Sensory Evaluation by DR Phirot PDT CMU

(Sensory Evaluation)
ISBN: 974-657-617-8
1
2545

2545

50100

(Sensory evaluation)

(Highly trained experts) (Laboratory panels)
(Large consumer panels)

Subjective test
Objective test
Subjective test Objective test

Instron
Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry

Tristrimulus colorimeter Chroma meter

(1)
(2) (3)
(4)
(5) (6)
(7) (8)
.

2545

1 : 1
1.1 1
1.1.1 2
1.1.2 3
1.2 5
1.2.1 7
1.2.1.1 (Product Improvement I ) 8
1.2.1.2 (Product Development II) 9
1.2.1.3 ( Product Evaluation III ) 10
1.2.1.4 ( Basic Studies IV ) 11
1.2.2 13
2 16
2.1 17
2.1.1 17
2.1.1.1 ? 18
2.1.1.2 18
2.1.1.3 19
2.1.1.4 20
2.1.1.5 21
2.1.2 24
2.1.2.1 24
2.1.2.2 25
2.1.3 26
2.1.3.1 27
2.1.3.2 28
2.1.3.3 / 29
2.2 (Kinesthetics) 30
2.2.1 30
2.2.1.1 31
2.2.1.2 31

2.2.2 35
2.2.2.1 36
2.3 37
3 38
3.1 38
3.1.1 (Odor) 38
3.1.2 (Taste; Chemical sense) 40
3.1.2.1 41
3.1.2.2 (Thresholds) 42
3.2 (Vision) 43
3.2.1 (The Eye) 43
3.2.1.1 (Eye movements) 44
3.2.1.2 44
3.2.1.3 44
3.2.1.4 45
3.2.1.5 45
3.2.1.6 45
3.2.1.7 45
3.2.1.8 45
3.2.1.9 45
3.2.1.10 45
3.2.2 Retina 45
3.2.2.1 46
3.2.2.2 46
3.2.2.3 47
3.2.2.4 47
3.2.2.5 47
3.2.2.6 47
3.3 (Hearing) 47
3.3.1 48
3.3.2 49
3.3.2.1 Amplitude 49
3.3.2.2 Frequency 50
3.3.3 51
3.3.4 (Masking) 51
3.3.5 51

3.4 52
3.4.1 (Chemical senses) 52
3.4.1.1 53
3.4.1.2 55
3.4.1.3 56
3.4.1.4 57
3.4.1.5 57
3.4.1.6 58
3.4.1.7 58
3.4.2 58
3.4.2.1 58
3.4.2.2 60
3.4.2.3 60
3.4.3 60
3.4.4 61
4 62
4.1 63
4.1.1 63
4.1.2 65
4.1.2.1 67
4.1.2.2 68
4.1.2.3 68
4.1.2.4 72
4.1.2.5 73
4.2 73
4.2.1 (Consumer panel) 74
4.2.2 (Consumer-type panel) 74
4.2.3 (Laboratory panel) 75
4.2.4 (Expert tester) 75
4.3 76
4.3.1 76
4.3.1.1 76
4.3.1.2 76
4.3.1.3 77
4.3.1.4 77
4.3.2 77
4.3.2.1 77
4.3.2.2 78

4.3.2.3 78
4.3.2.4 78
4.3.2.5 79
4.3.2.6 79
4.3.3 80
4.3.3.1 80
4.3.3.2 80
4.3.3.3 81
4.4 82
4.4.1 (Expectation error) 82
4.4.2 (Bias) 83
4.4.3 ( Error of habituation) 83
4.4.4 (Error of 84
presentation order )
4.5 86
4.5.1 86
4.5.2 87
4.6 89
4.6.1 89
4.6.2 89
4.7 92
4.7.1 92
4.7.2 92
4.7.2.1 93
4.7.2.2 94
4.7.2.3 94
4.7.2.4 95
4.7.2.5 96
4.7.2.6 96
4.7.2.7 96
4.7.2.8 97
4.7.3 97
4.7.4 99
4.7.5 99
5 101
5.1 (Single sample test) 104
5.1.1 105
5.1.2 106

5.2 (Two sample test) 106
5.2.1 107
5.2.2 114
5.3 Triangle test 114
5.3.1 114
5.3.2 117
5.4 Duo-trio test 120
5.4.1 120
5.4.2 123
5.5 Multi-sample test 124
5.5.1 124
5.5.2 134
5.6 139
6 140
6.1 (Scoring and Scaling) 141
6.1.1 141
6.1.1.1 142
6.1.1.2 143
6.1.1.3 149
6.1.1.4 150
6.1.2 150
6.2 (Flavor profile) 151
6.2.1 152
6.2.1.1 152
6.2.1.2 153
6.2.1.3 155
6.3 (Texture profile) 157
6.3.1 158
6.3.1.1 158
6.3.1.2 158
6.3.1.3 159
6.3.1.4 161
6.3.1.5 161
6.3.1.6 161
6.3.1.7 164
6.3.2 164

6.4 (Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ;QDA) 164
6.4.1 165
6.4.1.1 165
6.4.1.2 167
6.4.1.3 167
6.4.1.4 170
6.4.2 171
6.4.2.1 171
6.4.2.2 171
6.4.2.3 171
6.5 (Threshold tests) 172
6.5.1 173
6.5.2 (Dilution test) 174
6.5.2.1 175
6.5.2.2 (Just Noticeable 178
Difference ; JND test)
6.5.2.3 (Dilution Index; DI) 179
6.6 Ideal Ratio Profile 179
6.6.1 (Ratio Profile Technique) 180
6.6.1.1 180
6.6.1.2 180
6.6.1.3 191
6.6.1.4 184
7 208
7.1 208
7.1.1 208
7.1.2 209
7.1.2.1 Field tests 210
7.1.2.2 Home use test 212
7.1.3 214
7.2 Affective sensory tests 215
7.2.1 (Preference test) 215
7.2.1.1 (Paired comparison) 215
7.2.1.2 (Ranking for preference) 216
7.2.2 (Acceptance test) 217
7.2.2.1 (Hedonic scaling) 218
7.2.2.2 Food Action Scale test 223

7.3 225
7.3.1 225
7.3.1.1 225
7.3.1.2 226
7.3.1.3 228
7.3.2 235
7.3.2.1 (Purposive or 235
convenience sampling)
7.3.2.2 (Simple random sampling) 235
7.3.2.3 (Systematic random 236
sampling)
7.3.2.4 (Stratified random sampling) 237
7.3.2.5 (Cluster sampling) 239
7.3.2.6 (Multi-stage sampling) 240
7.3.3 242
8 251
8.1 / 251
8.1.1 251
8.1.2 253
8.2 254
8.2.1 254
8.2.1.1 255
8.2.1.2 256
8.2.2 (Median) 259
8.2.3 (Mode) 263
8.3 263
8.3.1 (Range) 264
8.3.2 Semi-interquartiles range 264
8.3.3 (Mean deviation) 265
8.3.4 (Standard deviation 265
8.4 269
9 273
9.1 274
9.1.1 274
9.1.2 274
9.2! 2 3 274

9.2.1 (Difference tests) 275
9.2.1.1 2 276

9.2.1.1.1 (Simple difference) 276
9.2.1.1.2 Simple paired comparisons test 277
9.2.1.1.3 278
9.2.1.2 279
3
9.2.2 (Preference / acceptance 287
Tests)
9.2.2.1 Paired comparisons test 287
9.3 288
9.3.1 t-test 288
9.3.2 t-test 291
9.3.3 Z-test 294
9.3.4 Z-test 296
9.3.5 Kramers Rank Sum Tests 298
10 301
10.1 (Analysis of variance; ANOVA) 302
10.1.1 (Randomized 303
Complete Block Design; RCBD)
10.1.2 308
Randomized Complete Block Design
10.1.2.1 308
.! Multiple paired comparisons test 308
()
. Multiple comparisons test () 309
. Scheffe paired comparisons test 319
()
. Ranking test () 323
. Scoring Test () 326
. Ratio-scaling () 331
10.1.2.2 332
. Hedonic scale scoring test () 332
. Ranking Test () 337
10.1.2.3 (Descriptive Sensory 341
Analysis)
10.1.3 Incomplete Block Design 344

10.2 (Relationship measurement) 347
10.2.1 Chi-square (2) 347
10.2.2 (Linear correlation) 350
10.2.3 (Simple linear regression) 354
10.3 (Frequency and percentage distribution) 357
10.3.1 FACT sheet 357
10.3.2 357
378
398

2.1 22
2.2 / 25
2.3 32
2.4 37
3.1 Threshold ISO R 389-1964. 49
3.2 53
5.1 139
6.1 143
6.2 160
6.3 Dessert 160
gels
6.4 163
6.5 175
6.6 176

6.7 181
6.8 (Mean scores) (Ideal) 187
(Sample) (Mean ratio profile)

6.9 188

6.10 189

6.11 2X2 Factorial Design Centerpoints 189

6.12 mean ideal ratio score 191

6.13 196
1-30 /
2

6.14 197
1-30
/ 2
6.15 198
1-30
/ 2
6.16 199
1-30
/ 2
6.17 200
1-30
/ 2
6.18 201
1-30
/ 2
6.19 202
1-30
/ 2
6.20 204

6.21 204

6.22 205

6.23 205

6.24 206

8.1 252
8.2 253

8.3 254
8.4 (pH) 50 256
8.5 (pH) 257

8.6 pH 258
8.7 pH 258

8.8 (pH) 261

8.9 Fruit cocktail 5 = 267
1=
8.10 Hedonic rating 268

9.1 2 3 275

9.2 276

9.3 278

9.4 280
3
9.5 (1) (0) 282
3 2 Triangle test
9.6 (1) (0) 285
3 Duo-trio test
9.7 7 Duo-trio test Methional 286
Cheddar cheese
9.8 289

9.9 ( 5 = 1 = ) 290
9.10 t-test 292
(X) (Y)
9.11
2 293
9.12 A 295
B
9.13 3 hamburger 298
patties
(Fo) TSP
9.14 (3 ) Hamburger patties 300
3
10.1 302

10.2 303
10.3 304
55 1
( 7= 1=

10.4 310
Multiple comparison test
10.5 Multiple comparisons test 313
Fish-potato flasks
10.6 Multiple 317
comparisons test
10.7 Scheffe paired comparisons test 321

10.8 Ranking test 324

10.9 Ranking test Fisher 325
and Yates (1942)
10.10 Scoring test 327
10.11 3 Scoring 328
test
10.12 333

10.13 4 Ranking preference test 337
10.14 4 Ranking preference test 339
Fisher Yates (1942)
10.15 QDA 342
Firmness
10.16 QDA 343
Chewiness
10.17 ( 5 345
1 )
10.18 ANOVA 346
Incomplete Block Design
10.19 349
()
10.20 Chi-square 349

10.21 Trimethylamine (TMA; %mg) 353
*
10.22 4 358
3
10.23 359

10.24 360
A B
10.25 360
A B
10.26 361
(N=10)
(N=20)
10.27 362

10.28 364

10.29 366

10.30 (Overall acceptability) 367




10.34 371
10.35 372
10.36 373
10.37 375
10.38 376

1.1 7

1.2 11

1.3 14

2.1 Kramer 17
2.2(a) Hue Value Chroma Munsell color disc 22
2.2(b) D 45 citrus colorimeter 23
2.2 (c) On-line refractometer spectrophotometer 23

2.3 26
2.4(a) 33
2.4(b) 34-35
3.1 Olfactory membrane Odor-sensitive structures 39
3.2 Taste buds 41
3.3 44
3.4 46
3.5 48
3.6 Auditory threshold Young adults. MAP = minimum audible pressure, 49
earphones. MA = minimum audible field.
3.7 Difference threshold 50
3.8 Equal loudness contours 50
3.8 Difference threshold 10 dB 51

4.1(a) 65
4.1(b) ( 66
)
4.2(a) 69
4.2(b) a = b = 69
c=
4.3(a) 70
4.3(b) 71

4.3 (c) 71
4.4 (a) (a) (b) (c) 72
(d) (e)
4.4 (b) (a) (b) Intercom 73

4.5 98

5.1 105
5.2 (a) 2 107-108

5.2 (b) 108
5.2 (c) Simple paired comparisons test 110
5.2 (d ) 110
5.2 (e ) 111

5.2 (f ) 112
R
5.2 (g ) 113
5.3 (a) 3 116

5.3 (b) 3 117

5.3 (c ) Triangle test 118

5.3 (d ) Triangle test 119
5.4 (a ) Duo-trio test 121
5.4 (b ) Duo-trio test R 122
Unknown

5.4 (c) Duo-trio test 123
5.5 (a) Multi-sample test 125
5.5 (b ) 127

5.5 (c ) 128

5.5 (d) Ranking test 129
5.5 (e ) 130

5.5 (f) Multiple comparison test 131
R
R
5.5 (g) Multiple comparison R 132

5.5 (h) Multiple comparisons test 133
5.5 (I) Scheffe paired comparisons test 135
5.5 (j) Scoring 1 136
5.5 (k) Scoring 2 137
5.5 (l) Scoring 3 138
6.1(a) 144

6.1(b) 145

6.1 (c) 146

6.1 (d) 147

6.1 (e) 148

6.1 (f) QDA 149
6.2(a) 156
6.2(b) 157
6.2(c)
6.3 161
6.4 163
6.5 The Jos Schlitz 166
Beer Brewing Co.,Ltd. Quaker Oats Co.,Ltd.

6.6 Quaker Oats Co., Ltd. 168

6.7 169
6.8 170

6.9 173
6.10 178
6.11 QDA 182
6.12 183
2
6.13 (1.00) 188
--------
6.14 190
6.15(a) Ideal ratio 191
()
6.15(b) Ideal ratio 192
()
7.1 210
7.2 Home use test 212
7.3 Paired comparisons test 216
7.4 Ranking test 217
7.5 9-point hedonic scaling 219
7.6 Hedonic scale scoring test 220
7.7 (a) Facial hedonic scaling 222
7.7 (b) Facial hedonic scaling 222
7.8 (a) FACT ( 1) 223
7.8 (b) FACT ( 2) 224
7.8 (c) FACT ( 3) 224
7.9 228

7.10 (a) Home use test 230
7.10 (b) Sauces Pastes 231
7.10 (c ) 232
7.10 (d) 233
7.10 (e) 234
7.11 236

7.12 () 237

7.13 (a) 238
7.13 (b) 238
7.14 N=20, M=10 ,n=5 239
7.15 (a) N=10, M=10, n=5, m=6 240
7.15 (b) 241

7.16 () 244
7.17 247
7.18 249
8.1 270
8.2 271
8.3 271
8.4 272
(QDA) ()
10.1 (a) 351
10.1 (b) 351
10.1 (c) 351
10.1 (d) 351
10.2 X Y(*) Y = 4.58 + (-0.178)X 356
TMA (X) (Y)
1

:
1.1
(The Institute of Food Technologists ; IFT)

(Sensory Evaluation)

/ ( Stone, 1995 )

(Gorman,1975)
: . 2

(Wurhman, 1977)

(Texture)
(Color) (Appearance)
(Flavor)
(Taste) (Odor)

(Human organ)
Organoleptic tests Pangborn (1967)
Organoleptic
IFT
Sensory evaluation
Organoleptic
tests

Subjective tests (Klemmer, 1968)

(Burgard and Kuznicki, 1990)
Daget (1977) Measurement Evaluation
Sensory evaluation IFT
1.1.1

: . 3
(Goldblith , 1977)

( Daget, 1977)

13 (Jennings, 1977)
1937 American Chemical Society
(Pangborn and Russell, 1972)

Gas Chromatography, Mass spectrometry
Infrared spectrophotometer

(Pangborn and Russell, 1972 ; Meilgard et al., 1987)

2

1945-1962 The Quartermaster Food and Container

Institute for the Armed Forces in Chicago

(Jellinck, 1975)
1.1.2

: . 4

Hedonic scaling
Rating scales

( Amerine, et al.,
1965; Cross, 1977; Girardot, 1952; Klemmer,1968; Pfaffman, et al.,1954; Schultz and Bradley,
: . 5
1954)

1.2

(Daget, 1977)

(Goldblith, 1977)

?

?

: . 6
1.1

Kramer and Twigg (1973) Gatchalian and de
Leon (1975) Gatchalian (1981)
4

(I)

( () 1.1)
(
()

()
()
()

() () ( )
()
() ()

1.1
(I) (II) (III)
(IV)
( () () )
( Elrod, 1978; Kramer and Twigg, 1973)

(I)
: . 7
() - ()
(II) (III) (IV)
(I) - (IV) 1.1

*

() ()

IV II

()
()

()

III
1.1

1.2.1

?

1.1 (II)

(I) (III) (IV)

: . 8
1.2.1.1 (Product Improvement I )

McPherson, et al. (1978) Orange sherbet
(Aspartame) 160-200

Xantham gum
( Low-
calorie orange sherbet)

( , 2544)

( , 2543)
: . 9

Chan, et al. (1975) Papaya puree
Dougherty, et al. (1974)
Pangborn, et al., (1958)

Baker and Darflor (1975)
Frankfurters
( ,2540) (
,2543) ( , 2542;
2543; 2544) (, 2543)

Pulping
(Capistrano, 1978)

( , 2540)
1.2.1.2 ( Product Development II )

( Kramer and Twigg, 1973)

(2539)

( , 2540)
(
, 2542; 2543) (, 2540)
: . 10
( , 2543)

( , 2542; 2543)
( , 2540) ( ,
2541) ( , 2541)

1.2.1.3 ( Product Evaluation III )

1.2

(Klemmer,1968 )

( Elliot, 1969; Kramer, 1976; Powers, 1976; Quinlan, et al., 1974; Stone and Sidel, 1978;
Szczesniak, 1972; Tilgner, 1962 )

: . 11

( , 2539)

( Product Improvement)
(I)

(Product Development)
(II)

(Product Evaluation)
(III)

( Basic Studies)
(IV)
1.2

1.2.1.4 ( Basic Studies IV )

1.2

: . 12

(Barlow and Mullon, 1982; Engen; 1982)

OMahony and Godman ( 1974) OMahony and Wingate (1974) OMahony et. al.
(1976) OMahony and Mucheideen (1977) OMahony and Thompson (1977)

Klemmer (1968), Foster and Danker (1968), McNamara
and Danker (1968), McNamara (1968), Pfaffman, et al. (1954)

Stone and Pangborn (1968) Hutchings (1968)

Pfaffman, et al.
(1971)

(Jennings, 1977; Sjostrom, 1968;
Wiriyacharee, 1990; , 2539 )
( Brandt, et al., 1963; Bourne, 1968; Civille and Szczesniak, 1973; Little, 1972; , 2535 )
(Coursey, et al., 1974 )

: . 13
1.2.2
1.3
(I)
(II) (III)
(IV)

(Gatchalian,
1976; Gatchalian and de Leon, 1975)

(1.3)

? ?

: . 14

(I) () () ()

(II) () () ()

(III) ()
()
()

(IV)
() () ()
1.3

(II)

: . 15
(III)
() () ()

1.3
(IV)
1.1

()

()
()

2

(Appearance) (Odor)
(Texture and consistency) (Taste) (Flavor) (Wurhmann, 1977)

2.1

2.1 ( )

. 17
2.1 Kramer

()
2.1

2.1.1

(Faber, 1963)
(Amerine and Roessler, 1976)

(Amerine and
Roessler, 1976)

. 18

(Czerkaskyj, 1971)
2.1.1.1 ?

Judd (1961)
Radient energy
() Amerine, et al. (1965) Kramer and Twigg
(1973) Hue, Value (Lightness)
Chroma (Saturation) Radient energy
Hue (Kramer and Twiggm, 1973)
400 () 700 () (mu) 400-500

500-600
600-700
Hue
Value (Lightness) Hue
(Lightness) (Darkness)
Chroma (Saturation)

() Value (Lightness)
Hue, Value Chroma
2.1.1.2
Faber (1963)

Amerine, et al. (1965)

. 19

(Francis, 1963)
2.1.1.3

(Human objective evaluation)
(Objective measurement)
Foster and Danker (1968)

. 20
2.1.1.4

(
)

(Amerine et al. 1965)

. 21

(Amerine and Roessler,1976)
Maga (1974)

(Baker,
et al., 1977) ( , 2539) (Amerine and Roessler, 1976)
(Birth, et al., 1957;Friedman, et al.,1952) (Hunter, 1967) Lima beans
(Kramer and Hart, 1954) (Czerkaskyj, 1971) ( ,
2543) ( , 2540) (Francis, 1969; , 2544)
( , 2540; 2543; 2544)
2.1.1.5

(Clydesdale, 1969; Davis and Gould, 1955; Esau,1958; Mackinney and
Little, 1962; Mackinney and Chichester, 1954)

Food Engineering, Food Technology, Food Science,
Food Processors, Food Manufacture
2.1 2.2 (a), (b) (c)
. 22
2.1

Livibond Universal Tintometer
Backman photoelectric non-
spectrophotometer fluorescent spectral transmittance
Transistorized compact selector

Shelled nut
On-line spectrophotometer

Hunterlab Model-D25; Colour Munsell
and Colour Difference Meter CIE
Macbeth-Munsell Disc

Colourimeter Agron Hunter a/b
Color Scanner

Sphere Photometer
2.2 (a) Hue Value Chroma Munsell color disc

. 23
2.2 (b) D 45 citrus colorimeter
2.2 (c ) On-line refractometer spectrophotometer

. 24
2.1.2

2.1.2.1

()

( )

(Peachy papaya)

. 25
2.1.2.2

(Volume)

2.2 2.3

2.2 /

PEP Weight
sorter
Size sorter

Sizing equipment

Pea size-grader

Size distribution
of tomato Puree, Catsup, Paste
products
Tyler standard
screen (Sieve series)

Machinery for
vegetable Beets, Onions,
preparation Carrots Potatoes
Dial caliper 0 6 0 150
Digital
micrometer
. 26
Dial caliper Pea size grader
Digital micrometer Digi-check II
2.3
2.1.3

. 27
2.1.3.1

()

3/4 3/4
1/4

Critical, Major, Minor
(Grant, 1964; Hansen, 1963; Juran, 1974 ) Critical defect

Major defect

Minor defect
. 28
2.1.3.2

(Kramer and Twigg, 1973)

(Mechanical defects)

Foreign matter

. 29
2.1.3.3 /

Critical, Major, Minor defects

()

Pneumatic
separator

Wildmans flask
apparatus
Flask Oleophilic-hydrophobic

Birth et al. (1957)
. 30
Kramer (1976) Multiplier

Photo Tubes

Foam scrubber

2.2 (Kinesthetics)
Amerine, et al. (1965) Kinesthetics

Kinesthetics

(Texture) (Viscosity) (Consistency) Kramer
2.1
Kinesthetics

2.2.1

Newtonian type (Kramer and

Twigg, 1973)
Non-
newtonian fluids Deformation
Rheology

Rheology
. 31
2.2.1.1
Candies,
Paste, Purees, Sauces, Mayonnaise, Salad dressing,
Kinesthetics

Puree
Concentrate Condensed

Puree Condensed

Jelly

(Kramer and Twigg, 1973)

(Saravacos, 1968)

2.2.1.2

Kramer and Twigg (1962)
( Correlation coefficient; r)
0.90
. 32
0.80 0.89

2.3 2.4 (a) 2.4 (b)
2.3
/

Brookfield
Tube or Capillary Puree, Sauces,
Pectin solutions

Bostwick Gravity Flow Tube or Capillary
Paste, Puree, Juices, Potato granules
Adams consistometer Catsup
Plumit Plumit

Plumit
Bloom consistometer

(Densometer) 0.0005

Alcohol Insoluble Green peas Sweet corn
Solids (AIS)
Moisture content AIS
. 33
The succulometer
ASTM grease penetrometer
2.4 (a)
. 34
Fruit pressure tester
2.4 (a) ()
Bostwick consistometer
2.4 (b)
. 35
Adams consistometer
2.4 (b) ()
2.2.2

(Texture)

(Compression)
( Cut and Shear) (Graininess)
(Coarseness)

(Szczesniak, 1963)
(Bourne, 1968) Rheologists

Szczesniak, et al. (1963)

( Standard rating scale)
(Hardness) (Brittleness) (Chewiness)
. 36
(Gumminess) (Viscosity) (Adhesiveness)

Szczesniak (1963)

3 () (Mechanical characteristics) ()
(Geometrical characteristics) () (Other characteristics)
() 2.4

(Texturometer)

2.2.2.1

(Ripening) (Processing) (Storage) (Transport)
(Distribution)

Thumb test

. 37
2.4
Mechanical characteristics
Primary parameters Secondary parameters Popular terms
Hardness Soft Firm Hard
Cohesiveness Brittleness Crumbly Crunchy Brittle
Chewiness Tender Chewy Tough
Gumminess Short Mealy Pasty Gummy
Viscosity Thin Viscous
Elasticity Plastic Elastic
Adhesiveness Sticky Tacky Gooey
Geometrical characteristics
Class Examples
Particle size and shape Gritty, Grainy, Coarse, etc.
Particle shape and orientation Fibrous, Cellular, Crystalline, etc.
Other characteristics
Primary parameters Secondary parameters Popular terms
Moisture content Dry Moist Wet Watery
Fat content Oiliness Oily
Greasiness Greasy
2.3
Flavor (Odor) (Taste)

3

3.1
3.1.1 (Odor)

Olfactory
nerves (Moulton, 1962) Cilia-
like hairs Olfactory (Mucous
layer) Olfactory nerves
Olfactory bulb
( 3.1)
. 39
3.1 Olfactory membrane Odor-sensitive structures

Olfactory

()

2-3
70 (Gatchalian,
1981)
. 40

(ppm)
(Gatchalian, 1981)
(Amerine, et al., 1965)
Olfactory hairs

3.1.2 (Taste; Chemical sense)

(Taste buds)

Tonsils Epiglottis Mucosa

Taste buds ( 3.2) 2-20
Supporting cells
Cilia Protuberances Papilla
Taste buds Papilla 4 Fungiform, Foliate,
Circumvalate, Filiform Taste buds Filiform Papilla
Taste buds 9,000 Taste buds ((Gatchalian, 1981)
Circumvalate papilla
Half life 8 Taste buds (Gatchalian,
1981)
Taste buds ( 3.2)
Taste buds
Taste buds
( Cranial nerves VII, IX, X ; Facial; Glossopharyngeal;
Vagus ) Thalamic
Cerebral cortex
. 41
3.2 Taste buds
4
1. (Sourness)

2. (Sweetness)
Lead salt,
Saccharine, Cyclamates D-asparagine
3. (Saltiness)

NH4 , K , Ca, Na, Li, Mg
SO4 , Cl , Br , I , HCO3 , NO3 Mg NO3
4. (Bitterness)
Alkaloids Caffeine, Nicotine, Quinine Brucine
3.1.2.1

24
. 42

Saccharine

Taste buds
(Gatchalian, 1981) 1
3.1.2.2 (Thresholds)

1/50
(Gatchalian, 1981)

(Gatchalian, 1981)
17 42
(Dulcin) 17 34
42 Quinine
17 37 42
17 42

Epsom salt
Sodium bicarbonate
Phenylthiourea (Harris, 1955)
. 43

3-4

Chromatographic techniques
3.2 (Vision)

Retina
Optic nerves Optic tract

3.2.1 (The Eye)

3 ( 3.3) Outer Protective layer
Sclera (Cornea) Vascular choriod
Ciliary body Iris 2/3 Retina

Ciliary body Ciliary epithelium
Retina Fovea centralis
Vitreous humor
Ciliary muscles Retina
(Iris)
(Pupil)
Vitreous fluids
Semipermeable
membrane
(Vitreous fluids) Ciliary muscle

(Cornea) Aqueous humor
Limbus
Aerobic glycolysis
. 44
3.3
3.2.1.1 (Eye movements)

Fovea

Cranial nerves Cerebral cortex
3.2.1.2

Retina
Ciliary muscles Ciliary muscles
Ciliary muscles
Parasympathetic nerve fibers Cranial nerve
3.2.1.3

Circular muscles
(Sympathetic
nervous systems) Circular fibers
Radial muscles
(Sympathetic nervous systems)

. 45
3.2.1.4
Fovea
3.2.1.5
Fovea Retina
Retina
3.2.1.6
(
)
3.2.1.7

Nystagmus () ()
()
Semicircular canals ()
Cathode ()
3.2.1.8

3.2.1.9

Corneal reflex

3.2.1.10

3.2.2 Retina
Retina

. 46
Retina
Lateral geniculate bodies
Opti radiation Occipital cortex
Photochemical
reactions Purple or rhodopsin
Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin

3.4
3.2.2.1
Retina
Flicker
Critical
fusion frequency (CFF)
3.2.2.2

Retina

Visual Purple
Light
Lumi-rhodopsin
Cis-retinene Heat or light Meta-rhodopsin

+ Opsin
Trans-retinene
+ Opsin
DPNH2 DPN Trans vitamin A
Dishosphopyridine DPNH2
Cis vitamin A Into blood stream
Supplied by epithelial pigment
3.4
. 47
3.2.2.3

Retina
3.2.2.4

Retina
3.2.2.5

Photophobia
3.2.2.6
(Hue)
(Brightness) Saturation
Young-von Helmholtz Theory

3.3 (Hearing)

3.5
(Pinna or auricle)
Auditory meatus Eardrum Tympanic membrane
(Tensor tympani) Tympanic membrane
Tympanic membrane Middle ear
Tympanic membrane (Ossicles) 3
(Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
Stapes Oval window
(Inner ear) Cochlea
Temporal bone Basilar membrane
Vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Hair cells
Cochlea Tympanic membrane , Ossicles Oval window
Hydraulic motion Cochlea Basilar membrane
Hair cells
. 48
Auditory(III) 2
(Amplitude) (Frequency)
3

3.5
(Sound Pressure
Level; SPL) (Decibels)
0.00002 ( 0.0002
2 ) dBs
Hertz ( Cycles/second, cps,c/s)
Hz
3.3.1

Eardrum Auditory threshold
Threshold ( 3.6)
30-15,000 Hz
500-4,000 Hz 3.1
Threshold International Standard Organization
(ISO) 3.1 Threshold

Threshold ISO Threshold SPL
(Hearing level; HL) Decibels (dB re ISO 1964)
Medico-legel
+ 25 dB
Audiogram Threshold ?
Threshold 3,000 Hz
Psesbyacusis
. 49

Threshold Deafness
Sensation level (SL)
Threshold SPL
3.6 Auditory threshold Young adults. MAP = minimum audible pressure, earphones.
MA = minimum audible field.
3.1 Threshold ISO R 389-1964.

( Hz ) (dB)
125 45.5
250 24.5
500 11.0
1,000 6.5
2,000 8.5
3,000 7.5
4,000 9.0
6,000 8.0
8,000 9.5
3.3.2

(Difference
threshold) Difference limen (DL) Amplitude Frequency
3.3.2.1 Amplitude

(Difference threshold) Intensity Difference Limen (IDL)
IDL SL ( 3.7)
. 50
3.7 Difference threshold
SPL

1,000 Hz SPL Contour 3.8
Contour line Auditory threshold
Contour line Pure tones SPL

Noise United States
of America Standard USASI S3.4
3.8 Equal loudness contours
3.3.2.2 Frequency
40-1,500 Hz

2,000 Hz
. 51
2,000 Hz
Pure tones (Sinusoids)
( 3.9) DL
3.9 Difference threshold 10 dB
3.3.3
( 5 dB SL)

CDEFGAB

3.3.4 (Masking)
SPL
Masking
2
3.3.5
85 dBt
Temporary threshold shift (TTS)

TTS
Logarithmic TTS 2 (TTS2)
. 52
40dB

30Hz 15,000 Hz 0 dBt 120 dBt
3.4

(Gatchalian, 1981)
3.4.1 (Chemical senses)

Olfactory organ Vomernasal
organ ( Common chemical receptors)
Chemical receptors Chemo-receptors
Chemo-receptors
Chemo-receptors Mechnico-receptors

2 ( 3 )

(Common chemical
sense)
. 53
(Taste buds)
(Free nerve endings)

Receptors (Free nerve endings)

(1) :
(Gatchalian, 1981) (2) :
Cocaine
( )
(Bekesy, 1964) (3) :

3.2

1 Olfactory Olfactory mucosa
5 Trigeminal Free nerve endings (common chemical sense)

7 Facial
9 Glossopharyngeal
12 Hypoglossal
Flavor
( Flavor)
Chlorine, Sulfuric acid Picric acid

3.4.1.1

() ()
() (Quinine)

Hedonic tone ()

. 54

Lemonade

Oropharyngeal area

Ethyl
alcohol 1/8000 M 1/400,000 M
3 M (Gatchalian, 1981) Strychnine
1 ppm Mercaptan 0.02
ppm

( ) (Bekesy, 1964)

Methyl, ethyl Propyl alcohol Threshold

(Mitchell, 1957) Hedonic aspects ()

Receptors

(Gatchalian, 1981)
Somato-
sensory system

Benjamin (1960)
. 55
Quinine hydrochloride
Threshold
Quinine
3.4.1.2

(Gatchalian, 1981)

Mackey and Valassi (1956) Threshold
Custard

Mackey (1958)

Methylcellulose

Stone and Oliver (1966) Threshold

Threshold
(Gatchalian, 1981)
Somato-sensory system

(1)!
()

(2) Receptor

2

(3)
Olfactory epithelium Olfactory bulb
Olfactory lobe Telencephalon
. 56
Motor nerves
Myelencephalon
(4)
Medulla oblongata pons
Thalamus
(5)

3.4.1.3

(Gatchalian, 1981)
(Gatchalian, 1981)

Hall (1958)
Sherbets 6 (1) ( Sherbets ) (2)
(3) Sherbets

Pangborn (1960)

()

Allen and Schwartz (1940) Quinine sulfate
Critical fusion frequency (CFF) Cycles per sound
Steady light
3

(Gatchalian, 1981)
Quinine

. 57

350 Luxes
Schutte and Zubek (1967)
1

(Gregson,
1964) 24 3 4
2 (1)
(2)
Threshold shift

(Gatchalian, 1981)

(Moulton, 1962)
3.4.1.4

( 80 dB )

(Pettit, 1958)
3.4.1.5

. 58
3.4.1.6

Naso-labial organ

Pyridine Toluol
Threshold
Critical flicker frequency (CFF) 12-18
Flashes
Geraniol Critical flicker frequency (CFF)
(570 ) (690
) (425 ) (Geranium)
(Vanillin)

45
CFF

Trigerminal receptors
(Beidler, 1964; Dawson, 1962; Moulton, 1962; (Gatchalian, 1981)
3.4.1.7

Threshold
Geraniol BenZol (Gatchalian, 1981)
3.4.2
3.4.2.1

(Cone)
. 59
Critical flicker frequency

(Central) (Cone) (Gatchalian, 1981)
780 Hz
75 dBt

Gatchalian (1981)
Threshold 1000 Cycle-tone Threshold

2 150 1200 Hz
(Allen and Schwartz, 1940)
3
Gatchalian (1981) Critical flicker frequency

CFF (Gatchalian, 1981)

CFF (Gatchalian, 1981)

800 Cycles 85 dBt CFF 520
630 CFF
CFF
CFF
Gatchalian (1981)

20

Ultrasonic ( 32,800 Hz)

(Gatchalian, 1981)
. 60
3.4.2.2

Rock and Victor (1964)

3.4.2.3

Drake (1963)

3.4.3

. 61
3.4.4

(Gatchalian, 1981)
1.!
Rule of inversion

2.!

