deviation Statistic 3.3513
10 28.90 Variance Statistic 11.2314
11 27.40 Skewness Statistic .531
12 29.16 Std.
13 28.41 .564
Error
14 30.20 Kurtosis Statistic 1.199
15 36.17 Std.
1.091
16 28.62 Error

-
1- H0 : = 25
2- H1 : # 25

28.27 25
3- Calculated Statistic T= = = 3.9
s 3.35
n 16

4- Tabulated Statistic T15 = 2.131 at = 5%

5- Compare Tabulated Statistic < Calculated Statistic
We accept H1
P - Value -
1- H0 : = 25
2- H1 : # 25
3- Calculated Statistic = 3.9
4- Calculate P- Value P ( T < 3.9 )
= 1 - P ( - < T < 3.9 ) = 0.0007 (< 0.005) Note T15,.005 =2.947
5- Compare P Value < (0.05)
We accept H1

45 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi

46 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
Correlation


.
- -
.
Correlation
. Regression

Scatter Diagram
:
Ratio or Interval :
. Simple Linear Correlation Coefficient .1
. Eta Coefficient .2

: Ordinal
. Goodman & Kurskall Gama .3
. Kendell's Taw - B B .4
. Kendell's Taw - C C .5
. Somer's D .6
. Spearmans rho .7

: Nominal
. The Phi Coefficient .8
.The Coefficient of Contingency .9
. Cramers Coefficient .10
. Lambda Coefficient .11
. Uncertainty Coefficient .12
.

47 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:
Simple Linear Correlation Coefficient -1
:
.1
.
.2 1- 1 1
1-
.
.3
.
.4 R 2
.
:
xy
= r
x y

:
x Standard deviation for variable X
y ,, ,, ,, ,, Y

Covariance between X, Y . xy

-2
:
Explaind Variance
Total Variance
.
.

48 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:
-3
:

Q-P
= Gama
Q+P

P : Q .
B -4
TX TY :
PQ
= b
) ( P + Q + TX ) ( P + Q + TY

.
C -5
:
) 2 m( P Q
= c
)N 2 ( m 1

m : .
D -6

.
-7

:

6 d 2
1 =
)n ( n 2 1

d2

. n

49 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:
-8

2 N :

2
=
N
-9

2 X 2 2 N :

2
= CC
2 + N

-10

2 N ) (K
:

2
=V
)N (K 1

-11

.
Misclassified in situation 1 - Misclassified in situation 2
=
Misclassified in situation 1
-12
.
.
:
Odds Ratio, Relative Risk, Kappa

50 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
Regression
:
X , Y :
Y = A + BX
Dependent variable . Y :
Independent variable . X
). (OLS

R, R 2 , adj.R 2 , S .E Model Summary , SPSS

R R 2 :
2
adj.R S.E .
Anova -2
) ( .
F . %5
Coefficients -3
Value in Equation and Testing
:
B . -
Beta . -
( Slope) B (Constant) A
) SE(B B
T test )B / SE (B
Sig. T test . % 5

51 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:
:

Y = b0 + b1 X1 + b2 X2 + b3 X3 + ... + bn Xn
. Dependent variable Y :
. Independent variables X1 to Xn
:
-1 Standard Regression
.
-2 Hierarchical Regression
.
-3 Stepwise Regression
Criteria
Forward .Backward

.
.

:
( - )
- ( r ) -1 .
) - ( -2 .
( ) - -3 .
) - ( -4 .
( -5 ) . -
) - ( -6 .

52 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
:


.
) ( Y
) ( } X = { X1 , X2, ... , Xp
P ) ( :

= + x + x
k 0 1 1k 2 2k
+ ... +
p x pk

) ( 0 k 1 .
:
)exp( \
= ) r ( k = 1/X )= (
1 + exp( \ ) r

53 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi

54 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
Rough guide to multivariable methods
Classification of Variables

Method Dependent Independent

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Multiple Continuous Classically all continuous, but in practice any type(s) can be used.
regression
analysis (To describe the extent, direction, and strength of the
relationship between several independent variables and a
continuous dependent variable.)

