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Reversing of Two-Stroke Engine Note Book For Marine Engineers
Reversing of Two-Stroke Engine Note Book For Marine Engineers
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
LOST MOTION
ROLLERS DISPLACEMENT
CRASH ASTERN
EMERGENCY CONTROL
AUTOMATION IN REVERSING
ELECTRONIC OPERATION
PROGRAM CONTROL
INTRODUCTION
Modern large two stroke marine engines with fixed pitch propeller directly coupled are required
to be reversed, that is change in direction of rotation of engine is to be accomplished to move
ship in ahead and astern direction. This is normally required during manoeuvring of ship, while
berthing, passing through canals, lock gates, and anchoring etc.
Engineer M. A. Hamid 1
REVERSING OF TWO-STROKE ENGINE
Note Book For Marine Engineers
Direct reversing of engine however can be eliminated by fitting gearbox/clutch arrangement or
by CPP (controllable pitch propeller), where pitch of the propeller blades is changed to achieve
the propeller thrust in desired direction. Here unidirectional engines normally four stroke are
preferred with this arrangement. Amount of air bottle volume required is also small in this case
and once engine is started it need not be stopped during manoeuvring, hence danger of engine
not starting in critical/emergency position also is eliminated.
However large two stroke engines directly coupled to fixed pitch propeller are found to be most
suitable for ocean going vessels. Advantages of this engines have, are more endurance due to
less stresses, and time between overhaul is also more. However manoeuvring in these engines is
critical operation, where all engineers have to familiarise with the system on vessel and should
be able to change over the controls from remote station to local controls in case of failure of
remote control system.
Scavenge ports and exhaust valve: Here the piston governs the opening and closing of scavenge
port, but since the exhaust valve is operated either mechanically or electronically its timing can
be changed.
Mechanically operated exhaust valve: An exhaust valve cam are present for operation of
hydraulic pump which pressures the hydraulic oil, which acts on a piston to operate the exhaust
valve. Hence lost motion or axial shifting of cams changes camshaft timing of these cams.
However in some engines, this process is also eliminated in case of exhaust valve timing since it
Engineer M. A. Hamid 2
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Note Book For Marine Engineers
is not important to run engine very efficiently in astern direction. This case is employed in MAN
B&W S/L MC engines.
In case of camshaft less modern engines timing of exhaust valve can be conveniently operated
with electronic control of solenoid valves.
Servomotor
Telegraph (fuel distributor)
Engineer M. A. Hamid 3
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This reversing control valve directs the lube. Oil to the servomotor chamber formed between the
vanes for ahead or astern position as governed by the telegraph.
The lube Oil after rotating the vanes in the servomotor goes to a control slide valve, which gives
a hydraulic signal to the hydraulic blocking device. The hydraulic blocking device blocks the
starting lever in stop position while reversing is taking place. It is only released when the vanes
have shifted within the servomotor. And secondly sends a signal to cut out servomotor to prevent
fuel supply to the engine in case of reversing has to taken place.
When the engine starts, the direction of rotation is cross-checked by the rotation direction
interlock, which takes input from the camshaft and lube. Oil taken from the lube. Oil line
between the reversing control valve and servomotor. Whenever the direction is wrong, it sends a
hydraulic signal to the cut out servomotor, which cuts the fuel to the engine, thus preventing
engine running.
Whenever the telegraph position is in stop position, the lube. Oil in the servomotor is drained to
the crankcase of the engine through the reversing control valve.
Power Bottles
Cylinder Piston
The camshaft reversing gear consisting of the piston is sometimes referred to as the camshaft
servomotor. It may be actuated by hydraulic or pneumatic means. In some cases the hydraulic
system is fed from the main engine lubricating oil system, the pressure being sufficient to
operate the servomotor piston. Pneumatic servomotor is usually supplied with air from the
starting air system. Oil dash pot connected to the cylinder smoothes out the motion of the parts
and prevents shock. The incline between the ahead and astern cams allows the cam rollers to
Engineer M. A. Hamid 4
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Note Book For Marine Engineers
transfer from one cam to the other when the adjacent cam is in an open position. Some engine
builders put a corresponding chamfer or a good radius on the cam roller edges.
