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Certificates and Index
Certificates and Index
A Industrial Training Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by
VELAMALA SOUDAMINI
(314126512156)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled 10KW FM AND 100KW MW
TRANSMITTERS has been submitted by VELAMALA SOUDAMINI
(314126512156) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication Engineering of
Andhra University is a record of bonafide work carried out under my guidance and
Supervision.
Department of E.C.E
ANITS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deep sense of gratitude and respect to Dr. V.Rajya Lakshmi, Head of the
Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering, for providing us with the required
facilities for the completion of the project work.
We are very much thankful to the Principal and Management, ANITS, Sangivalasa, for their
encouragement and cooperation to carry out this work at the Industry. We express our thanks to
all teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of ECE, for providing great assistance in
accomplishment of our project.
We express our deep sense of gratitude and respect to Industry and guide, designation
for providing us with the required facilities for the completion of the project work.
We would like to thank our parents, friends, and classmates for their encouragement throughout
our project period. At last but not the least, we thank everyone for supporting us directly or
indirectly in completing this project successfully.
VELAMALA SOUDAMINI
(314126512156)
ABSTRACT
RADIO is the first Electronic Media which grabbed the public attention years ago. Radio became
a major break-through during the early 19th century around 1920.
Communication has been central to human life. Sharing of emotions, feelings, needs, aspirations
and evolution of a social order from simple to complex have all gone together. The process
has, in fact, been complimentary. Radio as a mass medium has had its own course of evolution
and comes to be accepted as a means to support the efforts of development in a modernizing
society.
Radio is the wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation of a
frequency significantly below that of visible light, in the radio frequency range, from about 30 kHz
to 300 GHz. These waves are called radio waves. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of
oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space.
2. INTRODUCTION 3
3. RADIO STATION 4
3.1 Principles 4
3.1.1 Transmission 4
3.1.2 Reception 4
3.2 Types of radio stations 4
3.3 Three-tier broadcasting system 5
5.1 Introduction 10
6.1 Introduction 18
6.3.1 Pre-Amplifier 20
7.1 Introduction 22
7.4.2 Baffles 24
7.4.3 Horn 24
7.4.5 Headphones 25
8. MAINTENANCE OF STUDIO 26
8.1 Flooring 26
8.2 Walls 27
8.4 Ceiling 27
8.5 General 27
9. CONTROL ROOM 30
10. TRANSMITTER 31
10.2 RF Stage 36
10.3 AF Stage 38
12. ANTENNA 58
13. FM Transmitter 63
14.1 Tower 70
14.2 Antenna 70
14.3 Polarisation 74
CONCLUSION 78