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Vùng đất Nam Bộ dưới triều vua Minh Mạng (Choi Byung Wook) 2011 PDF
Vùng đất Nam Bộ dưới triều vua Minh Mạng (Choi Byung Wook) 2011 PDF
VNG T NAM B
DI TRIU MINH MNG
ISBN:
Bin mc trn xut bn phm ca Th vin Quc gia H Ni
PGS.TS. Choi Byung Wook
VNG T NAM B
DI TRIU MINH MNG
NH XUT BN TH GII
MC LC
Li cm n 7
Li gii thiu 11
Li tc gi 21
Dn lun 23
phn i
QUYN LC A PHNG V S TIU VONG CA N 35
Chng I
Di sn ca h thng chnh quyn Gia nh (1788 - 1802) 39
Chng II
Gia nh thnh tng trn (1808 - 1832) v L Vn Duyt 79
Chng III
Gii th quyn lc vng t Nam B 139
phn ii
NHNG NT C TH DI THI MINH MNG 165
Chng IV
Chnh sch gio ha ngi Nam B ca Minh Mng 169
Chng V
Hu qu ca chnh sch ng ha ca Minh Mng 203
Chng VI
c in v bo v t hu rung t 253
Kt lun 2201
LI CM N
1 Trong cun sch ny, Nam B ch khu vc a l rng m bao quanh vng
thp ca ng bng sng Mkng. Vng ny c gi l Gia nh. Sau ny,
trong na u th k XIX, ngi ta gi l Nam K.
2 Min Bc, Min Trung v Min Nam.
24 &+2,%<81*:22.
s nhn vt, lp lun rng gii tinh hoa chnh tr triu Nguyn b
nh hng mnh m bi ch ngha a phng. Trong mt bi vit
c ta Southern Regionalism and the Composition of the Nguyn
Ruling Elite, b trnh by thin hng ng h ng Trong ca
cc nhn vt cao cp nht ca triu Nguyn.1
Cc nh nghin cu thng chia i Vit Nam thnh pha Nam
v pha Bc (ng Trong/ng Ngoi), mt thi quen c tnh tin ch
ti mc n gip cho nh nghin cu trnh c vic khi qut ha v
t nc Vit Nam vn a dng v vn ha v lch s. Tuy nhin, s
chia ct ny dng nh khng thch hp khi chng ta ang c gng
tm hiu hot ng chnh tr a phng Vit Nam trong na u
th k XIX. V khong thi gian ny, m hnh lnh th Vit Nam chia
lm 3 (min Bc, min Trung v min Nam) c a ra l ph hp
v c ngha. Nam B hoc Gia nh l mt trong ba phn ca Vit
Nam th k XIX v n vn tn ti n ngy nay di nhng ci tn
min Nam hoc ng bng sng Cu Long.2
Mt nghin cu khc ng quan tm c lin quan n giai
on ny l lun n ca Nguyn Th Thnh: The French Conquest
1 Nola Cooke, Southern Regionalism and the Composition of the Nguyn Ruling
Elite, Asian Studies Review 23,2 (1999): 205 - 231.
2 Trong bi nghin cu lch s ca mnh, vi nhng phn tch rt su sc v nhng
vng khc nhau ca Vit Nam, Keith Taylor trnh by 6 phn ca Vit Nam
- ng Kinh, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Thun Qung, Bnh nh v Nam B. Xem
Keith W. Taylor, Surface Orientations in Vietnam: Beyond Histories of Nation and
Region, The Journal of Asian Studies 57,4 (1998). Mt cch ring r, Nam B l
thut ng c chp nhn mt cch rng ri ch vng Gia nh, trong khi ,
Bc B v Trung B ch vng pha Bc v min Trung trong khi nim chia lm 3
vng. Pierre Brocheux a ti chng ta thng tin sai lm rng Vit Nam, ngi
Php t li tn vng [Nam phn Vit Nam] l Nam K. Pierre Brocheux, The
Mekong Delta: Ecology, Economy, and Revolution, 1860 - 1960 (Wisconsin: Trung
tm Nghin cu ng Nam , 1995), tr. 223. Tuy nhin, Nam K l thut ng
c t sm. Triu Nguyn t tn vng ny l Nam K sau ci cch hnh chnh
nhng nm 1830.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 27
1 Mu thun trong cch vit tn ngi Vit, khc nhau gia ng Trong v ng
Ngoi l iu kh trnh khi. V c bn, ti theo tiu chun pht m thng dng.
