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Trajectory tracking for unicycle-type and

two-steering-wheels mobile robots


Alain Micaelli, Claude Samson

To cite this version:


Alain Micaelli, Claude Samson. Trajectory tracking for unicycle-type and two-steering-wheels
mobile robots. [Research Report] RR-2097, 1993. <inria-00074575>

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https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074575
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INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Trajectory tracking for unicycle-type


and two-steering-wheels mobile robots
Alain Micaelli , Claude Samson

N 2097
Novembre 1993

PROGRAMME 4

Robotique,
image
et vision

apport
de recherche
ISSN 0249-6399

1993


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Unite de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopole de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique,
615 rue de Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LES NANCY
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Unite de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex
Unite de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex

Editeur
INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)
ISSN 0249-6399

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