3.!

4.!

5.!
?

6.!

7.!

8.!

4

(Objective tests) ( Subjective
test ) ( Laboratory
panels )

Klemmer (1968)
/
. 63

(Cross , 1977; Pangborn and Russell, 1972)
Klemmer, 1968; Schultz and Bradly, 1954

(Jennings, 1977; Stone and Pangborn, 1968)

(Bressan and
Behling, 1977) (Consumer panels)
(Cross, 1977; Pangborn, 1967) (Laboratory panels)
4.1

/
4.1.1

( Booths) Flavorium (Oregon State University) Sensorium (U.P.
Collage of Home Economic) Taste Panel Room (University of California, Davis; BFMIRA ;
. 64
Del Monte Research Center) (Gatchalian, 1981) (Sensory

evaluation room)

(Research and Development)
(Quality Control laboratory)

(Booths)

(Gatchalian, 1981)

(Gatchalian,
1981)

((Gatchalian, 1981)

Booth

(Panel booths)

. 65
4.1.2

4.1(a) 4.1 (b)

4.1(a)
. 66
4.1(b)
()
A
4.1(b)
()()

(Dawson et al., 1963)

. 67
(Pangborn, 1967; (Gatchalian, 1981)

Booths
(Gatchalian, 1981)

Booths

4.1.2.1

Booths
(Amerine et al., 1965; Larmond, 1977;Gatchalian, 1981)

Booth

(Pangborn,
1967)

3

(Gatchalian, 1981)

Fluorescent

. 68

Amerine, et al.(1965)

Fluorescent
Fluorescent

4.1.2.2

25 40
(Amerine et al., 1965)

4.1.2.3

(Profile test)

( 4.1 b)

Booth

Booth

Booth

. 69

(Eillis, 1961)

( 4.2a)

/ (
4.2 b)
4.2(a)
a b
c
4.2 (b)
a = b = c=
. 70
4.3 (a) 4.3 (b) 4.3 (c)

4.3 (a)

4.3(b)

4.3 (a)
. 71
4.3 (b)

4.3 (c)
4.3 (c)

4.1(b)
. 72
6
Booths

4.1.2.4

( 4.4 a)

( 4.4 b)
! (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
4.4 (a) (a)

(b) (c) (d) (e)
. 73
(a)
(b)
4.4 (b) (a)

(b) Intercom
4.1.2.5

10.00 15.00

1 2
11.00-12.00 13.00-15.00

4.2

. 74
2
(Laboratory panel) (Consumer panel)
3
(Consumer-type panel) (Girardot, 1952)

4.2.1 (Consumer panel)

100

(Caul and Raymond, 1965)
(Martin, 1973)

(Preference)

(Acceptability or preference) (Gatchalian, 1981)
4.2.2 (Consumer-type panel)

40-100 (Girardot et al., 1952;
Dryden and Hills, 1957)
(Caul and Raymond, 1965; Cochran and Cox,
1975;Gatchalian, 1981)

. 75

(Calvin and Sather, 1959; Sather and Calvin, 1960)
4.2.3 (Laboratory panel)

(Bressan and Behling, 1977)

(Girardot et al., 1952)

(Gatchalian, 1981)

Gas chromatograph

(Pangborn, 1967)

4.2.4 (Expert tester)

. 76
4.3


4.3.1



4.3.1.1

4.3.1.2

. 77
4.3.1.3

4.3.1.4

/

4.3.2

4.3.2.1

(Amerine et al., 1965; Dawson et al., 1963; Sjostrom ,
1968;Gatchalian, 1981)

. 78
4.3.2.2

4.3.2.3

4.3.2.4

. 79
4.3.2.5

4.3.2.6

. 80
4.3.3

4.3.3.1

4.3.3.2

. 81
4.3.3.3

(Amerine et al., 1965;Gatchalian, 1981)
20-50 (Krum, 1955;
Martin, 1973)

50

(Gatchalian, 1981)

20-30 (Kefford and Christie, 1960)

1-2 (Amerine, 1965; Bengtsson and Helm, 1953;
Larmond, 1977) ( 1 )

30 (Larmond, 1977)

72

1
2
09.00-10.00 15.00-16.00

. 82
4.4

4.4.1 (Expectation error)

Gregson (1963)

?

(Expectation error)
?

(Gregson,
1963)

. 83
3
( G 6 )

1 . A 1 . A

4.4.2 (Bias)

4.4.3 ( Error of habituation)

() ()

2
?
?
. 84
Stimulus error

Stimulus error
Logical error

Halo effect

Suggestion error
Booths

(Ellis, 1961)

4.4.4 (Error of presentation order )

(Error of contrast)

. 85
( Error of proximity)

/
1 5
2 4

Triangle
test

Positional bias

. 86
4.5

4.5.1

(Bennett et al., 1956)


(Girardot, 1952)

Triangle test
10 4

. 87
4.5.2

(Girardot, 1952)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(Amerine et al., 1965; Girardot,
1952)
1

(Gatchalian, 1981)
2

3

. 88

(1)
(2)
(3) (4)

( Amerine et al., 1965; Cross, 1977;
Girardot, 1952; Gregson, 1962;Gatchalian, 1981)
1
(1)!
(2)!
(3)!
2

(1)!
(2)!

3
(1)!
(2)!

(3)!

4
(1)!
(2)!
(3)!
(4)!
(5)!
(6)!

. 89
4.6

4.6.1

(Bennett et al., 1956)

Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA)
( Flavor and Texture Profile) (Cross , 1977)

(Gatchalian, 1981)

4.6.2
(Bennett et al.,
1956; Bressan and Behling, 1977;Gatchalian, 1981)
(1)
(1.1)!

(1.2)!

(1.3)!

. 90
(1.4)!

(2)!
(2.1)

(2.2)

(2.3)

(2.4)

()
(3 )!

(3.1)

(3.2)

(3.3)

(4)!

(1) (2)

(3)
(Cross, 1977)
. 91

4-7
2-3

3-6
1
(1)!
(2)!
(3)!
(4)!
2
(1)!
(2)!
(3)!

3
(1)!
(2)!

(3)! (
)

. 92
4.7

10 (Gatchalian, 1981)
20 ( 30 )

Larmond (1977) 10-20
3-4

( 4-5 ) (Dawson et al., 1963; Larmond,
1977;Gatchalian, 1981)) 4
8-10

4.7.1

4.7.2

(1)!

. 93
(2)!

(3)!

(4)! (Standards or reference samples)

( Ordinary graduated cylinder)

4.7.2.1

?

(Thawing)
(Cooking)

Kefford
. 94
and Christie (1960)

4.7.2.2

Hydrocolloid gels (Stone

and Oliver, 1966; Mackey and Valass, 1956; Marshall and Vaisey, 1972)
Kroll and Pilgrim (1961)
Catsup
Catsup

(Pie filling) (Pastry)
?
Icing
Icing
Icing
4.7.2.3

. 95
44
Caul (1957)
The Sensory Evaluation Committee of ASTM (1968)

60-66 1 2
4-10

Spaghetti
4.7.2.4

Styrofoam

Eills (1961)
96 ( 3 ) 192 ( 6 )
96 ( 3 ) 250-384 ( 8-12 )
125 250 ( 4 8 )

. 96
4.7.2.5

The Sensory Evaluation of ASTM (1968)
16
( 0.5 ) 28 (1 )

Quinine sulfate

192 ( 6 )
32 ( 1 ) (192 6
)
4.7.2.6

4.7.2.7

(1)!
6
(Larmond, 1977)
(2)!

(3)!

. 97
20

(Sather and Calvin, 1960)
(4)!

100
(5)!

4.7.2.8

Contrast effect (Klemmer, 1968)

2 2
Convergence effect Triangle test

( G 6 )

1 , 2, 3 . . . A B C
1 . A

( G 6 ) (Sather,
1958)

4.7.3

. 98

3
7 4.5

1

1
4.5
3 3 (313) (564) (421)
1.!
1 2 3
( ) ( 1) ( 2)
2.!
3.! 7
4.5

. 99

(1)!

(2)!

4.7.4

Cheddar cheese 5

4.7.5

( Pettit, 1958)
Expectation error

. 100

(1) (2)
(3) (4)

5

100

. 102

3 (1.) (Difference or discriminatory test )
(2.) ( Descriptive test ) (3.)
( Preference / acceptance tests)
( Difference or discriminatory tests)

2 2

Triangle test, Simple paired comparisons test,
Multiple paired comparisons test, Scheffe paired comparisons test, Duo-trio test, Ranking test,
Multiple comparisons test Scoring test
( Descriptive test )

. 103
(1.)
(Scoring and Scaling) (2.) (Flavor profile)
(3.) (Texture profile) (4.)
(Quantitative descriptive analysis; QDA) (5.)
(Ideal ratio profile)
( Preference / acceptance
tests)

(Untrained panels)

(Total scores)
(Trained panels)
100-160 (Sather et al., 1963)

(Paired
comparisons methods) (Scoring methods) (Ranking
methods)
3
(1) (Analytical) (2)
(Descriptive) (3)
(Acceptance or Preference)

/

. 104
-
(Difference-Preference)
(Stone and Sidel, 1978)
Pangborn(1967)

(Difference tests) (Amerine et al., 1965; Pangborn, 1967; Peryam and
Swartz, 1950; and Dawson et al., 1963)
(Discrimination tests) (Roessler et al.,1978 and Stone and Sidel, 1978)
Discriminative tests (Gatchalian, 1981)

(Single sample) (Two sample) Triangle
test Duo-trio test Multi-sample scoring and scaling

5.1 (Single sample test)

Pangborn (1967)

A-Not-A test ( Pfaffman et al., 1954; Gatchalian,

1981) A
. 105
A
Not A
5.1.1
5.1 2
(1)
(2)
5.1
5-10
A-Not-A A ( 3 A
Not A ) A,
Not A, Not A, A, A, A, Not A, A

1 :
439

2 :
!"
# 439
5.1

. 106


5.1.2

(Gatchalian, 1981) Hedonic
scale

5.2 (Two sample test)

2

. 107
5.2.1
2

5.2(a)
2 3
(1) A
( 414 A 326 B ) B
(Unknown) 2

2 A B AA,
AB, BA, BB
(AA, BB)
5.2(b)
(
) A-Not-A
.
1 :
414 326

. 108
2 :
!"
# 254 746
5.2 (a) 2

!
414
!
326
5.2 ( b)

. 109
5.2 ( c )
5.2 (d ) AA 256 852
BA 119 275
A B

5.2 (e) 4

5.2 (f)

2
5.2 (g) 2

(A) Unknown (B)
A B

(Gatchalian, 1981)
Threshold

(Amerine
et al., 1965)

Scoring and Scaling method
. 110

SIMPLE PAIRED COMPARISONS TEST
DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
........................... ..............................
................................................................... ...............................
............. 2
..........
581 716
........ ............
:................................................................
.........................................................................

5.2 (c) Simple paired comparisons test

(Paired-comparison test)
.
.
..

I
II
III
IV
5.2 (d )
. 111

(Paired-comparison for degree of difference)
.
.
..

5.2 (e )

. 112

(Directional paired comparison test)
.
.
..

:
R

*
(7) R
(6) R
(5) R
(4)
(3) R
(2) R
(1) R
*
5.2 (f )
R
. 113

(Dual standard paired comparison test)
.
.
..

: ( 2 ) A B

A
(
)
A ()
B ()
I .
II .
III .
5.2 (g )
. 114
5.2.2

(Pangborn, 1967)
Lockhart (1951)

( Pffaffman et al., 1954; Amerine et al., 1965; Pangborn, 1967)

5.3 Triangle test

Triangle test 3
2 3
Unknown
Triangle test
5.3.1
Triangle test
3 5.3 (a)
Triangle test
3

3

. 115
5.3 (b)
Triangle test 3

A
B Unknown
3 A B
6 A, B
A B I AAB, ABA, BAA,
A II ABB, BAB, BBA
B I
Triangle test 3

Stone and Sidel (1978)
3
: A B A C B C C
Triangle test A
B C
Triangle test 5.3 ( c )

2
Triangle test

Triangle test

Triangle test
. 116
Triangle
test ( Laue et al., 1965) Michell (1956)
Triangle test

Triangle test
(a)! 3 2 1

895
207
094

( 2 )
5.3 (a) 3

. 117
(b)!
1:
!!
245 087 679
( )
2 :
277 652 119 #

5.3 (b) 3

5.3.2
Triangle test
( Peryam and Swartz, 1950; Gatchalian, 1981)

! Triangle test 1/3
Triangle test
Gridgeman (1955)
Triangle test
. 118
Triangle test
.
.
..

: 3 2

. .
. .
. .
5.3 (c ) Triangle test

. 119

TRIANGLE TEST
DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
.............................. ................................
................................
: 3 2 3

(1) (2)

314
628
542
(3) 2
(Slight)
(Moderate)
(Much)
(Extreme)
(4) (Acceptability)
.

(5)
....................................................................................................................................................

5.3 (d ) Triangle test
2 Triangle test
2

Triangle test
Triangle test

3 Unknown
. 120

Triangle test
2

Triangle test

5.4 Duo-trio test

Triangle test
5.4.1
Duo-trio test 3
Triangle test

3 R
2 Unknowns
R Unknowns 2 Duo
R Trio
Duo-trio test
Duo-trio test
R

( 2 )
R
R 30
(Peryam and Swartz, 1950) 10

(Mitchell, 1957)
5.4 (a) Duo-trio test

3 R 2
R
. 121
5

R
R Unknown 2
5.4 (b) Unknown
3
Duo-trio test
.
.
..

: R 2
R
R

. .
. .
. .
:
.
.
.
.
.
5.4 (a ) Duo-trio test

. 122
Duo-trio test
.
.
..

: R
R
2
R

. .
. .
. .
:

5.4 (b ) Duo-trio test

R
Unknown
. 123

DUO-TRIO TEST
DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
.............................................................
.................................................................
(R) 2
.............

? (R)
432 ..
701 ..
:................................................................................................................................

5.4 (c) Duo-trio test
Duo-trio test
( Mitchell, 1956;Gatchalian, 1981)
Duo-trio test (1)
(2)
(3)
Duo-trio test

5.4.2
Duo-trio test

2 2
Quadro-trio test ( 2 ; 2X2 = 4 ) Sextuple-trio
test ( 3 : 3X2 = 6 ) 1 2
. 124
2
I II Unknown

Duo-trio test

Unknown

R

Triangle test
Duo-trio test

5.5 Multi-sample test

3 3
Multi-sample test
(Ranking) (Comparison) 1

3
3 ( 5.5 a)
5.5.1
Multi-sample test (Ranking)

5.5 (b)

2
1
. 125
Multi-sample test

1:
!!
128 485 372 024 908
5.5 (a) Multi-sample test
2 :
$ $ !
284
$
598
"
$
264
$
061
%
5.5 (a) Multi-sample test
. 126

5.5 (c) 5.5 (d)

5.5 ( e )

Duo-trio test 2
3 3
R

5.5 (f) 5.5 (g)

Multi-sample test
R
1 (Multi-standard comparison
test ) Multiple comparison 1
3 3 R1, R2
R3 3
3 (Duo-
standard test ) 3 3

Unknowns
. 127
(Ranking)
.
.
..

: 5

1 ..
2 ..
3 ..
4 ..
5 ..
:

5.5 (b )

. 128
(Ranking)
.
.
..

: 3

. ..
. ..
. ..
. ..
. ..
. ...
: : :
.. .
.. .
1

. ..
. ..
. ..
:

5.5 (c )

. 129

RANKING TEST
DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
............................ ...............................
..................................
TENDERNESS
TENDERNESS
(1); First
(2); Second
(toughest)
(3); Third
(1) (2) (3)
5.5 (d) Ranking test

. 130
.
.
..

:
.
.
.
.
.
() .
: .
:
.
.
.
.
() .
: .
:
.
.
.
.
() .
: .
( 1 )
: .
:

5.5 (e )

. 131
Multiple Comparison
.
.
..

:
R

( R )

*

(7) R
(6) R
(5) R
(4)
(3) R
(2) R
(1) R
:

5.5 (f ) Multiple comparison test

R
R
. 132
Multiple Comparisons
.
.
..

: R

R
1

. . .. . .
. . .. . .
. . .. . .
. . .. . .
()
. . .. . .
. . .. . .
. . .. . .
. . .. . .
. . .. . .
1 . . .. . .
2 . . .. . .
3 . . .. . .
4 . . .. . .
5 . . .. . .
6 . . .. . .
5.5 (g ) Multiple comparison R

. 133

MULTIPLE COMPARISONS TEST
DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS
.............................. .................................
..

" R "
.
" R "
" R "
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
?
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................

5.5 (h ) Multiple comparisons test

. 134
5.5.2
Multi-sample test

Unknown 4
" 5 1/5


. 135

SCHEFFE PAIRED COMPARISONS TEST
DIFFERENCE TEST
................................ ..............................
..............................
(1) 2 ?
..
(2) 2
1
846 165
846 165
846 165

165 846
165 846
165 846
(3)
165 846
(Good) .. (Good)
(Fair) .... (Fair)
(Poor) (Poor)
..................................................................................................................................

5.5 ( i ) Scheffe paired comparisons test

. 136

SCORING TEST
DIFFERENCE TEST
.......................... ..................................
................................

815 558 394
------------ (Excellent)
------------ (Very good)
------------ (Good)
------------ (Fair)
------------ (Poor)
------------ (Very poor)

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.5 ( j ) Scoring 1
. 137

SCORING TEST
DIFFERENCE TEST
.......................... ..................................
................................
(Bitterness)

419 172 386
..
(Not bitter)
.
(Trace of bitterness)
. .. .
(Slightly bitter)
. ..
(Bitter)
..
(Very bitter)
.. ..
(Extremely bitter)

.. .
.. .
.. .
.. .
.. .
.. .
5.5 (k) Scoring 2

. 138

SCORING TEST
DIFFERENCE TEST
......................... ..................................
............................. .
(Tenderness)

664 758 708
(Extremely tender) ...... ....... ......
(Very tender) ...... ....... ......
(Moderately tender) ...... ....... ......
(Slightly tender) ...... ....... ......
(Slightly tough) ...... ...... ......
(Moderately tough) ...... ....... ......
(Very tough) ...... ....... ......
(Extremely tough) ...... ....... ......

664........................................................................
758........................................................................
708........................................................................
5.5 ( l ) Scoring 3
. 139
5.6
5.1

5.1

*
2
2
6 1 Analysis of A, C, E
variance
6 2 Binomial A, B, C
distribution
Duo-trio test 6 3 Binomial A, C, D
distribution
Triangle test 4 3 Binomial B, E, F, G,
distribution H, I
Multi-sample test 5 3-18 Binomial A, B, E, F
distribution
*
A) B) C)
D) E) F)
G) H)
I)
6

(Dynamic)
. 141

(1) ( Scoring
and Scaling) (2) (Flavor profile) (3)
(Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) (4)
(Texture profile) (5) (Ideal ratio profile)

(Pangborn, 1967)

6.1 (Scoring and Scaling)

Pangborn (1967)

(Kramer, 1976; Gatchalian, 1981)

6.1.1

(Scoring system)

. 142
(Scaling system)

(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)
6.1.1.1

Mecredy et al. (1974)
6.1

(Gatchalian, 1981)

. 143
6.1

/ (Fruity/Floral)
(Oxidized)
(Yeasty)
(Hoppy)
(Bitter) Quinine sulfate
(Grainy)/ Worty
(Tart)
(Musty)
(Sulfur dioxide)
(Malty) Malting

(Diacetyl)
(Skunky)
(Phenolic)
(Onion)
(Aftertaste) Hang
6.1.1.2
2 (Numerical model)
(Graphic scale model)

(Daget,
1977)
6.1 (a) 6.1 (b)

6.1 ( c )

(Structured line
graph) (Unstructured line graph)
Facial hedonic scale

6.1 (d)

. 144
6.1 (e)

.
.
..

:

:

(7)
(6)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1) ()
:

(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(0) ()
(Aftertaste) :

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
6.1 (a )

. 145

.
.
..

:

:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
:

(1) /
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
:

(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
6.1 (b )

. 146

.
. ..

:

:

(7)
(6)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
:

(8)
(7)
(6)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
:

(7)
(6)
(5)
(4) ( )
(3)
(2)
(1)
6.1 (c )

. 147

.
. ..

:

1.

2.

3.

4.
6.1 (d )

. 148

.
.
..

:

1 5 10 15 20
20 5
1 20 2.5
7.5
6.1 (e )

. 149

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS WITH QDA
.
..
Firmness Chewiness

572 681 437 249
1. Firmness

(Very soft) (Very firm)
2. Chewiness

(Very mushy) (Very rubbery)
6.1 (f ) QDA
6.1.1.3

Gregson (1962) Taste threshold
Gatchalian (1981) Coursey et al. (1974)
. 150
Gatchalian (1981)
Gatchalian (1981) Mecredy et al.(1974)
6.1.1.4

Pangborn (1967)
Dawson et al., (1963)

Hedonic scaling

6.1.2

. 151

(1)
(2)
(3) (4)

(Gatchalian, 1981)
(Description) (Score)

(Pangborn, 1967) 1 2
2 3 1

(Amerine, et al.,1965)

(Tarver
and Schenck, 1958)
6.2 (Flavor profile)

(Gatchalian, 1981)
Sjostrom et al. (1957)
(Aroma)
. 152
(Flavor by mouth)

Arthur D. Little Flavor Laboratory (ADL
Laboratory) 1948 UpJohn Company Ac cent Division of International Minerals
and Chemicals Corporation
UpJohn Company
ADL
Gatchalian (1981)

1950 Flavor profile a New Approach to Flavor Problems
(Gatchalian, 1981)

6.2.1

Single composite flavor profile
(Gatchalian, 1981)
2
(Aroma) (Flavor)

(Caul, 1957)
3 (1)
(2) (3)
6.2.1.1

( Sjostrom et al., 1957;Gatchalian, 1981)

. 153
6-10
6
4

Sjostrom et al. (1957)
(Taste and odor thresholds)
Aroma Flavor

6.2.1.2

Aroma Flavor ADL
Aroma
(Gatchalian, 1981)
Flavor (Caul,
1957)
Odor and flavor
()

Gatchalian (1981) Aroma

A 1

. 154
(Threshold)
(Caul, 1957)
0 =
)( = Threshold
1 + =
2 ++ =
3 +++ =
Gatchalian (1981)

)( = Threshold
! =
1! =
1! =
2! =
3! =
Coursey et al (1974)
0! =
1! =
2! =
3! =
4! =

(Aftertaste)
(Amplitude)
(Overall impression) Aroma Flavor
(Summation of all intensities)
(Total impression) Aroma Flavor (Amplitude)
4 (Caul, 1957)
)( =
1! =
2! =
3! =
. 155

6.2 (a)

6.2.1.3

3
3 ()

6.2 (b) 6.2 (c )
. 156
..
(Aroma): Intensity Amplitude

.
.
.
.
.
.
Hop resin .
Phenylacetic acid .
.
.
.
(Flavor by mouth):
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Phenylacetic acid .
.
() .
.
6.2 (a)
. 157
6.2 (b) 6.2 (c )

:

6.2 (b) 6.2 (c )

6.3 (Texture profile)

Aroma
Flavor (Appearance)
(Gatchalian, 1981)

Szczesniak (1963 )
(Szczesniak, 1972)

. 158
(Szczesniak et al.,1963)
ADL Laboratory
Brandt et al. (1963)

6.3.1

(Civille and Szczesniak, 1973)
(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5)
(6)
6.3.1.1

4

3

6
(Civille and Szczesnaik, 1973)
20-25

6.3.1.2
(1)
(2)
. 159
(3)

3 (1)
(2)

(3)

(1)
(2) (3)

(4) (1)-(3)

6.1 6.2

6.3.1.3

6.2

2

. 160
6.2

/
(Flaky)
(Powdery)

(Chalky) (Fibrous)

(Grainy) (Pulpy)
Sponge
Gritty) (Cellular)

(Coarse) (Aerated)
Custard
(Lumpy) (Puffy)

(Beady) (Crystalline)

6.3

6.3
6.3 Dessert gels

:
(Hardness)
(Cohesiveness) -
(Viscosity)
(Springiness)
(Adhesiveness)
(Fracturability) -

(Chewiness)
(Gumminess)
:
:
: /
. 161
6.3
. 162
6.3.1.4

3 (1)
(2) (3)

/

6.3.1.5

Civille and Szczesniak (1973) 0, 1, 2 3

6.4
2
1-2 (1) (2)
1-2
1-2
0-X ( X )
(0)
6.3.1.6

6.4
. 163
6.4

0
X
X 1
X-1
X-1
1
1-2
1-2
1-2
2
2-3
2-3
2-3
3

A B C
1 :
2 2-3 2
1-2 x-1 x
1-2 x-1 1-2
1-2 2-3 3
2-3 x-1 1
1-2 2-3 3
2 :
1-2 1-2 1-2
x-1 x 0
x-1 1-2 2-3
2-3 1-2 x-1
1 2 1-2
3 :
1 1-2 x-1
2-3 1-2 x
1-2 1 0

- -

6.4
. 164
6.3.1.7

(1)
(2)
(3)

(1)
(2)

(3)

6.3.2

6.4 (Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ;QDA)

2

(Single expert) (Group expert)
. 165

(Stone et al., 1974) 1949
1958
1974
(Quantitative Descriptive
Analysis; QDA)
6.4.1

(1)
(2) (3) (4)
6.4.1.1

(Taste threshold)
4

100

. 166

Triangle test

6

3

1 1

6.5 The Jos Schlitz
Beer Brewing Company (Mecredy et al., 1974) Quacker Oats Company (Zook and
Wessman, 1977)
200 279

Threshold tests
50 110
Triangle test
QDA 10-12
QDA
95

5 1 10

The Jos Schlitz Beer Brewing Co., Ltd. Quaker Oats Co.,Ltd.
6.5
The Jos Schlitz Beer Brewing Co.,Ltd. Quaker Oats Co.,Ltd.
. 167
6.4.1.2

6.4.1.3

6.6
Quaker Oats
6 0.5

0-60

. 168
. .

1.! (Aroma)

2.!
2.1!

2.2!

2.3!

3.! (Flavor)
3.1!

3.2!

3.3!

3.4!

3.5!

4.! (Aftertaste)

5.!

6.6 Quaker Oats Co., Ltd.

. 169
6.7
The Jos Schlitz Beer Brewing Co., Ltd.

(Analysis of Variance; ANOVA)
Diacetyl
Oxidized

Phenolic

6.7

10-12 6
4 8

. 170
6.4.1.4

Quaker Oats Co.,Ltd. ( 6.8)

() ()
2

/

6.8

. 171
6.4.2

1970

6.4.2.1

6.4.2.2
6.8
6.4.2.3

. 172
6.5 (Threshold tests)

(end-point)

(Gatchalian, 1981)

(Difference or Detection Threshold;
DT) 50
(Pangborn and Russell, 1972;Gatchalian, 1981)
(Just Noticeable Difference ;JND)

50
(Recognition Threshold ; RT)
50
(Absolute Threshold; AT)
(Gregson,
1962)
4
Gorman (1975)
(Tetrahedron) 6.9

Quinine

Neurons
. 173

Neurons
6.9

Gatchalian (1981)
2

( A 1)
6.5.1

(Dawson et al., 1963; Girardot et al., 1952; Mackey and Jones, 1954 Pangborn,
1967)

. 174
(
)

(Gatchalian, 1981)

Gatchalian (1981)
Gatchalian (1981)

Mackey and Jones (1954) Amerine et al.( 1965)

6.5.2 (Dilution test)

(Serial dilution) (JND)
(Dilution index)
. 175
6.5.2.1

(Molar)
6.5 Stock solution 6.6

(Dawson et al., 1963; Gatchalian, 1981)
6.5

Sodium chloride Lactic acid Caffeine Sucrose
58.45 90.08 194.19 342.30
Stock solution A Stock solution B Stock solution Stock solution
5.845 g/ l* 9.008 g/ l* C D
(8.48 ml of 19.419 g/ l* 34.230 g/ l*
35%)
1. 0.00005 0.5 ml A./ l 0.5 ml B./ l 0.5 ml C./ l 0.5 ml D./ l
2. 0.0001 1 ml A./ l 1 ml B./ l 1 ml C./ l 1 ml D./ l
6. 0.0016 16 ml A./ l 16 ml B./ l** 16 ml C./ l** 16 ml D./ l
9. 0.0128 128 ml A./ l** 128 ml B./ l 128 ml C./ l 128 ml D./ l
11. 0.0512 2.994 g/ l 4.612 g/ l 9.943 g/ l 17.526 g/ l
12. 0.1024 5.988 g/ l 9.224 g/ l 19.885 g/ l 35.052 g/ l
13. 0.2048 11.976 g/ l 18.448 g/ l 39.770 g/ l 70.103 g/ l
14. 0.4096 23.953 g/ l 36.897 g/ l 79.540 g/ l 140.206 g/ l
* 1
**
. 176
6.6
(B) (SR) (S) (SW)

Caffeine Tartaric Sodium Sucrose
acid chloride
Stock 0.30 0.50 3 32
solution
g/l

Stock
7 500 500 0.150 0.250 1.500 16.0
6 250 750 0.075 0.125 0.750 8.0
5 125 875 0.0375 0.062 0.370 4.0
4 62 938 0.0187 0.030 0.180 2.0
3 31 969 0.0093 0.015 0.090 1.0
2 16 984 0.0046 0.007 0.045 0.50
1 8 992 0.0023 0.003 0.023 0.26
0 - 1000 - - - -
: Stock solution
Caffeine 7: (0.30)(0.500) = 0.150
Tartaric acid 6: (0.50)(0.250) = 0.125
Sodium chloride 5: (3)(0.125) = 0.370
Sucrose 4: (32)(0.062) = 2.0

(1) (2) (3)
3-4
( Swartz and Furia, 1977; Gatchalian,
1981)
1.! (Preliminary tests)

. 177

2.! (Actual serial tests)
2.1 1, 2, 3,
A, B, C, 6.10

2.2 6.10

2.3!
50
(Difference or Detection Threshold)
50 (Recognition
threshold) 50
(Absolute threshold)
3.! (Second serial tests)

(2.1-2.3)
4.! (Results analyzed and interpreted)

(Gatchalian, 1981)

Cut-off Threshold
. 178
.. .. ..
: 1 5

2
2
0 -
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
.
..
? .
.
6.10
6.5.2.2 ( Just Noticeable Difference ; JND test )

(Difference threshold; DT)
ASTM (1968)
50

Duo-trio test , Paired comparison test
Triangle test (Dawson et al., 1963; Gatchalian, 1981)

(Gatchalian, 1981)
. 179
6.5.2.3 ( Dilution Index; DI )

(1)
(2)
(3)
(Tilgner, 1962)

(Recognition threshold)

DI 1
1 100
DI
DI
DI
(Tilgner, 1962)
.!

(Recognition Threshold)
.!

1:4 30

Moisture-free
.! (Odor)
18 75

(Flavor) 6 2-3

.! DI
6.6 Ideal Ratio Profile

Arthur D. Little Laboratory (Amerine et al., 1965)
Linear scaling method

(Cooper et al., 1988) 1986 Beausire and
Earle Optimum
Location Profile 1986 Sinthavalai

(Ratio Profile Technique)
. 180
Objective test

Chinpahast (1988)
Wiriyacharee (1990) (2539)
(2540)

(2541) (2541)
(2542)
(2542, 2543)
(2542, 2543, 2544) (2543)
(2543)
(2543)
: (2544)
(2545) (2545)
(Profile test) (Scaling
technique)
6.6.1 (Ratio Profile Technique)

6.6.1.1

(Appearance)
(Aftertaste)

Horizontal line scale

(Ideal)

(Mean ratio score)
(
1.00) Numerical product profile
Graphical product profile (
6.15 a ) Plain product profile ( 6.15b)
6.6.1.2
(1)
(Laboratory panel)
. 181

(2) (Special panel)

(3)
(Consumer panel)
1
(4) (consumer survey)
1

6.6.1.3
(Linear scaling)
10

6.7
6.7

(Appearance) (Color)
(Cloudiness)
(Texture) (Mouthfeel)
(Flavor and taste) (Sweetness)
(Sourness)
(Trueness of flavor)
(Off-flavor)
(Aftertaste)
. 182

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS WITH QDA
.................................... .......................
.................................
3
413 714 239

6.11 QDA
6.11
413 714 239
(Appearance) (Flavor and taste)

(Profile)
6.12
6.12
(Sourness)

( )
. 183
Cloudiness
Color Sweetness
Mouthfeel Sourness
Aftertaste Trueness of flavor
Off-flavor
6.12
2

1.
2. (Bench scale)
(Production scale)
3.
4. (Quality Assurance)
5.