Analysis of Continuous All nominal.

variance
(To describe the relationship between a continuous
dependent variable and one or more nominal independent
variables.)

Analysis of Continuous Mixture of nominal variables and continuous variables.

covariance (the latter used as control variables)*
(To describe the relationship between a continuous
dependent variable and one or more nominal independent
variables, controlling for the effect of one or more continuous
independent variables.)
Discriminant Nominal Classically all continuous, but in practice a mixture
of various types analysis can be used as long as some are
continuous.
(Logistic) (To determine how one or more independent. variables can
be used to discriminate among different categories of a
nominal dependent variable.) logistic if dependent variable
two category only.

Factor (The variables used in a factor analysis are classically continuous, but in practice
analysis may be of any type. These variables are not clearly identifiable as either
dependent or independent, although the resulting factors may be used as
dependent or independent variables in a later analysis.)
(To define one or more new composite variables called factors from other, specially
constructed or reduced variables.)

Categorical Nominal Mostly nominal, but sometimes ordinal using linear models.
data analysis (To describe the relationship between a nominal dependent
variable and several nominal or ordinal independent
variables, although applications to situations involving only
dependent variables are possible.)
____________________________
* Generally speaking, a control variable is a variable that has to be considered before any
relationships of interest can be quantified; this is because a control variable may be related to the
variables of primary interest and must be taken into account in studying the relationships among
the 'primary variables. For example, in describing the relationship between blood pressure and
physical activity, we would probably consider "age" and "sex" as control variables because they
are-related to blood pressure and physical activity and so, unless taken into account, could
confound any conclusions regarding the primary relationship of interest.

55 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi



...
.

Principle Components and Factor Analysis

)(

.

Multiple Regression Analysis

.
.

Multiple logistic Regression Analysis

) (
.
.

Multivariate Analysis of Variance & Covariance

) (
) (
) ( .

.

56 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
Multiple Discriminant Analysis

.
.

Conjoint Analysis

) (

.

) ( Canonical Correlation

.


.

)( Cluster Analysis

) (

.

Multidimensional Scaling

Correspondence Analysis

.
.

57 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi
Log Linear Analysis

.

)
(.

) ( )Path Analysis (Structural Equ. Model

) ( Survival Analysis

.
Censored .

) ( Time Series Analysis

.
.

58 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

.

) (

) (

) (

:


:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .

59 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi

) (

: - -1 :
.
- - - - - - - - 1
: )( T-test)( Z

) ( .
:
: 2 - 2 - - - - - - 2 1 -
)( . .
)( T-test )( Z
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60 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi

ANOVA 2- Way Or more - - - 1 2 2 -
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61 Dr El-Abassi
Dr El-Abassi

n
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62 Dr El-Abassi
 Dr El-Abassi

. " " :(1965)
. " :(1993)
: " :(1985)
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" SPSS " :(2002)
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" SPSS " :(1999)
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.

Aitkin, M., Anderson, D. A., Francis, B. and Hinde, J. P. (1989). Statistical

Modeling in GLIM, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Anderson, T.W, (1984), An Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis (2nd)
New York John Wiley.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1989). On the use of structural equation models in
experimental design. Journal of Marketing Research , 26 , 271-284.
Cronbach, L. J. (2004). My current thoughts on Coefficient Alpha and successor
procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 391-418.
Dobson, A. J. (1990). An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models, Chapman
and Hall, London.
Draper, N.R. and H. Smith (1981). Applied Regression Analysis, Second Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Johnson, Richard A. and W. Wichern, (1996). Applied Multivariate Statistical
Analysis (4th), New York Partice-Hel international.
Ostle, B., & Malone, L. C. (1988). Statistics in research: Basic concepts and
techniques for research workers (4th ed.). Ames, IA: Iowa State Press.
Stevens, J. (1986). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences.
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

63 Dr El-Abassi
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