- -

, 2010.
:

: ELITE 38/05

1.

2.

3.

: 40% : 20% : 40%

, :

10. 2010. _______________________

, .

.
,
. ,
.
, ,
.

.

ABSTRACT
The subject of this work is electrical power and energy measurement. The basic theory
of the power and energy measurement is given. An digital energy meter based on the
up-to-date VLSI integrated circuits is presented. It is developed in accordance with the
requirements of active-energy meter international standards. The performace testing of
realised kWh-meter was performed in Measurement laboratory of School of electrical
engineering and computer science of applied studies. Experimental results are given and
analyzed also.


1. .................................................................................................................................. 1

2. ........................................................................................... 4
2.1. ...................................................................................... 4
2.2. .................................................................................... 6
2.3. ..................................................................... 9
2.4. ................................................................................................. 11

3. ................... 12
3.1. .................................................................................................................... 12
3.2. .......................................................................................................... 12
3.2. ............................................................................................. 15
3.3. .............................................................................................................. 16
3.3.1. .................................................................................................... 16
3.3.2. ....................................................................................................... 17
3.4. ..................................................................................................... 18
3.4.1. .................................................................................................... 18
3.4.1. .............................................................. 19
3.5. .......................................................................................................................... 19
3.5.1. ................................................................................................ 19
3.5.2. ........................................................................................... 19
3.6. Man-machine interface ............................................................................................... 20
3.7. .......................................................................................... 21

4. 3905 ............................................................................ 23
4.1. ................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.1. .................................................................................................. 24
4.1.2. / .................................................................................................. 25
4.1.3. , ................................................................. 26
4.1.4. DTF ................................................................................................... 27
4.1.5. FOUT1/0 HF OUT ................................................................... 28

5. ........................................................................ 29
5.1. ................................................................................................................... 29
5.2. .............................................................................. 31
5.3. ............................................................................................................... 34

6. .................................................................................................................... 38

7. ................................................................................................................ 39

8. ..................................................................................................... 40

9. .............................................................................................................................. I
 , :

1.

,
,
. ( )
.
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.
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:

1. ,
2. ,
3. .

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1
 , :

-
-
;
- -

( );
- -

.

().
()

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( ). ,
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,

(,
) (
),
(, , ),
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, .

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. (
, ) :
, , ...

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2
 , :

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,
.
3905, .
,
.

.
.
,
: ,
, ,
.

.
, ()
, .
, . ,
.

3
 , :

2.

2.1.

, .
( ), :
u (t ) = U m sin(t + ) i(t ) = I m sin(t + ) (2.1)
:
u(t), i(t)
Um,, Im

,

()
2.2 :
=- (2.2),
, ,
, .

2.1.

4
 , :

,
, . ( ).
,
. ,

.

(JUS-IEC ).

(2.3).
1 T
T 0
I sr = i(t ) dt (2.3)

(JUS-I
).
(2.4)
1 T
I=
T 0
(i(t ) ) 2 dt (2.4)

(2.4) RT, R
, (2.5)
T
RI 2T = R(i(t ) ) 2 dt (2.5),
0

, :
I
R, ,
i.

2.2.

5
 , :

2.2.

.

: , , ... ,
, .
.

u (t ) = U m cos(t ) (2.6),

i(t ) = I m cos(t + ) (2.7),

= = 0 = (2.8).

, :
p(t ) = u (t ) i(t ) = U m cos(t ) I m sin(t + ) (2.9),

p(t ) = U m I m cos(t ) cos(t ) (2.10),

:

p(t ) = U m I m [cos + cos(2t )]

1
(2.11),
2
:
p(t ) = U I cos + U I cos(2t ) (2.12).

(2.12) .
, UIcos (sr).
, UIcos(2-) 2
.
= 0, , .
, .
0, ,
. u = 0 i = 0,
4 .
6
 , :

,
.
, ,
.
,
.
, .

2.3.
, , ,
. , :
1.
2.
3.
- ,
VA (Volt-Amper) S.
S = U I [VA] (2.13).
,
.

,

. , , .
.

- ,
, W (Watt),
. (2.14).
1 T 1 T
P=
T 0
p(t ) dt = (u (t ) i(t ) )dt
T 0
(2.14).