(New
product) 2
1.

(Ideal)
. 184

?

2. (Highly trained panel)

1986 Beausire
Earle Optimum Location Profile Ideal Ratio Profile Ideal
Ratio Score
Scaling technique
Ideal

Ideal 2
1. Floating ideals
Ideal
Ideal Floating ideals
Fixed ideals
2. Fixed ideals
ideal
ideal Floating ideals
Fixed ideals Fixed ideals
ideal Floating
ideals Fixed ideals Floating ideals Fixed
ideals
6.6.1.4

(Sample; S)
(Ideal; I)
Ideal ratio score
(Sample score; S) Ideal score (I)
Ideal ratio score = S/I
S/I = 1 Ideal
S/I < 1 Ideal

S/I > 1
Ideal

. 185

746 Ideal 831
X I X
1 mm 100 mm
| 25mm |
| 55mm |
| 65mm |
746 ideal Ratio Score = 25/55 = 0.46

831 Ideal Ratio Score = 65/55 = 1.18
746 Ideal 831
Ideal
Ideal ratio profile
(0)
Ideal
Ideal
score Ideal ratio score (Infinity)

Ideal 0.1 0

(S/I) (Mean ratio score)
(Standard deviation; SD)

S/I
S/I = 1
Ideal
S/I < 1 Ideal

S/I > 1
Ideal

SD = 0
SD 0.5
SD> 0.5

. 186
(Ideal product profile)

(Ideal product profile)

Ideal product profile
Fixed ideal
6.13

3-8

(Consumer panel)

(Mean) (Standard deviation)

t-test

Ideal ratio profile technique

6.8 (Ideal score) (Sample
score) (Ratio profile)
. 187
(Ideal score means)

6.13 (Graphical ratio profile)
Numerical profile Graphical profile

( 6.9)
( 6.10; 10)

Crumbly cohesive (0.627)
Fruit flavor(0.698)

-

6.8 (Mean scores) (Ideal) (Sample)

(Mean ratio profile)

X SD X SD X SD
:
5.2 1.2 4.5 1.5 0.9 0.3
5.1 1.4 5.1 1.8 1.0 0.4
:
- 4.9 1.5 4.5 2.2 1.1 0.7
6.1 1.4 3.5 1.2 0.6 0.2
4.1 1.2 5.8 1.9 1.4 0.4
- 5.8 1.9 6.1 1.3 1.1 0.3
:
6.3 2.0 5.8 2.9 1.0 0.4
5.6 0.9 5.0 2.5 0.9 0.4
- 4.4 1.4 4.1 1.5 0.9 0.1
3.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.0 1.5
5.2 1.7 6.6 2.8 1.3 0.7
7.0 0.0 5.2 0.8 0.7 0.1
. 188

6.13
(1.00)
6.9

6.13 3.47 99
4.13 5.80 Ns
3.62 3.63 Ns
5.22 6.58 Ns
7.00 5.17 99
Ns =
. 189
6.10
-

0.655
-0.180 -0.276
- 0.714 0.827* -0.576
-0.974** -0.625 0.301 -0.671
0.223 0.121 0.223 0.275 -0.038
0.627 0.381 -0.500 -0.576 -0.698 -0.433
* 0.05 (r0.7545; df = 4)
** 0.01 (r0.8745; df = 4)

2X2 Factorial Design
4 2 centerpoints
A = (Temperature)
a1 = 20 ()
a2 = 30 ()
B = (Relative humidity)
b1 = 43 ()
b2 = 97 ()
6.11
6.11 2X2 Factorial Design Centerpoints

() ()
+ 30 97
0 25 70
- 20 43
(1) - -
A + -
B - +
Ab + +
Cp1 0 0
Cp2 0 0
(1) = (Control) + =
a = - =
b = 0 =
cp = centerpoint ()
. 190
Ideal ratio profile Fixed ideals Ideal ratio profile (1.)

Ideal
? (2.)
(3.)

.................................. ..........................
.!
1. | I |
2. | I |
3. | I |
.
4. | I |
5. | I |
! 6.
| I |
.
7. | I |
8. | I |
9. | I |
10. | I |
.
11.
| I
6.14
. 191
6.12 mean ideal ratio score
(1) 0.85 0.82 1.08 0.77 0.69

a 1.04 1.02 0.99 0.95 0.69
b 0.88 0.87 1.04 0.82 0.73
ab 1.01 1.05 0.96 0.96 0.96
Cp1 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.91 0.85
Cp2 0.96 0.97 1.00 0.92 0.86
0.95 0.95 1.01 0.89 0.80
(1) = (Control) a= b= cp= centerpoint
mean ideal ratio score

6.15
6.15 (a) Ideal ratio

()
. 192
| I |
| I |

| I |

| I |
| I
6.15(b) Ideal ratio

()
( 6.12) 4
Ideal product

2 4 Ideal product
1 3 Ideal product

2 4

1 3


Regression analysis (
. ; 2544)
Regression analysis

Regression analysis
= -2.208 + 0.365 () + 1.558 () + 1.210 ()

. 193
99.96 (R2= 99.96%)

Regression analysis Coded level

Regression analysis
= 0.955 + 0.078 () R2 = 94.03%
= 0.952 + 0.095 () R2= 91.43%
= 1.007 + 0.043 () R2= 69.92%
Regression analysis
R2
R2 = 69.92%
Decode (
. ,2544)
Ideal ratio profile

:
/
12
1-30 2
2 /

( 6.13)

P0.05 3
30 Mean ideal
. 194
ratio score 0.89+0.06, 0.73+0.04 0.59+0.01 1, 2 3

Mean ideal ratio score 3
20 Mean ideal ratio score 8 (0.55+0.03)
15 Mean ideal ratio score 10
(0.56+0.05) (1-10 )
12 Mean ideal ratio score 0.82-0.93 ( 6.13)

30 Mean ideal
ratio score (0.71+1.03 3)
1-20 Mean ideal ratio score
0.98+1.03 ( 6.13)
12

( 6.14)
P0.05 ( 6.14)
30 Mean ideal ratio score
0.88+0.89 3
2 20 15 Mean ideal ratio score
8 10 0.77-0.80 0.82-0.86
(1-10 )
( 6.14)

1-30 12

P0.05 ( 6.15) 30 3 Mean
ideal ratio score 0.52-0.54 20
8 Mean ideal ratio score 0.53-0.58

15 mean ideal ratio score 0.58-0.62 10
(1-10 )
12 P0.05 ( 6.15)
1-30

12
P0.05 ( 6.16)
15, 20 30 Mean ideal ratio score
1.42-1.51 10, 8 3 (1-10 )
Mean ideal ratio score 1.22-1.39 12 ( 6.16)
. 195
12
2 1-30
P0.05 ( 6.17)
30
Mean ideal ratio score 1.16+0.08 1.11+0.09 3
(1-10 )
12 1-5 Mean ideal ratio score
Ideal product ( 6.17)
12

P0.05 3-6 ( 6.18) 30
3 Mean ideal ratio score
0.82-0.84 20 8
Mean ideal ratio score 0.75-0.80 1-15
10 12

( 6.18)

1-30 12

P0.05 30 3
Mean ideal ratio score 0.50-0.58 (
6.19) 10, 15 20 Mean ideal ratio score 0.50
12, 10 8
10, 15 20 Mean ideal
ratio score 0.71+0.02, 0.62+0.01 0.60+0.01
(1-5 ) 12
( 6.19)

= - 0.2225 + 0.5879 ( )
+ 0.3620 ( ) + 0.2137( )
R2 = 90.57%
. 196
2
/

= 0.7235 + 0.4453 ( )
- 0.2159 ( )
R2 = 87.55%
6.13
1-30 /
2
()
() 1 5 10 15 20 30

0 1.02+0.01 1.02+0.01 1.02+0.01 1.02+0.01 1.02+0.01 1.02+0.01
1 1.03+0.01*a 1.02+0.02a 1.02+0.01a 1.00+0.02a 0.98+0.02a 0.89+0.06b
2 1.02+0.01a 1.02+0.01a 1.01+0.01a 1.02+0.01a 0.95+0.03b 0.73+0.04c
3 1.01+0.01a 0.99+0.02a 0.99+0.03ac 0.94+0.01bc 0.89+0.05b 0.59+0.01d
4 1.00+0.01a 0.96+0.02b 0.93+0.02b 0.93+0.02b 0.87+0.01c -
6 0.99+0.03a 0.92+0.01b 0.90+0.04b 0.88+0.01b 0.76+0.02c -
8 0.98+1.02a 0.92+0.02ac 0.88+0.02bc 0.72+0.06d 0.55+0.03e -
10 0.93+0.01a 0.91+0.01a 0.88+0.02a 0.56+0.05b - -
12 0.93+0.01 0.87+0.04 0.82+0.05 - - -
2 /
0 1.02+0.01 1.02+0.01 1.02+0.01 1.02+0.01 1.02+0.01 1.02+0.01
1 1.02+0.01 1.03+0.01 1.02+0.02 1.04+0.01 1.05+0.01 0.98+0.04
2 1.03+0.01*a 1.03+0.01b 1.03+0.01b 1.05+0.01ac 1.10+0.01d 0.79+0.02e
3 1.03+0.01a 1.07+0.01a 1.04+0.01a 1.08+0.01b 1.09+0.01b 0.71+0.03c
4 1.03+0.01a 1.07+0.01b 1.08+0.01b 1.08+0.01b 1.02+0.01a -
6 1.01+0.01a 1.07+0.01b 1.08+0.01b 1.08+0.01b 0.99+0.01a -
8 1.02+0.01 1.03+0.01 0.99+0.02 0.89+0.19 0.99+0.01 -
10 1.02+0.01 1.00+0.01 1.00+0.01 0.99+0.01 - -
12 1.03+0.01 1.00+0.04 0.98+0.03 - - -
*
P<0.05
1. 2 10 2. 1.00 Ideal product
. 197
6.14
1-30 /
2
()
() 1 5 10 15 20 30

0 0.98+0.01 0.98+0.01 0.98+0.01 0.98+0.01 0.98+0.01 0.98+0.01
1 0.97+0.01*ab 0.98+0.01b 0.96+0.01ce 0.96+0.01ae 0.96+0.01ae 0.92+0.01d
2 0.95+0.01ab 0.97+0.01ce 0.94+0.01b 0.96+0.01be 0.91+0.01d 0.89+0.01d
3 0.92+0.01a 0.94+0.01b 0.95+0.01c 0.94+0.01b 0.89+0.01d 0.88+0.01d
4 0.91+0.01a 0.93+0.01b 0.94+0.01b 0.91+0.01a 0.81+0.01c -
6 0.90+0.01a 0.87+0.01b 0.88+0.02bd 0.90+0.01ad 0.78+0.01c -
8 0.87+1.02a 0.85+0.03ac 0.83+0.01bc 0.83+0.02ac 0.77+0.01d -
10 0.85+0.01a 0.74+0.01b 0.75+0.02b 0.82+0.01c - -
12 0.75+0.01a 0.72+0.01a 0.68+0.01b - - -
2 /
0 0.98+0.01 0.98+0.01 0.98+0.01 0.98+0.01 0.98+0.01 0.98+0.01
1 0.99+0.01*ac 0.98+0.01ac 0.98+0.01ac 0.96+0.01b 0.98+0.01c 0.93+0.01d
2 0.97+0.01a 0.98+0.01a 0.96+0.01ac 0.95+0.01bc 0.92+0.01d 0.91+0.01d
3 0.97+0.01a 0.96+0.01a 0.93+0.01b 0.95+0.01a 0.91+0.02b 0.89+0.02c
4 0.94+0.01a 0.94+0.01a 0.92+0.01a 0.93+0.01a 0.83+0.02b -
6 0.93+0.01a 0.92+0.01a 0.92+0.01a 0.91+0.01a 0.82+0.02b -
8 0.91+0.01a 0.91+0.02a 0.90+0.01a 0.88+0.01b 0.80+0.01c -
10 0.89+0.01a 0.89+0.01ab 0.87+0.01b 0.86+0.01c - -
12 0.88+0.01a 0.86+0.01b 0.79+0.01c - - -
*
P<0.05
. 198
6.15
1-30 /
2
()
() 1 5 10 15 20 30

0 0.98+0.02 0.98+0.02 0.98+0.02 0.98+0.02 0.98+0.02 0.98+0.02
1 0.90+0.01*a 0.90+0.01a 0.88+0.01b 0.90+0.02a 0.81+0.01c 0.72+0.01d
2 0.88+0.01a 0.87+0.02ad 0.80+0.01c 0.86+0.02bd 0.80+0.01c 0.58+0.01e
3 0.86+0.01a 0.85+0.01a 0.77+0.01b 0.81+0.01c 0.66+0.03d 0.54+0.01e
4 0.85+0.01a 0.84+0.01a 0.72+0.01b 0.77+0.01c 0.60+0.02d -
6 0.84+0.01a 0.81+0.02a 0.74+0.01b 0.70+0.02c 0.59+0.01d -
8 0.83+1.01a 0.81+0.01b 0.72+0.01c 0.67+0.01d 0.58+0.01e -
10 0.79+0.01a 0.79+0.01a 0.70+0.01b 0.62+0.01c - -
12 0.76+0.02a 0.74+0.01a 0.69+0.01b - - -
2 /
0 0.98+0.02 0.98+0.02 0.98+0.02 0.98+0.02 0.98+0.02 0.98+0.02
1 0.87+0.01*a 0.86+0.01a 0.86+0.01a 0.86+0.01a 0.81+0.01b 0.71+0.01c
2 0.87+0.01a 0.84+0.02ac 0.82+0.01bc 0.85+0.01a 0.80+0.02b 0.57+0.01d
3 0.86+0.01a 0.81+0.01b 0.80+0.01b 0.81+0.02b 0.68+0.02c 0.52+0.01d
4 0.81+0.01a 0.80+0.01ac 0.78+0.01bc 0.80+0.02ac 0.58+0.01d -
6 0.79+0.02a 0.77+0.02a 0.72+0.01b 0.69+0.01c 0.57+0.01d -
8 0.76+0.01a 0.73+0.01a 0.70+0.01b 0.64+0.01c 0.53+0.02d -
10 0.73+0.01a 0.70+0.01ac 0.68+0.02bc 0.58+0.02d - -
12 0.71+0.01a 0.67+0.01b 0.65+0.01b - - -
*
P<0.05
. 199
6.16
1-30 /
2
()
() 1 5 10 15 20 30

0 0.95+0.13 0.95+0.13 0.95+0.13 0.95+0.13 0.95+0.13 0.95+0.13
1 0.87+0.01*a 0.90+0.01a 0.97+0.07ac 0.97+0.06ac 1.07+0.13bc 1.30+0.08d
2 0.92+0.01a 0.98+0.08a 1.04+0.01ac 1.02+0.10ac 1.12+0.02bc 1.44+0.04d
3 0.94+0.01 1.05+0.02 1.13+0.04 1.05+0.20 1.24+0.09 1.51+0.25
4 1.01+0.04a 1.07+0.01ac 1.15+0.03bc 1.17+0.05b 1.28+0.01d -
6 1.05+0.01 1.10+0.01 1.18+0.04 1.11+0.10 1.38+0.15 -
8 1.11+0.03 1.13+0.02 1.22+0.03 1.27+0.12 1.42+0.23 -
10 1.20+0.05a 1.17+0.01a 1.27+0.07a 1.42+0.02b - -
12 1.22+0.02 1.23+0.02 1.38+0.14 - - -
2 /
0 0.95+0.13 0.95+0.13 0.95+0.13 0.95+0.13 0.95+0.13 0.95+0.13
1 0.94+0.10*a 0.86+0.03a 0.94+0.02a 0.94+0.01a 1.03+0.01a 1.22+0.14b
2 1.01+0.07a 0.96+0.02a 1.03+0.05a 0.99+0.04a 1.05+0.01a 1.39+0.12b
3 1.02+0.06a 1.01+0.05a 1.11+0.01ac 1.10+0.04ac 1.19+0.01bc 1.51+0.05d
4 1.07+0.02ab 1.06+0.05a 1.18+0.03bd 1.25+0.08cd 1.30+0.01cd -
6 1.09+0.03a 1.09+0.04a 1.21+0.01ac 1.27+0.10bc 1.37+0.02b -
8 1.12+0.02a 1.11+0.06a 1.29+0.05b 1.30+0.07b 1.46+0.02c -
10 1.22+0.05a 1.27+0.04a 1.38+0.02b 1.42+0.01b - -
12 1.26+0.03a 1.34+0.02b 1.39+0.03b - - -
*
P<0.05
. 200
6.17
1-30 /
2
()
() 1 5 10 15 20 30

0 0.91+0.01 0.91+0.01 0.91+0.01 0.91+0.01 0.91+0.01 0.91+0.01
1 0.77+0.02*a 0.81+0.03ac 0.90+0.03ad 0.92+0.03bcd 0.96+0.02bd 1.03+0.11b
2 0.80+0.01a 0.81+0.03ac 0.96+0.01bd 0.90+0.02bc 1.01+0.01d 1.14+0.08e
3 0.82+0.02a 0.93+0.01b 0.98+0.01bc 0.94+0.03b 1.07+0.02ce 1.11+0.09de
4 0.87+0.01a 0.92+0.04ac 1.04+0.01bd 0.97+0.06cd 1.09+0.01b -
6 0.89+0.02a 0.99+0.06b 1.05+0.02bd 1.02+0.06bd 1.12+0.01cd -
8 0.91+1.01a 1.01+0.06b 1.07+0.01b 1.08+0.03b 1.09+0.01b -
10 0.94+0.02 1.04+0.06 1.09+0.01 1.05+0.04 - -
12 0.91+0.05 0.99+0.05 1.05+0.01 - - -
2 /
0 0.91+0.01 0.91+0.01 0.91+0.01 0.91+0.01 0.91+0.01 0.91+0.01
1 0.87+0.02*a 0.88+0.04ac 0.92+0.01bc 0.95+0.01be 0.98+0.01de 1.10+0.01f
2 0.89+0.04a 0.92+0.01a 0.95+0.03ac 0.98+0.01ac 1.04+0.01bc 1.18+0.09d
3 0.90+0.03a 0.93+0.01a 0.98+0.01ac 1.03+0.01bc 1.05+0.01bc 1.16+0.08d
4 0.93+0.01a 0.94+0.01a 1.00+0.01b 1.05+0.01c 1.09+0.01d -
6 0.95+0.02a 0.98+0.05a 1.01+0.01a 1.09+0.02b 1.13+0.02b -
8 1.02+0.01a 1.01+0.03a 1.03+0.02a 1.13+0.01b 1.11+0.02b -
10 1.04+0.01a 1.04+0.01a 1.15+0.03b 1.10+0.01b - -
12 1.01+0.01a 1.02+0.02a 1.10+0.01b - - -
*
P<0.05
. 201
6.18
1-30
/ 2
()
() 1 5 10 15 20 30

0 0.97+0.04 0.97+0.04 0.97+0.04 0.97+0.04 0.97+0.04 0.97+0.04
1 0.99+0.01 1.00+0.01 0.99+0.01 0.99+0.01 0.99+0.01 0.97+0.02
2 0.99+0.01 0.99+0.01 0.99+0.01 0.99+0.01 0.98+0.01 0.92+0.09
3 0.99+0.01*a 0.99+0.01a 0.96+0.01a 0.98+0.01a 0.87+0.01b 0.82+0.03c
4 0.98+0.01a 0.97+0.02a 0.96+0.02a 0.95+0.01a 0.85+0.02b -
6 0.97+0.01a 0.96+0.02a 0.92+0.01b 0.84+0.01c 0.80+0.01d -
8 0.97+0.01a 0.94+0.01ac 0.92+0.01bc 0.82+0.01d 0.75+0.02e -
10 0.95+0.01a 0.90+0.03ac 0.84+0.03bc 0.80+0.02b - -
12 0.87+0.01 0.79+0.04 0.76+0.08 - - -
2 /
0 0.97+0.04 0.97+0.04 0.97+0.04 0.97+0.04 0.97+0.04 0.97+0.04
1 0.99+0.01 1.00+0.01 1.00+0.01 0.99+0.01 0.98+0.01 0.97+0.04
2 0.99+0.01 0.99+0.01 0.99+0.01 0.98+0.02 0.98+0.01 0.95+0.02
3 0.99+0.01*a 0.98+0.01a 0.98+0.01a 0.97+0.02a 0.88+0.01b 0.84+0.06b
4 0.98+0.01a 0.97+0.01ac 0.97+0.01ac 0.95+0.02bc 0.85+0.01d -
6 0.97+0.01a 0.97+0.01a 0.96+0.01a 0.94+0.02a 0.84+0.01b -
8 0.95+0.01 0.93+0.06 0.91+0.04 0.88+0.06 0.80+0.01 -
10 0.91+0.02 0.89+0.03 0.89+0.03 0.87+0.02 - -
12 0.89+0.03 0.89+0.04 0.82+0.06 - - -
*
P<0.05
. 202
6.19
1-30
/ 2
()
() 1 5 10 15 20 30

0 0.95+0.06 0.95+0.06 0.95+0.06 0.95+0.06 0.95+0.06 0.95+0.06
1 0.86+0.01 0.89+0.05 0.86+0.06 0.84+0.02 0.81+0.02 0.83+0.03
2 0.84+0.01*ab 0.86+0.04bd 0.79+0.01ad 0.79+0.02ad 0.73+0.07ad 0.63+0.07cd
3 0.83+0.01a 0.83+0.03a 0.75+0.02bc 0.77+0.03bc 0.67+0.02d 0.50+0.02e
4 0.82+0.01a 0.82+0.01a 0.75+0.04b 0.75+0.01b 0.65+0.02c -
6 0.79+0.01a 0.77+0.01a 0.70+0.01b 0.73+0.01b 0.56+0.03c -
8 0.78+1.01a 0.74+0.01b 0.68+0.01c 0.63+0.01d 0.53+0.01e -
10 0.77+0.01a 0.71+0.01a 0.62+0.01b 0.56+0.04c - -
12 0.76+0.01 0.68+0.02b 0.57+0.01c - - -
2 /
0 0.95+0.06 0.95+0.06 0.95+0.06 0.95+0.06 0.95+0.06 0.95+0.06
1 0.90+0.01*a 0.89+0.01a 0.89+0.01a 0.87+0.01ac 0.82+0.01b 0.84+0.03bc
2 0.89+0.01a 0.89+0.01ac 0.88+0.01ac 0.86+0.01bc 0.79+0.01d 0.71+0.03e
3 0.89+0.01a 0.88+0.01a 0.86+0.01ac 0.82+0.01bc 0.72+0.02d 0.58+0.05e
4 0.89+0.01a 0.88+0.01b 0.85+0.01c 0.79+0.01d 0.69+0.01e -
6 0.87+0.01a 0.86+0.01a 0.81+0.01b 0.79+0.01b 0.63+0.02c -
8 0.84+0.01a 0.82+0.01a 0.76+0.01b 0.72+0.01c 0.60+0.01d -
10 0.82+0.01a 0.80+0.01a 0.73+0.01b 0.62+0.01c - -
12 0.81+0.01a 0.79+0.01a 0.71+0.02b - - -
*
P<0.05
. 203
Ideal ratio scores

:
1-30

Arrhennius (Rate constant, k)

(Firmness)
(Color) (Off-flavor)
2 /
(Firmness) (Juiciness)

(First order relationship)
ln C = ln Co + k t
ln C = Mean ideal ratio score

ln Co = Mean ideal ratio score
(t=o)
k = (-1)
t = ()
k k 1/T
(oK)

6.20
. 204
6.20

(k) (wk-1)
(1/T x 10-3)
(oK-1) X10-2 X10-2 X10-2 X10-2
3.65 -1.66 -0.88 -1.87 -1.48
3.60 -1.81 -1.38 -2.76 -2.60
3.53 -2.36 -1.85 -2.93 -3.67
3.47 -4.42 -5.64 -1.89 -4.57
3.41 -6.42 -7.15 -3.36 -6.98
3.30 -20.04 -18.40 -3.56 -22.01

2 /
6.21
6.21
(k) (wk-1)
(1/T x 10-3)
(oK-1) X10-2 X10-2 X10-2
3.65 -2.33 2.40 -1.16
3.60 -2.65 3.23 -1.37
3.53 -2.94 3.43 -2.33
3.47 -4.91 4.31 -3.60
3.41 -7.53 5.55 -5.45
3.30 -21.21 15.21 -16.48
(k)
(Linear model)
(k) (1/T)
6.22
6.22

2 2
12.34 R2

. 205
6.22

R2 (%)
1-10 :
k () = -0.6748 + 180.5963 * 1/T 98.81
k () = -0.2337 + 59.6330 * 1/T 95.12
k ( ) = -0.3010 + 79.9541 * 1/T 98.71
k ( ) = -0.3278 + 84.2202 * 1/T 79.52
15-30 :
k () = -3.7355 + 1067.8700 * 1/T 94.91
k () = -3.3544 + 958.2063 * 1/T 94.47
k ( ) = -2.7648 + 784.1480 * 1/T 94.03
k ( ) = -0.3292 + 88.3632 * 1/T 69.79
2 /
(k)
(1/T) 6.23
6.23
R2 (%)

1-10 :
k () = -0.3757 + 100.0459 * 1/T 93.46
k () = -0.2069 + 50.2294 * 1/T 98.46
k ( ) = 0.3254 - 82.1560 * 1/T 82.21
15-30 :
k () = -2.7586 + 787.8700 * 1/T 95.14
k () = -3.4850 + 993.9462 * 1/T 95.85
k ( ) = 2.3585 - 670.4036 * 1/T 93.82
6.23 2
6.22

R2
. 206
6.22 6.23 2
15-30

1-10
2
Mesophiles Psychrophiles
6.22
6.23 Reject point reject point
0.70 0.80
1.50 (1-30
) 2 ln C/Co = kt
t = [ ln C/Co ]/k 6.24
6.24

() ()
()

1 155 169 160 106 111 238
5 131 118 101 96 95 161
10 108 83 67 84 80 111
15 85 36 83 69 88 101
20 29 17 26 26 39 35
30 13 9 12 12 19 16
6.24

1-30

( 6.24)
. 207

30

30
1

1-30

(1-10 )
(15-30 )
(1-10 )
12
(L a*b*)
2 /

12 (
) 16 ( )

1

7

7.1

7.1.1

( Hutchings, 1968)

. 209
Martin (1973) Stone and Sidel (1978)

Subjective (Elrod, 1978)
(Girardot, 1952)
(Elrod, 1978)

(Cross et al., 1978;
Klemmer, 1968; Pangborn and Russell, 1972)
7.1.2

(Caul and Raymond,
1965)

(Pangborn, 1967)

(Elrod, 1978)
(Pangborn, 1967)
7.1
7.1
(I) (II)
(III)
IV V
2 Field test Home use
test (VI)
(VII)

(Experts)
3 4

/

. 210
I VII

1-2
II VI

(6-10 )
III V
Home use test
(100 100 )
(50 50 )
IV
Field test
(200 200 )
7.1
7.1.2.1 Field tests

Field test

(Caul and Raymond, 1965) Field test
Central Location test (CLT)
(Gatchalian, 1981)
Central Location Field test
(Cross et al., 1978; Czerkaskyj, 1971; Garardot, 1952 Gatchalian, 1981)
.

. 211
. (Central location)

(Girardot,
1952) Central Location test

. 3
2-3
.

50 (Cross et al., 1978;Gatchalian, 1981)
Central Location test

(1)

(2)
(Gatchalian, 1981)
(3)
Field test
Central location test

Central location test

. 212
7.1.2.2 Home use test

Home Placement Method

(Elrod, 1978) 7.2
(1)
1-2
3
(Gatchalian, 1981)
(2)

(3)

(1-2 )
7.2 Home use test
Home use test Field test

(1)
(2)
()
Field test
(3)

. 213
(4)

(5)

Home use test

(1) 1
1 (Girardot, 1952)
(2) Field test

(3) Field test

(4) 4 4 Home use test

Field test Home use test

(1) Field test
(
Central location test)
(2) Field test

(3) Central location test

(4) Central location test

Field test
(1)
(2)

. 214
(3) Home use test

Field test

(4) (Girardot,
1952)

Field test Home use
test ()
7.1.3

(Klemmer, 1968)

(Gatchalian, 1981)
Cross et al, (1978)

(Cross et al, 1978 ; Klemmer, 1968) Klemmer (1968)

(Pangborn, 1967)

(Gatchalian, 1981)

(1)
(2)
(Gatchalian, 1975)

. 215
(3)

(4)

(5)

7.2 Affective sensory tests

(Consumer preference) (Consumer
acceptance) 2

(Like) (Dislike)
(Rejection) (Acceptance)
(Pangborn, 1967)

Affective sensory test (Stone and Sidel, 1978)
7.2.1 (Preference test)

(Paired
comparison) (Ranking)
7.2.1.1 (Paired comparison)

5
Simone et al. (1956)
Gatchalian (1981)
(Preference) (Difference)
. 216

PAIRED COMPARISONS TEST
PREFERENCE
............................... ...........................
...............................................................
:
1. 2
?
622 244
2. ?
......................
.....................
.........................
......................
:
..........................................................................................................................................

7.3 Paired comparisons test
7.2.1.2 (Ranking for preference)

(Calvin and Sather, 1959; Sather et al.,1963; Girardot, 1952; Martin, 1973)

6
. 217

RANKING TEST
PREFERENCE
................................................................ .............................
...............................

817 462 149 534

1 ................
2 ................
3 ................
4 ................
:
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................

7.4 Ranking test
7.2.2 (Acceptance test)

Cross et al,(1978), Klemmer (1968) Pangborn (1967)

. 218
7.2.2.1 (Hedonic scaling)

Hedonic scaling 200
2
1947
7-point hedonic scaling Quartermaster Food and Container
Institute
1952 7 (Gatchalian,
1981)
7
5 /
9- point hedonic scaling 1955
(Cross et al., 1978) 9

(Pffafman et al., 1971; Gatchalian, 1981)
Hedonic scaling
Amerine et al. (1965)

/
9-point hedonic scaling 7.5
Hedonic scaling
5

Hedonic scaling
(Gatchalian, 1981)
Hedonic
scaling
(1)

(2)
(Gatchalian, 1981)
(3) Hedonic scale
Kramer (1976)
Hedonic scale
. 219
(4)
(5) Hedonic scaling
Hedonic scaling
.
.. ..
: /

.
.
.
.

7.5 9-point hedonic scaling

. 220

HEDONIC SCALE SCORING TEST
PREFERENCE
............................... ..........................
................................................................ .

?
? ?

459 667 619 347
(Like extremely) ..... ..... ..... .....
(Like very much) ..... ..... ..... .....
(Like moderately) ..... ..... ..... .....
(Like slightly) ..... ..... ..... .....
(Neither like nor dislike) ..... ..... ..... .....
(Dislike slightly) ..... ..... ..... .....
(Dislike moderately) ..... ..... ..... .....
(Dislike very much) ..... ..... ..... .....
(Dislike extremely) ..... ..... ..... .....

459 : .....................................................................
667 : .....................................................................
619 : .....................................................................
347 : .....................................................................
7.6 Hedonic scale scoring test

. 221
Hedonic scaling
(1)
Like very much
?
(2)

? Hedonic scaling

(Klemmer, 1968)
(3) Hedonic rating scale

Hedonic scaling
Hedonic scaling
(Cross et al., 1977)
Hedonic scaling

Facial Hedonic Method

Hedonic scaling (Cross et al., 1978)
7.7 (a) 7.7 (b)
Facial hedonic scaling

Facial hedonic scaling
. 222

Hedonic scale

Facial
hedonic scaling
! (Like very much)
( Like moderately)
" (Like slightly)
(Dislike slightly)
# (Dislike moderately)
( Dislike very much)
7.7 (a) Facial hedonic scaling
$ %

% % % % % % %
7.7 (b) Facial hedonic scaling

. 223
7.2.2.2 Food Action Scale test

FACT
(Schutz et al., 1954;Gatchalian, 1981) /

Food Action Scale Sheet
.
... ..
7.8 (a) FACT (1)

. 224

.
... ..
:
/
% %
% %
% % 2

% %

% %

% %
% % 2

7.8 (b) FACT (2)
.
... ..
:
7.8 (c) FACT ( 3)

. 225
7.3

()

7.3.1

7.3.1.1

Gatchalian (1981)

3 (1) (2) (3)

Home use test

. 226

(1)

(2)
(3)

(1)!

(2)

(3)
(4)

Central location test (Booths)

Marketplace field test

7.3.1.2

. 227

(1)
(2) /
(3)

6

7.9 Caul and Raymond (1965) Goodman (1970) Gatchalian
(1981)
1

2 1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3 Pilot testing

/

4

5

( 90) 3
4
. 228

1
6 (Go-no-go decision)
(Goodman, 1970)

3 Pilot testing
7.9

7.3.1.3
3

(Gatchalian, 1981)
. 229

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)
7.10 (a) , 7.10 (b), 7.10 (c) , 7.10 (d) 7.10 (e)

. 230
Home use test
... ..
..
..
.
: 3 A B C

A B C
& & &
& & &
& & &
& & &
& & &
& & &
& & &
& & &
& & &
:
1.! (A, B, C)
2.! A, B C
3.! A
, .,..,..,
B C
, .,..,..,
4.!
()
A B C

A B C
5.! 8
()!
A
B
C
()!
A
B
C
: ...
..
..