In older slow speed engines, the shaft carrying the rocker arms had eccentrics on it, the
eccentrics being the fulcrum for the rockers arm. Rotation of the rocker shaft lifted the rocker
arm and roller clear of the cam peaks so that axial movement of the camshaft could be
completed. When the camshaft was in its new position, continuous rotation of the rocker shaft
lowered the rockers and rollers on to the duplicate cams.
In moderns engines, the axial distance of each pair of cams is made sufficiently large so that the
side of each pair of cams is made sufficiently large so that the side of the peak of one cam
inclines off slowly to the idle part of its adjacent duplicate cam. These inclined planes between
pairs of cams enable the rollers to slide from one cam to another, even in the most unfavourable
position of the cams.
Reversing gear consists of a cylinder, a piston, and safety gear and power oil bottles. In the
cylinder, is encased the piston which is shifted back and forth by means of the force of the
hydraulic oil filling up in cylinder. The piston is coupled with the camshaft. On the cylinder top,
is fitted, a safety gear with a stopper. When reversing
Handle when shifted to another position, the reversing relay valve is so actuated as to let the
compressed air go through the safety gear to push the stopper and get into the hydraulic tank.
The air then actuates the hydraulic oil so that it gets the reversing cylinder to force the piston to
move. When a complete course of camshaft shifting is over, then move the reversing handle to
the position running where by the hydraulic oil that have been pushing the piston is so released
as to get back to the hydraulic oil tank, where by the compressed air is to escape through the
reversing relay valve out into the engine room, where by the safety gear stopper is lowered back
so as to hold the piston immobile, lest the camshaft would not move any more.
The main handle is provided with an interlocking device that holds the main handle immobile so
long as the reversing handle should not be on position running. Another one more interlocking
device is fitted to the main handle, by which main handle is not capable a full-course of a
shifting either to ahead or astern position right after the reversing handle was so worked, or, in
other words, unless the safety gear stopper should come down on the low position where it keeps
the position immobile.
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This system is simple and safe. Reversing can be operated even if one or two cylinders have not
operated to its correct position.
Roller Displacement
All the controls achieved in these engines are achieved by pneumatic means. There are two
cylinders for changing the fuel timing and air starting timing in way of fuel rollers and air
distributor respectively.
When the ahead/astern order is received by the telegraph the compressed air to the telegraph sent
a pneumatic signal to either ahead/astern solenoid to open, upon which the control air goes to the
fuel and distributor cylinder to shift to the position of the telegraph order. On achieving the set
position the air distributor is locked into position by solenoid valve which are operated by a tap-
off from starting air pilot line after the turning gear interlock. The fuel rollers are of self-locking
type on change of position of rollers.
CRASH ASTERN
This reversing is normally referred to as braking momentum of engine in case of emergencies.
This process is normally incorporated in control system of an engine.
In this case, engine is stopped from full speed. However propeller revolution does not come
down to zero immediately due to momentum of ship, current, wake and wind. However in case
in emergency, engine is reversed when the RPM comes down to predetermined safe level, for
reversing, when engine RPM is brought to zero by air braking in reverse direction and then
engine is cranked in reverse and the engine is started on fuel till momentum of the ship is
stopped.
EMERGENCY CONTROL
Normally referred to engine operation from local control of engines outside control room or
bridge. When all remote control operations are by passed and all basic operations of engine are
functional. All engineers should familiarise with the operation so that ship can be safely
manoeuvred in case of remote control failure where fault cannot be repaired immediately or
fault can be easily traced. Which can be done later after the ship has been safely manoeuvred.
All remote control safeties like auto slow down function normally connected with cylinder oil
non-flow, high crankcase mists, high scavenge temperature and other safeties are normally
eliminated in this mode of control. However basic safeties like lube Oil low-pressure trip, over
speed stop and cooling water high temperature stop are normally functional even in this control.
Depending on the arrangement, governor may be connected or disconnected in local control. For
engine fitted with electronic governor, governor is bypassed in local control.
Emergency Operation
An engine, which is pneumatically controlled (pneumatic remote control) can be in operation if
following were to take place.
Remote control pneumatic systems were to fail.
Pneumatic speed controls were to fail.
Governors were to fail.
So to keep the engine in operation in these conditions to occur individually or collectively some
arrangement are provided on the engine.
It is, however, necessary that the input for operation of shut down servomotor and solenoid
valve for the safety shutdown of the fuel injection pumps be interrupted.