(2.12)
, ,
, . :
7
 , :

P = U I cos [W] (2.15).

,
.
, .

-
, .
VAr (Volt-Amper-reactive) Q.
(2.16).
Q = U I sin [VAr] (2.16).
(, ) (2.17).

S = P2 + Q2 (2.17).
,
, :
P
= = cos (2.18).
S
(2.18)
,
.

, .
(cos) 0 cos 1,
/2 +/2,
0 UI.
. .
cos = 0, cos = 1.

, 0,7 0.9.

.
t1
W = p(t )dt
t0
(2.19)
,
.
, ()
()
/2.

8
 , :

2.3.

.

.

, (, )
, co s = 1. ,
. ,

( -,
-, ),
, .

.
.
XIX ,
.
. ()
,
.

, .
.
: , ,
, .

- -

, .

- -
.
.

9
 , :

- -

-
.

.
. .

.
IEC ( 1, 1).

.

a) ) )
2.4. ) , ) , )

10
 , :

2.4.

.
,
. , .
.
.
:
1.
.
, .
.
2.
. ,

.

, .

.
A = X Xm (2.20)


m

, .
.
.
X Xm (2.21)
Re l = 100%
X
Rel

, IEC ,
, . .

11
 , :

3.

3.1.

,
.
e :
- (, , , ,
, )
- , tj. a ( ,
)
-
-
-
()
.

3.2.

.
( ) ,
.

12
 , :

,
.

. -
.
.

.
- . , .

S 430 , (MSP Mixed Signal

Processor) Texas Instruments.
. RF
.
. 2,7V-5,5V,
0,1 500, 25 z.
-
. EEPROM
RTC-a (Real Time Clock), / ,

MSP 430.

3.1. MSP 430

ADE 7566 Analog Devices,

( 3.2).
. DSP , 8052
, RTC, LCD .
UART
: SPI I2C.
RTC-,
. EEPROM ,
FLASH
.

13
 , :

3.2. ADE 7566

, MCP 3905,
Microchip.
, PIC18F4520
, .
.

PIC18F4520 Microchip,
.
3905
. 3905
, PIC18F4520
.
3905
LCD-, RTC-,
(),
, PLC RF .
PIC18F4520 ( 40MHz),
I/O , .

3.3. PIC18F4520
14
 , :

3.2.

.

, .
.

3.4. 1- Microchip

.
5 - 15V, 220V 380V,
.
, ,
.
3.3. 1-
1- .

, .

. .
,
:
-
1 2W 10VA
2 2W 10VA,
.
-
1 4VA
2 2,5VA,
.

15
 , :

3.3.

. ,
.

:

()

,

3.3.1.

: .
,
3905
, .

. , ,

.
,
.

R2
Vout = Vin
R1 + R2 + VR1

3.5.

.

16
 , :

3.3.2.

, 3905
,
.
.
: (, shunt)
.

- +
+ -
- +
+ -
3.1.
IEC (Starting current).
.
IEC 3.2.

1 2
0,004IB 0,005IB
3.2.

- (Current Transformer, CT)

.

.
, ,
DC ( )
.
.

3.6.
17
 , :

- (, shunt)
.
(, )
, , .
,
, .
.

3.7.

3.4.

.

,
,
.

3.4.1.

.
, .
. ,
.
,
, .
. () 2
: () (). ,
. ,
22h-06h, 23h-07h 00h-08h, , ,
06h-22h 07h-23h 08h-24h, .

18
 , :

3.4.2.

.
,
( 15 ) .
,
.
, . .
,
, .

3.5.

, .
.

3.5.1.

, .

.
(LED)
. (.
100 imp/KWh),
.

3.5.2.

.
.

19
 , :

(2
)
.
(15 . ).
,
.



. .
.

3.6. Man-machine interface

man-machine interface
.
(, )
.
- ,
, LC .
(LED, LCD)
( )
,
(, , , ...).
LCD ,
, LCD-
. . LCD -162,
5V, 1 1,5mA,
(LED) 20 120mA,
. , LCD-
, ,
.
,
.
.
7- LE LC , LE
LCD-.