7.10 (a) Home use test

. 231
Sauces Pastes

.
..

: Sauces Pastes Sauces

Sauces
And Packets
Pastes

()
Patis
Bagoong
Alamang
Bagoong
Talaba
Bagoong
Soy sauce
Tomato
Catsup
Banana
Catsup
()
Sauces Pastes ?
&
&
&
& ()
Sauces Pastes

.
.
: ...
..

7.10 (b)
Sauces Pastes
. 232

.
. . .
.
:
Packets
Packets

Soft drinks
Fruit juice
Sugar
cane juice
Coconut
water
Cordials
Tuba
Evaporated
milk
Recombined
milk
Dried
powdered
milk
Milo
Ovaltine
()
Soft drinks, Fruit juices Milk beverages ( 1
)
Soft drinks 1 2 3
Fruit juices 1 2 3
Milk beverages 1 2 3

Soft drinks
Fruit juices
Cordials
Milk beverages
:..

7.10 (c )
. 233

.
. . .
.
:

()
Pan de sal
Pan americano
Pan de coco
Pan de limon
Toasted bread
Rolls
()
Rolls

Tuna rolls
Hamburger rolls
Adobo rolls
Spam rolls
Egg rolls
Chicken rolls
()

& & &
2
?& &
& 3% & 5% & 7% &
()
:

7.10 (d)
. 234

.
. . .
.

()

()

& & &

1 2 3

..
..
..
:
.

7.10 (e)
. 235
7.3.2

(Gatchalian, 1981)

(1) (Purposive or
convenience sampling) (2) (Simple random sampling) (3)
(Systematic random sampling ) (4) (Stratified random sampling) (5)
(Cluster sampling) (6) (Multi-stage sampling)
7.3.2.1 ( Purposive or convenience sampling )

Field tests

(, 2539)

( , 2539)

7.3.2.2 (Simple random sampling)

(, 2539)

(1)
(2) (3)

. 236
7.11
5
A B G E N
C D F K L
H I J M O
7.11
7.3.2.3 (Systematic random sampling)

7.12 24
6 24 6 4 4

7 4
11 (7+4) 15
23
3 4 23

. 237
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24
7.12 ()

7.3.2.4 (Stratified random sampling)

7.13 (a) 7.13 (b)

(1)
2 3

(Stratified random sampling )
(, 2539)
Hotdogs

A B C

A, B
C
. 238
EJ IJ NJ
AF BF DF GS
FJ GF MF
AS CS
DJ JF OF
ES JJ MJ
CF FS
HS
AJ KD
CJ GD HF
BS KF NF JS
FF EP
BJ IF OJ LF
DS HJ LJ IS
7.13 (a)
DF AS BS BJ
AF EF CS AJ CJ
CF DJ
BF GF DS ES EJ FJ
FF FS IJ
IF JF GJ
HF KF GS HS HJ
NF IS JJ KJ
LF MF JS LJ
OF MJ
NJ OJ
1 2 3
7.13 (b)
. 239
7.3.2.5 (Cluster sampling)

7.14 20 (N)
10 (M) (n) 5
4 , 7 , 13, 17 20

Corned beef

7.14
5
Corned beef
OOOOO OOOOO OOOO O OOOOO OOOOO

1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
OOOOO
7.14 N=20, M=10 , n=5

. 240
7.3.2.6 ( Multi-stage sampling )

2 2
7.15 (a)
(n=5) (N=10)
( m=6) (M=10) n

' '' O ' O O O O O

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
' O ' O O O O O O O
6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10
1 2
O ' ' O ' '' ' ' O
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
' '' O O O O '' O
6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10
3 4
O O O O O O O O O O
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
O O O O O O O O O O
6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10
5 6
O ' ' ' O '' O ''
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
O ' O ' ' '' O O O
6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10
7 8
O O O O O O O O O O
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
O O O O O O O O O O
6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10
9 10

1 , 3, 4, 7, 8
7.15 (a) N=10, M=10, n=5, m=6

. 241

Mango puree
7.15 (b)
( N )
1 ()
1 2 3 4 ... n
( M )
2 ()
1 2 3 4 n
( B )
3 ()
1 2 3 4 .. n
4 ()
1 2 3 4.. n
7.15 (b)

. 242
7.3.3

Gatchalian (1981) (n)
(N)
:
n = = ( z / e )2 (p) (1-p)

n =
z =
( 95 z 1.96)
e = ( + 0.05)
p =
( 50 0.50)
:
n = (1.96 / 0.05)2 (0.50) (0.50)
= (39.2)2 (0.25)
= 1536.64 x 0.25
= 384
(n) 384

( Consumer test )

In home use test 4

. 243
(The sample)
1
1

5 100 polyethylene
4-5
(The respondents)
4
200, 450, 200
200
2
()
15

( )
(The questionnaires)
2 1

1 2

3

. 244
1.
&
&
2.
& 1-2
& 3-5
& 5
3.
&
& 2
& 4
& ...................................................
4. ( 1 )
&
&
&
&
& ...................................................
5. ( 1 )
&
&
&
& ...................................................
6. ( 1 )
&
&
&
&
& ...........................................................
7.
&
&
&! .................................
7.16 ()
. 245
8.

& 7
&
&
&
9.
& 7
&
& 7
&
& 8
& 8
10. 1
&
&
&
&
&
&
& ..........................................................
11.
&
&
&
12.
& ( 13)
& ( 14)
13.
& 3
& 3-7
& 7
14.
& 1
& 2
& 1
& 2
&! .............................................................
7.16 ()()
. 246
15.
( 1 )
&
&
&
16.
&
&
&
&
17.

&
&
&
18.
.
.
.
.

. (053) 948230
7.16 ()()

5

. 247

(.- )

1.
1.1 & &
1.2 & 15-20 & 21-30

& 31-40 & 41-50
&! 50
1.3
& 5,000
& 5,000-10,000
& 10,000-15,000
&! 15,000
1.4 &
&
&
&
&
& ...................................................
7.17
. 248
! 2.
!
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 =

2.1!

2.2!

2.3!

2.4!

2.5!

2.6!

$

1 2 3 4 5

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
7.17 ()
2 ( 4 )
1
1 (0.5 ) 1 ( 2
)
. 249

2
1. 1

2. 3
()
15

7.18
(Organization of the test)

0.5
5
100 2 (
)

1

* 95 (190
200 )
* 98.8 (445
450 )
* 99.5 (199
200 )
* 95 (190
200 )
. 250
(Analysis of the data)

worksheet Lotus123 Chi-square analysis
sp123 (Walonick, 1987)

( 10)
8

8.1 /

8.1.1

. 252

1
( 7.10 a
7)

2

8.1 ( A, B C)

8.1
A B C

18 7 17 - - 6
- 9 37 - - 2
(B C)
16 10 19 12 2 0
19 8 13 14 6 1

3
() ()
8.2
3

. 253
8.2

40-80 80-120
40 140
() () () ()
:
A 37.5 52.5 10.0 0.0
B 50.0 37.5 12.5 0.0
C 50.0 37.5 10.0 2.5

:
A 13.9 58.3 22.0 5.5
B 22.0 52.8 22.0 2.8
C 24.7 50.1 19.3 5.5
4

8.1 , 8.2 8.3
5

8.1.2

( 8.3)
. 254
8.3

304 203 411 224

1 1 3 3 4 2
2 4 1 5 3
3 3 1 4 5
4 7 3 1 6
5 7 7 6 7
6 7 5 2 3
1 31 20 22 26
2 1 3 1 4 2
2 3 1 4 5
3 3 5 4 1
4 5 7 1 6
5 7 7 6 7
6 7 4 2 6
2 28 25 21 27
3 1 3 1 5 2
2 3 4 1 5
3 3 1 5 2
4 5 7 1 6
5 7 7 6 7
6 7 4 2 6
3 28 24 20 28
87 69 63 81
8.2

(Average)

( Arithmetic Mean ) ( Median) ( Mode)
8.2.1

10 (
9 = 1 = ) 8.5, 8..5, 8.0, 8.0, 8.0, 8.0, 7.5, 7.5,
7.5 7.0 10 7.85
8.00

. 255

8.5 2
8.0 4 7.5 3 7.5 1
(2X8.5) + ( 4X8.0) +
( 3X7.5) + ( 1X7.0) = 78.5 ( 2+3+4+1) = 10
7.85

X
Xi n ()
X = 1/n ni=1 Xi
ni=1 Xi = X1 + X2 + X3 +. + Xn
: n = 10
X1 = 8.5 X6 = 8.0
X2 = 8.5 X7 = 7.5
X3 = 8.0 X8 = 7.5
X4 = 8.0 X9 = 7.5
X5 = 8.0 X10 = 7.0

X = 1/n ni=1 Xi

X = 1/10 [ 8.5 + 8.5 + 8.0 + + 7.0]
= 7.85
8.2.1.1

8.4
. 256
8.4 (pH) 50
3.7 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.9
3.7 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.1
3.6 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.7
3.6 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.7
3.7 3.9 3.4 3.4 3.5
4.0 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.3
4.0 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.3
3.8 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.4
3.7 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.5
3.9 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.6
8.2.1.2

30

/
Class

0-4 5-9 (Class limit)
(Lower limit) (Upper limit)
Class interval (CI) 0-4 5-9
5 0 5 4 9 5 CI 0 5
(5-0 = 5) 4 9 (9-4= 5)
Class width
Class width 0-4 4 0 4 Class width
5-9 4 Class width Class interval Class interval
2 2
Range

=
8.5-7.0 = 1.5

Class boundaries (Mid point)

Class boundaries
Class width 0.5
0.5 0-4 , 5-9, 10-14 Class boundaries 0-4.5
. 257
( 0 )
4.5-9.5 9.5-14.5 (4.5)
(4.5-9.5) Class intervals

(Mid point)

2 0-4 (0+4)/2 = 2
Class interval
Class interval 5
2 + 5 = 7 7+5 = 12
8.4
(1)
8.5
8.4
(2)

5-20 ( 50)
(3) Class interval
8.5 4.1-3.2 = 0.9
5 Class interval 0.9/5 = 0.18 0.2
(4) Class
interval

Class width Class interval
8.6
(5) 8.7
8.5 (pH)
3.2 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9
3.3 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9
3.3 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9
3.3 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.9
3.3 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.9
3.3 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.0
3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.0
3.4 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.0
3.4 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.1
3.4 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.1
. 258
8.6 pH
Class interval
3.2-3.3 /////-/
3.4-3.5 /////-/////
3.6-3.7 /////-/////-/////-///
3.8-3.9 /////-/////-/
4.0-4.1 /////-
8.7 pH
1 2 3 4 5 6
Class fixi dii fiidii
interval
3.2-3.3 x1 = 3.25 f1 = 6 (6)(3.25) d1 = -2 (6)(-2)= -12
3.4-3.5 x2 = 3.45 f2 = 10 (10)(3.45) d2 = -1 (10)(-1) = -10
3.6-3.7 x6 = 3.65 f3 = 18 (18)(3.65) d3 = 0 (18)(0) = 0
3.8-3.9 x4 = 3.85 f4 = 11 (11)(3.85) d4 = 1 (11)(1) = 11
4.0-4.1 x5 = 4.05 f5 = 5 (5)(4.05) d5 = 2 (5)(2) = 10
50 182.3 -1

(1) (xo) (Mid point; xi)
8.7 xo 3.65 f3 = 18
(2) x3 = 3.65 di 5 di = ( xi xo)/c c
Class interval ( = 0.2)
d2 = (x2-xo)/c = (3.45 3.65)/0.2 = -1
d3 = (x3-xo)/c = (3.65 3.65)/0.2 = 0
d4 = (x4-xo)/c = (3.85 3.65)/0.2 = 1
di interval dii xo (
0 ) di 1
di d3 = 0 d2 = -1 , d1 = -2 d4 = 1 , d5 = 2
8.7 5
(3) 6 dii 5 fii 3
i=1n fidi
(4)
X = xo + 1/n [i=1n fidi] c
= 3.65 + 1/50[(6)(-2) +(10)(-1) + +(5)(2)] 0.2
= 3.65 0.004 = 3.646 = 3.65
. 259

(Variance)
(Standard deviation)
/
()
/

7.0
3.0 7.45

8.2.2 (Median)

( 50)
( 50)
10 5 6
8.0+8.0 2 8.0 11
11 6.5 6 8.0
( xmd)
(1)! n = 10
xmd = [(xn)/2 + (xn+2)/2]
2
(2)! n = 11
xmd = [xn+1] / 2
. 260
:

x1 8.5
x2 8.5
x3 8.0
x4 8.0
x5 8.0
x6 8.0
x7 7.5
x8 7.5
x9 7.5
x10 7.0
x11 6.5
n = 10 xmd = [(xn)/2 + (xn+2)/2]

2
xmd = [(x10)/2 + (x10+2)/2]
2
xmd = [(x5) + (x6)]
2
xmd = [ 8.0 + 8.0]
2
= 8.0
n = 11 xmd = (xn+1)/2
xmd = (x11+1)/2 = x6
= 8.0

(pH) 8.8

. 261
8.8 (pH)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Class Class
interval Boundary ()
()
3.2-3.3 3.15-3.35 6 12 6 12
3.4-3.5 3.35-3.55 10 20 16 32
3.6-3.7 3.55-3.75 18 36 34 68
3.8-3.9 3.75-3.95 11 22 45 90
4.0-4.1 3.95-4.15 5 10 50 100
50 100
Positional mean

/

(Percentiles)

m (Pm)
( xIi ) m (n)
Quartiles Deciles Quartiles

4 Deciles 10 Quartiles
Q1 25 Q2 ( 50) Q3
( 75 D1 , D2 , D3 D9
10 (D1) 10 (D2) D9 (
90)
8.8 50
D5 Q2
8.8
(Xmd)
(1)!
: n/2 = 50/2= 25
. 262
(2) 5 n/2 25
8.8 16 Class boundary 3.35-3.55
(3) Xmd
Xmd = U.L. + { [ n/2 cum f ]/f} c
U.L. Class boundary
n
cum f n/2
f ( 3)
c Class interval
Xmd = 3.55 + { [ 50/2 16 ]/18 } 0.2

= 3.55 + [9/18]0.2
= 3.55 + [1.8/18] = 3.55 + 0.10 = 3.65
Q1 25 ! n/4
Q1 = U.L. + { [ n/4 cum f] f } c
n/4 = 50/4 = 12.5
(12.5 n/4) 16 cum f ( 5) 6 6
Class boundary 3.15-3.35 2 3.35
Q1 = U.L. + { [ n/4 cum f] f } c
= 3.35 + {[ 12.5 6 ]/ 10}0.2
= 3.35 + {[ 6.5/10]} 0.2
= 3.35 + 0.13 = 3.48
Q2 = U.L. + { [ n/2 cum f] f } c
n/2 = 50/2 = 25
Q2 = Xmd = 3.65
Q3 = U.L. +{[3n/4 cum f ] f } c
3n/4 = [(3)(50)] / 4 = 37.5
3.75 45 34 Class boundary 3.55-3.75
3.75
Q3 = 3.75 +{[37.5 35 ] 11 } 0.2
= 3.75 + 0.06 = 3.81
Deciles (Dn) (Pm)
D3 = P30 = U.L. + {[ 0.30 n cum f ] f } c
0.30 n = (0.30)(50) = 15 U.L. = 3.35
D3 = P30 = 3.35 + {[ 15 6 ] 10 } 0.2
= 3.35 + 0.18 = 3.53

. 263
8.2.3 (Mode)
(Xmo)

Class interval (
)
8.2 X3 X6 8
8.7
3.65 (18)

(pH)
50

8.4

8.5 pH
pH
pH

50
8.8
(Frequency polygon)
(Cumulative frequency or Ogive) (Histogram)
8.3

. 264

65

15-104

?
8.3.1 (Range)

8.3.2 Semi-interquartiles range

50
/
Quartiles (Q1 Q3)
Semi-interquartiles range (SIR)
SIR = [Q3 Q1] / 2

Interquartile range (IR)
IR = Q3 Q1
. 265
Q3 Q1
SIR
8.3.3 (Mean deviation)

SIR
(MD)
(Xi) (X)
i=1n (Xi X) = 0
(Absolute values)
(+) (-)
(n)
MD = 1/n i=1n (Xi X)

58

SIR

8.3.4 (Standard deviation)

(MD) (Variance; S2 )

( )
(n)
(n> 50) :
S2 =1/n i=1n (Xi X) 2
(n < 50) :
S2 =[1/n-1] i=1n (Xi X) 2
Xi
S2 2 2
(SD S )

. 266
S2 = S2 = 1/n i=1n (Xi X) 2

S2 = S2 = [1/n-1] i=1n (Xi X) 2
i=1n (Xi X)2
i=1n (Xi X) 2 = (Xi2 2 XXi + X2 )
= Xi2 2X Xi (a)+ X2
= Xi2 [ 2Xi ] /n [ Xi ]+ nX2 (b)
= Xi2 2 [ Xi ]2 /n + n[ Xi / n ] 2
= Xi2 2 [ Xi ]2 /n + [ Xi] 2 /n
i=1n (Xi X) 2 = Xi2 [ Xi] 2 /n
: (a) : X = [ Xi ] /n
(b) : X
i=1n ( X ) 2 = X2 + X2 +.. + X2 = n X2
(n>50)( Mode,
1965; Chow, 1975)
S2 =1/n i=1n (Xi X) 2
S2 =1/n Xi2 [ Xi] 2 /n
S2 = [ Xi2 ] / n [ Xi] 2 /n
(n < 50)
S2 =[ 1/n-1] Xi2 [ Xi] 2 /n
S2 =n Xi2 [ Xi] 2
n(n-1)
[Xi]
[ Xi] 2 Xi2
8.9
n < 50
. 267
8.9 Fruit cocktail 5 = 1=
[Xi] Xi 2
1 5 25
2 3 9
3 2 4
4 3 9
5 3 9
6 3 9
7 3 9
8 3 9
9 5 25
10 4 16
11 4 16
12 3 9
13 1 1
14 2 4
15 3 9
47 163
S2 =n Xi2 [ Xi] 2
n(n-1)
= 15 (163) (47)2
15(15-1)
= 2445 2209
210
= 236/210 = 1.12
SD = 1.12 = 1.058

1.058 1-5

8.9 1 1 5 (
)
Fruit cocktail
/

8.10
. 268
8.10 Hedonic rating
Hedonic fiXi fiXi2 di fidi fidi2

rating * fi
Xi
9 4 36 324 3 12 36
8 15 120 960 2 30 60
7 17 119 833 1 17 17
6 27 162 972 0 0 0
5 6 30 150 -1 -6 6
4 2 8 32 -2 -4 8
71 475 3271 49 127
* 1 = 9=
S2 =1/n i=1n (Xi X) 2
(fi)
S2 =1/n i=1k fi (Xi X) 2
k = (Class)

S2 = fi (Xi)2 - fi (Xi) 2
n n
fi (Xi)2
8.10
fi (Xi)2 = f1 (X1)2 + f2 (X2)2 + f3 (X3)2 + + fn (Xn)2
= (4)(9)2 + (15)(8)2 +.. + (2)(4)2
= 324 + 960 + + 32
= 3271 8.10

8.10
fi (Xi) = f1 (X1) + f2 (X2) + f3 (X3) + + fn (Xn)
= (4)(9) + (15)(8) + .. + (2)(4)
= 36 + 120 + + 8
= 475 8.10
( n = fi = 71 )
S2 = fi (Xi)2 - fi (Xi) 2
n n
. 269
= (3271/71) - [ (475)(71) ] 2
= 46.07 44.76
= 1.31
SD = 1.31 = 1.144

Coding

Coding
X = X0 + 1/n i=1n fidi c

S2 =1/n i=1n fi (Xi X) 2

S2 =1/n fi (di d)2 c2
di d
c Class interval
S2 = c2 i=1n[ fidi ] 2 - i=1n fidi 2
n n

S2 = [ (127 / 71) - (49 / 71 )2 ] (1)2
= [ 1.79 0.476 ] (1)2
= 1.31

8.4

8.1

Class interval
. 270
8.2

8.1

8.2

2 (1) (2)

100
8.3 8.4
8.4

Facial hedonics

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
20 40 60 80 100
()
8.1
. 271
30 6%
26%
20
31%
10 31%
6%
0 33% 55% 68% 75% 100%

8.2
()
90
80
70
60
50
33
8 14 10 9 11 13 7 6 1 5 3 2 15 16 12 4

8.3
. 272
QDA
80
70
60
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
68 66 64 62 60 58

8.4
(QDA) ()
9

8
9 10

. 274
9.1!

9.1.1!

(Null hypothesis; Ho)

(Alternative hypothesis; HA)
Ho

9.1.2!
1 -error
Ho
2 -error
Ho

(Level of significance)
1 -value 1 5
(Level of confidence)
99 95
1 5 ()
9.2! 2 3

5 6

. 275
/
( 9.1)
9.2.1 (Difference tests)

2 2

Triangle test, Simple paired comparisons test,
Multiple paired comparisons test, Scheffe paired comparisons test, Duo-trio test, Ranking test,
Multiple comparisons test Scoring test
9.1 2 3

()
.!
2
1.! Binomial test ( 9.2
( 5.2 d) B)
2.! Binomial test ( 9.3
( 5.2 e) B)
3.!
(R) ( 5.2 f) (Analysis of variance;
ANOVA)
(10.1 10)
.! 3
1 .!
Triangle test ( 5.3 Binomial test ( 9.2
c) C)
2 .! Duo-trio test ( 5.4 a Binomial test ( 9.3
B)
2 5.4 b)
(R)
. 276
9.2.1.1! 2

9.2.1.1.1 (Simple difference)

5.2 (d)
?
9.2 (a)
9.1
A B 10
3 A B ?
9.2
9.2

1 2 3 1 2 3
I A A 2 1 2 5 8 9 8 25* 30
II A B 8 8 7 23* 2 2 3 7 30
III B B 1 1 2 4 9 9 8 26* 30
IV B A 9 7 8 24* 1 3 2 6 30
* 0.05

(1)! ( 5.2 d ) 9.2
(2)! ()
Ho : A = B A B
HA : A B A B
= 0.05 5 95
. 277
(3)! A B I III
A
B II IV
(4)! 3
30 10 3
30
I 5 25

(5)! B 2 (n)

0.05 ( 5) 30
20 (One-tail test)
(6)! 9.2 I III 25 26
30 5
0.001 -level

(7)! II IV 23 24
0.05 0.001

5 20 30 Ho HA
A B
9.2.1.1.2 Simple paired comparisons test

(Sweetness)

Triangle test
50 Roessler et al. (1956)
(Preference test) Two-tail tests
( 2 ) One-
tail tests ( ) Paired comparisons test
2
? Simple paired comparisons test 5.2 (c)
. 278
9. 2
2
45
Paired comparisons test
20

12 2
B Two-sample difference test 15 20
95
9.2.1.1.3

5.2 (e) 9.3
9. 3
A B ?
?
9.3
9.3

A B
(1) (2) (3) (4)
I A B 18** 3 1 15 2 - 21
II B A 19** 2 2 14 3 - 21
III B B 3 2 - - - - 21
IV A A 2 1 - - - - 21
** 0.01

(1)! ( 5.2 e ) 9.3
21 7 3
. 279
(2)!
Ho : A B A B
HA : A > B A B
= 0.01 1 99
(3)! 9.3 I II 18
19 A (
)
B 2 21 (n) 17
0.01 A
B
(4)! I II 15 14
18 19
B 15
0.01 A B
Binomial B 2
21 17
1 9.3 18-19
Ho HA A B
99 ( 15 18 19 )
9.2.1.2! 3
Triangle test
3 ( 9.4)

. 280
9.4
3

(1) Triangle test ( 5.3 c) Binomial t-test
( 9.5)
3 C 3
(2) Duo-trio test ( 5.4a Binomial t-test
5.4 b) ( 9.6)
2 B 2
(R )
(3) Ranking Kramers rank sum test
( 5.5 a) D 4(a)
E 4(b)
9.139.14
(4) Ranking Kramers rank sum test
( 5.5 b) D 4(a)
E 4(b)
ANOVA
(5) Kramers rank sum test
( 5.5 e) D 4(a)
E 4(b)
ANOVA

(6) Multiple comparison test Kramers rank sum test
R ( 5.5 d) D 4(a)
E 4(b)
ANOVA
10.1
9.4 Binomial test

t-test
3
2 1

. 281
?

1 3 Triangle
test Roessler et al. (1948) C

1

?
(Questionnaire) 5.3 (d)

9.5
Triangle test
(1)! :
Ho : 1 = 2
HA : 1 2
-value = 0.01 1
(2)! 1
(3)! C 3
9. 4

?
(2 ) 7 3
Triangle test 9.5
. 282
9.5 (1) (0)

3 2 Triangle test
1 2

1 2 3 1 2 3
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
2 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 2
3 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2
4 1 1 0 2 0 1 1 2
5 1 0 1 2 0 1 1 2
6 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 2
7 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 2
5 4 3 12 4 4 5 13**
** 0.01 ( C 3)
.! 7 3
21
.! 9.5 3
1 12 2 13 21
.! C 3

12 21 5 13
21 1 (
)
99 2
Ho HA 2
2

9.5
Fish-potato flakes 2

Triangle test

3 2 1
11 2
. 283

22 (Judgments)
19 3 C
14 22
Triangle test
99 (P0.01) Fish-potato flakes

12
(
)
= 1 = 6
= 7 = 5
Triangle test
19 14
2 2 B Two-tail tests (
2 )
95 (P0.05) Fish-potato flakes 2

99
( Paired comparisons test )
. 284
9.6
Triangle test
2
12
3 6 2 1 (
1) 1 2 ( 2) 6 1
1 ( 1) 2 2 ( 2)
2

1 ( 1) 314 6
542 12
2 ( 2) 628 12
149 6
3
9 C
3 12 9
2 ( 2 )
9

(Slight) 3 3 x (1) = 3
(Moderate) 3 3 x (2) = 6
(Much) 2 2 x (3) = 6
(Extreme) 1 1 x (4) = 4
= 19
= 19/9 = 2.1
2.1 (Moderate)

9 6 1 ( 1)
2 B Two-tail tests (
2 )
95(P0.05)

Duo-trio test
Triangle test
. 285
Triangle test 9.6

Triangle test
B 2 30 (10x 3) 14
?
9.6 (1) (0)

3 Duo-trio test

1 2 3
1 0 1 1 2
2 0 0 0 0
3 1 0 1 2
4 0 0 1 1
5 0 0 1 1
6 1 0 1 2
7 1 0 0 1
8 1 0 1 2
9 1 0 1 2
10 1 0 0 1
6 1 7 14
3
R (Reference) 2 2
R R
5.4 (c)
Triangle test
50
Triangle test

Paired comparisons test
Simple paired comparisons test
Duo-trio test Triangle test

9.7
(Cheddar cheese) Methional
Methional 0.125 ppm 0.250 ppm
Cheddar cheese ? Methional
Duo-trio test
. 286
" R " 2
Methional
Triangle test Duo-
trio test Methional

2 8
2 Methional 0.125 ppm
Methional 0.250 ppm 16 (Judgments)
Methional 9.7
9.7 Duo-trio test Methional

Cheddar cheese
Methional (ppm)

0.125 0.250 0.125 0.250
P1 X R R R
P2 R R R R
P3 X R X R
P4 R X X R
P5 R R R R
P6 X R X X
P7 R R R R
P8 R R R R
5 7 5 7

P = Panelists
X = Wrong R
R = Right R
0.125 ppm = 10 16
0.250 ppm = 14 16
B 2 16 Two-tail tests
14
99 10
95
Methional Cheddar cheese
0.250 ppm 0.125 ppm
. 287
9.2.2 (Preference / acceptance Tests)

(Untrained panels)

(Total scores)
(Trained panels)
100-160 (Sather et al ; 1963)

(Paired
comparisons methods) (Scoring methods) (Ranking
methods)
9.2.2.1 Paired comparisons test

Paired
comparisons test
2
? 7.3
9.8
Cheddar cheese 2 ( 1 2 )
? Paired comparisons test

1 8
3 24
Cheddar cheese 2 17 24
2 B
2 18
95 (Two- tail test)
Cheddar cheese
( 1 )
80 (
2 )
. 288
9.9
2
2 Paired
comparisons test 50 2
25 1 ( 1)
25 2 ( 2)
2
35 50 2 B
95
33 50 2
1
95
9.3!

Z-test t-test
Z-test
( n50) t-test
(n <50)
3
Kramers rank sum test
9.8
9.3.1! t-test
t-test
2 ( 9.9)
t-test
Degree of freedom (df) df 1
15 df 15-1 = 14 df = n-1
tc
(1)!
Ho : 1 = 2
HA : 1 2
-value = 0.05 5
. 289
9.8

(1) Hedonic scaling
( 7.3,7.4a Z-test
7.4b)
(2) Food Action Scale Sheet Z-test ( 1
(FACT sheet) 2
( 7.5a 7.5c) ANOVA
Chi-square

(3) Food Action Scale Sheet Z-test
( 7.5 b) ANOVA
/ Chi-square
(4) /
Z-test
( 7.7 a, 7.7b, 7.7c Chi-square
7.7d)
9.10

? 15
2 2
9.9
. 290
9.9 ( 5 = 1 = )
1 2

1 2 1 2
1 4 5 4.5 4 4 4.0
2 4 3 3.5 4 5 4.5
3 2 2 2.0 5 4 4.5
4 5 3 4.0 4 3 3.5
5 2 3 2.5 4 4 4.0
6 5 3 4.0 4 4 4.0
7 5 3 4.0 5 4 4.5
8 4 5 4.5 1 2 1.5
9 4 4 4.0 1 2 1.5
10 4 4 4.0 2 3 2.5
11 5 4 4.5 3 3 3.0
12 3 3 3.0 5 4 4.5
13 4 1 2.5 5 2 3.5
14 2 2 2.0 4 5 4.5
15 2 3 2.5 4 3 3.5
51.5 53.0
3.4 3.5
(2)!