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Remote Control Pneumatic System Failure
The selector switch is brought to engine side control and the control of engine operation brought
to local control status, were by operation of the engine is possible by starting air fuel operation
apart from ahead/astern selector switch/lever to take place mechanically.
Governor Failure
The governor is to be isolated from the pneumatic control system and is to be connected to
mechanical linkages for fuel regulation.
Interlocks and blocking devices are provided so that the engine can be started or reversed only
after certain conditions have been fulfilled. The starting interlocks prevent the engine being put
onto fuel before all the sequences of engine system have been completed. During the reversing
of engines the interlock ensures that the reversing mechanism and gear have completed all
operations before all can be put on to the starting valves, thus preventing the engine from
starting with the wrong direction of rotation.
The construction of the interlocks in the starting and reversing gear varies considerably between
different designs of engines, with system controlled by the operation of hand levers, the
interlocks may be cam(s) or pin(s) which lock and prevent hand levers movement. In engines
controlled by hand-wheel controls, the interlocks are often slotted disc (fitted on the wheel shaft)
and small levers, which engages or clear the slots in the discs.
Blocking devices are mechanical, pneumatic, electrical or hydraulic devices used to make for
safer operation of the engine. Some engines have a blocking devices connected with the ships
engine room telegraph which prevents the engine being put astern when an ahead order is given,
and vice versa.
Blocking devices is fitted to the engine turning gear so that the engine cannot be inadvertently
started with the turning gear is in.
In the event of engine room telegraph failure, any interlocking and blocking devices operated
from the telegraph would prevent the engine being manoeuvred during this time of emergency. It
is therefore important to know how the interlock and blocking devices may be overridden so that
the engine can be manoeuvred under emergency condition with orders via the bridge to engine
telephone or sound signals (code).
Engineer M. A. Hamid 7
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Turning Gear Interlock
It is a device, which prevents the engine from starting if the turning gear is engaged.
Camshaft Interlock
It is a device, which prevents the engine from starting if the camshaft has not shifted or changed
its end position in compliance with engine order telegraph.
There are other arrangements in which different cams are used for ahead and astern running. In
such a system the camshaft is moved axially for reverse setting of fuel and distributor cams.
Since the admission of air follows the same crank sequence as the fuel cam, the two motions can
be synchronised.
Engineer M. A. Hamid 8
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REGULATORY BODY REQUIREMENTS FOR A REVERSIBLE ENGINE
In order to maintain sufficient manoeuvrability of a ship in all normal conditions, the main
propulsion machinery is to be capable of running the ship astern.
The main propulsion machinery is to be capable of maintaining in free route astern at least
70 of the ahead revolutions for a period of at least 30 minutes.
The Ahead revolutions as mentioned above are understood as those corresponding to the
maximum continuous ahead power for which the vessel is closed.
The reversing characteristics of the propulsion plant are to be demonstrated and recorded
during trails.
The power developed in astern direction should be 60 of ahead.
Air bottle capacity should be such that 12 consecutive starts is achieved in alternate direction
i.e. ahead-astern-ahead
Air compressor capacity is such as to fill up the air bottles from atmospheric pressure to the
total capacity within one hour.
AUTOMATION IN REVERSING
Now a day the engine room-manoeuvring device is mostly placed in a console at some
distance from the engine. If the movement of this device is transmitted mechanically to the
engine, there will always be a play involved, which depends on the distance and on the
number of joints in the linkage.
The pneumatic remote-control system is free from this disadvantage, and it is therefore very
suitable for automation of the engine from remote (engine control room and bridge).
For this pneumatic system, impulse air is taken from the starting air receivers through air
filters, oil-mist lubricating devices and pressure regulations, reducing the air pressure to 8
bars.
The component of the system are of standard type and widely available. They require a
minimum amount of maintenance and are easy to overhaul.
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- Crash reversing
- Quick passage device of critical speed range. Barring of critical running RPM
because of torsion vibration
- Racing control
2. Control room
- Ahead/astern changeover
- Starting
- Speed setting/governor control, including program control
- Stopping
- Normal reversing
- Harbour reversing
- Crash reversing
- Quick passage device of critical speed range. Barring of critical running RPM
because of torsion vibration
- Racing control
- Upper speed limit
- Air running
3. Back up control/engine side control-
- Ahead/astern changeover
- Starting.