20
 , :

3.8. LC

, ,
. .
,
().
, . ,
.

. ,
,
.

:
,
(firmware) , ( ).
,
, (
).

3.7.

.
,
: .

. ,
. ,
.
.
,
.
21
 , :

,
:
1.
(RS232, SPI).

.
. .

2.
(, IR, Infra-red).
( 1m)
, .
.

3. (- )
(PLC, Power Line Communications).
(
),
e.
, .
(.
last mile ).

4. (- ) 2 :
RF -
, RF (.
) RF
( ) last mile .
, -
.

22
 , :

4. 3905

4.1.

M 3905 1-o
, .
.

.

4.1. 3905

:
- 1-
- IC 62053
- 16- - /
- 0,1% 500:1
- 16:1
- 2,4V ( 2% 15 ppm/C)
-
23
 , :

3905
, (Programmable Gain Amplifier, PGA)
, 16- -
/ .
.
(High Pass Filter, HPF)
(DC) .

, . .
(Low Pass Filter, LPF)
,
, . DTF

3905 2,4V 2%,

15 m/C.. -
(DSP)
. (Power-On Reset, POR)

, . ,

.

4.1.1.

3905
- , .
(Electrostatic Discharge, ESD)
5KV .
6V .

1V ,
.
(PGA)
.
470mV.
660mV.

24
 , :

- (
200). ( gain)
1, 2, 8 16. PGA
G0 G1.

Tabela 4.1. 0
PGA

4.1.2. /
/ 16- - () /
. /
.

.
/ ,
.

4.2.- - () 2.

- /
(Bitstream)
+Vref -Vref.
(, PPM-Pulse Proportial
Modulation). /
() :
. / 16-
.

25
 , :

/ 16-

. MCLR , /
00000h.

/ ,
. 700mV 0, 1V
1.
/
1/LK.

4.1.3. ,

, DC
.
- 4,5Hz
DC
50/60Hz, .
HPF.
.

, 1/MCLK.
(MCLK = 3,58MHz , f LINE = 50Hz),
0,005, .
: ,
, . .
.

(), (DC)
2 (2). ,
DC 100Hz,
50 Hz. DC ,
2 .

(LPF), , .
100Hz. IIR , ,
8,9Hz
100Hz 50Hz, , , .
26
 , :

,
.
MCLK = 3,58Mhz f LINE = 50 Hz,
100Hz 20dB,
10 DC , . .

4.1.4. DTF (Digital-To-Frequency)

DTF 3905
, .
.

.
DTF .
FOUT 0 / 1 HFOUT
.
, 3905
. ,
.

HFOUT FOUT 0 / 1 .
DTF
FOUT 0 / 1 HFOUT .
, (ripple) ( 2.
100 Hz) . K
, (jitter) .
(.
),
100Hz.
HFOUT ,
FOUT 0 / 1 .

f LINE = 50Hz , 100Hz.
,
HFOUT
.
27
 , :

4.1.5. FOUT 0 / 1 HFOUT

FOUT0/1
. ,
,
F0 F1.

FOUT 0 / 1 (4.1):
8,06
() = (4.1),
2

:
UI (RMS)
UU (RMS)
G PGA
FC ( F0 F1)
Uref

FOUT FOUT0/1,
.

F0 F1, F2.
HFOUT (4.2):
8,06
() =
2
(4.2)
:
UI (RMS)
UU (RMS)
G PGA 0
FC ( F0, F1 F2)
Uref

28
 , :

5.

,
.
2 :
.

.
7805 5V
3905,
. ,
, .

5.1.

3905
( 1, 2), .
7 15
, 6

.
, . ,
.
,
. 12,
, 8-11
.

3905. 2,4V
2% 15 ppm/C.

29
 , :

3905 PIC18F4520
e (POR). POR,
Reset, .
MCLR.
3905 PIC 18F4520.
,
.
.
3905
3,579MHz, ,
. 3905 4 MHz.

,
:
F0, F1 F2
G0 G1
HPF 3905

LED
/2..

HFout, Fout0 Fout1.

,
LED,
. ,
. ,

.