X1 = 1/15 [ 4.5 + 3.5 + 2.0 + + 2.0 + 2.5 ]
= 3.4
X2 = 1.15 [ 4.0 + 4.5 + 4.5 + + 4.5 + 3.5 ]
= 3.5
(3)! t-test
tc = X1 - X2
n1S12 + n2S22 1 + 1
n1 + n2 - 2 n 1 n2
n1 = 1
n2 = 2
S12 = 1
S22 = 2
. 291
S12 S22
S12 = 1/n [ Xi X1 ] 2
= 1/15 [ (4.5-3.4)2 + ( 3.5-3.4)2 ++ (2.5-3.4)2
= 0.797
S2 = 1/n [ Xi X2 ] 2
2
= 1/15 [ (4.0-3.5)2 + ( 4.5-3.5)2 ++ (3.5-3.5)2

= 0.967
(4)! tc
tc = 3.4-3.5
[(15)(0.797) + (15)(0.967)] [ 1/15 + 1/15 ]
! [ 15+15-2 ]
= -0.1 /0.355
= -0.285
t , df = t (0.05)(28) = 2.05 = H 7
0.05 Degree of freedom 15+15-2 = 28
tc < t , df
Ho
1 2
t-test
( 3.4 3.5)
( 3 4)

9.3.2! t-test

? t-test

9.10 (Titrable acidity ;%)
2
() ?
9.10
9.11

2
10 9.10
. 292
9.10 t-test
(X) (Y)
X Y Di Di D ( Di D )2
7.87 6.56 1.31 -0.16 0.0256
7.40 6.16 1.24 -0.23 0.0529
7.50 6.19 1.31 -0.16 0.0256
7.94 5.77 2.17 0.70 0.4900
7.50 6.16 1.34 -0.13 0.0169
7.83 6.40 1.43 -0.04 0.1690
7.76 6.42 1.34 -0.13 0.0289
7.44 5.80 1.64 0.17 0.0289
7.50 5.95 1.55 0.08 0.0064
7.92 6.59 1.34 -0.13 0.0169
14.67 0.6817
tc
(1)
Ho : 1 - 2 = 0
HA : 1 - 2 0
-value = 0.05 5
(2)! 9.10 ( D) (SD)
D = 1/n Di = 1/10 [ 1.31 + 1.24 + + 1.34 ]
= 1.47
SD = [ 1/(n-1) ] (Di D )2
= [0.6817]/ [10-1] = 0.07574
= 0.2752
Standard error = SD/n
= 0.2752 / 10 = 0.2752 / 3.162 = 0.0870
(3)! tc
tc = D / Standard error
D = Di
Standard error =
tc = 1.47 / 0.0870 = 16.8965
(4)! tc t,df
= 0.05 df =( n 1) = 10-1 = 9 t0.05,9 = 2.26
tc 16.8965 > t0.05,9 = 2.26
Ho
. 293
() 2
Ho
()

9.12
2 10
2
? Hedonic Scale
9.11
9.11 2

1 2
1 8 6 2
2 7 7 0
3 7 6 1
4 8 7 1
5 6 6 0
6 7 6 1
7 7 7 0
8 8 7 1
9 6 7 -1
10 7 7 0
71 66 5
7.1 6.6 0.5
t-test
D ()
D = 1 - 2
= 7.1 - 6.6 = 0.5
S; S = D2i - [{D}2 / n]
n-1
D2 =
= 22 + 02+ 12 + ... + 02
=9
. 294
{D}2 =
= 52= 25
n =
= 10
S = [ 9 - 25/10] / 9
= 6.5/9 = 0.7222 = 0.85
t 7 H 0.05
( 95) df
df = 10-1 =
9 t-value = 2.262
D > t
S/ n
D = 0.5
S/ n 0.85/10
= 0.5
0.85/3.16
= 0.5 / 0.27
= 1.85
1.85 t-value 2.262
2
9.3.3 Z-test

Z-test 9.12
9-point hedonic scale ( 3 ,
2 1) 9
9.13
2 A
B

Hedonic rating 9.12
. 295
9.12 A
B
Hedonic rating
9= 1 =
A ( XAi) B (XBi)
9 4 10
8 15 31
7 17 20
6 27 8
5 6 1
4 2 1
3 - -
2 - -
1 - -
71 71
* 6.69 7.54
2
(S ) 5.37 5.27
* 8
XA = [ (4)(9) + + (2)(4) ] /71 = 6.69
Z-test
(1)
Ho : 1 = 2
HA : 1 2
-value = 0.05 5
(2) XA XB
(SA2 SB2 ) ( 8 )
XA = 6.69 SA2 = 5.37
XB = 7.54 SB2 = 5.27
(3)! Ho Z-test
Zc = XA - XB
[SA / nA ] + [ SB2 / nB ]
2
Zc
Zc = 6.69 - 7.54
[5.37/71] + [5.27/71]
= -0.85 / 0.1498 = - 2.196
(4)! Zc Z 8 I Zc = /2.196/
0.0143 0.05 ( 1 ) I 8
. 296
0.05 ( 0.25 + 0.25) Z 1.96 Zc = /2.196/

Z = 1.96 Ho

2 ?
9-point hedonic scaling
Z-test ( 71 )
Ho 0.05
Ho
2 B
A
7.54
(7) (8)
B

9.3.4 Z-test
Threshold
Z-test

2
Chi-square ( )
9.14
30
18
Z-test
Chi-square Degree of freedom = 1 ( 2
)
(1)! One-tail test

Ho : M1 M2 (M1 = )
HA : M1 > M2
-value = 0.05 5
(2)! 2 Z2
1 :
c2 = [/X1 X2/ - 1] 2 = Zc2
n
. 297
/X1 X2/
c2 df = 1
X1
X2
2 :
Zc = ( X1 0.5 ) m

m = np = n/2
n =
p =
q = 1-p
= npq
(3)!
c2 = [/X1 X2/ - 1 ] 2 = Zc2
n
= [/18-12/ 1] 2 = 25/30 = 0.833
30
Zc = ( X1 0.5 ) m

= (18 0.5) m

p = ! ; m = np = (30)( ! ) = 15
= 30( ! ) ( ! ) = 7.5 = 2.74
Zc = ( 18 0.5 ) 15 = 2.5 / 2.74 = 0.912
2.74
df = 1 c 2.71 ( O 12 A = 0.10
2
df = 1 ) Z 1.64 ( I
8 ) 0.0505 One-tail test
: c2 0.833 < 2 2.71
Ho
5

(4)
Z-test Zc 0.912 < Z 1.64
Ho Z ( I 8 ) Z= 0.91
0.1814
18

. 298
9.3.5 Kramers Rank Sum Tests

3
Kramer (1960)
(n) 9.13 ()
9.14 ()
9.15
Hamburger patties
TSP
TSP 40, 50 60 10
3 9.13
9.13 3 hamburger patties

(Fo) TSP

Fo () F1 (40%TSP) F2 (50% TSP) F3 (60% TSP)
1 1.0 3.3 2.6 2.6
2 3.4 2.0 2.3 2.6
3 1.6 1.6 3.0 3.0
4 4.0 2.0 2.3 1.6
5 1.6 3.3 3.6 1.3
6 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
7 2.3 2.3 2.3 3.0
8 1.3 3.0 3.0 2.6
9 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.6
10 1.0 3.3 2.0 3.3
Total rank 19.8 24.8 27.1 24.6
Mean rank 2.0 2.5 2.7 2.5
1 = 4 =

(1)! 9.13 3
( 3 )
(2)! (Total rank)
Fo Total rank 19.8 ( )

. 299
(3)! :
Ho :
HA :
-value = 0.05 5
(4)! D 4 a Kramers rank sum ranges
5 (n = 10) (R = 4)
Rank sum 17-33
(5)! 9.13 Total ranks sum 19.8 ( Fo)
27.1 ( F2) Fo F2 2.0
2.7 (19.8) (27.1) Total rank
Kramers rank sum range (17-33)

TSP Hamburger patties
Hamburger
patties ( 2.0)
TSP
Hamburger patties TSP 60

Hamburger patties 9.13
9.14 3
Hamburger patties

5 Asia (Total rank
14.2 ) (Kramers rank sum 15-25) F2
Fo
TSP Hamburger patties ( 9.14)
. 300
9.14 (3 ) Hamburger patties

3

Fo (Asia) F1 (Researchs) F2(Traditional)
1 1.3 2.3 2.3
2 1.3 1.6 3.0
3 1.6 2.3 2.0
4 1.6 1.3 3.0
5 1.6 2.3 1.6
6 1.0 2.3 2.6
7 1.3 1.6 3.0
8 1.6 1.3 3.0
9 1.6 2.0 2.3
10 1.3 1.6 3.0
Total rank 14.2* 18.6 26.3*
1.4 1.9 2.6
1 = 3 =
1

2 2

?
Binomial
Duo-trio test Triangle test Binomial
t-test t-test
Z-test ( 2 df=1)
Kramers rank sum test

10

( 10.1 )

(Analysis of variance ;ANOVA) F-test Complete block design
. 302
Incomplete block design

Duncans Multiple Range
(DMR) Tukeys W-Procedure
3 3
2 2

Cross table Chi-square

10.1 (Analysis of variance; ANOVA)

3 3

2x2 2x3 r x c (r= c= ) ( 6 )
Complete block design

9, 16 25
Incomplete block design

10.1

(1) ANOVA
( 6.1 a, 6.1 b, 6.1 c,
6.1 d 6.1e binomial tests
(2)
( 6.2 a) 6.2 b 6.2c
(3) 6.4
( 6.3)
(4) QDA 6.6 6.7 QDA
6.8
t-test
. 303
10.1.1 (Randomized Complete Block Design;

RCBD)
10.2
10.2

( 1 j ) ( 1 i )
1 2 3 i
1 X11 X21 X31 Xi1 X.1
2 X12 X22 X32 Xi2 X.2
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
J X1j X2j X3j Xij X.j
X1. X2. X3. Xi. X..
Xij 10.2 X i j
X11 1 1 X32 3 2
X11
4 1 A X32
3 2 C
10.1

50, 100 150 ppm
55 1
12
7 = =1
10.3
. 304
10.3
55 1 ( 7=

1=
A ( 0 ppm) B (50 ppm) C (100 ppm) D (150 ppm)
1 4 4 3 3 14
2 4 5 3 3 15
3 6 6 2 3 17
4 6 6 7 3 22
5 5 5 8 7 25
6 6 6 2 3 17
7 4 5 8 2 19
8 7 3 4 4 18
9 4 4 3 3 14
10 4 4 3 3 14
11 4 4 7 2 17
12 5 5 3 3 16
59 57 53 39 208
Xij () (
)

(Source of variance)
3
( ) 5
F-test
55 ( 10.3)

(1)! 10.3

(2)!
Ho : A = B = C = D
HA : A B C D
. 305
=0.05 5
(3)! ( 10.3)
(3.1) (Correction Factor ;CF) = ()2
()
= ()2
()()
= (208)2/ (12)(4) = 901.3
(3.2) (Sum of Squares for Panelists ;SSP)
= (
) ()
SSP = [(142 + 152 + 172 + + 172 + 162 ) / 4] [ 901.3 ] = 31.2
(3.3) (Sum of Squares for Samples; SSS)
= (
) ()
SSS = [(592 + 572 + 532 + 392) / 12 ] [ 901.3 ] = 21.6
(3.4) (Total Sum of Squares; TSS)
= ) ()
TSS = [ ( 42 + 42 + + 22 + 32 ) / 1 ] [ 901.3 ] = 122.7
(3.5) (Error Sum of Squares; ESS)
= TSS [ SSP+SSS]
ESS = 122.7 [ 31.2 + 21.6 ] = 69.90
(3.6) (Degree of freedom; df) = 1
df (A, B, C, D) = 4 1 = 3
df = 12 1 = 11
df = 48 1 = 47
df = 47 (3+11) = 33
(3.7) (Mean Squares) = MS = SS/df
MS = 21.6 / 3 = 7.20
MS = 31.2 / 11 = 2.83
(3.8) Computed F value (Fc) = (MS ) / (MS )
Fc = 7.20 / 2.11 = 3.41
Ft = F df
(Numerator ; df1) df (Denominator; df2)
Ft = F = 0.05; df1 = 3 , df2 = 33
Ft = F,df1,df2 = F0.05,(3,33) = 2.84 ( J 9a)
. 306
(4)!
(ANOVA)
Df SS MS Fc Ft
3 21.6 7.20 3.41* 2.84
11 31.2 2.83
33 69.9 2.11
47 122.7
* 5
(5)!
Fc Ft ( Fc> Ft) Ho HA

4
1

Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
1
Duncans Multiple Range Test
DMRT Ho
(1)!
A B C D
59 57 53 39
4.91 4.75 4.41 3.25
= [] / [ ]
X = 59 / 12 = 4.91
(2)!
A B(50 ppm) C(100 ppm) D(150 ppm)
4.91 4.75 4.41 3.25
(3)! (Standard error of sample mean;
SEM)
SEM = (MSerror ) / ()
= (2.11) / 12 = 0.42
. 307
(4)! k values
k=2
A k=3
k=4
B
k=2 C k=2 D
k=3
(5)! (k) L 10a n = 30

df MSE ( df = 33) SE
Shortest
Significant Range (SSR Rk) 0.05
k=2 k=3 k=4
rk ( J 8a) 2.89 3.04 3.12
Rk [rk][SEM]* 1.213 1.276 1.310
* [rk][SEM] = [2.08][0.42] = 1.213; [3.04][0.42 = 1.276
(6)! Rk

(6.1)

(6.2)

A D = 4.91 3.25 = 1.66 > 1.31 (k=4)
A C = 4.91 4.41 = 0.50 < 1.28 (k=3)
B D = 4.75 3.25 = 1.50 >1.28 (k=3)
C D = 4.41 3.25 = 1.16 < 1.21 (k=2)
(7)!
A B C D
5 A
B C D
B
D
C D C

. 308

12 10.3

( A) 6 D
(150ppm) 4
(55 )

Sulfiting

1
5

DMRT D (150 ppm)
A ( ) B (
50 ppm) C (
100 ppm)

()
100 ppm
100 150 ppm

Sulfiting

10.1.2 Randomized Complete Block

Design
10.1.2.1
. Multiple paired comparisons test ()
2
1/2 n [n-1] n =
Multiple paired comparisons test
Multiple paired comparisons test
Simple paired comparisons test
Duncans Multiple Range Test Tukey's test Orthogonal
comparison test
. 309
. Multiple comparisons test ()

(Reference sample or Standard
sample) " R "

Multiple comparisons test

4-5

ANOVA Complete Block Design 10.4

10.2

1

2, 3, 4 5 ( 0)

R=1 R=2
R=3 R=4
R=5 R=6
R=7 R=8
R=9
10.4
. 310
10.4
()

0 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
( (R) (
) )
1 7 4 1 5 6 7 30
2 8 4 1 4 7 6 30
3 9 3 2 5 6 6 31
4 7 3 1 5 6 7 29
5 9 5 3 6 8 9 40
6 6 6 5 7 6 6 36
7 8 3 3 7 6 7 34
8 6 5 4 5 8 9 37
9 6 4 2 7 7 8 34
10 7 3 1 7 8 9 35
73 40 23 58 68 74 336
(1)! (R) (
10.4)
(2)!
Ho : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4= 5
HA : 1 2 3 4 5
=0.05 5
(3)! ANOVA
(3.1) (CF) = ()2 /
= 112,896 / 60 = 1881.6
(3.2) (Sum of Squares for Panelists ;SSP) = (
) (
)
SSP = [(302 + 302 + + 342 + 352 ) / 6] [ 1881.6 ] = 19.1
(3.3) (Sum of Squares for Samples; SSS) = (
) ()
SSS = [(732 + 402 + 232 + 582 + 682 + 742 ) / 10 ] [ 1881.6 ] = 210.6
(3.4) (Total Sum of Squares; TSS) =
) ()
TSS = [ ( 72 + 42 + + 72 + 82 ) / 1 ] [ 1881.6 ] = 284.4
(3.5) (Error Sum of Squares; ESS) = TSS [ SSP+SSS]
ESS = 284.4 [ 19.1 + 210.6 ] = 54.7
. 311
(4)!
(ANOVA)
df SS MS Fc Ft
5 210.6 42.12 34.809* 2.45
9 19.1 2.12
45 54.7 1.21
59 284.4
* 5 , df 5,45
1
5 DMRT
6
Duncans Multiple Range Test

0 1 2 3 4 5
73 40 23 58 68 74
7.3 4.0 2.3 5.8 6.8 7.4
A B C D E F
5 0 4 3 1 2
7.4 7.3 6.8 5.8 4.0 2.3
Shortest Significant Range
rk L 10a 5
n = 40 df (Mean square of error; MSE) df = 45 SEM
=1.21/10 = 0.35
k () 2 3 4 5 6
rk( L 10a) 2.86 3.01 3.01 3.17 3.22
Rk (rk x SEM) 1.00 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.13
A F = 7.4 2.3 = 5.1 > 1.13 (k=6)

A E = 7.4 4.0 = 3.4 > 1.11 (k=5)
A D = 7.4 5.8 = 1.6 > 1.08 (k=4)
B F = 7.3 2.3 = 5.0 > 1.11 (k=5)
B E = 7.3 4.0 = 3.3 > 1.08 (k=4)
B D = 7.3 5.8 = 1.5 > 1.05 (k=3)
C F = 6.8 2.3 = 4.5 > 1.08 (k=4)
C E = 6.8 4.0 = 2.8 > 1.05 (k=3)
D F = 5.8 2.3 = 3.5 > 1.05 (k=3)
D E = 5.8 4.0 = 1.8 > 1.00 (k=2)
E F = 4.0 2.3 = 1.7 > 1.00 (k = 2)
. 312
DMRT
5 0 4 3 1 2
A B C D E F
5 (R) 5
(R)
10.4
( 1)
2 ( R) 2.3 0 () 5
( ) R
F-test 1 DMRT
2
2 ( R) 0
5 ( 7.3 7.4 )
1 2 3 4
2
R (
2)
( 5)
( 2)

10.3
5.5 (h) Multiple comparisons test Fish-potato
flasks (Antioxidant)

Antioxidant
Treatment 1. 0 (No antioxidant)
Treatment 2. 1
Treatment 3. 2
Treatment 4. 4
Treatment 5. 6
" R "
5 ( 5 treatments

) 15
. 313
1 - 9
5 =
9 =
1 =
Analysis of variance 10.5
10.5 Multiple comparisons test

Fish-potato flasks
()
0 1 2 4 6
1 1 4 5 1 9 20
2 3 3 5 5 7 23
3 7 3 4 4 7 25
4 5 7 7 3 9 31
5 3 3 3 3 1 13
6 1 1 1 1 2 6
7 5 5 3 5 6 24
8 2 2 3 2 5 14
9 1 3 3 3 3 13
10 1 1 1 7 5 15
11 6 5 1 4 1 17
12 7 2 1 3 9 22
13 3 2 3 2 6 16
14 3 3 1 5 1 13
15 3 1 5 3 3 15
51 45 46 51 74 267
Correction factor = ()2 /

() = (267)2 / 75 = 950.52
Samples SS = ()/(
) -
= [(512 + 452 + 462 + 512 + 742 )/15] - 950.52 = 37.41
Panelists SS = ()/(
) -
= [(202 + 232 + 252+ ... + 152)/5] - 950.52
= 111.28
Total SS = (
) -
= (12 + 32 + 72 + ... + 32) - 950.52
= 350.48
Error SS = Total SS - Samples SS - Panelists SS
= 350.48 - 37.41 - 111.28 = 201.81
. 314
Fish-potato flasks
Source of variation df SS MS F-test
4 37.14 9.35 2.59*
14 111.28 7.95 2.20*
74 350.48
df = degree of freedom
df - 1 = 5-1 = 4
df - 1 = 15-1 = 14
df - 1 = 75-1 = 74
df (df )-(df )-(df
) = 74-14-4 = 56
MS = Mean Square SS (Sum Square) df
(degree of freedom)
F-value = The variance ratio MS
MS
F-value = MS = 9.35 = 2.59
MS 3.60
F-value = MS = 7.95 = 2.20

MS 3.60

Analysis of variance
J df 4 Numerator df 56 Denominator F-value 2.52
95 F-value 3.65
99 ( K )
95 1 F-value 99
2 2.59* 4.56** F-value
ns F-value 1.10ns ns Not
significant Antioxidant 6
Antioxidant
Antioxidant Antioxidant
95
Duncan's Multiple Range Test Orthogonal Comparison
Test Tukey's Test Duncan's Multiple Range
Test
. 315
0 1 2 4 6
= 51 45 46 51 74
= /
= 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.4 4.9
= 6 4 0 2 1
= 4.9 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.0
(Standard error of sample mean)
SE = (MS error/Number of judgments for each sample)
= (3.60/15) = 0.49
"Shortest significant range " 2 3 4 5

"Studentized ranges; rp " L 10a 10b
95 99
95 rp L 10a df =
60 ( df = 56 df =56 df = 60
df = 56 )
rp
(Standard error of sample mean) "shortest significant range ; Rp
P 2 3 4 5
rp (5%) 2.83 2.98 3.08 3.14
Rp 1.38 1.45 1.50 1.53
Shortest significant
range
1.

2.
3.

. 316
Shortest significant ranges
5 4 1 3 2
a
b
c
d
(Range) a=2
b=3
c=4
d=5
1.
6 - 1 = 4.9-3.0 = 1.9 > 1.53 (R5)
6 - 2 = 4.9-3.1 = 1.8 > 1.50 (R4)
6 - 0 = 4.9-3.4 = 1.5 > 1.45 (R3)
6 - 4 = 4.9-3.4 = 1.5 > 1.38 (R2)
6
95
4.9 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.0

4.9a 3.4b 3.4b 3.1b 3.0b
2.
4 - 1 = 3.4-3.0 = 0.4 < 1.50 (R4)
4 - 2 = 3.4-3.1 = 0.3 < 1.45 (R3)
4 - 0 = 3.4-3.4 = 0.0 < 1.38 (R2)
4 1 2 0

4 1
Antioxidant 6 Fish-potato
flakes Antioxidant
95 Antioxidant 4 2 1
Antioxidant 99

Antioxidant

. 317
8-10
Block
Analysis of variance Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
Randomized Complete Block Design (RBD)
10.4
(Firmness) 4 1
(Control) "R" 9
"R" ( 1) 4

5
9
1
10.6 Multiple
comparisons test

A B C D
1 5 4 4 2 15
2 8 3 5 2 18
3 6 4 4 1 15
4 3 3 4 2 12
5 5 2 3 1 11
6 7 2 5 1 15
7 4 3 2 1 10
8 7 4 1 1 13
9 4 3 2 2 11
49 28 30 13 120
1. = [120]2 /[4 x 9] = 14400/36 = 400

2. Samples Sum Square; SSS = [492 + 282 + 302 + 132] / 9 - 400
= 4254/9 - 400
= 472.67 - 400
= 72.67
. 318
3. Judges Sum Square; JSS = [152 + 182 + 152 + 122 + 112 + 152 + 102 + 132+ 112] /4 - 400
= 1654/4 - 400
= 413.5 - 400
= 13.5
4. Total Sum Square; TSS = [52 + 72 + 62 +...+ 22] - 400
= 518 - 400
= 118
5. Error sum Square; ESS = 118 - 72.67 - 13.50
= 31.83

3 72.67 24.22 18.21**
8 13.50 1.69 1.27
24 31.83 1.33
35 118.00

(Firmness) Tukey's Test
(Snedecor; 1956)
A B C D
49 28 30 13
49/9 28/9 30/9 13/9
5.44 3.11 3.33 1.44
A C B D
5.44 3.33 3.11 1.44
(Standard error; SE) = (1.33/9) = 0.38
The least significant difference N 11

4 df 24 3.90
0.38
Least Significant Difference = 3.90 x 0.38 = 1.48

A - D = 5.44 - 1.44 = 4.00 > 1.48
A - B = 5.44 - 3.11 = 2.33 > 1.48
A - C = 5.44 - 3.33 = 2.11 > 1.48
A
C D B
C - D = 3.33 - 1.44 = 1.89 > 1.48
C - B = 3.33 - 3.11 = 0.22 < 1.48
. 319
C D
0.05 B D
B - D = 3.11 - 1.44 = 1.67 > 1.48
B D
0.05

A B C D
5.44a 3.33b 3.11b 1.44c
A B , C D B C
D
. Scheffe paired comparisons test ()

2

(Good) (Fair) (Poor)
Scheffe (1952) Paired comparisons test
(Analysis of variance)
Scheffe paired comparisons test 5.5 ( i )
10.5
(Texture)

Polyethylene 250 0 krads,
150 krads, 200 krads 250 krads
?
Scheffe paired comparisons test
4
6 8
4
1 4 2
+3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3
. 320

150 krads 846
1 =
250 krads 165
4 846
846 165 (+3)

846 165 (+2)
846 165 (+1)
( 0)
165 846 (-1)
165 846 (-2)
165 846 (-3)
:

4 165
165 846 (+3)

165 846 (+2)
165 846 (+1)
( 0)
846 165 (-1)
846 165 (-2)
846 165 (-3)
165
846 165 -2
6 8
10.7
. 321
10.7 Scheffe paired comparisons test
Total Mean Average

-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Score preference
0,150 2 1 1 1 0.25 1.00
150,0 3 1 -7 -1.75
0,200 1 1 2 5 1.25 0.75
200,0 2 1 1 -1 -0.25
0,250 1 2 1 8 2.00 1.25
250,0 2 2 -2 -0.50
150,200 1 1 2 -1 -0.25 -0.25
200,150 1 1 2 1 0.25
150,250 2 1 1 3 0.75 0.625
250,150 3 1 -2 -0.50
200,250 1 1 2 -3 -0.75 -0.75
250,200 2 1 1 3 0.75
0 9 9 8 12 9 1
(Mean) = (Total score)/ = 1/4 = 0.25

(Average preferences)
= 1/2[{ 0,150}-{150,0}]
= 1/2[0.25-(-1.75)] = 1/2[2.00] = 1.00
0,150 1.00 150,0 -1.00
0,200 0,200
Analysis of variance Scheffe
Main Effects ( ! )

!0 = 1/4[ 0,150 + 0,200 +
0,250]
= 1/4[1.00 + 0.75 + 1.25]
= 1/4[3.00] = 0.75
!150 = 1/4[-1.00 -0.25 + 0.625] = -0.15625
!200 = 1/4[-0.75 +0.25 -0.75] = -0.3125
!250 = 1/4[-1.25 -0.625 +0.75] = -0.28125
Order Effect ( " ) (order)
( 6 2
6 x 2 = 12 )
#" = [1/12][0.25 -1.75 +1.25 -0.25 +2.00 -0.50 -0.25 +0.25 +0.75 -0.50 -0.75 +0.75]
= 0.104
. 322
Scheffe paired comparisons test

Source of Variation df SS MS F-test
Main effects 3 24.4375 8.1458 4.65**
Order effect 1 0.5192 0.5192
Error 48 102.000
Main Effects SS = x x SS !
= [8 x 4][(0.75)2 + (-0.15625)2 + (-0.3125)2 + (-0.28125)2
= 24.437
Order Effect SS = x x [Order Effect]2
= [8 x 6][0.104]2
= 0.5192
Total SS =
= 32(0+1) + 22(9+9) + 12(9+12) + 02(8)
= 102.00
Error SS = Total SS - Main Effect SS - Order Effect SS
= 102.00 - 24.4375 - 0.5192 = 77.0433
4 df Main Effects (4 - 1) = 3
2 df Order Effect (2 - 1) = 1
6 8
48 paired comparisons test df 48
df Error 48 - 1- 3 = 44
MS Main Effects = 24.4375/3 = 8.1458
MS Order Effect = 0.5192/1 = 0.5192
MS Error = 77.0433/44 = 1.7510
F Ratio ; F-Ratio = MS for Main Effects
MS for Error
F value Fvalue J
9a 95 (*)
99 (**) K 9b F value
Main effects
99 Main effect
Tukey's test
0 150 200 250
!0# !150# !200# !250
0.75 -0.15625 -0.3125 -0.28125
A B C D
!0# !150# !250# !200
. 323
Standard Error (SE) = (MS error/ Number of judgments for each sample)
= (1.7510/24)
= 0.2701
P 2 3 4
rp ( 5 percent) 2.86 3.01 3.10
Rp 0.77 0.81 0.84
#####!0 !200 = 0.75-[-0.3125] = 1.0625 > 0.84
!0 !250 = 0.75-[-0.28125] = 1.03125 > 0.81
!0 !150 = 0.75-[-0.15625] = 0.90625 > 0.77
!150 !200 = -0.15625-[-0.3125] = 0.15625 < 0.81
!0#a ###!150#b !250#b ######!200 b
a b
0.75 -0.15625 -0.3125b -0.28125b

(Good) (Fair) (Poor)

(Good) = 3 (Fair) = 2 (Poor) = 1

. Ranking test ()

Kramer et al. (1974)
5 F
Fisher and Yates (1942)
Ranking

. 324
10.6
3
Ranking test
1/2 x 1/2
3 8
10.8
10.8 Ranking test

1 2 3
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
P1 2 1 3
P2 2 1 3
P3 2 1 3
P4 1 2 3
P5 1 3 2
P6 2 1 3
P7 2 1 3
P8 1 2 3
13 12 23
P = Panelist
1 = First
2 = Second
3 = Third
Fisher and Yates

F 5 0.85 0
-0.85
6 F 5
(first) = 1.27
(second) = 0.64

(third) = 0.20

(fourth) = -0.20
(fifth) = -0.64
(sixth) = -1.27
F 3
10.9
. 325
10.9 Ranking test Fisher and

Yates (1942)
1 2 3
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
P1 0 0.85 -0.85 0
P2 0 0.85 -0.85 0
P3 0 0.85 -0.85 0
P4 0.85 0 -0.85 0
P5 0.85 -0.85 0 0
P6 0 0.85 -0.85 0
P7 0 0.85 -0.85 0
P8 0.85 0 -0.85 0
2.55 3.40 -5.95

Correction factor (CF) =0
Samples SS = [{2.552 + 3.402 + (-5.95)2}/8] - CF
= (53.465/8) - 0
= 6.68
Panelists SS = 0/3 = 0
Total SS = [02 + 02 + 02 +0.852 + ... + (-0.85)2] - CF
= 11.56
Ranking test
Source of variation Df SS MS F-test
Sample 2 6.68 3.34 9.54**
Panelists 7 0
Error 14 4.88 0.35
Total 23 11.56
1 2 3
2.55 3.40 -5.95
2.55/8 3.40/8 -5.95/8
0.32 0.43 -0.74
2 1 3
+0.43 +0.32 -0.74
Standard error = [0.35/8] = 0.04375 = 0.209
2 3
rp (5%) 2.94 3.09
Rp 0.614 0.646
. 326
2 - 3 = 0.43- (-0.74) = 1.17 > 0.646

2 - 1 = 0.43 - 0.32 = 0.11 < 0.614
1 - 3 = 0.32 - (-0.74) = 1.06 > 0.646
2 1a
a
3b
3
95 3
95
Ranking test
. Scoring Test ()

(Very hard)

(Texture) French fries

( 5.5 j )
10.7
3
scoring test Multiple comparisons test

(Excellent) 1 (Very poor) 6
. 327
10.10 Scoring test

1 2 3
1 3 2 3 8
2 4 6 4 14
3 3 2 3 8
4 1 4 2 7
5 2 4 2 8
6 1 3 3 7
7 2 6 4 12
8 2 6 2 10
18 33 23 74
1. Correction factor (CF) = 742/24 = 5476/24 = 228.17

2. Samples SS = (1/8) (182 + 332 + 232) - CF
= (1/8) (1942) CF = 242.75 - 228.1 = 14.58
3. Panelists SS = (1/3) (82 + 142 + ... + 102) - CF
= (1/3) (730) - CF = 243.33 - 228.17 = 15.16
4. Total SS = (32 + 42 + ... + 22) - CF
= 276 CF = 276 - 228.17 = 47.83
Scoring
test
2 14.58 7.29 5.65*
7 15.16 2.16
14 18.10 1.29
23 47.83

95 (P0.05)
Multiple Range Test ?
1 2 3
= 18/8 33/8 23/8
(Mean samples) = 2.25 4.13 2.88
Ranked means = A B C
2 3 1
4.13 2.88 2.25
Standard error = (1.29/8) = 0.16
= 0.4
. 328
P 2 3
rp ( 5 percent) 3.03 3.18
Rp 1.21 1.27
A-C = 4.13 - 2.25 = 1.88 > 1.27 (R3)
A-B = 4.13 - 2.88 = 1.25 > 1.21 (R2)
2 3 1
B-C = 2.88 - 2.25 = 0.63 < 1.21 (R2)
A B C
2 3 1
4.13a 2.88b 2.25b
3 1
2
1 3 95 (P0.05)
10.8
Scoring test
Cheddar cheese 3
12

ABC ACB BAC BCA CAB CBA

0 5
10.11
10.11 3 Scoring test

A B C
1 3 0 1 4
2 2 2 2 6
3 3 1 2 6
4 1 1 0 2
5 3 1 3 7
6 2 1 1 4
7 3 2 2 7
8 2 0 1 3
9 3 1 2 6
10 4 2 3 9
11 1 1 0 2
12 2 2 2 6
29 14 19 62
2.42 1.17 1.58
. 329
1. = 622/36 = 106.78
2. Samples Sum Square; SSS = [292 + 142 + 192]/12 - 106.78
= 116.50 - 106.78
= 9.72
3. Judges Sum Square; JSS = [42 + 62 + 62 +...+ 62]/3 - 106.78
= 124 - 106.78
= 17.22
4. Total Sum Square; TSS = [32 + 22 + 32 + 12 +...+ 22] - 106.78
= 142 - 106.78
= 35.22
3 Scoring test
2 9.72 4.86 12.79**
11 17.22 1.57 4.13**
22 8.28 0.38
35 35.22

0.01
Tukey's Test

SE = 0.38/12 = 0.18
5 3 df
22 3.58
A B C
29 14 19
29/12 14/12 19/12
2.42 1.17 1.58
A C B
2.42 1.58 1.17

A - B = 2.42 - 1.17 = 1.25 > 0.64
A - C = 2.42 - 1.58 = 0.84 > 0.64
C - B = 1.58 - 1.17 = 0.41 < 0.64
. 330
3
A B C
2.42a 1.58b 1.17b
A B C
0.05

0.01 Tukey's
Test
(SE) = 0.38/3 = 0.36
N 11 12 df
22 5.20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

4 6 6 2 7 4 7 3 6 9 2 6

1.33 2.00 2.00 0.67 2.33 1.33 2.33 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.67 2.00

10 5 7 2 3 9 12 1 6 8 4 11
3.00 2.33 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.33 1.33 1.00 0.67 0.67

10 - 11 = 3.00 - 0.67 = 2.33 > 1.87
10 - 4 = 3.00 - 0.67 = 2.33 > 1.87
10 - 8 = 3.00 - 1.00 = 2.00 > 1.87
10 - 6 = 3.00 - 1.33 = 1.67 < 1.87
5 - 11 = 2.33 - 0.67 = 1.66 < 1.87

10 3.00a 12 2.00ab
5 2.33ab 1 1.33ab
7 2.33ab 6 1.33ab
2 2.00ab 8 1.00b
3 2.00ab 4 0.67b
9 2.00ab 11 0.67b
10 11 4 8
10 (9.00)
12
. 331
A B C 2.42 1.17 1.58 A

B 10 A
B 8
(3.00)
4 11 A B
1 10 8

?
Block

Block
Completely Randomized Design
Randomized Complete Block Design
Scoring 3

1 (Extremely tender) 8
(Extremely tough)
. Ratio-scaling ()
Ratio-
scaling 40
20 Ratio-scaling

Magnitude estimation (Moskowitz et al.,1972) 1
(Hardness) 50

2 100
25

Magnitude estimation

Geometric mean 1.00
Logarithms
. 332
10.1.2.2
. Hedonic scale scoring test ()

(Excellent) (Very good) (Good) (Poor)
10
9 ( Nine-point hedonic scale) Hedonic
7.6
Hedonic scale scoring test
(Like extremely) 9
(Dislike extremely) 1
2
(Mean score) t-test
10.9
Hedonic scale scoring test

?

