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Phuong Phap Dieu Khien MPPT
Phuong Phap Dieu Khien MPPT
sut ti u ca h thng ngun in pin mt tri qua vic iu khin chu k ng m kho in
t dng trong b DC/DC. Phng php MPPT c s dng rt ph bin trongh thng pin mt
tri lm vic c lp v ang dn c p dng trong h quang in lm vic vi li. MPPT
bn cht l thit b in t cng sut ghp ni ngun in PV vi ti khuych i ngun cng
sut ra khi ngun pin mt tri khi iu kin lm vic thay i, v t c th nng cao c
hiu sut lm vic ca h. MPPT c ghp ni vi b bin i DC/DC v mt b iu khin.
in tr c.
Hnh 3.2.ng c tnh lm vic ca pin v ca ti thun tr c gi tr in tr thay i c
Ni cch khc, tr khng ca ti bm theo iu kin lm vic ca pin. Ni chung, im
lm vic him khi ng ti v tr c cng sut ln nht, v vy n s khng sinh ra cng sut
ln nht. Mng ngun pin mt tri thng b qu ti khi phi b cho mt lng cng sut thp
vo thi gian nh sng yu ko di nh trong ma ng. S khng thch ng gia ti v cc tm
pin mt tri thng lm cho ngun pin mt tri b qu ti v gy ra tn hao trong ton h thng.
gii quyt vn ny, phng php MPPT c s dng duy tr im lm vic ca ngun
in pin ti ng im c cng sut ln nht MPPT. Phng php MPPT c th xc nh chnh
xc n 97% im MPPT.
Phn ny cp n c tnh lm vic I V ca moun pin mt tri v ti, s tng thch
ca c ti v pin, phng php iu khin MPPT; vic p dng thut ton MPPT iu khin
b bin i DC/DC trong h thng v gii hn ca phng php MPPT.
2. Nguyn l dung hp ti
Nh ni trn, khi PV c mc trc tip vi mt ti, im lm vic ca PV s do c tnh
ti xc nh. in tr ti c xc nh nh sau:
Rti=V0/I0
Trong : V0 l in p ra, I0 l dng in ra.
Ti ln nht ca PV c xc nh nh sau:
Ropt=VMPP/IMPP
Trong : VMPP v IMPP l in p v dng in cc i.
Khi gi tr ca ti ln nht khp vi gi tr Ropt th cng sut truyn t PV n ti s l
cng sut ln nht. Tuy nhin, iu ny thng c lp v him khi khp vi thc t. Mc ch
ca MPPT l phi hp tr khng ca ti vi tr khng ln nht ca PV. Di y l v d ca
vic dung hp ti s dng mch Boost. T cng thc (2 8):
Vin=(1-D)V0 (3 3)
Ta gi s rng y l b bin i l tng, cng sut trung bnh do ngun cung cp phi bng vi
cng sut trung bnh ti hp th c.
Pin= Pout
Khi :
Iin/Iout=V0/Vin (3 5)
T 2 cng thc (3 3) v (3 5)
ta c:
Iin=I0/(1-D) (3 6)
Suy ra:
(3 7)
Rin=Vin/Iin=(1-D)2.V0/I0==(1-D)2Rti
3.1.1.Bng tng kt so snh cc phng php MPPT Bng 3.1. Bng so snh thut ton MPPT
giy).
Hnh 3.10.S khi phng php iu khin MPPT s dng b b PI
B iu khin t l tch phn PI quy nh in p a vo b bin i DC/DC. B PI c
nhim v b sai lch gia Vref v in p o c bng cch iu chnh h s ng ct D. PI c
tc lm vic nhanh, cho p ng nhanh v n nh. Bn thn b iu khin PI c cu to t
nhng thnh phn tng t Analog, nhng n c lm vic vinguyn tc iu khin x l tn
hiu s DSP (Processing Signal Digital) v b x l tn hiu s c th thc hin c nhiu
nhim v khc nh xc nh im lm vic c cng sut ti u v vy s gim c mt s lng
thnh phn trong h.
3.1.2.Phng php iu khin trc tip.
Phng php iu khin ny n gin hn v ch s dng mt mch vng iu khin, v
n thc hin nhim v iu chnh h s lm vic trong thut ton MPPT. Vic iu chnh h s
lm vic hon ton da trn nguyn l dung hp ti trnh by mc 3.2
Hnh 3.11.S khi ca phng php iu khin trc tip MPPT.
Tng tr ca PV c coi l tng tr vo b bin i. Nhc li cng thc (3 6)
Rin=Vin/Iin=(1-D)2.V0/I0==(1-D)2Rti (3 8)
Trong : D l h s lm vic ca b bin i Boost.
Hnh v 3.12. cho thy vic tng D s lm gim tng tr vo Rin, t in p lm vic PV s
dch sang bn tri (gim i). Tng t khi gim D s lm tng Rin khi in p lm vic s dch
sang phi (tng ln). Thut ton MPPT (P&O, INC, v cc thut ton khc ) s quyt nh vic
Hnh 3.13.Lu thut ton P&O dng trong phng php iu khin o trc tip tn hiu ra
c th coi D l mt bin iu khin th thut ton P&O phi c ci tin mt cht
nhng v c bn vn l khng i. Thut ton P&O mi ny iu chnh D v o cng sut ra ca
b bin i. Nu cng sut ra ca b bin i DC/DC tng ln, h s lm vicD cng s tng ln
theo, v ngc li nu cng sut ra gim i th D cng s gim theo. Khi cng sut ra ca b bin
i t n gi tr cc i th lc ny PV ang lm vic im MPP. Phng php ny ch d
dng thc hin m phng vi mt b bin i l tng cn trong thc t vi b bin i khng
phi l tng th khng th m bo rng liu gi tr cc i ca cng sut ra khi b bin i c
tng ng vi im MPP hay khng. Mt nhc im khc l phng php ny ch c th thc
hin vi cc tham s ca thut ton P&O v hon ton khng p dng cho thut ton INC.
4. Gii hn ca MPPT.
Gii hn chnh ca MPPT l khng tc ng g n tn hiu ra trong khi xc nh im
lm vic c cng sut ln nht. N khng th cng mt lc tc ng ln tn hiu vov tn hiu
ra. V vy, nu h thng cn in p ra n nh th phi s dng n c quy duy tr in p n
nh.
Mt nhc im khc ca MPPT na l: vic xc nh im lm vic c cng sut ti u
s dng li nu nh ti khng th tiu th ht lng cng sut sinh ra. i vi hPV lm vic
c lp c ti b gii hn bi dng v p ln nht th phng php MPPT s dch chuyn im
lm vic ra khi im MPP v gy tn hao cng sut. Vi h ny, vic xc nh chnh xc dung
lng ca ti l rt quan trng c th tn dng c ht dunglng ca cc pin mt tri.
Ngc li, h PV lm vic vi li lun xc nh im lmvic c cng sut ln nht v nu tha
cng sut h thng c th bm vo li in tng li nhun.
Tuy nhin, hiu sut ca b bin i DC/DC thc t dng trong MPPT khng bao gi t
c 100%. Hiu sut tng ln t phng php MPPT l rt ln nhng h thng pin mt tri
cng cn phi tnh n tn hao cng sut do b bin i DC/DC gy ra. Cng phi cn nhc gia
hiu sut v gi thnh. Vic phn tch tnh kinh t gia h thng pin mt tri vi cc h thng
cung cp in khc cng nh vic tm ra cc cch thc khc nng cao hiu sut cho h thng
pin mt tri (chng hn nh dng my theo di mt tri)cng l vic lm cn thit.