LERANew York | Mumbai | Shanghai

WIND LOAD EFFECTS

ON
SKYSCRAPER

NAYAN TRIVEDI, P.E., M.ASCE

Partner
Wind Load Effects On Skyscraper

Elisha Otis
Crystal Palace Exhibition in 1854
Wind Load Effects On Skyscraper

Why Developer Build Tall Building????

Wind Load Effects On Skyscraper

Gravity and lateral loads resisting system.

Gravity load resisting system need to resist the gravity loads (DL
and LL) only;

Lateral load resisting system need to resist the gravity loads (DL
and LL) plus high winds or earthquake.

The selection of a structural system for a high-rise

building typically is dominated by the need to resist
lateral loads, i.e., high winds or earthquakes.
Wind Load Effects On Skyscraper

Majority tall building design govern by Wind loads except

building located in high seismic.

Significant impact on Architectural design;

Time of construction; and
Cost of the building.

Serviceability Criteria Acceleration

All buildings move.

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

Major factors effecting wind loads

Geography location

Location of building

Shape

Direction of wind
Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

Major factors effecting wind loads

Geography location

Location of building

Shape

Direction of wind
 LERA Skyscrapers

1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Projects in 5 Continents, 39 Countries
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Projects in Middle East

Museum for Islamic Arts

Doha, Qatar

Emirates Towers
Dubai

Trump Tower
Canal Point Hotel Doha, Qatar
Nakheel Tower
Icon Hotel Dubai
Doha, Qatar
Dubai
 Select Geographies
Projects in New York

1 World Trade Center

New York, NY
1667 ft (550m)
AOL Time Warner Center
4 World Trade Center New York, NY
New York, NY, 72 stories 1667 ft (550m)
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Projects in New York

53 West 53 Street 15 Hudson Yard

Hines Related Properties
432 Park Avenue | Macklowe Properties New York, NY New York, NY
New York, NY

111 West 57th Street 520 Park Avenue 605 West 42nd Street
JDS Development Group & Property Markets Group Zeckendorf Development The Moinian Group
New York, NY New York, NY New York, NY
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Projects in New York and Canada

340 Flatbush Avenue AURA Tower

JDS Development Group Queens Plaza Residential Development Toronto
Brooklyn, NY Tishman Speyer
Long Island City, NY
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Projects in South East Asia

Ardmore 6 Residential Tower

Singapore Daewoo Olympic Heights KLCC Mixed-Use Development
37 story Manila, Philippines Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
63 story Office Tower &
80 story Raffle Hotel Tower
Select Geographies

Projects in Vietnam

Ben Thanh Towers Marriott International Hotel Bitexco Financial Tower

Ho Chi Minh City Hanoi, Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City (68 story)
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Projects in Korea

Busan Lotte Town Tower Jamsil Lotte Super Tower

Busan, Korea Seoul, Korea
1,821 ft (555 m)
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Projects in India

World 2 Tower
Mumbai, India
1245 ft (380 m) and
870ft (265m)

Commerz 2 Office Towers

Mumbai, India
40 story

World One Tower

Oberoi Garden Towers India Bulls Towers Residential Tower
Mumbai, India Mumbai, India
Mumbai, India
1378 ft (420 m)
40 Years of Experience in China
Select Geographies Projects in China
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Projects in Central Asia and Russia

Kazkommertsbank
Almaty, Kazahkstan

Esentai Tower and JW Marriott Residences at Esentai Park Paradise Living

Almaty, Kazahkstan Moscow, Russia
Russia Tower 530 ft (162 m) (50-story)
Russia
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Projects in Turkey

Aaolu Maslak Complex

Istanbul, Turkey

Sisli Tower Cintemani Tower

Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey
Select Geographies Projects in South America

Projects in South America

U.S. Embassy
Caracas, Venezuela

Repsol Headquarters, Puerto Madero

Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Projects in Europe

German Historic Museum Addition

Berlin, Germany

Hermitage Plaza Puerta de Europa,

La Dfense, France Madrid, Spain
1060 ft (323 m) 374 ft (114 m)
Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