1 12 ()
2 ( A) 12
3 ( B) 12
4 ( C) 12
5 ( D) 12
(Control; 1)
4 5
15
7.6
1 - 9
(Like extremely) 9
(Like very much) 8
(Like moderately) 7
(Like slightly) 6
(Neither like nor dislike) 5
(Dislike slightly) 4
(Dislike moderately) 3
(Dislike very much) 2
(Dislike extremely) 1
. 333
10.12

1 2 3 4 5
1 1 4 5 1 9 20
2 3 3 5 5 7 23
3 7 3 4 4 7 25
4 5 7 7 3 9 31
5 3 3 3 3 1 13
6 1 1 1 1 2 6
7 5 5 3 5 6 24
8 2 2 3 2 5 14
9 1 3 3 3 3 13
10 1 1 1 7 5 15
11 6 5 1 4 1 17
12 7 2 1 3 9 22
13 3 2 3 2 6 16
14 3 3 1 5 1 13
15 3 1 5 3 3 15
51 45 46 51 74 267
Correction factor = ()2/

() = (267)2/ 75 = 950.52
Samples SS = ()/(
) -
= [(512 + 452 + 462 + 512 + 742 )/15] - 950.52
= 37.41
Panelists SS = ()/(
) -
= [(202 + 232 + 252 + ... + 152)/5] - 950.52
= 111.28
Total SS = () -

= (12 + 32 + 72 + ... + 32) - 950.52
= 350.48
Error SS = Total SS - SS Samples - SS panelists
= 350.48 - 37.41 - 111.28 = 201.81
. 334

4 37.41 9.35 2.59*
14 111.28 7.95 2.20*
56 201.81 3.60
74 350.48
df = degree of freedom
df - 1 = 5-1 = 4
df - 1 = 15-1 = 14
df - 1 = 75-1 = 74
df (df ) - (df )-(df
) = 74-14-4 = 56
MS = Mean Square SS (Sum Square) df
(degree of freedom)
F-value = The variance ratio MS
MS
F-value = MS = 9.35 = 2.59
MS 3.60
F-value = MS = 7.95 = 2.20
MS 3.60
J
9a df 4 numerator df 56 denominator F-value 2.52
95 F-value 3.65
99 ( K 9b )
95 (P0.05) 1
F-value 99 (P0.01) 2 2.59* 4.56**
F-value ns
F-value 1.10ns ns not significant

95
Duncan's Multiple Range
Test Orthogonal Comparison Test Tukey's Test
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
. 335
1 2 3 4 5
= 51 45 46 51 74
= /
= 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.4 4.9

=
5 4 1 3 2
= 4.9 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.0
(Standard error of sample mean)
SE = (MS error/Number of judgments for each sample)
= (3.60/15) = 0.49
"Shortest significant range " 2 3 4 5
"Studentized ranges; rp " L 10a L
10b 95 99
95 rp 4 df = 60 (
df = 56 df =56 df = 60 df =
56 )
rp
(Standard error of sample mean) "Shortest significant range ; Rp
P 2 3 4 5
rp (5%) 2.83 2.98 3.08 3.14
Rp 1.38 1.45 1.50 1.53
Shortest significant range

1.

2.
3.

. 336
Shortest significant ranges
5 4 1 3 2
a
b
c
d
(Range) a=2
b=3
c=4
d=5
1.
5 - 2 = 4.9-3.0 = 1.9 > 1.53 (R5)
5 - 3 = 4.9-3.1 = 1.8 > 1.50 (R4)
5 - 1 = 4.9-3.4 = 1.5 > 1.45 (R3)
5 - 4 = 4.9-3.4 = 1.5 > 1.38 (R2)
5
95
4.9 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.0

4.9a 3.4b 3.4b 3.1b 3.1b
2.
4 - 2 = 3.4-3.0 = 0.4 < 1.50 (R4)
4 - 3 = 3.4-3.1 = 0.3 < 1.45 (R3)
4 - 1 = 3.4-3.4 = 0.0 < 1.38 (R2)
4 2 3 1

4 2
5
95
4 3 2 (1)
A B C
D D
. 337

D
99

8-10
Block Analysis
of variance Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Randomized
Complete Block Design (RBD)
. Ranking Test ()

7.4
10.10
Ranking test
4 ( A B C D ) 8

1
2
3
4
10.13
10.13 4 Ranking preference test

A B C D
1 4 2 1 3
2 4 3 1 2
3 3 1 2 4
4 3 2 1 4
5 4 1 2 3
6 4 3 1 2
7 4 2 1 3
8 4 1 2 3
30 15 11 24
. 338
1
4a D 4
() 8 () 13-27
13 27
13 27
95
A 30 27 C
11 13 A
C 2
95
13 30
C A
95
2
Fisher Yates (1942)
5 F 4 +1.03
+0.30
+1.03
+0.30
-0.30
-1.03
0
5
+1.16
+0.50
0
-0.50
-1.16
. 339
10.14 4 Ranking preference test

Fisher Yates (1942)

A B C D
1 -1.03 +0.30 +1.03 -0.30 0
2 -1.03 -0.30 +1.03 +0.30 0
3 -0.30 +1.03 +0.30 -1.03 0
4 -0.30 +0.30 +1.03 -1.03 0
5 -1.03 +1.03 +0.30 -0.30 0
6 -1.03 -0.30 +1.03 +0.30 0
7 -1.03 +0.30 +1.03 -0.30 0
8 -1.03 +1.03 +0.30 -0.30 0
-6.78 +3.39 +6.05 -2.66 0
-0.85 +0.42 +0.76 -0.33
1. = ()2 /
= 02 / 32 = 0
2. Samples Sum of Square; SSS
= () ( ) ()
= [(-6.78)2 + (3.39)2 + (16.05)2+ (-2.66)2] / 8 - 0
= [45.97 + 11.49 + 36.60 + 7.07] / 8 - 0
= 101.14/ 8 - 0
= 12.64
3. Judges Sum of Square; JSS
= () ()
()
2
= 0 /4-0
= 0
4. Total Sum of Square; TSS
= () ()
= (-1.03)2 + (-1.03)2 + ... + (-0.30)2 - 0
= 18.41 - 0
= 18.41
. 340
4 Ranking test
Fisher and Yates (1942)
3 12.64 4.21 15.59**
7 0 0 0
21 5.77 0.27
31 18.41
df 3 (numerator) 21 (denominator) F-value

H F-value 3.07 0.05
(P0.05) 4.87 0.01(P0.01) (J
9a K 9b) F-value 15.59
0.01 (P0.01)

Tukey's test
A B C D
-6.78 +3.39 +6.05 -2.66
A B C D
-0.85 +0.42 +0.76 -0.33

C B D A
+0.76 +0.42 -0.33 -0.85

Standard error; SE = Mean square of error
Number of judgments for each sample
= 0.27/8
= 0.03375
= 0.18
The least significant difference 11 N

4 df of error 21 11 N 3.96
The least significant difference 3.96

Least significant difference = 3.96 x 0.18 = 0.71
0.71
0.05

. 341
C - A = 0.76 - (-0.85) = 1.61 > 0.71

C - D = 0.76 - (-0.33) = 1.09 > 0.71
C - B = 0.76 - (+0.42) = 0.34 < 0.71
B - A = 0.42 - (-0.85) = 1.27 > 0.71
B - D = 0.42 - (-0.33) = 0.75 > 0.71
D - A = -0.33 - (-0.85) = 0.52< 0.71

C B D A
+0.76a +0.42a -0.33b -0.85b
4 C B
D A

2
Ranking test
1
10.1.2.3 (Descriptive Sensory Analysis)

(
6.1 f )
10.11
Firmness Chewiness

Firmness Chewinees
4 8

10.15 Firmness 10.16 Chewiness
. 342
10.15 QDA
Firmness
( )
A B C D
1 1.9 2.1 3.4 1.1 8.5
2 4.1 2.4 5.1 3.0 14.6
3 4.6 3.2 5.3 1.8 14.9
4 2.3 5.3 5.3 1.3 14.2
5 1.5 4.7 5.3 0.6 12.1
6 2.0 3.3 4.7 1.8 11.8
7 2.0 3.5 5.2 2.7 13.4
8 2.1 4.8 5.4 1.7 14.0
20.5 29.3 39.7 14.0 103.5
2.6 3.7 5.0 1.8
1. = 103.52 /32 = 10712.25 / 32 = 334.76

2. Sample Sum Square; SSS = [20.52 + 29.32 + 39.72 + 14.02]/8 - 334.76
= 3050.83/8 - 334.76
= 381.35 - 334.76
= 46.59
3. Judges Sum Square; JSS = [8.52 + 14.62 + 14.92 +...+ 14.02]/4 - 334.76
= 1370.27/4 - 334.76
= 342.57 - 334.76
= 7.81
4. Total Sum Square; TSS = [1.92 + 4.12 + 4.62 +...+ 1.72] - 334.76
= 407.35 - 334.76
= 72.59
5. Error Sum Square; ESS = 72.59 - 7.81 - 46.59 = 18.19
QDA Firmness
3 46.59 15.53 17.85**
7 7.81 1.01 1.16
21 18.19 0.87
31 72.59
F-test (17.85) F-test

3.07 P0.05 4.87 P0.01 ( J K ) 4
Firmness 0.01
. 343

4
?
Tukey's test Orthogonal comparison test
C B A D
5.0a 3.7b 2.6bc 1.8c
C
B D
10.16 QDA
Chewiness
( )
A B C D
1 2.2 1.9 3.2 0.2 7.5
2 2.5 1.0 4.2 2.0 9.7
3 3.3 3.0 4.0 1.5 11.8
4 2.6 5.4 4.2 1.3 13.5
5 2.6 4.3 5.1 0.1 12.1
6 2.2 3.4 4.7 1.9 12.2
7 2.4 3.6 5.5 3.2 14.7
8 1.6 3.9 5.7 1.8 13.0
19.4 26.5 36.6 12.0 94.5
2.4 3.3 4.6 1.5
1. = 94.52/32 = 8930.25/32 = 279.07

2. Sample Sum Square; SSS = [19.42 + 26.52 + 36.62 + 12.02]/8 - 279.07
= 2562.17/8 - 279.07
= 320.27 - 279.07
= 41.20
3. Judges Sum Square; JSS = [7.52 + 9.72 + 11.82 +...+ 13.02]/4 - 279.07
= 1152.17 - 279.07
= 288.04 - 279.07
= 8.97
4. Total Sum Square; TSS = [2.22 + 2.52 + 3.32 +...+ 1.82] - 279.07
= 347.09 - 279.07
= 68.02
5. Error Sum Square; ESS = 68.02 - 8.97 - 41.20 = 17.85
. 344
QDA Chewiness
3 41.20 13.73 16.15**
7 8.97 1.28 1.51
21 17.85 0.85
31 68.02
F-test (16.15) F-test

3.07 P0.05 4.87 P0.01 ( J K ) 4
Chewiness 0.01

4
?
Tukey's test Orthogonal comparison test
Firmness
C B A D
4.6a 3.3b 2.4bc 15.c
C (Chewy)
B D
10.1.3 Incomplete Block Design

(Perfect square) 9, 16 25
(n)
10.3 a Incomplete Block Design
4 (n +1) 3 (9) 1 3
9
10.17
9 ANOVA
. 345
10.12
Freeze drying
9
9
4 3
() 5 = 1 =
10.17
10.17 ( 5
1 )

I
1 P9 4 P6 4 P3 4 12
2 P8 4 P5 4 P2 2 10
3 P7 1 P4 1 P1 1 3
25
II
4 P9 3 P8 4 P7 2 9
5 P6 4 P5 5 P4 2 11
6 P3 3 P2 5 P1 2 10
30
III
7 P9 4 P5 2 P1 2 8
8 P8 4 P4 1 P3 4 9
9 P7 1 P2 2 P6 4 7
24
IV
10 P3 4 P5 4 P7 1 9
11 P2 4 P4 1 P9 3 8
12 P1 1 P8 3 P6 3 7
24
10.3 b ( 1 ,2 , 3, 4)
P1, P2, P3,.,P9
. 346
10.18 ANOVA

I II III IV Tj Bj K2tj tj m+tj
P1 1 2 2 1 6 28 -10 -1.11 1.75
P2 2 5 2 4 13 35 4 0.44 3.30
P3 4 3 4 4 15 40 5 0.55 3.41
P4 1 2 1 1 5 31 -13 -1.78 1.08
P5 4 5 2 4 15 38 7 0.78 3.64
P6 4 4 4 3 15 37 8 0.89 3.75
P7 1 2 1 1 5 28 -13 -1.44 1.42
P8 4 4 4 3 15 35 10 1.11 3.97
P9 4 3 4 3 14 37 5 0.56 3.42
25 30 24 24 103=G 309=3G 0 0 0.44

Tj = (P)
Bj = j.
K2tj = KTj Bj Tj - Bj
K =
tj = tj
= (K2Tj ) / K2 (10) / (3)2 = -1.11
m + tj = (m) (m+tj)
m = G / 103 / 36 = 2.86
ANOVA ( 10.17 10.18 )
(1)! = ()2/
= (103)2 / 36 = 294.7
(2)! (Total sum of square; TSS) = ( )
() ( 10.17)
= ( 42 + 42 +42 ++32) (294.7) = 60.3
(3)! (Replication sum of square; RSS) = [(
) / K)] () ( 10.17 )
= [(122 +102 +52 ++ 72) / 3 ] (294.7) = 19.6
(4)! ( Block sum of square; BSS) = [(
) / K)] () ( 10.17)
= [ (252 +302 +242 +242) /9 ] (294.7) = 2.7
(5)! (Block in Replication sum of square; BRSS) = RSS BSS
= 19.6 2.7 = 16.9
. 347
(6)! (Sample sum of square; SSS) = ( K2tj / K2 )

= (102 + 42 +52 ++ 102 + 52) / 9 = 29.8
(7) (Error sum of square) = TSS (RSS + SSS)
= 60.3 ( 19.6 + 29.8) = 10.9
df = Degree of freedom = (n-1)
MS = SS df

Fc = MS MS

(ANOVA)
(ANOVA)
df SS MS Fc Ft
35 60.3
() [3] [16.9] 5.63 8.28* 3.24
11 19.6 1.78 2.62* 2.42
() 8 29.8 3.72 5.48* 2.59
16 10.9 0.68
*
? F
(Fc) F (Ft J 9a)
5 df Fc
2.59 (F) Fc
5
DMRT
10.2 (Relationship measurement)

Chi-square

10.2.1 Chi-square ( 2)

(Contingency table) Chi-square

()
Chi-square Ho
. 348
Ho :
HA :
= 0.05 5 = 0.01 1

(1)! (Contingency table) ( 10. 19 10.20)
(2)! Chi-square
2c = j=1n (foi - fei )2

fei
= (fo1 fe1 )2 + (fo2 fe2 )2 ++(fon fen )2
fe1 fe2 fen
c = Chi-square
2

foi =
fei = ( 10.20)
n = (r) x (c)
(3)! 2c 2, df
= 0.05 5
df = ( 1) ( 1)
2c 2, df Ho
2c 2, df Ho
(4)! Ho
Chi-square ( 10.19)
10.13
71

4 4 5-7 8-10 10

10.19
. 349
10.19
()

4 6 5 4 15
5-7 7 11 5 23
8-10 6 10 4 20
3 5 5 13
10
22 31 18 71
(1)
Ho :

HA :

= 0.01 1
(2) Chi-square ( 10.20)
( 10.19)
10.20 Chi-square

fo Fe Fo fe Fo fe
4 6 4.6 5 7.1 4 3.7 15
5-7 7 7.1 11 10.8 5 5.9 23
8-10 6 6.2 10 8.8 4 5.1 20
3 4.1 5 4.3 5 3.3 13
10
22 22.0 31 31.0 18 18.0 71
(2.1) fei 10.20
fe1 = (22)(15) / 71 = 4.6 fe7 = (31)(20) / 71 = 8.8
fe2 = (22)(23) / 71 = 7.1 fe8 = (31)(13) / 71 = 4.3
fe3 = (22)(20) / 71 = 6.2 fe9 = (18)(15) / 71 = 3.7
fe4 = (22)(13) / 71 = 4.1 fe10 = (18)(23) / 71 = 5.9
fe5 = (31)(15) / 71 = 7.1 fe11= (18)(20) / 71 = 5.1
fe6 = (31)(23) / 71 = 10.8 fe12= (18)(13) / 71 = 3.3
. 350
(2.2) fei foi fei (fei)

foi (foi)
71
(3) 10.20 2c
2c = j=1n (foi - fei )2
fei

2c = (6-4.6)2 +(7-7.1)2 + + (4-5.1)2 +(5-3.3)2
4.6 7.1 5.1 3.3
= 0.426 + 0.001 + + 0.237 + 0.876
= 2.805
2c 2, df ( O 12 ) = 0.01 df = (4-1)
(3-1) = 6 12 O 2, df = 16.8
2c = 2.805 < 2, df = 16.8 Ho
(4)

Chi-square Ho
10.2.2 (Linear correlation)

? (r)
r
r 1 +1 -1 r 1
r + 1 r
r
r + 1

. 351
Y Y
r=1 r = -1
X X
10.1 (a) 10.1 (b)
Y Y
r=0 r=0
X X
10.1 (c) 10.1 (d)
10.1 (a), (b), (c) (d) r (X)

(Y) Y X
r 10.1 (a)
10.1 (b) 10.1 (c) (d) X
Y
r
(1)! 10.21
(2)!
Ho: r = 0 X Y
HA: r 0 X Y
= 0.05 5
(3)! r
r = XY - [(XY) / n]
{ X [(X)2 / n ] } { Y2 [ (Y)2 / n ] }
2
Transform Algebra
. 352
r = nXY - XY
{ nX (X)2 } { nY2 (Y)2 }
2

rc = r

XY = X Y
XY = X Y
X2 = X
2
(X) = X
n = X Y
Y 2
= Y
2
(Y) = Y
(4)!
(4.1) rc r Degree of freedom (n-2)
P 13
rc > r Ho
rc < r Ho
(4.2) tc
tc = (rc)2 (n-2)
(1 - rc2 )
tc t, df ( = 0.05 , df = n-2)
tc > t Ho
tc < t Ho
(5)!
rc Chou (1975) Coefficient of
determination Dixon and Massey (1969)
10.14

Trimethylamine
15 10
1= 5=
Trimethylamine TMA; %mg 3
10.21
. 353
10.21 Trimethylamine (TMA; %mg)

*
TMA (X) (Y) X2 Y2 XY
1 1.8 4.7 3.24 22.09 8.46
2 1.7 4.1 2.89 16.81 6.97
3 1.7 4.0 2.89 16.00 6.80
4 3.3 3.8 10.89 14.44 12.54
5 8.2 3.2 67.24 10.24 26.24
6 10.0 2.4 100.00 57.60 24.00
7 4.7 3.8 22.09 14.44 17.86
8 2.8 4.3 7.84 18.49 12.04
9 10.8 2.6 116.60 6.76 28.08
10 11.7 2.8 136.90 7.84 32.76
11 14.3 1.9 204.50 3.61 27.17
12 14.2 2.0 201.60 4.00 28.40
13 2.8 4.0 7.84 16.00 11.20
14 2.5 4.0 6.25 16.00 22.40
15 16.70 1.7 278.90 2.89 28.39
112.8 53.3 1201.03 223.21 303.31
* 1= 5=
(1)! 10.21

Ho: r = 0 TMA
HA: r 0 TMA
= 0.05 5
(2)! (r) 10.21
rc = nXY - XY
{ nX (X)2 } { nY2 (Y)2 }
2

rc = (16)(303.31) (112.8)(53.3)
[16(1201.03) (112.8)2 ] [ 16(223.21) (53.3)2]
= -0.532
(3)!
(3.1) r0.05,(16-2) = 0.497 ( P 13 )
[ rc = -0.532 ] > [ r,df = 0.497 ]
Ho r = 0 HA r 0
. 354
(3.2) tc = (rc)2 (n-2)

(1 - rc2 )
= ( -0.532) (16-2)
1 (-0.532)2
= -7.4480 / 0.8468 = -8.7955
t0.05, (14) = 2.14 ( H 7)
[ tc = /8.7955/ ] > [ t,df = 2.14 ]
( / /
)
Ho : r = 0 HA: r 0

Trimethylamine (TMA)
r ( rc = -0.532) TMA
Ho TMA
TMA
TMA
TMA

10.2.3 (Simple linear regression)

r (
)
X Y
(Least squares)
(X,Y)
(Scatter diagram)
( 10.2 )

(1)! (rc)
( 10.21 10.2)
(2)!
Y = a + bX + c
. 355

a = Y 10.2
b =
(Regression coefficient)
c = 0
(3)! a b 10.21 (Chou, 1975)
b = n XY - XY
n X2 (X)2
a = Y bX

n = X Y
Y = 1/n i=1n Yi
rc
(4)! Y = a + bX a b X Y
a b X Y
4 ( 10.2 )
(5)!
X Y X Y
b 1 X
Y b
(1)! 10.21 TMA (X) (Y)

a b

b = n XY - XY
n X2 (X)2
= [-1159.28] / 6492.64 = -0.178
a = YbX
Y = 53.3 / 16 = 3.33
X = 112.8 / 16 = 7.05
a = 3.33 [(-0.178)(7.05)
= 3.33 + 1.25 = 4.58 Y X = 0
(2)!
Y = 4.58 + (-0.178) X
X Y
X = 1, X = 2, X = 14, X = 16
. 356
X = 1
Y = 4.58 + (-0.178)(1) = 4.40
X = 2
Y = 4.58 + (-0.178)(2) = 4.22
X = 14
Y = 4.58 + (-0.178)(14) = 2.09
X = 16
Y = 4.58 + (-0.178)(16) = 1.73
(3) ( 10.2 )
TMA

Y ()
6
5
***
4 * * *
* *
3 *
* * *
2 Y = 4.58 + (-0.178)X **
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Trimethylamine (%mg)
10.2 X Y(*) Y = 4.58 + (-0.178)X

TMA (X) (Y)
(rc) TMA
r = -0.532 ( 10.2 )
TMA
TMA

. 357
Y Y (a) (b)
( 10.2)
10.2 TMA
TMA 14 2.09
TMA 2.0 4.22

TMA
10.3 (Frequency and percentage distribution)

10.3.1 FACT sheet

10.22 10.23

10.15
10.22 4
3 Food Action Sheet (FACT)
45

34 39

24
12 66
59 1.4
50
70

10.22
10.3.2
Hedonic type Score sheets

10.23
. 358
4
64
6
50

28.5
10.22 4
3

:
96 58 18 40 49 19 3 6 5 62 1 357
64 6 8 31 50 8 4 4 7 200 0 382
39 11 4 10 14 4 1 0 1 14 2 100
28 15 2 5 3 0 2 1 0 44 0 100
-
227 90 32 86 116 31 10 11 13 320 3 939

24.1 9.6 3.4 9.2 12.4 3.3 1.1 1.12 1.4 34.0 0.3 100
:
64 30 33 33 43 26 15 12 13 86 2 357
34 12 4 36 40 7 11 6 9 219 4 382
37 5 10 11 18 5 3 2 1 8 0 100
13 6 2 6 4 5 4 4 3 53 0 100
-
148 53 49 86 105 43 33 24 26 366 6 939

15.7 5.6 5.2 9.2 11.2 4.6 3.5 2.6 2.8 39.0 0.6 100
:
37 38 25 25 46 28 13 16 19 107 3 357
25 9 9 30 37 9 13 7 9 230 4 382
13 4 11 16 13 9 5 1 2 21 5 100
8 3 7 7 8 4 2 0 0 61 0 100
-
83 54 52 78 104 50 33 24 30 419 12 939

8.9 5.7 5.5 8.3 11.1 5.3 3.5 2.5 3.2 44.6 1.3 100
. 359
10.23

() () () () () ()
357 59.4 9.2 13.7 17.4 0.3 100
382 28.5 6.0 13.1 52.4 0 100
100 64.0 6.0 14.0 14.0 2.0 100
100 50.0 3.0 3.0 44.0 0 100

939

10.16 :

50
10 5

2

(pH)
A
(P>0.05) (10.24) B
P0.05 (10.24) B
A
(19.35+2.03 ppm) 2
B
A P0.05 (10.24)

P0.05
(10.25)
A B P0.05

. 360
A B mean ideal ratio score

0.92-0.95

A B P0.05 B
A P0.05 ( 10.25)
10.24
A B

A B
:
(pH) 4.21+0.03*a 4.19+0.06a 4.31+0.05b
() 1.02+0.04a 1.05+0.05a 0.84+0.04b
a b
(ppm) 19.35+2.03 41.66+8.56 53.90+4.17c
:
L 55.26+0.19a 52.99+0.43b 52.54+0.40b
a* 13.83+0.21a 16.21+0.25b 16.25+0.16b
b* 9.21+0.28a 8.47+0.12b 8.41+0.18b
() 54.03+1.77a 41.98+2.31b 33.55+2.29c
() 19.19+4.57a 27.31+3.99b 29.80+3.72b
:
Enterobacteriaceae (Log N) 1.95+0.07a 3.93+0.06b 4.36+0.11c
a b
Staphylococcus aureus (cfu/g) 0.00+0.00 10.75+0.96 15.75+3.30c
: 100 ( 20 .)
* +
P0.05
10.25
A B
Mean ideal ratio score +

A B

0.92+0.05 0.92+0.08 0.95+0.10
a b
1.00+0.04 0.83+0.02 0.88+0.06b
0.99+0.06a 0.91+0.10ab 1.06+0.11ac
1.08+0.05a 0.92+0.11b 0.89+0.05b
0.94+0.02a 0.74+0.07b 0.82+0.04c
: (N = 10)
P0.05
. 361
Mean ideal ratio score

(Ideal product = 1.00)

(0.94+0.02) 2 P0.05
2

20
10.26

( 10.26)

P0.05

10.26
(N=10)
(N=20)
Mean ideal ratio score +
(N=10) (N=20)
a
0.92+0.05 1.01+0.06b
1.00+0.04 0.98+0.04
0.99+0.06 1.02+0.07
a
1.08+0.05 0.99+0.03b
0.94+0.02 0.95+0.04
: P0.05

20 4
. 362
120 250 120

(Idial product)
1 10.27
10.27
+

1 2 3 4
:
(pH) 4.52+0.02 4.38+0.01 4.57+0.01 4.06+0.01 4.38+0.01
() 1.33+0.01 1.53+0.01 1.43+0.01 1.83+0.03 1.53+0.01
() 0.33+0.01 0.52+0.01 0.10+0.01 0.18+0.01 0.28+0.01
() 0.27+0.01 0.26+0.01 0.22+0.01 0.28+0.01 0.26+0.01
() 0.55+0.01 0.63+0.01 0.94+0.01 3.58+0.06 1.42+0.03
() 73.27+0.25 73.36+0.13 73.21+0.21 73.70+0.04 73.39+0.09
() 14.37+0.21 14.97+0.43 15.90+0.16 15.58+0.12 15.20+0.14
() 2.40+0.03 1.70+0.19 1.55+0.03 1.87+0.17 1.88+0.09
:
L 52.44+0.39 53.83+0.17 57.85+0.25 54.18+0.15 54.57+0.11
a* 13.59+0.21 14.07+0.17 14.00+0.18 15.17+0.30 14.21+0.06
b* 9.41+0.14 10.00+0.10 11.62+0.12 11.20+0.15 10.56+0.02
() 49.78+5.33 37.40+3.74 44.87+2.30 67.78+1.86 49.96+1.57
() 29.32+2.20 22.02+1.45 23.63+1.01 22.76+1.54 24.43+0.49
:
Enterobacteriaceae
(LogN) 2.10+0.05 1.97+0.10 2.02+0.03 2.30+0.03 2.08+0.03
Staphylococcus
aureus (cfu/g) 0 0 0 0 0
: ( Mean ideal ratio score)
1.00+0.36 1.30+0.35 1.40+0.45 1.90+0.64 1.47+0.38
1.00+0.10 1.00+0.13 1.00+0.07 1.00+0.20 1.00+0.02
0.90+0.18 1.00+0.21 1.00+0.02 0.80+0.35 0.97+0.11
0.80+0.21 0.90+0.06 0.80+0.29 0.80+0.42 0.87+0.06
1.00+0.09 1.00+0.16 0.90+0.12 0.90+0.16 0.92+0.05
0.90+0.22 1.00+0.06 0.90+0.22 0.80+0.23 0.91+0.07
0.80+0.20 0.90+0.15 0.90+0.21 0.70+0.25 0.84+0.07
:
30 48 1
. 363

30 48
4
In home use test 1

4
P0.01 4

67.7
57.3, 62.3 60.9

89.8 (10.28)
( 74.8)

P0.01
62.1
62.8
57.5 53.8 (10.28)

81.9
61.6 60.2
57.8
59.7 (10.28)
. 364
10.28

**
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 =

*
0 0 8 1.4 53 9.4 380 67.7 120 21.4

9 0.7 17 1.4 106 8.5 717 57.3 403 32.2
2 0.3 3 0.5 34 5.8 368 62.3 184 31.1
0 0 10 1.9 56 10.6 321 60.9 140 26.6 0.0001
11 0.4 38 1.3 249 8.5 1786 60.9 847 28.9
4 0.7 46 8.2 105 18.7 302 53.8 104 18.5

23 1.8 65 5.2 253 20.2 722 57.5 192 15.3
8 1.4 19 3.2 77 13.0 371 62.8 116 19.6
7 1.3 30 5.7 103 19.4 329 62.1 61 11.5 0.0001
42 1.4 160 5.4 538 18.3 1724 58.7 473 16.1
10 1.8 38 6.8 72 12.8 338 60.2 103 18.4

9 0.7 55 4.4 154 12.3 723 57.8 310 24.8
5 0.8 38 6.4 36 6.1 352 59.7 159 26.9
2 0.4 51 9.6 59 11.2 326 61.6 91 17.2 0.0001
26 0.9 182 6.2 321 11.0 1739 59.3 663 22.6
8 1.4 62 11.1 94 16.8 311 55.4 86 15.3

18 1.4 85 6.8 160 12.8 735 59.0 248 19.9
4 0.7 59 10.0 64 10.8 342 57.9 122 20.6
8 1.5 66 12.5 59 11.2 313 59.4 81 15.4 0.0001
38 1.3 272 9.3 337 12.9 1701 58.2 537 18.4
9 1.6 76 13.5 140 25.0 298 53.1 38 6.8

14 1.1 102 8.1 341 27.2 627 50.1 168 13.4
8 1.4 50 8.5 132 22.3 326 55.2 75 12.7
1 0.2 49 9.3 141 26.9 306 58.3 28 5.3 0.0001
32 1.1 277 9.5 754 25.7 1557 53.2 309 10.5
12 2.1 58 10.3 176 31.4 257 45.8 58 10.3

15 1.2 81 6.5 316 25.4 638 51.2 196 15.7
6 1.0 45 7.6 128 21.7 349 59.1 63 10.7
6 1.1 49 9.4 149 28.4 262 50.0 58 11.1 0.0001
39 1.3 233 8.0 769 26.3 1506 51.5 375 12.8
*

**
Probability of chance (

4
P0.01

59.4 59.0
57.9
55.4
76.6 (10.28)
. 365

3
4, 0.05 1 4
89.4
90.6
4
P0.01
58.3
50.1, 55.2 53.1 (10.28)

59.1
51.2, 50.0 45.8
(10.28)
4

P0.01

= 1.6787 + 0.2121() + 0.1528() + 0.1330(

)+ 0.0810( ) + 0.0741() , R2 = 0.3270
=1.8779 + 0.1522 () + 0.1283()

+0.1186()+0.1101( )
+0.0894 ()
P0.001, R2 = 0.3269
= 1.5353 + 0.2524 ()+0.1480(

)+0.1263()+0.0945()
+ 0.0684 ( )
P0.001, R2 = 0.3362
. 366
= 1.9725 + 0.2447 () + 0.1575()

+0.0910( )+0.0845()
P0.001, R2 = 0.3100
= 1.8219 + 0.2881 ()+0.1700(

) + 0.1537 ()
P0.001, R2 = 0.3339

10.29
10.29

+

3.81+0.86 3.86+0.85 3.72+0.90 3.50+0.87 3.52+0.89 4.09+0.60
3.80+0.82 4.02+0.78 3.90+0.84 3.67+0.85 3.74+0.84 4.20+0.68
3.96+0.76 4.05+0.81 3.88+0.87 3.69+0.85 3.71+0.80 4.23+0.61
3.76+0.78 3.86+0.83 3.75+0.91 3.60+0.73 3.61+0.85 4.12+0.66
3.83+0.81 3.97+0.81 3.83+0.87 3.63+0.83 3.67+0.85 4.17+0.65
: 1= 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 =

(10.28)
(
10.30)
P 0.001 (
10.31)

( 10.32 10.33)
4
4.17 + 0.65
4 90
. 367
10.30 (Overall acceptability)

**
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 =
*

!
0 0 3 1.5 21 10.8 130 66.7 41 21.0
0 0 5 1.4 32 8.8 250 68.5 78 21.4 0.889
0 0 8 1.4 53 9.5 380 67.9 119 21.3
! ()
15-20 0 0 2 2.7 11 15.1 48 65.8 12 16.4
21-30 0 0 3 2.0 11 7.4 105 70.9 29 19.6
31-40 0 0 1 0.6 12 7.0 123 71.5 36 20.9
41-50 0 0 1 1.0 15 15.0 58 58.0 26 26.0
50 0 0 1 1.5 4 6.0 46 68.7 16 23.9 0.250
0 0 8 1.4 53 9.5 380 67.9 119 21.3
!
()
0 0 4 2.5 21 13.1 101 63.1 34 21.3
5,000
5,000- 0 0 2 1.2 13 7.5 121 69.9 37 21.4
10,000
10,000- 0 0 0 0 6 6.9 63 72.4 18 20.7
15,000
0 0 1 0.9 13 11.1 80 68.4 23 19.7 0.557
15,000
0 0 7 1.3 53 9.9 365 68.0 112 20.9
!
0 0 1 2.9 1 2.9 23 65.7 10 28.6
0 0 0 0 9 14.8 43 70.5 9 14.8
0 0 0 0 16 8.9 124 69.3 39 21.8
0 0 2 1.7 13 10.8 86 71.7 19 15.8
0 0 1 1.3 6 7.9 50 65.8 19 25.0
0 0 4 4.6 8 9.2 53 60.9 22 25.3 0.172
0 0 8 1.4 53 9.5 379 67.9 118 21.1
*
** Probability of chance ()
. 368

**
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 =
*

!
2 0.3 6 1.0 49 8.6 347 60.7 168 29.4
7 1.0 11 1.6 55 8.1 368 54.4 235 34.8 0.102
9 0.7 17 1.4 104 8.3 715 57.3 403 32.3
! ()
15-20 1 0.6 5 2.9 14 8.0 104 59.8 50 28.7
21-30 3 0.9 3 0.9 27 8.0 204 60.2 102 30.1
31-40 3 0.8 7 1.9 36 9.9 189 51.8 130 35.6
41-50 0 0 0 0 17 7.8 128 59.0 72 33.2
50 1 0.7 2 1.4 10 6.9 88 60.7 44 30.3 0.433
8 0.6 17 1.4 104 8.4 713 57.5 398 32.1
!
()
5,000 4 0.6 8 1.3 47 7.3 355 55.5 226 35.3
5,000-10,000 1 0.3 2 0.6 30 8.4 211 58.9 114 31.8
10,000-15,000 2 1.9 3 2.9 9 8.7 63 60.6 27 26.0
1 1.1 1 1.1 9 10.2 53 60.2 24 27.3 0.382
15,000
8 0.7 14 1.2 95 8.0 682 57.3 391 32.9
!
2 1.8 4 3.6 6 5.4 70 63.1 29 26.1
0 0 2 3.9 7 13.7 25 49.0 17 33.3
1 0.4 4 1.6 19 7.7 151 60.9 73 29.4
1 0.4 4 1.4 28 10.1 169 61.0 75 27.1
3 1.0 1 0.3 23 7.4 151 48.7 132 42.6
2 0.9 2 0.9 22 9.4 139 59.4 69 29.5 0.007
9 0.7 17 1.4 105 8.5 705 57.3 395 32.1
*
. 369

**
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 =
*

!
0 0 1 0.4 13 5.4 144 59.8 83 34.4
2 0.6 2 0.6 21 6.0 224 64.0 101 28.9 0.496
2 0.3 3 0.5 34 5.8 368 62.3 184 31.1
! ()
15-20 0 0 0 0 10 14.1 41 57.7 20 28.2
21-30 1 0.7 0 0 8 5.8 85 61.6 44 31.9
31-40 0 0 1 0.5 8 4.2 126 66.0 56 29.3
41-50 1 0.8 1 0.8 7 5.3 73 54.9 51 38.3
50 0 0 1 1.7 1 1.7 43 74.1 13 22.4 0.100
2 0.3 3 0.5 34 5.8 368 62.3 184 31.1
! ()
5,000 1 0.6 1 0.6 11 7.0 98 62.4 46 29.3
5,000-10,000 0 0 1 0.5 7 3.4 127 61.4 72 34.8
10,000-15,000 1 0.7 1 0.7 10 7.4 81 60.0 42 31.1
15,000 0 0 0 0 2 2.8 49 69.0 20 28.2 0.736
2 0.4 3 0.5 30 5.3 355 62.3 180 31.6
!
0 0 0 0 7 13.7 31 60.8 13 25.5
0 0 0 0 2 6.9 17 58.6 10 34.5
1 0.3 2 0.6 18 5.3 217 63.5 104 30.4
0 0 0 0 3 6.7 25 55.6 17 37.8
0 0 1 1.3 2 2.5 46 57.5 31 38.8
1 2.4 0 0 1 2.4 31 73.8 9 21.4 0.353
2 0.3 3 0.5 33 5.6 367 62.3 184 31.2
*
. 370

**
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 =
*

!
0 0 5 2.3 24 10.8 145 65.3 48 21.6
0 0 5 1.6 32 10.5 176 57.7 92 30.2 0.171
0 0 10 1.9 56 10.6 321 60.9 140 26.6
! ()
15-20 0 0 2 2.9 10 14.5 39 56.5 18 26.1
21-30 0 0 2 1.8 18 16.1 70 62.5 22 19.6
31-40 0 0 3 1.8 13 7.7 113 67.3 39 23.2
41-50 0 0 2 1.6 12 9.5 67 53.2 45 35.7
50 0 0 1 2.0 3 6.0 32 64.0 14 28.0 0.171
0 0 10 1.9 56 10.7 321 61.1 138 26.3
! ()
5,000 0 0 4 3.1 17 13.2 74 57.4 34 26.4
5,000-10,000 0 0 2 1.1 20 11.2 112 62.6 45 25.1
10,000-15,000 0 0 2 1.6 12 9.4 79 62.2 34 26.8
15,000 0 0 2 3.1 4 6.2 40 61.5 19 29.2 0.843
0 0 10 2.0 53 10.6 305 61.0 132 26.4
!
0 0 1 1.8 7 12.5 31 55.4 17 30.4
0 0 1 3.7 5 18.5 16 59.3 5 18.5
0 0 5 1.8 30 10.7 172 61.4 73 26.1
0 0 0 0 8 15.1 34 64.2 11 20.8
0 0 3 3.8 4 5.0 50 62.5 23 28.8
0 0 0 0 2 8.0 13 52.0 10 40.0 0.613
0 0 10 1.9 56 10.7 316 60.7 139 26.7
*
1.