Do , trong trng hp xut hin trong cc vn bn ch Hn, ti chn cch
vit Phc, Nhn, Nht, Sinh, Bo thay cho li vit Phc, Nhn, Nht, Sanh, Bu
ca min Nam. Nhng ti cng theo php s dng ph bin. Ngy nay, ngi
min Nam vit danh hiu ca v hong th hai ca nh Nguyn l Minh Mnh.
Tuy nhin, ti chn Minh Mng v ng c bit n nhiu hn khng ch Vit
Nam m c nc ngoi vi tn Minh Mng. Nu ti ch c th tm nhng danh
tnh trong cc vn bn gn y, ti s tn trng nhng danh tnh bng cch nh
ngi ta gi. V d, Trn Th Sanh l mt ph n sng G Cng gn Si Gn trong
th k XIX nhng ti ch bt gp tn ca b trong nhng vn bn ca th k XX.
Ti bit rng t Sanh l t ch Trung Quc Sinh theo chun pht m hin nay.
Trong trng hp ny, ti s khng thay i tn ca b thnh Trn Th Sinh.
2 Lit truyn gm c Tin bin (1558 - 1777, 6 tp) v Chnh bin (1778 - 1888, 79 tp).
Phn u tin (33 tp) ca Chnh bin m t nhng nhn vt lm vic di thi Gia
Long nhng mt trc khi Minh Mng ln ngi nm 1820 v phn 2 (46 tp) gm
tiu s ca cc nhn vt t thi Minh Mng.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 31
1 Chu bn triu Nguyn (Th vin ANU) cun vi phim 60 - 64 [1836 - 1837]).
2 Nguyn Thu, Hon v k vn (Khng r nin i, H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A585).
3 Don Un, Don Tng cng hon tch (hoc Tuy Tnh T tp ngn) (1842, H Ni:
Vin Hn Nm A2177).
4 Phan Thanh Gin, Lng Kh thi tho (1876. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm VHv151) v
Lng Kh vn tho (1876. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A2125).
5 Trn Tn Gia, B Tm Huyn Knh Lc (1897. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A2027).
32 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Trng Quc Dng, Thoi Thc k vn (hoc Cng h k vn) (Khng r nin i.
H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A1499).
2 Tsai Ting Lan, Hi Nam tp tr (1836. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm HVv80).
3 John White, A Voyage to Cochin China (1824. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University
Press, 1972).
4 John Crawfurd, Journal of an Embassy from the Governor - General of India to the
Courts of Siam and Cochin China (1828. Singapore Oxford University Press, 1987)
v George Finlayson, The Mission to Siam and Hue, the Capital of Cochin China, in
the Years 1821 - 1822 (1826. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988).
5 Trng gia t ng th ph ton tp (1886. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A3186).
6 Mt thnh vin ca gia tc ny l Trng Minh Ging (1792 - 1841) - mt vin
quan ni ting di triu Nguyn ph trch vic cai qun Campuchia cui triu
Minh Mng.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 33
QUYN LC A PHNG
V S TIU VONG CA N
CHNG I
Di sn ca h thng
chnh quyn Gia nh (1788 - 1802)
1 Lin h vi quan im ny, Keith Taylor rt ng khi cho rng: Nguyn Phc nh
l ngi u tin trong s nhng ngi ni ting Vit t chc c Nam B thnh
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 41
mt khu vc c kh nng tham gia mt cch thnh cng vo chin tranh cng
nh chnh tr v Nam B l biu hin khc ca ting ni Vit bt u b sung
cho uy lc i vi cc vng ngi Vit khc. Keith Taylor, Surface Orientations in
Vietnam, pp. 966 - 67.
