0 Hanssaed FOPCU

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Carbohydrates

Sugars Non sugars

Sweet taste Non sweet
Soluble in water & dil alcohol insoluble in water & dil alcohol

Sugars Non sugars

Mono saccharides Oligo saccharides Homo Hetero
saccharides saccharides
1 suger unit 2-9 suger unit
Non hydrolysable hydrolysable
Classified acc.to number of Classified acc. to
c atoms number of units: di
,tri ..... etc
Reducing /non
reducing
Hexoses 6 c : Reducing disaccharides :
Glucoses , fructose Lactose , maltose
Pentoses 5 c : Non Reducing
xylose disaccharides :
sucrose

Monosaccharaides: Glucose, Fructose

Disaccharides : Lactose , Maltose , Sucrose

1 Hanssaed FOPCU
 General test Reducing test
Molish test it is a general 1- Fehling test
test for all carbohydrates Fehling A is aqueous soln. of copper(II) SULFATE
Fehling B is colorless soln. of aqueous potassium sodium
tartrate (also known as rochelle salt) made in a strong alkali ,
commonly with sodium hydroxide .
Sugar powder+ 2 ml water +
3 dps alc naphtol + .5 ml 1ml Fehling A +1ml Fehling B boil add 2 ml sugar solution
conc H2SO4 on the wall if +Ve give red ,orange , brown , yellow ppt
violet ring
A+B

phenolic conc acid ..
conjugation sucrose
ve + +VE

-ve
+VE

2- Barfoed test
Barfoed reagent consist of solution of copper acetate in 1
% acetic acid
solid sugar + 2 ml Barfoed (boil on water
bath 5 min )
+ve : red tinge or ppt (monosaccharaides )
-ve : no change (disaccharides )
5
water bath
...
monosacc & disacc

Fehling and Barfoed test

Fehling Bafroed
+2 +2
Cu / alkaline medium acts Cu / acidic medium acts as
as strong oxidizing agent& mild oxidizing agent &
easily reduced by all reducing reduced only by strong
sugar reducing sugars (monosacc.)

2 Hanssaed FOPCU
 3- Osazone test
maltose & lactose

sugar solid +1ml Na+ acetate +1ml phenyl hydrazine( boiling water bath 45 min)

.. ..
.. maltose & lactose
55
if yellow ppt while hot (30 min( remove & examine under microscope the powder
may be glucose or fructose

raphides

if no yellow ppt while hot ( clear solution )...remove after 45 min air cooling

if yellow ppt on cold examine under microscopethe powder may be lactose or
maltose

- lactose : tuft of needles - maltose : rediating plates

3 Hanssaed FOPCU
 Special test
Fructose Glucose sucrose
Rapid furfural test )Resorcinol lead acetate test cobalt NO3 test
test(

solid fructose +2 crystals of solid glucose + 2 ml Sucrose solution + 4 dps

resorcinol +1 ml 12% HCL lead subacetate +1ml conc cobalt NO3 + excess NaOH
heat on direct flame 1 min NH3 drop wise (gentle heat , perignant violet
red color no shaking , no boiling)
pink patches on white ppt

conc acid
& phenolic comp
..

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4 Hanssaed FOPCU