Foundation Panel Discussion

Difficulties and solution

for bored pile and driven pile
()


AE 49

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 Discussion outline

( ..
2557)

Pile load test

(Optional)
Driven pile

Photo credit Seafco

Jacked-in pile

Photo credit PACO

Full center auger with pile toe grouting

Photo credit PACO

Bored Pile

Photo credit Seafco





 Allowable deviation of pile at cut-off level

Allowable deviation (m)= 0.075 + Lcut-off / 100 , unit in m

(EIT, 2003) Lcut-off is the length from ground surface to pile cut-off level (m)


 ?


- Pile deviate
- Soil heave

Guide Wheel
Signal Cable
(Optional)
Inclinometer
Casing

The Inclinometers
Probe

Inclinometer
 Name of Project
Inclinometer Tube No.I-1

A-Axis B-Axis
0 0

2 2

4 4

6 6

8 8

10 10
Depth in meters

Depth in meters
12 12

14 14

16 16

18 18

20/11/2006 20/11/2006
20 20
29/11/2006 29/11/2006
13/12/2006 13/12/2006

22 22

24 24

26 26
-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Cumulative Displacement (mm) from 11/11/06 Cumulative Displacement (mm) from 11/11/06

(Long Term Settlement Monitoring)
:
(Precise Level) 0.01 .
: Invar


:

Invar Staff Building settlement mark

 (Downward) (Upward)
Movement (mm)

-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
04/06/2014

02/07/2014

Alert Level
30/07/2014

Alarm Level

BS75
BS72
BS65
27/08/2014

24/09/2014

22/10/2014

19/11/2014

BS73
BS66

Alarm Level
17/12/2014

14/01/2015

11/02/2015

Date
BS74
BS71
11/03/2015

Alert Level
08/04/2015

06/05/2015

Building Settlement Mark BS65 to BS66 and BS71 to BS75()
03/06/2015

01/07/2015

29/07/2015

26/08/2015

23/09/2015

(Downward) Movement (mm) (Upward)

-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20

04/06/2014

02/07/2014

30/07/2014
G S31
G S14
G S11

27/08/2014
Alert Level

24/09/2014

22/10/2014

19/11/2014
G S32
G S15
G S12

17/12/2014

14/01/2015

11/02/2015
Date
G S16
G S13

11/03/2015
Alarm Level

08/04/2015
Ground Settlement Mark GS11 to GS16 and GS31 to GS32

06/05/2015

03/06/2015

01/07/2015

29/07/2015

26/08/2015

23/09/2015
 (Tiltmeter System)

Tilt Sensor

Readout Unit

Tilt Plate

Tilt Plate

2. (Tiltmeter System)

5 6
2-4 1-3
 (Direction 4) Inclination (Rad) (Direction 2)

-0.004
-0.003
-0.002
-0.001
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
03/06/2014

01/07/2014

29/07/2014

Alert limit 1:300

Alert limit 1:300
26/08/2014

Alarm limit 1:500

Alarm limit 1:500
23/09/2014

21/10/2014

18/11/2014

16/12/2014

13/01/2015

Inclination Measurement T3 Direction 2 - 4

10/02/2015

Date
10/03/2015

07/04/2015

05/05/2015

02/06/2015

30/06/2015

28/07/2015

25/08/2015
T3

22/09/2015
[2]
T3

(Direction 3) Inclination (Rad) (Direction 1)

[3]
[1]

-0.004
-0.003
-0.002
-0.001
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

03/06/2014

01/07/2014
[4]

29/07/2014

Alert limit 1:300

Alert limit 1:300

26/08/2014
Alarm limit 1:500
Alarm limit 1:500

23/09/2014

21/10/2014

18/11/2014

16/12/2014

13/01/2015
Inclination Measurement T3 Direction 1 - 3

10/02/2015
Date

10/03/2015

07/04/2015

05/05/2015

02/06/2015

30/06/2015

28/07/2015

25/08/2015

22/09/2015
T3
Effects of sheet pile movement on piles

Sheet Pile
Deviation of pile when wooden pile is used as
retaining wall

21
22
23
24


Sonic integrity test (Seismic test)
Example of Seismic Test Result
 Sonic integrity testing to identify cracks in pile

Sonic integrity test results on defected

pile before and after re-medial work

S oft C lay Med. V ery S tiff Dens e S and Dens e S and

C lay C lay

6.2c m/s
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 v2-88c
Damage induced by external force in P ile 681 4000m/s f:8 sr
8 A pr 96 exp : 20
post-installation stage

4.1c m/s
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 v2-88c
P ile 681A 4000m/s f:8 sr
29 May 96 exp : 20
 Cross hole sonic logging test