1 S bin nin triu Nguyn cho rng nm 1778, Nguyn Phc nh tr thnh ngi
lnh o ca nh Nguyn v xng vng Si Gn nm 1780. Tuy nhin, vo
nm 1781, ng ch l mt ch huy h danh di thc quyn ca Thanh Nhn.
Mt nm sau , Si Gn b qun Ty Sn chim. Qun i Ty Sn truy ui
Nguyn Phc nh nn ng khng c c s quyn lc n nh cho ti tn nm
1784, khi ng ri min Nam ti n nu Bangkok. Cng trong nm , ng tr
li Gia nh cng vi qun Xim. Tuy nhin, ng buc phi rt qun v Bangkok
sau khi lc lng ca ng v qun Xim b qun Ty Sn nh bi. ng li
Bangkok 3 nm, ti nm 1788.
2 i Nam thc lc chnh bin nht k (vit tt: DNTL1) (1848. Tokyo: The Insitute
of Cultural and Linguistic Studies, Keio University, 1968), 3: 20a. H gm c
L Quang nh, Phm ng Hng, Trnh Hoi c, Ng Tng Chu v Ng
Nhn Tnh.
3 DNTL1, 3: 16a. Cng ng Th tn ti di triu Gia Long (1802 - 1820) v ng
vai tr ging nh C Mt Vin sau ny. Xin xem Mc lc chu bn triu Nguyn, Tp
1 (Hu, i hc Hu, 1960), tr. XXXIII.
42 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 i Nam chnh bin lit truyn s tp (vit tt LTST) (1889, Tokyo: Keio Insitute of
Linguistic Studies, 1962), 11: 4b.
2 DNTL1, 3: 15b.
3 Nh trn, 4: 34b.
4 Nh trn, 4: 16.
5 Nh trn, 3: 21B.
6 Nh trn, 5: 6a; 5: 15a.
7 Nh trn, 4: 31a - 32a.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 43
1 Nh trn, 6: 8b.
2 Nh trn, 3: 17b.
3 Nguyn Thu, Hon v k vn (khng c nin i, H Ni, Vin Hn Nm, A585),
tp 3.
44 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Nh trn, 6: 22b.
2 Nh trn, 6: 1.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 51
1 Nh trn, 6: 2b.
2 Nh trn, 16: 2b.
3 Nh trn, 6: 3.
52 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 LTST, 21: 4.
2 Hunh Minh, Gia nh xa v nay (Si Gn, 1973), tr. 85.
3 LTST, 13: 8.
4 Hunh Minh, Vnh Long xa v nay (Si Gn, 1967), tr. 227 - 28.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 55
1 TB, 7: 15b.
2 Nguyn Vn Hu, S thn thuc v khai thc t Tm Phong Long - Chng cui
cng ca cuc Nam tin, Tp san S a 19 - 20 (1970): 13 - 14.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 57
1 i Nam thc lc chnh bin nh k (vit tt DNTL2) (1861, Tokyo: Keio Institute
of Linguistic Studies, 1963), 196: 14a.
2 Trng B Cn, Thin cha gio ng Trong: thi Gim mc Pigneau (1771 - 1799)
(Thnh ph H Ch Minh: t sch i Kt, 1992), tr. 49 - 50.
3 T quan im ca Nguyn Phc nh, con trai ca ng l con tin. DNTL1, 2: 5a.
4 Ti khng thin v v t ting Anh ny nhng ti s s dng n bi ti khng
c t thay th no c ngha tng t nh vy. Ging nh vi Christianity (o
58 &+2,%<81*:22.