1000 imp/KWh. ,
.
,
.

30
 , :

5.2.

.
,
.

PIC18F4520
LCD- AC162BY ( 1, 3).
, 8
MHz. 8 Hz
.
12140 Hz, 82 s.
8 MHz, .
125 ns. 500 ns,
82 s >> 500 ns, (5.1)
8MHz
.

LCD character , 16
. LCD 4
2 .
. .

5.1. LCD

PIC 18F4520 .
3905 RB0, RB1 RB2
, (interrupt).
RB0 RB1 , .
HFout Fout0. Fout1
Fout0.

31
 , :

:
- LCD-
-
- Timer0 1s
- impsn impen
- 1s
-
- LCD
- LCD

, POR .
, 3905
. , ,
.
( )
, <Konstante.h>. <Funkcije.h>
,
. je LCD- (,
, ) <LCD.h>.
, .
,
LCD.
<Inicijalizacija.h>, . ,
RB0 RB1 ,
, Timer0
1s.
( ) 1s,
<Interrupt.h>.

, MCU
(main).
LCD SNAGA: ENERGIJA:,
1s LCD ( W KW)
( Wh KWh).

LCD-,
( LCD-)
( ).

32
 , :

, :
Strujni ulaz Naponski
ulaz,
3905. 3905, ,
, . (, , ,
) (4.1) (4.2) .
,
Fc = 13,66 HFc = 27968,75.

HFout.

( 100 imp/KWh 1000 imp/KWh).
1000 imp/KWh.
,
0,005IB, 20(25)
100mA, 1mV ,
:
- 220V (cos=1), 1KW,
P 1000 W
I= = = 4,545 A
U 220 V (5.2)
- 4,545, ,

U IKW = 4,545 0,1 = 45,45 mV
(5.3)
- , 1000 imp/KWh,

1000 imp / kwh 1000 imp / KWh
Fout = = = 0,278 Hz
1h 3600 s (5.4)
- ,
1000 imp/KWh
Fout Vref
2
0,278 (2,325) 2
U UKW = = = 308,91 mV
8,06 FC V0 8,06 13,66 0,0455 (5.5)
UUKW = 309 mV UIKW = 45,45 mV,
8,06 V0 V1 G FC 8,06 0,0455 0,308,9 1 13,66
2
1h = 3600s = 1000,03 imp / KWh
Vref 2,325 2
(5.6)

1000 imp/KWh, 0,003%.

33
 , :

5.3.

.
:
- Voltcraft M3850D
- HP 34401
- OWON PDS7102T
- DIOGEN 003 -
,

3905.
- DIOGEN 003,
- 10 k,
.

.

5.2.

.
(
) 2,359 V.
3905
:
o UUref = 300 mV
o UIref = 400 mV .
HFout.
HFc = 27968,75 (2048 Fc,
4,861 KHz.

1.1.

3905
, HFout
.
34
 , :

UU = UUref = 300 mV
UI = UIref = 400 mV

t (s) 5 10 20 40 60 t (min) 0 1 15 30 60
imp 4860 4860 4860 4860 4860 imp 4860 4860 4860 4860 4860
5.1 (60 s) 5.2 (6 min)

5.3 (60 s) 5.4 (6 min)

,
.

1.2.

10% ,
HFout.
50Hz.
UU = UUref =300 mV
UI = UIref = 400 mV

f (Hz) 45 48 50 53 55
imp 4860 4860 4860 4860 4860
5.3.

5.5.

, 10%
, .

100 Hz.
35
 , :

1.3.

f = 50Hz. ,
UU = UUref = 300 mV,
0,25%UIref 120%UIref, .
1 mV 480 mV.

UU = UUref = 300 mV
UI = 0,25% UIref - 120% UIref
f = 50 Hz

0,25% 0,50% 1% 2% 5% 10% 20% 50% 80% 100% 120%

Ui teor. (mV) 1 2 4 8 20 40 80 200 320 400 480
UI (mV) 1,07 2 4,02 8,05 19,99 40,04 80,04 199,9 320 400,4 479,9
Uu (mV) 300,8 301 300,9 301 300,9 300,8 301 300,7 300,55 300,9 300,6
imp 13,01 24,33 48,9 98 243,3 487 974 2430 3887 4869 5829
imp teor. 13,04 24,39 49,00 98,16 243,66 487,89 975,95 2435,00 3896,00 4880,55 5843,75
Rel. 0,22 0,23 0,21 0,16 0,15 0,18 0,20 0,21 0,23 0,24 0,25
5.4.

