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Introduction Compressible Flow PDF
Introduction Compressible Flow PDF
Flow
D
0
Dt
Compressible Flow
Definition of Compressibility: the fractional change in
volume of the fluid element per unit change in pressure
p p + dp
p p p + dp
v v dv p + dp
p p + dp
Compressible Flow
V local velocity
1. Mach Number: M = =
c speed of sound
2. Compressibility becomes important for High Speed
Flows where M > 0.3
M < 0.3 Subsonic & incompressible
0.3 <M < 0.8 Subsonic & compressible
0.8 <M < 1.2 transonic flow shock waves appear
mixed subsonic and sonic flow regime
1.2 <M < 3.0 - Supersonic shock waves are present
but NO subsonic flow
M > 3.0 Hypersonic Flow, shock waves and other
flow changes are very strong
1
Compressible Flow
3. Significant changes in velocity and pressure result
in density variations throughout a flow field
Applications
2
Approach
Control volume approach
Steady, One-dimension, Uniform Flow
Additional Thermodynamics Concepts are
needed
Restrict our analysis to ideal gases
Thermodynamics
3
Thermodynamics Internal Energy &
Enthalpy
h = u~ + pv
h = u~ + RT p
= RT
dh = d u~ + RdT
Substituting:
dh = c p dT d u~ = c v dT
dh = d u~ + RdT
c p dT = c v dT + RdT
c p = cv + R
c p c v = R = const
Tds = c p dT
dp dh = c p dT
2 2 2
dT dp 1 R
ds = c
1
p
1
T
R
1
p T
=
p
4
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics & Isentropic
Processes
T2 p
s 2 s1 = c p ln R ln 2
T1 p1
Steady State Continuity Equation (Solve for the induced velocity V):
cA = ( + )(c V )A
c = c ( + ) V ( + )
V = c (A)
+
The Speed of sound (c) is the rate of propagation of a pressure wave of infinitesimal
strength through a still fluid.
V (V n )dA = m& (V
r
V1 )
V = c V
F
V =c
x = x 2
CS
pA ( p + p ) A = cA (c V c )
p = c V (B)
Now combine A & B and solve for the speed of sound:
p + p
c2 = = 1 +
p
c2 = in the limit of 0
p
Small Amplitude moderate frequency waves are
= const
isentropic and
k
5
Control Volume Analysis of a Finite Strength
Pressure Wave
Calculating the Speed of Sound for an ideal gas:
p
= const
k
p p p
=k c= k = kRT
c= kRT
Ru 8314 J/(kmol K)
R= = = 207 .9 J/(kg K)
Mm 4 0kg/kmol
cp
k= 1 .668
cv
V=0
V t V t
V t
V 1
sin = =
c M
6
Example 2: a needle nose projectile traveling at a
speed of M=3 passes 200m above an observer. Find
the projectiles velocity and determine how far
beyond the observer the projectile will first be heard
M =3
200 m
M 3
200m
tan =
x
200m
x= = 565m
tan 19.5
7
Steady Isentropic Flow
1 2
h h + dh
+ d
V V + dV
T T + dT
p p + dp
dx
Steady State Continuity Equation:
( )
r
0 = V n dA = 1V1 A1 + 2V 2 A2
CS
VA = ( + d )(V + dV )( A + dA )
VA = AV + VdA + VAd + Vd dA + AdV + dAdV + Ad dV + d dAdV
dx
Steady State Continuity Equation:
(V n )dA = V A
r
0= 1 1 1 + 2V 2 A2
CS
VA = ( + d )(V + dV )( A + dA ) ~ 0 ~0 ~0 ~0
VA = AV + VdA + VAd + Vd dA + AdV + dAdV + Ad dV + d dAdV
dA d dV
0= + +
A V
dx
8
Steady Isentropic Flow
1 2
h h + dh
+ d
V V + dV
T T + dT
p p + dp
V22 V2
+ h2 = 1 + h1
2 2
Assuming and ideal gas:
V22 V2
+ c p T2 = 1 + c p T1
2 2
V22 k V2 k
+ RT 2 = 1 + RT1
2 k 1 2 k 1
Stagnation Conditions 2
Insolated
walls
1
V max = 2 c p To
9
Stagnation Conditions Mach number relations
V
Recall, that the Mach number is defined as: M =
c
V2
To = +T For Ideal gases:
2c p
kR
2
To V 1
= +1 c pT = T = kRT
T T 2c p k 1 k 1
c2
To k 1 V 2 k 1 2 cp
= 2
+1 = M +1
T 2 c 2
To k 1 2
= M +1
T 2
To k 1 2
= M +1
T 2
k k
p o To k 1 k 1 2 k 1
= = M + 1
p T 2
1 1
o To k 1 k 1 2 k 1
= = M + 1
T 2
T* 2
=
To k + 1
k
p * 2 k 1
=
po k + 1
1
* 2 k 1
=
o k +1
1
c* 2 2
=
co k + 1
10
Critical Values: conditions when M = 1
For Air k = 1.4
T* 2
= = 0 .8333
To k + 1
k
p * 2 k 1
= = 0 .5283
po k + 1
1
* 2 k 1
= = 0 .9129
o k + 1
1
c* 2 2
= = 0 .9129
co k + 1
11
Steady Isentropic Duct Flow
1 2
h h + dh
+ d
V V + dV
T T + dT
p p + dp
dx
Recall, for Steady isentropic flow Continuity:
dA d dV dA d dV
() 0 = + + =
A V A V
For compressible, isentropic flow the momentum equation is:
2
(*) 0 = dp + dV = dp + VdV Bernoullis Equation!
2 neglecting gravity
dA d dp dp 1 d
= + =
A V 2 V 2 dp
dA dp 1 d
=
A V 2 dp
p
Recall that the speed of sound is: c =
2
dA dp 1 1 dp V 2
= = 1 2
A V 2 c 2 V 2 c
V
Substituting the Mach number: M =
c
Describes how the pressure
dA
A
=
dp
V 2
(1 M 2 ) behaves in nozzles and diffusers
under various flow conditions
12
Steady Isentropic Duct Flow Nozzles
Diffusers and Converging Diverging Nozzles
Describes how the pressure
()
dA
A
=
dp
V 2
(1 M 2 ) behaves in nozzles and diffusers
under various flow conditions
Converging-Diverging Nozzles
Amin
Subsonic Supersonic
M=1
Amax
M<1
Subsonic Subsonic
Supersonic Supersonic
M>1
13
Choked Flow The maximum possible mass flow through a
duct occurs when its throat is at the sonic condition
Consider a converging Nozzle:
receiver pr
po
pe
To
Ve
o
plenum
k
m& = p MA
RT
Choked Flow
Mass Flow Rate (ideal gas):
k
m& = p MA
RT
Recall, the stagnation pressure and Temperature ratio and substitute:
k
po k 1 2 k 1 To k 1 2
= M + 1 = M +1
p 2 T 2
k +1
k k 1 2 2 (1 k )
m& = p o MA 1 + M
RT o 2
If the critical area (A*) is where M=1:
k +1
k k + 1 2 (1 k )
m& = p o A *
RT o 2
The critical area Ratio is:
k +1
A 1 2 + (k 1)M 2 2 ( k 1 )
=
A* M k +1
14