Pigneau nh ngi thy.1 Tuy nhin, cng thi gian , Cnh ang
c mt nhm nh nho Gia nh dy d. Ngi ng vai tr ch
cht trong nhm ny l Ng Tng Chu - mt trong nhng hc tr
ca V Trng Ton.2 ng t c thnh cng ti mc sau mt vi
nm, cc gio s tht vng nng n v hong t Cnh.3
Mi quan h gia cc gio s v cc nh Nho trong chnh quyn
Gia nh i lc rt cng thng. Trong cuc tranh lun v Nho gio
Gia nh, Cao T Thanh theo quan im ny4 v ni r rng chnh
bn thn hong - Nguyn Phc nh - t b quan im bi o.
minh chng iu ny, ng dn ra ch d hng ng iu
l ca Gia Long c ban hnh nm 1804 nhm iu chnh cuc
sng ca nhn dn lng x min Bc Vit Nam, trong bao gm c
nhng quy nh v Thin cha gio.5 Khi Cao T Thanh a ra vn
ny, c nhiu kh nng ang tn ti mu thun gia cc nh Nho
v gio s ngi Php trong chnh quyn Gia nh.
Mc d tnh hnh cng thng v nh hng ca Pigneau bao
trm ln ngi con trai trng ca hong , Nguyn Phc nh cng
khng hnh ng chng li ngi Thin cha gio. Hng ng
iu l do Cao T Thanh trch dn ch ra bng chng v quan im
bi o ca Gia Long nhng nu nghin cu cn thn ch d ny cho
thy khng ng trong trng hp ny. Ch d c ch iu chnh li
vic xy dng v tu b cc nh th Kit trong vng h Trnh cai qun
trc y, hoc Bc H. Ngoi ra, ch d c c nhng quy nh vi cc
truyn thng tn gio khc nh o Pht, o Lo v cc php thut
3. CC NHM TC SC TC
Lt qua tiu s ca nhng thn dn ca Gia Long, chng ta
nhanh chng nhn ra tnh a dng v quc tch v ngun gc tc
ngi ca i qun ny. Bn cnh ngi Php, Ty Ban Nha, ngi
Anh, Lo v binh lnh ngi Trung Quc, cc i qun ngi Xim,
Khmer, M Lai v Chm cng tham gia vo nhng cuc hnh qun
ca Nguyn Phc nh. Nhng cp bin v cc dn tc thiu s
min ni Trung Quc cng l nhng binh lnh ca ng. Vo thi
im , dng nh tt c nhn lc sn c u tp trung vo qun
i ca ng. Trong lch s Vit Nam u th k XIX, chng ta khng
th tm thy u i qun a dng v chng tc hn i qun ca
Nguyn Phc nh.
i qun Ty Sn tng i ng nht hn mc d khng phi
v qun Ty Sn mong gi th c lp vi cc lc lng ngoi quc.
H cng tng rt tha thit xy dng lin qun vi Xim1 v tng
gi t nht mt phi b ti Trung Quc cu vin tr.2 Trong lc
lng ca qun Ty Sn c cc thnh vin ca Thin a hi, cp
bin ngi Trung Quc3 v nhng ngi Chm vng Bnh nh
gp phn lm nn nhng i qun Ty Sn hng mnh nht.4 im
khc bit l chnh quyn Gia nh ginh c v m rng c
s ng h ca s ng, trong khi Ty Sn li tht bi trong vic ny.
1 DNTL1, 7: 21b.
2 LTST, 30: 52b.
3 Nh trn, 30: 41b.
4 Trong mt binh lnh Gia nh, nhng ngi Chm tin phong trong kiu u
Trung Quc c m t l lc lng mnh m, khng khip nht. Xin xem LTST,
30: 3a.
62 &+2,%<81*:22.
Ngi Khmer
Chnh sch c bn ca chnh quyn Gia nh i vi ngi
Khmer l m bo quyn t tr ca h v cng nhau chung sng.
y cng l thi kin nh ca chnh quyn trong mi quan h vi
cc nhm tc ngi khc nhau. iu ny khc rt nhiu so vi chnh
sch ng ha c t ra vo cui triu Nguyn.