Transducer Transducer
(Emitter) (Receiver)
Wave
Direction

Tubes (Water
filled)
Sonic Tubes
Arrangement
 Cross hole sonic logging test

Transducer

Sonic Logging Test

 (Pile joint)




 (Welding Joint)


Dowel bar
Plate
Pile Joint Response
At the location of mechanical
joints in a pile, the propagation
of the downward stress wave
will be delayed by the time
required for the upper section
to come into contact with the
lower section for transmission
of the wave. The end of the
upper section therefore
behaves initially as a free end
and is pushed down. The
reflection from a mechanical
joint is therefore tensile (up)
Pile joint detection from Dynamic Load test
Joint Detection

Blow #1 Drop height : 0.30 m. Blow #5 Drop height : 0.30 m.

Pile Set : 34.00 mm. Pile Set : 65.00 mm.

Blow #2 Drop height : 0.30 m. Blow #6 Drop height : 0.30 m.

Pile Set : 35.00 mm. Pile Set : 12.00 mm.

Blow #3 Drop height : 0.30 m. Blow #7 Drop height : 0.60 m.

Pile Set : 49.00 mm. Pile Set : 2.00 mm.

Blow #4 Drop height : 0.30 m. Blow #8 Drop height : 1.00 m.

Pile Set : 57.00 mm. Pile Set : 3.00 mm.

Pile load test
Static pile load test using four anchor piles

Suitable for
friction pile
Anchor pile can be
used as working
pile
Economical and
commonly used in
Bangkok
Static pile load test using counter weight

Suitable for end

bearing pile
Does not require
anchor pile
Expensive and
time consuming
for setup

106-2533
0.25 SWL (T) 25 mm

Cast in-situ
EIT 1019-46


Eurocode7 (1997)
10
CP4 (2003)
2 25
Ultimate load bearing capacity estimated from
different methods

Ng et al. (2001)
Schematic diagram showing load bearing capacity
of two ships

Empty boat With load










(Compression Stress)

(Tension Stress)
Force Pile with fixed end
t At pile top :
Velocity
t X = 0, t=0
F = F0

t F = F1 +F2 = F0
F2 = 0 1 F1 = F0
F1 F2
v0 = v1 +v2
v2 = 0 , v1 = F1 /Z
v0 = v1 = F0/Z

x
Force At pile end v = 0.
v1 +v2 = 0
v2 = - v1
F2 = -Z v2 = Z v1 = F1
Velocity t F = F1 + F2 = 2F1

F = 2F0

t
Force

Velocity t Pile with free end

At pile top :

t X = 0, t=0
F = F0

t F = F1 +F2 = F0
F2 = 0 1 F1 = F0
F1 F2 v0 = v1 +v2
v2 = 0 , v1 = F1 /Z
v0 = v1 = Fo/Z

x
At pile end F = 0
Force F = F1 + F2 = 0

F2 = -F1
Velocity t F2 F1
2
v =- z = z
1
v = v1 +v2 = 2F
t Z
v = 2F0/Z = 2v0

, ./..


0.85 fc - fpe 0.7 fc+ fpe

0.85 fc 0.7 .fc'

0.90 fy 0.90 fy
fpe = Effective Prestress
 Dynamic Load Test Initial Drive
Sttain Gage 1
Accelerometer 1

Sttain Gage 1
Accelerometer 1

Section A

Hammer
Detail 1 See Detail 1

Pile Driving
Machine



Static Calculation

No
Drivability
Impossible
Yes

 (Drivability)
Blows : 800 1200 blows (I, SQ)
2000 blows (Spun)
: 45 - 60
Pile Set : 80 120 /25 cm. (Practical Limit)
150 / 25 cm. (Max. Limit)
 (Vibration Monitoring)

3
( ,
./)

2



//
(
Plate
)
 VM3

VM3 (Vibration Monitoring Result)
8

Action limit 5 mm/s

Peak Velocity Sum(mm/s)

3
Alarm limit 2.5 mm/s

0
08-Jun-14 06-Jul-14 03-Aug-14 31-Aug-14 28-S ep-14 26-Oct-14 23-Nov-14 21-Dec-14 18-Jan-15 15-Feb-15 15-Mar-15 12-Apr-15 10-May-15 07-Jun-15 05-Jul-15 02-Aug-15 30-Aug-15 27-S ep-15

Date

1


(SOBRR)
25
Test 1#

Test 2#
(?)
20 Log. (Test
1#)
Log. (Test
2#)

15
PVS (./)

10
,

5 ,
0.50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

()