4
P0.01
94.2 5.8
94.4
5.6

86.4 84.7
13.6 15.3 (10.34)

5 84.7,
87.8 89.9 P0.01
. 371
5
68.4 1-5 31.6 (10.34)
1 ( 32.6)
2 ( 26.5) P0.01
4 ( 34.9) 2 (
28.4) 4 ( 18.8)
4 34.4
49.7 (10.30)
10.34

*
*
!

- 179 94.2 419 94.4 172 86.4 161 84.7 931 91.0
- 11 5.8 25 5.6 27 13.6 29 15.3 92 9.0 0.001
!

- 1-2 11 5.9 21 4.8 8 4.1 36 19.0 76 7.4
- 3-5 18 9.5 33 7.4 12 6.0 24 12.6 87 8.5
- 5 161 84.7 390 87.8 179 89.9 130 68.4 860 84.1 0.001
!

- 59 32.6 78 17.9 43 22.4 94 49.7 274 27.5
- 2 48 26.5 124 28.4 46 24.0 21 11.1 239 23.9
- 4 30 16.6 152 34.9 37 19.3 20 10.6 239 23.9
- 4 44 24.3 82 18.8 66 34.4 54 28.6 246 24.6 0.001

* Probability of chance in crosstab analysis
2.
10.35

P0.01

4 ( 13.3-18.6)

41.1
34.5
43.5, 38.1 46.9 ( 10.35)

50 30.8 25.1

. 372
38.1 37.1

46.9
52.7 ( 10.35)
10.35

* *
!
- 129 33.1 217 24.2 122 31.5 129 28.2 597 28.0
-
116 29.7 251 28.0 102 26.4 125 27.4 594 27.9
-
90 23.1 260 29.0 103 26.6 118 25.8 571 26.8
- 52 13.3 147 16.4 57 14.7 85 18.6 341 16.0
-
3 0.8 22 2.5 3 0.8 0 0.0 28 1.3 0.001
!
- 130 43.5 168 23.7 117 38.1 169 46.9 584 34.8
- 92 30.8 292 41.1 74 24.1 93 25.8 551 32.9
- 75 25.1 245 34.5 114 37.1 97 26.9 531 31.7
-
2 0.7 5 0.7 2 0.7 1 0.3 10 0.6 0.001
3.
2

75.4
P 0.01 22.6
2.0 (10.36)
2

42.4 33.9
(10.36)
32.6
25.3 ( 10.36)
. 373

100
100 ( 10.36)

( 10.36)
10.36

* *
!
-
132 72.1 361 81.5 127 68.3 130 71.0 750 75.4
-
43 23.5 74 16.7 55 29.6 53 29.0 225 22.6
-!
8 4.4 8 1.8 4 2.2 0 0.0 20 2.0 0.001
!
- 4 2.1 8 1.8 5 2.5 1 0.5 18 1.8
- 15 7.9 58 13.2 11 5.6 14 7.4 98 9.6
- 52 27.4 106 24.2 49 24.7 39 20.5 246 24.2
- 115 60.5 244 55.7 129 65.2 132 69.5 620 61.0
- 4 2.1 22 5.0 4 2.0 4 2.1 34 3.3 0.009
!
- 138 17.3 277 16.9 137 16.5 160 17.4 712 17.0
-
127 15.9 259 15.8 145 17.5 160 17.4 691 16.5
- 95 11.9 189 11.6 90 10.9 109 11.8 483 11.5
- 178 22.3 392 24.0 187 22.6 188 20.4 945 22.6
- 119 14.9 199 12.2 119 14.4 134 14.5 571 13.6
-
142 17.8 311 19.0 151 18.2 171 18.5 775 18.5
-
0 0.0 9 0.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 0.2 0.139
!

-
71 38.2 205 46.8 71 37.2 77 41.4 424 42.4
- 70 37.6 151 34.5 61 31.9 57 30.6 339 33.9
- 32 17.2 58 13.2 48 25.1 41 22.0 179 17.9
- 13 7.0 24 5.5 11 5.8 11 5.9 59 5.9 0.026
. 374
10.36 ()

* *
!

-
46 24.3 165 37.7 55 27.9 65 34.2 331 32.6
- 57 30.2 103 23.5 49 24.9 48 25.3 257 25.3
-
40 21.2 59 13.5 39 19.8 35 18.4 173 17.1
- 19 10.1 36 8.2 25 12.7 20 10.5 100 9.9
-
14 7.4 52 11.9 16 8.1 15 7.9 97 9.6
-
13 6.9 23 5.3 13 6.6 7 3.7 56 5.5 0.029
4.

42.1, 42.7 53.5
34.7 34.3

32.8
40.5 38.4
( 10.37)

98.4,
95.4, 99.5 97.4 (
10.37)

3
1-2
82.9 ( 10.37)
. 375
10.37

*
*
!

- 80 42.1 189 42.7 106 53.5 73 38.4 448 43.9
- 44 23.2 102 23.0 65 32.8 40 21.1 251 24.6

-
66 34.7 152 34.3 27 13.6 77 40.5 322 31.5 0.001
!

- 3 1.6 20 4.6 1 0.5 5 2.6 29 2.9
- 187 98.4 416 95.4 197 99.5 185 97.4 985 97.1 0.020
!

*
- 3 2 66.7 15 83.3 1 100.0 3 60.0 21 77.8
- 3-7 1 33.3 3 16.7 0 0.0 1 20.0 5 18.5
- 7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 20.0 1 3.7 0.498
*
- 1 86 46.0 249 59.1 121 61.7 78 42.2 534 54.0
- 2 59 31.6 112 26.6 56 28.6 59 31.9 286 28.9
- 1 34 18.2 45 10.7 16 8.2 41 22.2 136 13.8
- 2 5 2.7 9 2.1 3 1.5 7 3.8 24 2.4
- 2 3 1.6 6 1.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 0.9 0.001
5.

37.5
45.5 ( 10.38)

52.5
35.3 (
10.38)

72.4
15.4 ( 10.38)
. 376
10.38

*
*
!

-
41 15.8 106 18.7 45 17.5 40 14.3 232 17.0
- 98 37.7 205 36.2 95 37.0 113 40.4 511 37.5
-
/ 121 46.5 256 45.1 117 45.5 127 45.4 621 45.5 0.754
!
- 89 47.1 243 55.1 105 52.8 98 51.6 535 52.5
- 77 40.7 147 33.3 70 35.2 66 34.7 360 35.3
- 14 7.4 36 8.2 16 8.0 13 6.8 79 7.8
- 9 4.8 15 3.4 8 4.0 13 6.8 45 4.4 0.557
!
- 31 16.3 70 16.0 29 14.6 26 13.7 156 15.4
- 145 76.3 313 71.6 144 72.7 133 70.0 735 72.4
- 14 7.4 54 12.4 25 12.6 31 16.3 124 12.2 0.273
! Probability of chance in crosstab analysis

. 377
10.4

3
(Complete Block Design) (
) (Incomplete
Block Design)

Chi-square

. 378
A
1
ALDEHYDES/LACTONES/CLYCIDATES
Name Odor
C18Aldehyde (Gamma Nonalactone) Coconut
Benzaldehyde Bitter Almond
Alpha-Citral Sharp, Lemon, Citrus
Beta-Citral Sharp, Lemon, Citrus
Citronellal Intense Lemon, Citronella Rose
Piperonellal (Heliotropine) Heliotrope-Floral, Vanilla
Vanillin Sweet, Vanilla-like
KETONES AND DIKETONES

Name Odor
Acetone Pickled green Olives
Diacetyl Buttery, Sour Cream
Carvone Cultured Dairy Products
Menthone Caraway
Alpha-lonone Peppermint
Beta-lonone Violet, Fruity, Woody and Floral
Violet, Fruity, Woody, Fatty and Floral
AMINES/ANTHRANILATES/THIOCYANATES/PHENOLS
Name Odor
Methyl Amine Ammonia, Fishy, Boiled Lobster
Trimethyl Amine Fishy
Benzylamine Ammonia
Aniline Faint Odor
Diphenylamine Floral, Pleasant
Methyl Anthranilate Imitation Concord Grape, Orange Blossom
Allyl Isothyocyanate Pungent, Mustard, Horse-Radish
Allyl Sulphide Pungent, Strong, Garlic
Eugenol Cloves, Carnations, Medicinal
Thymol (Isopropylcresol) Herby, Medicinal, Phenolic
Guatacol Tar-like, Smoky, Cresote-like Phenolic
. 379
ALCOHOLS
Name Odor
Methyl Alcohol Pungent, Spirituous, Alcoholic
Ethyl Alcohol Sweet,Spirituous, Alcoholic
Isopropyl Alcohol Heavy, Spirituous
n-Butyl Alcohol Chemical Piercing
n-Amyl Alcohol Fusel, Alcohol, Pungent and Irritating
Heptyl Alcohol Stronger, Piercing, Fatty
Octyl Alcohol Strong, Fatty, Citrus
Nonyl Alcohol Rose, Citrus
Decyl Alcohol Floral, Citrus
Undecyl Alcohol Fatty, Citrus
Duodecyl Alcohol Duodecyl Alcohol
BenZyl Alcohol Slight Rose or Fruit-like
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol Rose or Honey-like
Cinnamic Alcohol Smooth, Fatty, Balsamic and Floral
Geraniol Floral, Rose-like
ACIDS
Name Odor
Formic Acid Sharp, Irritating, Pungent
Acetic acid Sour, Vinegar, Penetrating
Propionic Acid Sharp, Fatty
Butyric Acid Animal, Butty
Valanic Acid Sweaty
Benzoic Acid Low
Cinnamic Acid Cinnamon
Caproic Acid Piercing, Rancid, Less Sour,
Roquefort Cheese Character
Heptoic Acid (Oenanthic Acid) Fatty, Piercing, Less Sour
. 380
ESTERS
Name Odor
Ethyl Formate Fruitlike, Fuzzy, Ethereal
Rum or Honey
Ethyl Acetate Sour, Piercing, Fruity
Methyl Acetate Light, Ethereal, Nondescript
Propyl Acetate Fruity, Pear-like
Butyl Acetate Smoother, Fatter, Pineapple-like
Isoamyl Acetate Banana-like, Faint Pear
Methyl Benzoate Sharp, Fragrant
Benzyl Formate Sweet, Floral, Spicy
Benzyl Benzoate Faint, Balsamic
SALICYLATES
Name Odor
Methyl Salicylate Wintergreen
Ethyl Salicylate Faint Wintergreen and Nondescript Mint
Isoamyl Salicylate Light Floral Clover or Orchid-like
ALDEHYDES/LACTONESGLYCIDATES
Name Odor
Formaldehyde Pungent
Acetaldehyde Pungent, Ethereal
Propyl Acetaldehyde (Propaldehyde) Sharp, Suffocating
Butyl Aldehyde (Butyraldehyde) Sharp, Strong, Suffocating
n-Heptyaldehyde Haesh, Pungent
Octylaldehyde Sharp, Fruity, Citrus
Nonylaldehyde Sharp, Lemon-like
C10 Aldehyde Smoother, Floral, Orange,Citrus
C12 Aldehyde (Lauric) Orange-Violet
C14 Aldehyde (Myristic) Fatty, Violet-Woody
C14 Aldehyde (Gamma Undecalactone) Peach
C16 Aldehyde (Ethyl Methyl Strawberry
Phenylglycidate)
. 381
B
2
(Paired difference test ) Duo-trio test (One tailed, p = ! )*
Two-tail test One-tail test

() ()
5 1 0.1 5 1 0.1
5 .. 5
6 .. 6
7 7 .. 7 7
8 8 8 .. 7 8
9 8 9 .. 8 9
10 9 10 .. 9 10 10
11 10 11 11 9 10 11
12 10 11 12 10 11 12
13 11 12 13 10 12 13
14 12 13 14 11 12 13
15 12 13 14 12 13 14
16 13 14 15 12 14 15
17 13 15 16 13 14 16
18 14 15 17 13 15 16
19 15 16 17 14 15 17
20 15 17 18 15 16 18
21 16 17 19 15 17 18
22 17 18 19 16 17 19
23 17 19 20 16 18 20
24 18 19 21 17 19 20
25 18 20 21 18 19 21
26 19 20 22 18 20 22
27 20 21 23 19 20 22
28 20 22 23 19 21 23
29 21 22 24 20 22 24
30 21 23 25 20 22 24
31 22 24 25 21 23 25
32 23 24 26 22 24 26
33 23 25 27 22 24 26
34 24 25 27 23 25 27
35 24 26 28 23 25 27
36 25 27 29 24 26 28
37 25 27 29 24 27 29
38 26 28 30 25 27 29
39 27 28 31 26 28 30
40 27 29 31 26 28 31
41 28 30 32 27 29 31
42 28 30 32 27 29 32
43 29 31 33 28 30 32
44 29 31 34 28 31 33
45 30 32 34 29 31 34
46 31 33 35 30 32 34
47 31 33 36 30 32 35
48 32 34 36 31 33 36
49 32 34 37 31 34 36
50 33 35 37 32 34 37
60 39 41 44 37 40 43
70 44 47 50 43 46 49
80 50 52 56 48 51 55
90 55 58 61 54 57 61
100 61 64 67 59 63 66
. 382
C
3
Triangle test (One tailed, p = 1/3 )*

(n) (n)
* ** *** * ** ***
5% 1% 0.1% 5% 1% 0.1%
7 5 6 7 57 57 27 29
8 6 7 8 58 27 29 32
9 6 7 8 59 27 30 32
10 7 8 9 60 28 30 33
11 7 8 9 61 28 30 33
12 8 9 10 62 28 31 33
13 8 9 10 63 29 31 34
14 9 10 11 64 29 32 34
15 9 10 12 65 30 32 35
16 10 11 12 66 30 32 35
17 10 11 13 67 30 33 36
18 10 12 13 68 31 33 36
19 11 12 14 69 31 34 36
20 11 13 14 70 32 34 37
21 12 13 15 71 32 34 37
22 12 14 15 72 32 35 38
23 13 14 16 73 33 35 38
24 13 14 16 74 33 36 39
25 13 15 17 75 34 36 39
26 14 15 17 76 34 36 39
27 14 16 18 77 34 37 40
28 15 16 18 78 35 37 40
29 15 17 19 79 35 38 41
30 16 17 19 80 35 38 41
31 16 18 19 81 36 38 41
32 16 18 20 82 36 39 42
33 17 19 20 83 37 39 42
34 17 19 21 84 37 40 43
35 18 19 21 85 37 40 43
36 18 20 22 86 38 40 44
37 18 20 22 87 38 41 44
38 19 21 23 88 39 41 44
39 19 21 23 89 39 42 45
40 20 22 24 90 39 42 45
41 20 22 24 91 40 42 46
42 21 22 25 92 40 43 46
43 21 23 25 93 40 43 46
44 21 23 25 94 41 44 47
45 22 24 26 95 41 44 47
46 22 24 26 96 42 44 48
47 23 25 27 97 42 45 48
48 23 25 27 98 42 45 49
49 23 25 28 99 43 46 49
50 24 26 28 100 43 46 49
51 24 26 29 200 80 84 89
52 25 27 29 300 117 122 127
53 25 27 29 400 152 158 165
54 25 27 30 500 188 194 202
55 26 28 30 1000 363 372 383
56 26 28 31 2000 709 722 737
. 383
D
4a (Rank totals) 5 (
)*
(R)

(n)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2
3 4-14 4-17 4-20 4-23 5-25 5-28 5-31 5-34
4 5-11 5-15 6-18 6-22 7-25 7-29 8-32 8-36 8-39 9-43
5 6-14 7-18 8-22 9-26 9-31 10-35 11-39 12-43 12-48 13-52
6 7-11 8-16 9-21 10-26 11-31 12-36 13-41 14-46 15-51 17-55 18-60
7 8-13 10-18 11-24 12-30 14-35 15-41 17-46 18-52 19-58 21-63 22-69
8 9-15 11-21 13-27 15-33 17-39 18-46 20-52 22-58 24-64 25-71 27-77
9 11-16 13-23 15-30 17-37 19-44 22-50 24-57 26-64 28-71 30-78 32-85
10 12-18 15-25 17-33 20-40 22-48 25-55 27-63 30-70 32-78 35-85 37-93
11 13-20 16-28 19-36 22-44 25-52 28-60 31-68 34-76 36-85 39-93 42-101
12 15-21 18-30 21-39 25-47 28-56 31-65 34-74 38-82 41-91 44-100 47-109
13 16-23 20-32 24-41 27-51 31-60 35-69 38-79 42-88 45-98 49-107 52-117
14 17-25 22-34 26-44 30-54 34-64 38-74 42-84 46-94 50-104 54-114 57-125
15 19-26 23-37 28-47 32-58 37-68 41-79 46-89 50-100 54-111 58-122 63-132
16 20-28 25-39 30-50 35-61 40-72 45-83 49-95 54-106 59-117 63-129 68-140
17 22-29 27-41 32-53 38-64 43-76 48-88 53-100 58-112 63-124 68-136 73-148
18 23-31 29-43 34-56 40-68 46-80 52-92 57-105 62-118 68-130 73-143 79-155
19 24-33 30-46 37-58 43-71 49-84 55-97 61-110 67-123 73-136 78-150 84-163
20 26-34 32-48 39-61 45-95 52-88 58-102 65-115 71-129 77-143 83-157 90-170
* Kramer, A. 1960 . A rapid method foe determining significance of differences from rank sums.
Food Technology, 14: 576-581
. 384
E
4b (Rank totals) 1 (
)*
(R)

(n)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2
3 4-29 4-32 4-35
4 5-19 5-23 5-27 6-30 6-34 6-38 6-42 7-45
5 6-19 7-23 7-28 8-32 8-37 9-41 9-46 10-50 10-55
6 7-17 8-22 9-27 9-33 10-38 11-43 12-48 13-53 13-59 14-64
7 8-20 10-25 11-31 12-37 13-43 14-49 15-55 16-61 17-67 18-73
8 9-15 10-22 11-29 13-35 14-42 16-48 17-55 19-61 20-68 21-75 23-81
9 10-17 12-24 13-32 15-39 17-46 19-53 21-60 22-68 24-75 26-82 27-90
10 11-19 13-27 15-35 18-42 20-50 22-58 24-66 26-74 28-82 30-90 32-98
11 12-21 15-29 17-38 20-46 22-55 25-63 27-72 30-80 32-89 34-98 37-106
12 14-22 17-31 19-41 22-50 25-59 28-68 31-77 33-87 36-96 39-105 42-114
13 15-24 18-34 21-44 25-53 28-63 31-73 34-83 37-93 40-103 43-113 46-123
14 16-26 20-36 24-46 27-57 31-67 34-78 38-88 41-98 45-109 48-120 51-131
15 18-27 22-38 26-49 30-60 34-71 37-83 41-94 45-105 49-116 53-127 56-139
16 19-29 23-41 28-52 32-64 36-76 41-87 45-99 49-111 53-123 57-135 62-146
17 20-31 25-43 30-55 35-67 39-80 44-92 49-104 53-117 58-129 62-142 67-154
18 22-32 27-45 32-58 37-71 42-84 47-97 52-110 57-123 62-136 67-149 72-162
19 23-34 29-47 34-61 40-74 45-88 50-102 56-115 61-129 67-142 72-156 77-170
20 24-36 30-50 36-64 42-78 48-92 54-106 60-120 65-135 71-149 77-163 82-178
* Kramer, A. 1960 . A rapid method foe determining significance of differences from rank sums.
Food Technology, 14: 576-581
. 385
F
5 (Scores for ranked data)
1,2,3,..
:

- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0.56 0.85 1.03 1.16 1.27 1.35 1.42 1.49 1.54
2 0.30 0.50 0.64 0.76 0.85 0.93 1.00
3 0.20 0.35 0.47 0.57 0.66
4 0.15 0.27 0.38
5 0.12
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 1.59 1.63 1.67 1.70 1.74 1.76 1.79 1.82 1.84 1.87
2 1.06 1.12 1.16 1.21 1.25 1.28 1.32 1.35 1.38 1.41
3 0.73 0.79 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.99 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.13
4 0.46 0.54 0.60 0.66 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.92
5 0.22 0.31 0.39 0.46 0.52 0.57 0.62 0.67 0.71 0.75
6 0.10 0.19 0.27 0.34 0.39 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.59
7 0.09 0.17 0.23 0.30 0.35 0.40 .045
8 0.08 0.15 0.21 0.26 0.31
9 0.07 0.13 0.19
10 0.06
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 1.89 1.91 1.93 1.95 1.97 1.98 2.00 2.01 2.03 2.04
2 1.43 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.60 1.62
3 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.24 1.26 1.29 1.31 1.33 1.35 1.36
4 0.95 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.18
5 0.78 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.03
6 0.63 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.89
7 0.49 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.78
8 0.36 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.67
9 0.24 0.29 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.51 0.54 0.57
10 0.12 0.17 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.41 0.44 0.47
11 0.06 0.11 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.35 0.38
12 0.05 0.10 0.14 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.39
13 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.21
14 0.04 0.09 0.12
15 0.04
. 386
G
6
00-04 05-09 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99
00 54463 22662 65905 70639 79365 67382 29085 69831 47058 08186 59391 58060 52098 82718 87024 82848 04190 96574 9046429065
01 15389 85205 18850 39226 42249 90669 96325 23248 60933 26927 99567 76364 77204 04615 27062 96621 43918 01896 8399151141
02 85941 40756 82414 02015 13858 78030 16269 65978 01385 15345 10363 97518 51400 25670 98342 61891 27101 37855 0623533316
03 61149 69440 11286 88218 58925 03638 52862 62733 33451 77455 86856 19558 64432 16706 99612 59798 32803 67708 1529728612
04 05219 81619 10651 67079 92511 59888 84502 72095 83463 75577 11258 2459136863 55369 31721 94335 34936 02566 80972 08188
05 41417 98326 87719 92294 46614 50948 64886 20002 97365 30976 95068 88628 35911 14530 33020 80428 39936 31855 3433464865
06 28357 94070 20652 35774 16249 75019 21145 05217 47286 76305 54463 47237 73800 91017 36239 71824 83671 39892 6051837092
07 17783 00015 10806 83091 91530 36466 39981 62481 49177 75779 16874 62677 57412 13215 31389 62233 80827 73917 8280284420
08 40950 84820 29881 85966 62800 70326 84740 62660 77379 90279 92494 63157 76593 91316 03505 72389 96363 52887 0108766091
09 82995 64157 66164 41180 10089 41757 78258 96488 88629 37231 15669 56689 35682 40844 53256 81872 35213 09840 3447174441
10 96754 17676 55659 44105 47361 34833 86679 23930 53249 27083 99116 75486 84989 23476 52967 67104 39495 39100 1721774073
11 34357 88040 53364 71726 45690 66334 60332 22554 90600 71113 15696 10703 65178 90637 63110 17622 53988 71087 8414811670
12 06318 37403 49927 57715 50423 67372 63116 48888 21505 80182 97720 15369 51269 69620 03388 13699 33423 67453 4326956720
13 62111 52820 07243 79931 89292 84767 85693 73947 22278 11551 11666 13841 71681 98000 35979 39719 81899 07449 47985 46967
14 47534 09243 67879 00544 23410 12740 02540 54440 32949 13491 71628 73130 78783 75691 41632 09847 61547 18707 8548969944
15 98614 75993 84460 62846 59844 14922 48730 73443 48167 34770 40501 51089 99943 91843 41995 88931 73631 69361 0537515417
16 24856 03648 44898 09351 98795 18644 39765 71058 90368 44104 22518 55579 98215 82068 10798 86211 36584 67466 6937340054
17 96887 12479 80621 66223 86085 78285 02432 53342 42846 94771 75112 30485 62173 02132 14878 92879 22281 16783 8635200077
18 90801 21472 42815 77408 37390 76766 52615 32141 30268 18106 80327 02671 98191 84342 90813 49268 95441 15496 2016809271
19 55165 77312 83666 36028 28420 70219 81369 41943 47366 41067 60251 45548 02146 05597 48228 81366 34598 72856 6676217002
20 75884 12952 84318 95108 72305 64620 91318 89872 45375 85436 57430 82270 10421 00540 43648 75888 66049 21511 4767633444
21 16777 37116 58550 42958 21460 43910 01175 87894 81378 10620 73528 39559 34434 88596 54086 71693 43132 14414 7994985193
22 46230 43877 80207 88877 89380 32992 91380 03164 98656 59337 25991 65959 70769 64721 86413 33475 42740 06175 8275866248
23 42902 66892 46134 01432 94710 23474 20423 60137 60609 13119 78388 16638 09134 59980 63806 48472 39318 35434 2405774739
24 81007 00333 39693 28039 10154 95425 39220 19774 31782 49037 12477 09965 96657 57994 59439 76330 24596 77515 0957791871
25 68089 01122 52111 72373 06902 74373 96199 97017 41273 21546 83266 32883 42451 15579 38155 29793 40914 65990 1625517777
26 20411 67081 89950 16944 93054 87687 96693 87236 77054 33848 76970 80876 10237 39515 79152 74798 39357 09054 7357992359
27 58212 13160 06468 15718 82627 76999 05999 58680 96739 63700 37074 65198 44785 68624 98336 84481 97610 78735 4670398265
28 70577 42866 24969 61210 76046 67699 42054 12696 93758 03283 83712 06514 30101 78295 54656 85417 43189 60048 7278172606
29 94522 74358 71659 62038 79643 79169 44741 05437 39038 13163 20287 56862 69727 94443 64936 08366 27227 05158 5032659566
30 42626 86819 85651 88678 17401 03252 99547 32404 17918 62880 74261 32592 86538 27041 65172 85532 07571 80609 3928565340
31 16051 33763 57194 16752 54450 19031 58580 47629 54132 60631 64081 49863 08478 96001 18888 14810 70545 89755 5906407210
32 08244 27647 33851 44705 94211 46716 11738 55784 95374 72655 05617 75818 47750 67814 29575 10526 66192 44464 2705840467
33 59497 04392 09419 89964 51211 04894 72882 17805 21896 83864 26793 74951 25466 74307 13330 42664 85515 20632 0549733625
34 97155 13428 40293 09985 58434 01412 69124 82171 59058 82859 65988 72850 48737 54719 52056 01596 03845 35067 0313470322
. 387
G
6 ()
00-04 05-09 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99
35 98409 66162 95763 47420 20792 6152720441 39435 11859 41567 27366 42271 44300 73399 21105 03280 73457 43093 0519248657
36 45476 84882 65109 96597 25930 66790 65706 61203 53634 22557 56760 10909 98147 34736 33863 95256 12731 66598 5077183665
37 89300 69700 50741 30329 11658 23166 05400 66669 48708 03887 72880 43338 93643 58904 59543 23943 11231 83268 6593881581
38 50051 95137 91631 66315 91428 12275 24816 68091 71710 33258 77888 38100 03062 58103 47961 83841 25878 23746 5590344115
39 31753 85178 31310 89642 98364 02306 24617 09609 83942 22716 28440 07819 21580 51459 47971 29882 13990 29226 2360815873
40 79152 53829 77250 20190 56535 18760 69942 77448 33278 48805 63525 94441 77033 12147 51054 49955 58312 76923 9607105813
41 44560 38750 83635 56540 64900 42912 13953 79149 18710 68618 47606 93410 16359 89033 89696 47231 64498 31776 0538339902
42 68328 83378 63369 71381 39564 05615 42451 64559 97501 65747 52669 45030 96279 14709 52372 87832 02735 50803 7274488208
43 46939 38689 58625 08342 30459 85863 20781 09284 26333 91777 16738 60159 07425 62369 07515 82721 37875 71153 2131500132
44 83544 86141 15707 96256 23068 13782 08467 89469 93842 55349 59348 11695 45751 15865 74739 05572 32688 20271 6512814551
45 91621 00881 04900 54224 46177 55309 17852 27491 89415 23466 12900 71775 29845 60774 94924 21810 38636 33717 6759882521
46 91896 67126 04151 03795 59077 11848 12630 98375 52068 60142 75086 23537 49939 33595 13484 97588 28617 17979 7074935234
47 55751 62515 21108 80830 02263 29303 37204 96926 30506 09808 99495 51434 29181 09993 38190 42553 68922 52125 9107740197
48 85156 87689 95493 88842 00664 55017 55539 17771 69448 87530 26075 31671 45386 36583 93459 48599 52022 41330 60651 91321
49 07521 56898 12236 60277 3910262131 12239 07105 11844 01117 13636 93596 23377 51133 95126 61496 42474 45141 4666042338
50 64249 63664 39652 40646 97306 31741 07294 84149 46797 82487 32847 31282 03345 89593 69214 70381 78285 20054 9101816742
51 26538 44249 04050 48174 65570 44072 40192 51153 11397 58212 16916 00041 30236 55023 14253 76582 12092 86533 9242637655
52 05845 00512 78630 55328 18116 69296 91705 86224 29503 57071 66176 34037 21005 27137 03193 48970 64625 22394 3962279085
53 74897 68373 67359 51014 33510 83048 17056 72506 82949 54600 4629913335 12180 16861 38043 59292 62675 63631 3702078195
54 20872 54570 35017 88132 25730 22626 86723 91691 13191 77212 22847 4783945385 23289 47526 54098 45683 55849 51575 64689
55 31432 96156 89177 75541 81355 24480 77243 76690 42507 84362 41851 54160 92320 69936 34803 92479 33399 71160 6477783378
56 66890 61505 01240 00660 05873 13568 76082 97172 57913 93448 28444 59497 91586 95917 68553 28639 06455 34174 1113091994
57 41894 57790 79970 33106 86904 48119 52503 24130 72824 21627 47520 62378 98855 83174 13088 16561 68559 26679 0623851254
58 11303 87118 81471 52936 08555 28420 49416 44448 04269 27029 34978 63271 13142 82681 05271 08822 16490 44984 4930761717
59 54374 57325 16947 45356 78371 10563 97191 53798 12693 27928 37404 80416 69035 92980 49486 74378 75610 74976 7005615478
60 64852 34421 61046 90849 13966 39810 42699 21753 76192 10508 32400 65482 52099 53676 74648 94148 65095 69597 5277171551
61 16309 20384 09491 91588 97720 89846 30376 7697023063 35894 89262 86332 51718 70663 11623 29834 79820 73002 8488603591
62 42587 37065 24526 72602 57589 98131 37292 05967 26002 51945 86866 09127 98021 03871 27789 58444 44832 36505 4067230180
63 40177 98590 97161 41682 84533 67588 62036 49967 01990 72308 90814 14833 08759 74645 05046 94056 99094 65091 32663 73040
64 82309 76128 93965 26743 24141 04838 40254 26065 0793876236 19192 82756 20553 58446 55376 88914 75096 26119 8389843816
65 79788 68243 59732 04257 27084 14743 17520 95401 55811 76099 77585 52593 56612 95766 10019 29531 73064 20953 5352358136
66 40538 79000 89559 25026 42274 23489 34502 75508 06059 86682 23757 16364 05096 03192 62386 45389 85332 18877 5571096459
67 64016 73598 18609 73150 62463 33102 45205 87440 96767 67042 45989 96257 23850 26216 23309 21526 07425 50254 1945529315
68 49767 12691 17903 93871 99721 79109 09425 26904 07419 76013 92970 94243 07316 41467 64837 52406 25225 51553 3122014032
69 76974 55108 29795 08404 82684 00497 51126 79935 57450 55671 74346 59596 40088 98176 17896 86900 20249 77753 1909948885
. 388
G
6 ()
00-04 05-09 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99
70 23854 08480 85983 96025 50117 64610 99425 62291 86943 21541 87646 41309 27636 45153 29988 94770 07255 70908 0534099751
71 68973 70551 25098 78033 98573 79848 31778 29555 61446 23037 50099 71038 45146 06146 55211 99429 43169 66259 9778659180
72 36444 93600 65350 14971 25325 00427 52073 64280 18847 24768 10127 46900 64984 75348 04115 33624 68774 60013 3551562556
73 03003 87800 07391 11594 21196 00781 32550 57158 58887 73041 67995 81977 18984 64091 02785 27762 42529 97144 8040764524
74 17540 26188 36647 78386 04558 61463 5784290382 77019 24210 26304 80217 84934 82657 69291 35397 98714 35104 0818748109
75 38916 55809 47982 41968 69760 79422 80154 91486 19180 15100 81994 41070 56642 64091 31229 02595 13513 45148 7872230144
76 64288 19843 69122 42502 48508 28820 59933 72998 99942 10515 59537 34662 79631 89403 65212 09975 06118 86197 5820816162
77 8680951556 38040 39418 49915 19000 58050 16899 79952 57849 51228 10937 62396 81460 47331 91403 95007 06047 1684664809
78 99800 99566 14742 05028 30033 94889 53381 23656 75787 59223 31089 37995 29577 07828 42272 54016 21950 86192 9904684864
79 92345 31890 95712 08279 91794 94068 49337 88674 35355 12267 38207 97938 93459 75174 79460 55436 57206 87644 2129643393
80 90363 65162 32245 82279 79256 80834 06088 99462 56705 06118 88666 31142 09474 89712 63153 62333 42212 06140 4259443671
81 64437 32242 48431 04835 39070 59702 31508 60935 22390 52246 53365 56134 67582 92557 89520 33452 05134 70628 2761233738
82 91714 53662 28373 34333 55791 74758 51144 18827 10704 76803 89807 74530 38004 90102 11693 90257 05500 79920 6270043325
83 20902 17646 31391 31459 33315 03444 55743 74701 58851 27427 18682 81038 85662 90915 91631 22223 91588 80774 0771612548
84 12217 86007 70371 52281 14510 76094 96579 54853 78339 20839 63571 32579 63942 25371 09234 94592 98475 76884 3763533608
85 45177 02863 42307 53571 22532 74921 17735 42201 80540 54721 68927 56492 67799 95398 77642 54913 91583 08421 8145076229
86 28325 90814 08804 52746 47913 54577 47525 77705 95330 21866 56401 63186 39389 88798 31356 89235 97036 32341 3329273757
87 29019 28776 56116 54791 64604 08815 46049 71186 34650 14994 24333 95603 02359 72942 46287 95382 08452 62862 9786971775
88 84979 81353 56219 67062 26146 82567 33122 14124 46240 92973 17025 84202 95199 62272 06366 16175 97577 99304 4158703686
89 90371 26347 48513 63915 11158 25563 91915 18431 92978 11591 02804 08253 52133 20224 68034 50865 57868 22343 5511103607
90 53422 06825 69711 67950 64716 18003 49581 45378 99878 61130 08298 03879 20995 19850 73090 13191 18963 82244 7847999121
91 67453 35651 89316 41620 32048 70225 47597 33137 31443 51445 59883 01785 82403 96062 03785 03488 12970 64896 3833630030
92 07294 85353 74819 23445 68237 07202 99515 62282 53809 26685 46982 06682 62864 91837 74021 89094 39952 64158 7961478235
93 79544 00302 45338 16015 66613 88968 14595 63836 77716 79596 31121 47266 07661 02051 67599 24471 69843 83696 7140276287
94 64144 85442 82060 46471 24162 39500 87351 36637 42833 71875 97867 56641 63416 17577 30161 87320 37752 73276 4896941915
95 90919 11883 58318 00042 52402 28210 34075 33272 00840 73268 57364 86746 08415 14621 49430 22311 15836 72492 4937244103
96 06670 57353 86275 92276 77591 46924 60839 55437 03183 13191 09559 26263 69511 28064 75999 44540 13337 10918 7984654809
97 36634 93976 52062 83678 41256 60948 18685 48992 19462 96062 53873 55571 00608 42661 91332 63956 74087 59008 4749399581
98 75101 72891 85745 67106 2601062107 60885 37503 55461 71213 35531 19162 86406 05299 77511 24311 57257 22826 77555 05941
99 05112 71222 72654 51583 05228 62056 57390 42746 39272 96659 28229 88629 25695 94932 30721 16197 78742 34974 9752845447
. 389
H
7 t-values Two-tailed One-tailed
hypothesis a
a/2 Two a/2