Trong khi ngi Vit cai qun nhng vng khc th n v hnh
chnh c gi l ph bin gii Vit Nam c lp nn Tr Vinh
v Sc Trng nm 1789 l nhng vng t ca ngi Khmer.1 Tuy
nhin, v tr ngi cm quyn hoc ngi ng u ca n v hnh
chnh ny c ch nh l ngi Khmer. T nm 1790, nhng n
in qun s c m khp Nam B. Do , t nm 1791, ngi
Khmer c sp xp sng trong cc n in2 nhng nhng binh
1 DNTL1, 4: 8; 4: 13a.
2 Xin xem DNTL1, 5: 15a. Nhng n in qun s Khmer c ngun gc t n Xim
Binh c lp nm 1787. Trong nm ny, Nguyn Phc nh t nc Xim tr v
tn cng vo Si Gn. Trn ng ti Si Gn, bng cch t chc cc n Xim
Binh, ng huy ng c dn tc Khmer vng Tr Vinh. T chc ny c giao
cho Nguyn Vn Tn - mt v tng ngi Khmer. DNTL1, 3: 6b. Bn thn ci tn
n Xim Binh c ngha l n qun s ca nhng binh lnh ngi Xim. C
mt kh nng l nhng ngi lnh o ca chnh quyn Gia nh mun ngy
to qun Xim. Trc , vo nm 1784, Nguyn Phc nh chy trn sang Xim
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 63
(Paris: Cahier d`Archipel 25, 1994), p. 130. Tuy nhin, Nam B, B c nhng
ngha khc. Trn tt c, h l nhng ngi M Lai sng Nam B hoc Chn
Lp. Th hai, B l cch s dng rng ri ch ngi M Lai. V d B hi
ph l nhng cp bin ngi M Lai m i khi ngi Vit Nam phi chng
li cc vng duyn hi Nam B cng nh tuyn hi thng ti vng eo bin
Malacca trong sut th k XIX. Theo bn tu ca tnh nh Tng nm 1837, v
ca Nguyn Vn Quyn l Hunh Th Thip sng lng Minh c, huyn Kin
Ha b hi ph B tn cng nm 1832 khi b i bun bn bng tu. Chu bn
triu Nguyn (ANU Library, vi phim), ngy 29 thng 7 nm inh Du (tc nm
1837 dng lch).
1 DNTL1, 58: 10a.
2 Hunh Minh, Ty Ninh xa v nay (Si Gn, 1972), tr. 46.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 65
1 LTST, 30: 6.
2 Nh trn, 27: 22b.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 67
1 LTST, 28: 7.
2 DNTL1, 9: 31b.
3 Nh trn, 12: 27b.
4 Nh trn, 9: 31.
5 Nh trn, 4: 10b; 6: 37b; 9: 31.
6 Nh trn, 6: 35a.
7 Ngi k v ng l Minh Mng tri qua tnh trng i lp vi ng. Minh Mng
c sinh ra Gia nh nhng v Hu nm 11 tui v ln ln y.
76 &+2,%<81*:22.
KT LUN
Ti nghin cu chnh quyn Gia nh v nhiu yu t ca
n. T nhng nm 1770, Gia nh xut hin l mt n v c lp v
chnh quyn Gia nh c thnh lp t nm 1788 da trn s ch
ng v sng to ca con ngi Gia nh. Nguyn Phc nh ng
vai tr trung tm trong chnh quyn ny. ng khng ch ginh c
vai tr lnh o vi y tnh hp php ca ngi k v ngi vua
m cn do kh nng thu ht c lng trung thnh v s tham gia
ca cc nhm qun s c lp Gia nh cng nh cc dn tc khc
vng ny.