- Speed setting/governor control.
- Stopping.
- Scavenging air torque limit cancel.
SOLAS Requirements:
Means of preventing overload of propulsion machinery.
System shall be provided with an emergency-stopping device on the bridge. It shall be
independent of the navigation bridge control system.
Order from the bridge shall be also indicated in the engine control room.
Remote operation of propulsion system shall be possible only from one location at a time.
Each location shall have indicators showing which location is in control. (While transferring
control, there shall not be significant change in propeller thrust; means to confirm this is to
be provided.)
Control of the propulsion machinery from local position in the event of failure of automation
or remote control system, should be possible.
In case of remote automatic control system failure, an alarm should be given off. Control
now should be possible from the control station.
Movement of the control (telegraph) from stop must first initiate checks like
a) Turning gear is disengaged.
b) Starting air is available at correct pressure.
c) Cooling water, lube. Oil and fuel oil supplies are in order before the starting sequence
begins.
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If the initial firing revolutions at starting are not reached within a fixed period, usually about 3
sec a further period of about 4-sec is allowed to elapse and the cycle is repeated, still under
automatic control. Normally after three false starts the operation ceases and an alarm functions.
Interlock-1: It confirms that the camshaft has shifted to desired position. If yes the subsequent
signal is given for starting air sequence to start.
Interlock-2: It conforms that the engine has achieved RPM that is sufficient to cause
combustion and is also in correct direction. If yes the subsequent signal is given
for acceleration programme to start the fuel injection.
The selector would be in the engine room console and the operator can select either engine room
or bridge control, with one selected the other is inoperative. Assuming bridge control a
programme would be selected, say half astern, then providing all safety blockages such as no
action with turning gear in etc. are satisfied, the programme can be initiated a sequence of
checks as mentioned in program control.
Essential safety locks, such as low lube. Oil pressure or cooling water pressure override the
programme and will stop the engine at the same time as they give warning.
Direct local control at the engine itself can be used if required on in the event of an emergency.
Further more protective considerations are:
Governor, including over speed trip.
2. Camshaft drive:
- Check gear/camshaft chain wheels and lube nozzles.
- Regulating linkage-
- Grease.
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3. Fuel injection valve:
- Clean, check and readjust injection pressure.
- Check holes for wear.
4. Pneumatic solenoid valve:
- Periodic maintenance as per recommendations from manufacture.
- Typical job involves cleaning of the valves off oil/dirt and renewal of gaskets.
ELECTRONIC OPERATION
The signal received by the electro hydraulic servo valve and the control valve is from cylinder
control unit installed for each cylinder.
The engine control system is connected to ships control system. This ships control system has
two control units.
1) Cylinder control unit for each cylinder.
2) A local control terminal.
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electro-hydraulic servo valve. This opening and closing of electro-hydraulic servo valve
connects and isolates the fuel valve from the servo oil accumulator, which finally operates the
fuel valve.
Each cylinder unit is provided with a servo oil accumulator to ensure sufficient fast delivery of
servo oil per injection requirement.
A number of injections patterns are stored in the microprocessor, which are selected by the
control system so as to operate the engine with optimum injection characteristics from dead slow
to overload, as well as during astern running and crash stop.
PROGRAM CONTROL
All operations should take place automatically without intervention by the officer in control, and
he should receive a signal confirming that the orders have been obeyed. For example, following
sequence for start in half astern:
- Ensure fuel at zero.
- Admit starting air in correct direction.
- Check direction.
- Time delay to allow engine to reach firing speed.
- Admit fuel.
- Time delay to cut off air.
- Time delay and check revolutions
- Adjust revolution.
- Lever travel time to full can be varied from stop to full between adjustable time limits of
half minute to six minutes.
References:
Marine engineers review (India).
IRS-part 4 chapter 2(1.10) [main and auxiliary machinery]
SOLAS-Chapter 2 Regulations 3 & 28.
Automation and control systems for marine engineers by Vikram Gokhale and N. Nanda.
Basic marine engineering by J.K.Dhar.
Motor engineering knowledge for marine engineers volume 12, REED series.
Question and answers by Lamb.
Marine diesel engines by Pounders.
Sulzer diesel engine manuals.
MAN B&W diesel engines manuals
.
Engineer M. A. Hamid 13