tail
t ,a
df t ( two-tailed)
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.001
1 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 318.31 636.619
2 0.816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.327 31.598
3 0.765 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.214 12.941
4 0.741 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173 8.610
5 0.727 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893 6.859
6 0.718 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785 5.405
8 0.706 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501 5.041
9 0.703 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297 4.781
10 0.700 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144 4.587
11 0.697 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025 4.437
12 0.695 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930 4.318
13 0.694 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852 4.221
14 0.692 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787 4.140
15 0.691 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733 4.073
16 0.690 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610 3.922
19 0.688 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579 3.883
20 0.687 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552 3.850
21 0.686 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505 3.792
23 0.685 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485 3.767
24 0.685 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467 3.745
25 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450 3.725
26 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421 3.690
28 0.683 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408 3.674
29 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.393 3.659
30 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385 3.646
40 0.681 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307 3.551
60 0.679 0.848 1.046 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232 3.460
120 0.677 0.845 1.041 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.160 3.373
0.674 0.842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 3.291
0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005
df t ( one-tailed)
One
tail a
. 390
I
8 Z ( Z)
Z

Z=0 Z= [X - ]/
Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641
.1 .4602 .4562 .4523 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
.2 .4207 .4108 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2648 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
.9 .1841 .1714 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
1.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
1.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0255 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
2.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183
2.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
2.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
2.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
2.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0063 .0066 .0064
2.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 .0049 .0048
2.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
2.7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
2.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
2.9 .0019 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
3.0 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0010
3.1 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007
3.2 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005
3.3 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003
3.4 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002
3.6 .0002 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001
3.9 0000
. 391
J
9a F-ratio 5 a
n1/n2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 243.9 245.9 248.0 249.1 250.1 251.1 252.2 253.3 254.3
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 16.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.50
3 10.13 9.55 9.26 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40 4.36
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.67
7 5.59 4.74 4.25 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.23
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97 2.93
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75 2.71
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 3.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.54
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.40
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 2.00 2.91 2.83 2.80 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34 2.30
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.13
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.07
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.01
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.38
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.84
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.81
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.78
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.76
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 18.4 1.79 1.73
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.69
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.73 1.67
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.65
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.64
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.62
40 4.06 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58 1.51
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.47 1.39
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.17 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.43 1.35 1.25
3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.22 1.22 1.00
n1 = degree of freedom
. 392
K
9b F-ratio 1 a
n1/n2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120
1 4052 4999 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5982 6022 6056 6106 6157 6209 6235 6261 6287 6313 6339 6386
2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.41 26.32 26.22 26.13
4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.65 13.56 13.46
5 16.25 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.20 9.11 9.02
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.76 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.06 6.97 6.88
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.82 5.74 5.65
8 11.25 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.03 4.95 4.86
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.48 4.40 4.31
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.91
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.22 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.78 3.69 3.60
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.62 3.54 3.45 3.36
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.25 3.17
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.18 3.09 3.00
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.87
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.93 2.84 2.75
17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.83 2.75 2.65
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.57
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.30 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.67 2.58 2.49
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.42
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.55 2.46 2.36
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.78 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.40 2.31
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.35 2.26
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.40 2.31 2.21
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.45 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.36 2.27 2.17
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.33 2.23 2.13
27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.20 2.10
28 7.64 5.43 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.06
29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.72 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.32 2.23 2.14 2.03
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.21 2.11 2.01
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.92 1.80
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.73 1.60
120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.53 1.38
6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.59 1.47 1.32 1.00
. 393
L
10a Significant ranges for Duncans multiple range test 5 a
k / n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 50 100
1 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0
2 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09 6.09
3 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50
4 3.93 4.01 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02
5 3.64 3.74 3.79 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83
6 3.46 3.58 3.64 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68 3.68
7 3.35 3.47 3.54 3.58 3.60 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61
8 3.26 3.39 3.47 3.52 3.55 3.56 3.56 3.56 3.56 3.56 3.56 3.56 3.56 3.56 3.56 3.56
9 3.20 3.34 3.41 3.47 3.50 3.52 3.52 3.52 3.52 3.52 3.52 3.52 3.52 3.52 3.52 3.52
10 3.15 3.30 3.37 3.43 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.48 3.48 3.48
11 3.11 3.27 3.35 3.39 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.48 3.48
12 3.08 3.23 3.33 3.36 3.40 3.42 3.44 3.44 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.48 3.48
13 3.06 3.21 3.30 3.35 3.38 3.41 3.42 3.44 3.45 3.45 3.46 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47
14 3.03 3.18 3.27 3.33 3.37 3.39 3.41 3.42 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47
15 3.01 3.16 3.25 3.31 3.36 3.38 3.40 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47
16 3.00 3.15 3.23 3.30 3.34 3.37 3.39 3.41 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47
17 2.98 3.13 3.22 3.28 3.33 3.36 3.38 3.40 3.42 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47
18 2.97 3.12 3.21 3.27 3.32 3.35 3.37 3.39 3.41 3.43 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47
19 2.96 3.00 3.19 3.26 3.31 3.35 3.37 3.39 3.41 3.43 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47 3.47
20 2.95 3.10 3.18 3.25 3.30 3.34 3.36 3.38 3.40 3.43 3.44 3.46 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47
22 2.93 3.08 3.17 3.24 3.29 3.32 3.35 3.37 3.39 3.42 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47
24 2.92 3.07 3.15 3.22 3.28 3.31 3.34 3.37 3.38 3.41 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47
26 2.91 3.06 3.14 3.21 3.27 3.30 3.34 3.36 3.38 3.41 3.43 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47
28 2.90 3.04 3.13 3.20 3.26 3.30 3.33 3.35 3.37 3.40 3.43 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47
30 2.89 3.04 3.12 3.20 3.25 3.29 3.32 3.35 3.37 3.40 3.43 3.44 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47
40 2.86 3.01 3.10 3.17 3.22 3.27 3.30 3.33 3.35 3.39 3.42 3.44 3.46 3.47 3.47 3.47
60 2.83 2.98 3.08 3.14 3.20 3.24 3.28 3.31 3.33 3.37 3.40 3.43 3.45 3.47 3.48 3.48
100 2.80 2.95 3.05 3.12 3.18 3.22 3.26 3.29 3.32 3.36 3.40 3.42 3.45 3.47 3.53 3.53
2.77 2.92 3.02 3.09 3.15 3.19 3.23 3.26 3.29 3.34 3.38 3.41 3.44 3.47 3.61 3.67
a
Using special protection levels based on degree of freedom
. 394
M
10b Significant ranges for Duncans multiple range test 1 a
k / n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 50 100
1 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00
2 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00
3 8.26 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 8.90 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.10 9.20 9.30 9.30 9.30 9.30
4 6.51 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.10 7.20 7.20 7.30 7.30 7.40 7.40 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50
5 5.70 5.96 6.11 6.18 6.26 6.33 6.40 6.44 6.30 6.60 6.60 6.70 6.70 6.80 6.80 6.80
6 5.24 5.51 5.65 5.73 5.81 5.88 5.95 6.00 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.20 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.30
7 4.95 5.22 5.37 5.45 5.53 5.61 5.69 5.73 5.80 5.80 5.90 5.90 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
8 4.74 5.00 5.14 5.23 5.32 5.40 5.47 5.51 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.70 5.80 5.80 5.80 5.80
9 4.60 4.86 4.99 5.08 5.17 5.25 5.32 5.36 5.40 5.50 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70
10 4.48 4.73 4.88 4.96 5.06 5.13 5.20 5.24 5.28 5.36 5.42 5.48 5.54 5.55 5.55 5.55
11 4.39 4.63 4.77 4.86 4.94 5.01 5.06 5.12 5.15 5.24 5.28 5.34 5.38 5.39 5.39 5.39
12 4.32 4.55 4.68 4.76 4.84 4.92 4.96 5.02 5.07 5.13 5.17 5.22 5.24 5.26 5.26 5.26
13 4.26 4.48 4.62 4.69 4.74 4.81 4.88 4.94 4.98 5.04 5.08 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.15 5.15
14 4.21 4.42 4.55 4.63 4.70 4.78 4.83 4.87 4.91 4.96 5.00 5.04 5.06 5.07 5.07 5.07
15 4.17 4.37 4.50 4.58 4.64 4.72 4.77 4.81 4.84 4.90 4.94 4.97 4.99 5.00 5.00 5.00
16 4.13 4.34 4.45 4.54 4.60 4.67 4.72 4.76 4.79 4.84 4.88 4.91 4.93 4.94 4.94 4.94
17 4.10 4.30 4.41 4.50 4.56 4.63 4.68 4.72 4.75 4.80 4.83 4.86 4.88 4.89 4.89 4.89
18 4.07 4.27 4.38 4.46 4.53 4.59 4.64 4.68 4.71 4.76 4.79 4.82 4.84 4.85 4.85 4.85
19 4.05 4.24 4.35 4.43 4.50 4.56 4.61 4.64 4.67 4.72 4.76 4.79 4.81 4.82 4.82 4.82
20 4.02 4.22 4.33 4.40 4.47 4.53 4.58 4.61 4.65 4.69 4.73 4.76 4.78 4.79 4.79 4.79
22 3.99 4.17 4.28 4.36 4.42 4.48 4.53 4.57 4.60 4.65 4.68 4.71 4.74 4.75 4.75 4.75
24 3.96 4.14 4.24 4.33 4.39 4.44 4.49 4.53 4.57 4.62 4.64 4.67 4.70 4.72 4.74 4.74
26 3.93 4.11 4.21 4.30 4.36 4.41 4.46 4.50 4.53 4.58 4.62 4.65 4.67 4.69 4.73 4.73
28 3.91 4.08 4.18 4.28 4.34 4.39 4.43 4.47 4.51 4.56 4.60 4.62 4.65 4.67 4.72 4.72
30 3.89 4.06 4.16 4.22 4.32 4.36 4.41 4.45 4.48 4.54 4..58 4.61 4.63 4.65 4.71 4.71
40 3.82 3.99 4.10 4.17 4.24 4.30 4.34 4.37 4.41 4.46 4.51 4.54 4.57 4.59 4.69 4.69
60 3.76 3.92 4.03 4.12 4.17 4.23 4.27 4.31 4.34 4.39 4.44 4.47 4.50 4.53 4.66 4.66
100 3.71 3.86 3.98 4.06 4.11 4.17 4.21 4.25 4.29 4.35 4.38 4.42 4.45 4.48 4.64 4.65
3.64 3.80 3.90 3.98 4.04 4.09 4.14 4.17 4.20 4.26 4.31 4.34 4.38 4.41 4.60 4.68
a
Using special protection levels based on degree of freedom
. 395
N
11 Significant studentized range for Tukey test 5 1
upper Percentage Points of the Studentized Range, qa = [ Xmax Xmin ] / Sx
Error P =
df 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
5 0.05 3.64 4.60 5.22 5.67 6.03 6.33 6.58 6.80 6.99 7.17 7.32 7.47 7.60 7.72 7.83 7.93 8.03 8.12 8.21
0.01 5.70 6.97 7.80 8.42 8.91 9.32 9.67 9.97 10.24 10.48 10.70 10.89 11.08 11.24 11.40 11.55 11.68 11.81 11.93
6 0.05 3.46 4.34 4.90 5.31 5.63 5.89 6.12 6.32 6.49 6.65 6.79 6.92 7.03 7.14 7.24 7.34 7.43 7.51 7.59
0.01 5.24 6.33 7.03 7.56 7.97 8.32 8.61 8.87 9.10 9.30 9.49 9.65 9.81 9.95 10.08 10.21 10.32 10.43 10.54
7 0.05 3.34 4.16 4.68 5.06 5.36 5.61 5.82 6.00 6.16 6.30 6.43 6.55 6.66 6.76 6.85 6.94 7.02 7.09 7.17
0.01 4.95 5.92 6.54 7.01 7.37 7.68 7.94 8.17 8.37 8.55 8.71 8.86 9.00 9.12 9.24 9.35 9.46 9.55 9.65
8 0.05 3.26 4.04 4.53 4.89 5.17 5.40 5.60 5.77 5.92 6.05 6.18 6.29 6.39 6.48 6.57 6.65 6.73 6.80 6.87
0.01 4.74 5.63 6.20 6.63 6.96 7.24 7.47 7.68 7.87 8.03 8.18 8.31 8.44 8.55 8.66 8.76 8.85 8.94 9.03
9 0.05 3.20 3.95 4.42 4.76 5.02 5.24 5.43 5.60 5.74 5.87 5.98 6.09 6.19 6.28 6.36 6.44 6.51 6.58 6.64
0.01 4.60 5.43 5.96 6.35 6.66 6.91 7.13 7.32 7.49 7.65 7.78 7.91 8.03 8.13 8.23 8.32 8.41 8.49 8.57
10 0.05 3.15 3.88 4.33 4.65 4.91 5.12 5.30 5.46 5.60 5.72 5.83 5.93 6.03 6.11 6.20 6.27 6.34 6.40 6.47
0.01 4.48 5.27 5.77 6.14 6.43 6.67 6.87 7.05 7.21 7.36 7.48 7.60 7.71 7.81 7.91 7.99 8.07 8.15 8.22
11 0.05 3.11 3.82 4.26 4.57 4.82 5.03 5.20 5.35 5.49 5.61 5.71 5.81 5.90 5.99 6.06 6.14 6.20 6.26 6.33
0.01 4.39 5.14 5.62 5.97 6.25 6.48 6.67 6.84 6.99 7.13 7.25 7.36 7.46 7.56 7.65 7.73 7.81 7.88 7.95
12 0.05 3.08 3.77 4.20 4.51 4.75 4.95 5.12 5.27 5.40 5.51 5.62 5.71 5.80 5.88 5.95 6.03 6.09 6.15 6.21
0.01 4.32 5.04 5.50 5.84 6.10 6.32 6.51 6.67 6.81 6.94 7.06 7.17 7.26 7.36 7.44 7.52 7.59 7.66 7.73
13 0.05 3.06 3.73 4.15 4.45 4.69 4.88 5.05 5.19 5.32 5.43 5.53 5.63 5.71 5.79 5.86 5.93 6.00 6.05 6.11
0.01 4.26 4.96 5.40 5.73 5.98 6.19 6.37 6.53 6.67 6.79 6.90 7.01 7.10 7.19 7.27 7.34 7.42 7.48 7.55
14 0.05 3.03 3.70 4.11 4.41 4.64 4.83 4.99 5.13 5.25 5.36 5.46 5.55 5.64 5.72 5.79 5.85 5.92 5.97 6.03
0.01 4.21 4.89 5.32 5.63 5.88 6.08 6.26 6.41 6.54 6.66 6.77 6.87 6.96 7.05 7.12 7.20 7.27 7.33 7.39
15 0.05 3.01 3.67 4.08 4.37 4.60 4.78 4.94 5.08 5.20 5.31 5.40 5.49 5.58 5.65 5.72 5.79 5.85 5.90 5.96
0.01 4.17 4.83 5.25 5.56 5.80 5.99 6.16 6.31 6.44 6.55 6.66 6.76 6.84 6.93 7.00 7.07 7.14 7.20 7.26
16 0.05 3.00 3.65 4.05 4.33 4.56 4.74 4.90 5.03 5.15 5.26 5.35 5.44 5.52 5.59 5.66 5.72 5.79 5.84 5.90
0.01 4.13 4.78 5.19 5.49 5.72 5.92 6.08 6.22 6.35 6.46 6.56 6.66 6.74 6.82 6.90 6.97 7.03 7.09 7.15
17 0.05 2.98 3.63 4.02 4.30 4.52 4.71 4.86 4.99 5.11 5.21 5.31 5.39 5.47 5.55 5.61 5.68 5.74 5.79 5.84
0.01 4.10 4.74 5.14 5.43 5.66 5.85 6.01 6.15 6.27 6.38 6.48 6.57 6.66 6.73 6.80 6.87 6.94 7.00 7.05
18 0.05 2.97 3.61 4.00 4.28 4.49 4.67 4.82 4.96 5.07 5.17 5.27 5.35 5.43 5.50 5.57 5.63 5.69 5.74 5.79
0.01 4.07 4.70 5.09 5.38 5.60 5.79 5.94 6.08 6.20 6.31 6.41 6.50 6.58 6.65 6.72 6.79 6.85 6.91 6.96
19 0.05 2.96 3.59 3.98 4.25 4.47 4.65 4.79 4.92 5.04 5.14 5.23 5.32 5.39 5.46 5.53 5.59 5.65 5.70 5.75
0.01 4.05 4.67 5.05 5.33 5.55 5.73 5.89 6.02 6.14 6.25 6.34 6.43 6.51 6.58 6.65 6.72 6.78 6.84 6.89
20 0.05 2.95 3.58 3.96 4.23 4.45 4.62 4.77 4.90 5.01 5.11 5.20 5.28 5.36 5.43 5.49 5.55 5.61 5.66 5.71
0.01 4.02 4.64 5.02 5.29 5.51 5.69 5.84 5.97 6.09 6.19 6.29 6.37 6.45 6.52 6.59 6.65 6.71 6.76 6.82
24 0.05 2.92 3.53 3.90 4.17 4.37 4.54 4.68 4.81 4.92 5.01 5.10 5.18 5.25 5.32 5.38 5.44 5.50 5.54 5.59
0.01 3.93 4.54 4.91 5.17 5.37 5.54 5.69 5.81 5.92 6.02 6.11 6.19 6.26 6.33 6.39 6.45 6.51 6.56 6.61
30 0.05 2.89 3.49 3.84 4.10 4.30 4.46 4.60 4.72 4.83 4.92 5.00 5.08 5.15 5.21 5.27 5.33 5.38 5.43 5.48
0.01 3.89 4.45 4.80 5.05 5.24 5.40 5.54 5.65 5.76 5.85 5.93 6.01 6.08 6.14 6.20 6.26 6.31 6.36 6.41
40 0.05 2.86 3.44 3.79 4.04 4.23 4.39 4.52 4.63 4.74 4.82 4.91 4.98 5.05 5.11 5.16 5.22 5.27 5.31 5.36
0.01 3.82 4.37 4.70 4.93 5.11 5.27 5.39 5.50 5.60 5.69 5.77 5.84 5.90 5.96 6.02 6.07 6.12 6.17 6.21
60 0.05 2.83 3.40 3.74 3.98 4.16 4.31 4.44 4.55 4.65 4.73 4.81 4.88 4.94 5.00 5.06 5.11 5.16 5.20 5.24
0.01 3.76 4.28 4.60 4.82 4.99 5.13 5.25 5.36 5.45 5.53 5.60 5.67 5.73 5.79 5.84 5.89 5.93 5.98 6.02
120 0.05 2.80 3.36 3.69 3.92 4.10 4.24 4.36 4.48 4.56 4.64 4.72 4.78 4.84 4.90 4.95 5.00 5.05 5.09 5.13
0.01 3.70 4.20 4.50 4.71 4.87 5.01 5.12 5.21 5.30 5.38 5.44 5.51 5.56 5.61 5.66 5.71 5.75 5.79 5.83
0.05 2.77 3.31 3.63 3.86 4.03 4.17 4.29 4.39 4.47 4.55 4.62 4.68 4.74 4.80 4.85 4.89 4.93 4.97 5.01
0.01 3.64 4.12 4.40 4.60 4.76 4.88 4.99 5.08 5.16 5.23 5.29 5.35 5.40 5.45 5.49 5.54 5.57 5.61 5.65
. 396
O
12 Chi-square
Degree of
freedom
A=0.30 A=0.20 A=0.10 A=0.05 A=0.02 A=0.01 A=0.001
1 1.07 1.54 2.71 3.84 5.41 6.64 10.83
2 2.41 3.22 4.60 5.99 7.82 9.21 13.82
3 3.66 4.64 6.25 7.82 9.84 11.34 16.27
4 4.88 5.99 7.78 9.49 11.67 13.28 18.46
5 6.06 7.29 9.24 11.07 13.39 15.09 20.52
6 7.23 8.56 10.64 12.59 15.03 16.81 22.46

7 8.38 9.80 12.02 14.07 16.62 18.48 24.32
8 9.52 11.03 13.36 15.51 18.17 20.09 26.12
9 10.66 12.24 14.68 16.92 19.68 21.67 27.88
10 11.78 13.44 15.99 18.31 21.16 23.21 29.59
11 12.90 14.63 17.28 19.68 22.62 24.72 31.26

12 14.01 15.81 18.55 21.03 24.05 26.22 32.91
13 15.12 16.98 19.81 22.36 25.47 27.69 34.53
14 16.22 15.15 21.06 23.68 26.87 29.14 36.12
15 17.32 19.31 22.31 25.00 28.26 30.58 37.70
16 18.42 21.46 23.54 26.30 29.63 32.00 39.25

17 19.51 21.62 24.77 27.59 31.00 33.41 40.79
18 20.60 22.76 25.99 28.87 32.35 34.80 42.31
19 21.69 23.90 27.20 30.14 33.69 36.19 43.82
20 22.78 25.04 28.41 31.41 35.02 37.57 45.32
21 23.86 25.17 29.62 32.67 36.34 38.93 46.80

22 24.94 27.30 30.81 33.92 37.66 30.29 48.27
23 26.02 28.43 32.01 35.17 38.97 41.64 49.73
24 27.10 29.55 33.20 36.42 40.37 42.98 51.18
25 28.17 30.68 34.38 37.65 41.57 44.31 52.62
26 29.25 31.80 35.56 38.88 42.86 45.64 54.05

27 30.32 32.91 36.74 40.11 44.14 46.96 55.48
28 31.39 34.03 37.92 41.34 45.42 48.28 56.89
29 32.46 35.14 39.09 42.56 46.69 49.59 58.30
30 33.53 36.25 40.26 43.77 47.96 50.89 59.70
. 397
P
13 (Correlation coefficient)
df = 0.10 =0.05 =0.02 =0.01

1 0.988 0.997 0.9995 0.9999
2 0.900 0.950 0.980 0.990
3 0.805 0.878 0.934 0.959
4 0.729 0.811 0.882 0.917
5 0.669 0.754 0.833 0.874
6 0.622 0.707 0.789 0.834
7 0.582 0.666 0.750 0.798
8 0.549 0.632 0.716 0.765
9 0.521 0.602 0.685 0.735
10 0.497 0.576 0.658 0.708
11 0.476 0.553 0.634 0.684
12 0.458 0.532 0.612 0.661
13 0.441 0.514 0.592 0.641
14 0.426 0.497 0.574 0.623
15 0.412 0.482 0.558 0.606
16 0.400 0.468 0.542 0.590
17 0.389 0.456 0.528 0.575
18 0.378 0.444 0.516 0.561
19 0.369 0.433 0.503 0.549
20 0.360 0.423 0.492 0.537
21 0.352 0.413 0.482 0.526
22 0.344 0.404 0.472 0.515
23 0.337 0.396 0.462 0.505
24 0.330 0.388 0.453 0.496
25 0.323 0.381 0.445 0.487
26 0.317 0.374 0.437 0.479
27 0.311 0.367 0.430 0.471
28 0.306 0.361 0.423 0.463
29 0.301 0.355 0.416 0.456
30 0.296 0.349 0.409 0.449
35 0.275 0.325 0.381 0.418
40 0.257 0.304 0.358 0.393
45 0.243 0.288 0.338 0.372
50 0.231 0.273 0.322 0.354
60 0.211 0.250 0.295 0.325
70 0.195 0.232 0.274 0.302
80 0.183 0.217 0.256 0.283
90 0.173 0.205 0.242 0.267
100 0.164 0.195 0.230 0.254
r 5 1
df 0.05 0.01 df 0.05 0.01 df 0.05 0.01
32 0.339 0.436 48 0.279 0.361 150 0.159 0.208
34 0.329 0.424 55 0.261 0.338 175 0.148 0.193
36 0.320 0.413 65 0.241 0.313 200 0.138 0.181
38 0.312 0.403 75 0.224 0.292 300 0.113 0.148
42 0.297 0.384 85 0.211 0.275 400 0.098 0.128
44 0.291 0.276 95 0.200 0.260 500 0.088 0.115
46 0.284 0.368 125 0.174 0.228 1,000 0.062 0.081
. 398
. 398
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(Sensory Evaluation)

1945-1962 The Quartermaster Food and Container

1.2.1.1 (Product Improvement I )

Pangborn, et al., (1958)

1.2.1.2 ( Product Development II )

1.2.1.3 ( Product Evaluation III )

1.2.1.4 ( Basic Studies IV )

Stone and Pangborn (1968) Hutchings (1968)

Foster and Danker (1968)

(Amerine et al. 1965)

2.2 (a) Hue Value Chroma Munsell color disc

2.2 (b) D 45 citrus colorimeter

2.2 (c ) On-line refractometer spectrophotometer

Dial caliper Pea size grader

Digital micrometer Digi-check II

Kramer (1976) Multiplier

Newtonian type (Kramer and

(Kramer and Twigg, 1973)

ASTM grease penetrometer

Fruit pressure tester

Szczesniak, et al. (1963)

(Gumminess) (Viscosity) (Adhesiveness)

3.1 Olfactory membrane Odor-sensitive structures

3.1.2 (Taste; Chemical sense)

3.2 Taste buds

3.2.1 (The Eye)

3.2.1.1 (Eye movements)

Cis-retinene Heat or light Meta-rhodopsin

Supplied by epithelial pigment

Young-von Helmholtz Theory

3.1 Threshold ISO R 389-1964.

3.7 Difference threshold

3.8 Equal loudness contours

3.9 Difference threshold 10 dB

3.4.1 (Chemical senses)

Methyl, ethyl Propyl alcohol Threshold

Stone and Oliver (1966) Threshold

Critical flicker frequency

Gatchalian (1981) Critical flicker frequency

CFF (Gatchalian, 1981)

CFF (Gatchalian, 1981)

Klemmer, 1968; Schultz and Bradly, 1954

Del Monte Research Center) (Gatchalian, 1981) (Sensory

4.1(a) 4.1 (b)

(Pangborn, 1967; (Gatchalian, 1981)

4.3 (a) 4.3 (b) 4.3 (c)

4.4 (a) (a)

4.4 (b) (a)

4.2.1 (Consumer panel)

4.2.2 (Consumer-type panel)

4.2.3 (Laboratory panel)

4.2.4 (Expert tester)

4.4.1 (Expectation error)

4.4.3 ( Error of habituation)

4.4.4 (Error of presentation order )

and Christie (1960)

Hydrocolloid gels (Stone

( Difference or discriminatory tests)

5.1 (Single sample test)

A-Not-A test ( Pfaffman et al., 1954; Gatchalian,

5.2 (Two sample test)

5.2 (c) Simple paired comparisons test

5.3 Triangle test