Mt iu chc chn l thi ca ng c nh hnh bng
nhng kinh nghim ng tch ly. Mc d c sinh ra Hu
nhng nm 13 tui ng ri qu hng vo t Gia nh. Tnh
cch ca ng c hnh thnh ch yu Gia nh v thng qua vic
giao tip vi nhn dn trong vng. S lin h ny chc chn gip
ng hc cch ng x vi cc tng lp dn c a dng, phc tp.1 Mi
quan h gia ng v thuc h mang tnh cht c nhn, ring t hn l
quan cch. ng bi b chnh sch bi o Kit truyn thng ca h
Nguyn v tip tc thu ht c s ng h ca nhng gio dn Kit
1 Nguyn Phan Quang, ng Huy Vn, Chu Thin, Tm hiu mt im lin quan
n nguyn nhn cuc bo ng L Vn Khi - Vn L Vn Duyt, Nghin cu
lch s (vit tt l NCLS), 105 (1967): tr. 27.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 81
1 Nm 1835, sau khi chnh quyn Vit Nam hon thnh vic sp nhp Chn Lp,
mt thnh khc xut hin trong lnh th Chn Lp l trn Ty thnh. Trn Ty
ngha l cng cuc bnh nh pha Ty (tc l Chn Lp).
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 83
C s quyn lc 1: Vn quan
Ngay di hng ng quan li cp cao ca Gia nh thnh Tng
trn l bn chc quan a phng c gi l to, bao gm: H to
m trch hot ng ti chnh, Binh to ph trch qun i, Hnh to
lo t php v Cng to qun l xy dng. Mi quan li a phng u
c mi lin h vi 1 trong 6 b kinh thnh: Li b (B Nhn s),
H b (B Ti chnh), L b (B L nghi), Binh b (B Quc phng),
Hnh b (B T php) v Cng b (B Xy dng). Tuy nhin, cc b
ny khng phi lc no cng thc hin ng chc nng hnh chnh
c phn. Nu nghin cu k cc ti liu ct c nhim v cho cc
nhn vin hay ch nh quan chc cp cao a phng, chng ta
s khm ph ra mt thc t th v l cc quan vn Gia nh thnh
hot ng ngoi phm vi kim sot ca cc B v duy tr nhng mi
lin h cht ch hn vi quan Tng trn thnh Gia nh.
triu nh trung ng, cc chc quan Tham tri (Tng nh phm)
v Thim s (Chnh tam phm) c t di cc quan Thng th
(ng u cc b, Chnh nh phm). Theo quy nh, mi quan li
cp cao ca mt b u c th c ch nh vo mt v tr cp a
phng. V d, ngi gi chc Tham tri mt b trung ng c th
tr thnh ngi ng u 1 to ca Gia nh thnh. Tuy nhin, trn
thc t, mt quan li thng m nhim nhiu mng hot ng
cp a phng. Bn danh sch qun l nhn s nm 1813 cho thy
r iu ny. Theo , Tham tri Cng b Nguyn Khc Thiu c c
ng u Cng to v H to a phng; Tham tri Hnh b L B
Phm ph trch c Hnh to v Binh to Gia nh thnh.1 Ti mi
to, Tham tri c th trng i vo s gip ca Thim s. Chng
ta thy rng trn thc t, ging nh Tham tri, Thim s cng c th
c ch nh qun l 2 to a phng cng mt lc. iu th v l,
2 to ny nht thit khng phi l to m Tham tri c giao qun l.
V vy, y khng n thun l s sp xp nhn s theo kiu u,
1 DNTL 1: 47: 18b.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 87
1 Nh trn, 7: 14.
2 LTST, 22: 18b - 19a.
3 Xem thm v Trn Nht Vnh chng sau.
4 Mc lc chu bn triu Nguyn, Tp 2, H Hu, Hu, 1962, tr. 28.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 89
Gia nh v Chn Lp
Ngoi 5 trn Nam B gm Bin Ha, Phin An (tc Gia nh
sau ny), Vnh Thanh (sau ny l Vnh Long), nh Tng v H
Tin, Gia nh thnh Tng trn cn nm quyn t php i vi Chn
Lp. Khi Vit Nam lm vo cnh ri lon trong thi gian din ra
phong tro Ty Sn, Chn Lp c t di s bo tr ca Xim.