Major factors effecting wind loads

Geography location

Location of building

Shape

Direction of wind
Building Shape and Wind Loads

Circle Triangle

Square Modified Triangle

Cruciform Rectangle

MODELS USED IN AEROELASTIC PLAN VIEW OF BUILDING SHAPES

COMPARISON STUDY
Building Shape and Wind Loads

Triangle
.003

Modified
Triangle

Square
Cruciform
.002
Circle Rectangle

.001
0o 30o 60o 90o 120o 150o 180o
Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

Major Factors Effecting Wind Loads

Geography location We can not Control

Location of building We can not Control

Shape We can not Control some extend

Direction of wind Site Control

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

How to Reduce Wind Loads

Cut Sharp Edges

Circle Triangle

Square Modified Triangle

Cruciform Rectangle
Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

How to Reduce Wind Loads

Avoid constant shape

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

How to Reduce Wind Loads

Allow Wind Flow

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

Wind Tunnel
Predict structure forces;

Serviceability Acceleration;

Faade Loading; and

Pedestrian study.

LERA
Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper
Wind Engineering

Recommended Normal Accepted range of Acceleration

Wind Engineering
Wind Engineering
Structural Systems

Some options for lateral loads resisting system.

Moment-resisting frames (usually expensive compared to
other systems);
Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames;
Shear walls;
Tubular frames;
Core and perimeter frame interactive structures i.e. Core and
Outrigger truss and/or belt truss;
Megastructures;
Combination of above.
Structural Systems

Monument Centre, Reno Shear Wall + Moment Frame

Structural Systems

Steel Office Tower, India, Steel Braced Frame

 Structural Systems

Oberoi Springs
Mumbai, India

Mumbai, India
Three 45-story towers
Residential
1.25 million-sf

Shear Wall
Structural Systems

World Trade Center

New York, NY

North Tower
417-m, 110 Stories

South Tower
415-m, 110 Stories

Tube Structure
Structural Systems

Bitexco Financial Tower

Ho Chi Minh City
68 story

Core and Outrigger truss

and/or belt truss
Structural Systems

Bank Of China Tower

Hong Kong, China

368-m, 70 Stories

First composite
Megastructure
BITEXCO FINANCIAL TOWER | Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Bitexco Financial Tower

BITEXCO FINANCIAL TOWER | Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Carlos Zapata Studio

Floor Area: 1,230,000-sf
(114,000-sm)
Height: 870-ft (265-m)

The project design included a

25 meter long cantilever for the
helipad area
FLOORS PLAN COMPARISION
OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES

OUTRIGGER TRUSS

BENDING

WIND

COMPOSITE / CONCRETE COLUMN

SHORETNING
OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES

37% reduction in overturning

moment at base
OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES

Mechanical Floor Framing - Outrigger truss and belt truss

OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES
OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES
OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES
LONG SPAN GIRDERS AND TRUSSES

Bitexco Financail Tower

Ha Chi Minh City, Vietnam
 OBEROI SPRINGS | Mumbai, India

Mumbai, India
Three 45-story towers
Residential
1.25 million-sf
OBEROI EXQUISITE | Mumbai, India
OBEROI EXQUISITE | Mumbai, India
LERA REVISED PLAN

Three sets of beams were added in order to link together adjacent exterior
corners of the building at light wells
increased efficiency of the lateral load resisting system;

reducing thickness of the walls; and

reduction in quantity of reinforcing steel.

revising the floors from slab and beam to flat slab with fewer interior beams
and columns.

provide flexibility of interior partition layout;

higher ceiling height;

added few floors; and

efficient FAR/FSI.
World One Tower | Mumbai, India
 Concrete Shear Wall Core
Walls
Link Beams
Exterior Hybrid Mega-Column
Frame
Columns
Spandrel Beams
Link Walls
World One Tower | Mumbai, India
THANK YOU