5.4. (Ui teor).

,
(Ui, Uu).
(imp),
(imp teor.) (5.7) (Ui Uu).
(Rel.) (5.8).

6000 imp
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0 UI[mV]
0 100 200 300 400 500
imp (teor.) imp

5.6. ,

( 5.6)
,
. .

. (imp (teor.))
(5.7).
36
 , :

,
(.) = (5.7)

Rel[%]
2,00

1,50

1,00

0,50

0,00 UI[mV]
1 10 100 1000
1

5.7.

( 5.7)
, (5.8) 1,
.

.
. =
(5.8)

0,2%
(1 480 mV), 0,15 0,25%,
5 1.
,
. , ,
2 , :

- -
. ,
, -0,05 +0,05%.

- .
, ,
.

- (0,14 0,29%),
, NEG.

0,15 0,25%,
.

( )
.

37
 , :

6.

. ,
(U/f )
.
,
,
. ,
.

.
.
.

,

.
IEC .
.

.
: ,
. , ,
.

.

. , 3905
PIC18F4520,
, .

38
 , :

7.

1. IEC 1036, Alternating current static watt-hour meter for active energy (classes 1
and 2), IEC 1990
2. : ,
, , 2008
3. 3905 Datasheet, Microchip
4. PIC18F4520 Datasheet, Microchip
5. :
, , 1995
6. http://www.ece.uwaterloo.ca/~dwharder/NumericalAnalysis
7. : SAGEM
CX2000-4, 2004

39
 , :

8.

14, 19
8, 13, 23, 27, 32
3905 3, 14, 16, 23, 27, 30, 33, 34, 38
/ 23, 24, 25
22

2, 9, 19, 38
PGA 24, 25, 28
25
PIC18F4520 14, 30, 31, 38
- 23, 24, 25
DSP 13, 24
P
DTF 24, 27
7, 8, 9, 12, 13
11, 33, 36, 37

RS232 22
1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 13, 38
22
9, 12, 14, 15, 37, 38
RTC 13, 14
EEPROM 13

9, 17, 30
IEC 5, 10, 17, 38
14, 19, 25, 28, 30

2, 9, 12, 13, 18, 20

9, 10, 11, 17, 24, 25

15, 29
10,17,22,37

9, 17, 18, 25, 30

LCD 13, 14, 20, 31, 32

40
 , : .

(cos ) 1 2

0,05 IB 1 1,5% 2,5%

0,1 IB - IMAX 1 1% 2%
0,5 1,5% 2,5%
0,1 IB 0,8 1,5% -
0,5 1% 2%
0,2 IB - IMAX 0,8 1% -
1. 1-

1.

I
 , : .

2.

3.

II
 , : .

#include "p18f4520.h"
#include "Konstante.h"
#include "Funkcije.h"
#include "LCD.h"
#include "Inicijalizacija.h"
#include "Interrupt.h"

void main()
{
// 1234567890123456
char text1[]="SNAGA: KW",
text2[]="ENERGIJA: KWh";

Inicijalizacija();

LCDtext(text1); //ispis teksta "SNAGA:"

LCDkom(0xA8); //prelazak u drugi red
LCDtext(text2); //ispis teksta "ENERGIJA:"

...

LCDkom(0b00000100); //dekrement kursora

LCDkom(0x8C); //postavljanje kursora na kraj prvog reda
LCDpod(j1+48);
LCDpod(d1+48);
LCDpod('.'); // slanje decimalne tacke
LCDpod(s1+48);
//LCDpod(h1+48);

LCDkom(0xB4); //postavljanje kursora na kraj drugog reda

LCDpod(j2+48);
LCDpod(d2+48);
LCDpod('.'); // slanje decimalne tacke
LCDpod(s2+48);

4. main()
LCD()

III