Sau ny, khi nh Nguyn c thnh lp, theo thnh cu ca vua
1 i Nam chnh bin lit truyn nh tp (vit tt l LTNT), (1909, Tokyo: The Institute
of Cultural and Linguistic Studies, Keio University, 1981), 45: 1.
92 &+2,%<81*:22.
ng gp ca L Vn Duyt
Da trn nhng chng c xc thc, ti cho rng L Vn Duyt
ng h hong t th t con vua Gia Long, cn Nguyn Vn Thnh
ng u phe i ch khi Gia Long a ra quyt nh cui cng v
ngi tha k ngai vng.2 Theo Quc s di bin ca Phan Thc Trc,
L Vn Duyt by t quan im vo nm 1810, ng h chu ch
tn ca nh vua v mt nguyn tc. Tuy nhin, khi bit c ch nh
thc s ca vua Gia Long, ng thay i quan im v r rng ng
c thi gian thay i quan im vo nm 1816.
Trn thc t, L Vn Duyt c ng gp mt chng mc
nht nh vo quyt nh chn hong t th t lm ngi k v ca
vua Gia Long. Trc nhiu thng xy ra mt bin c quan
trng nh hng n quyt nh cui cng ca nh vua. l vic
Nguyn Vn Thuyn - con trai Nguyn Vn Thnh - b bt v b
buc ti m mu phn lon a chu ch tn ca vua Gia Long
ln lm thi t. L Vn Duyt chnh l ngi pht gic m mu ny
v c giao nhim v iu tra v vic.3 L Vn Duyt chc bit
rng vic pht gic m mu ny (chng ta khng th bit c
l m mu tht hay ch l s ngy to) s dn ti hai h qu: mt l,
chu ch tn ca vua Gia Long s b tn hi trong cuc cnh tranh
ginh ngi thi t; hai l, Nguyn Vn Thnh, ngi ng h chu
ch tn ca vua Gia Long mnh m nht, s b cc i th chnh
1 John White, A Voyage to Cochin China (1824, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University
Press, 1972), pp. 266 - 268.
2 Trong tiu s ca triu nh v Nguyn Vn Thnh, chng ta c th tm thy
chng c chng t nm 1816 ng ta lin tc khng nh nn ch nh chu ni
ln nht ca vua Gia Long lm ngi tha k ngai vng. LTST, 21:34.
3 QSDB, tr. 90; LTST, 22:18b-20a.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 99
1 Nh trn, 23: 7b - 8a. Mt ti liu khc ni rng Minh Mng bit trc vic ny.
Xem L Cng Vn Duyt s trng, tr. 27. Theo cch ny hay cch khc, iu quan
trng l L Vn Duyt ch thn bo co s vic v lnh s mnh st hi v ga
Thi t Cnh.
2 Tuy vy, tnh hp php ca dng tha k ca thi t Cnh cn ko di. Mc d
con trai trng ca ng b buc phi t t nm 1829, ngi ta cho rng ng
ta hay bt c con trai no ca ng vn b xem l s thay th ca Minh Mng v
tham gia vo cuc bo ng L Vn Khi. Xem Nguyn Phan Quang, Thm
my im v cuc bo ng L Vn Khi (1833-1835), NCLS 147 (1972), tr. 41.
Khi cuc ni dy ca ngi Khmer tn ph Nam K sau nm 1841, triu nh
kinh ngc khi thy mt ngi n ng c th thu ht hng trm ngi Khmer
v Nam B tham gia cuc ni dy chng li vua Minh Mng ch bng cch t
tuyn b mnh l con trai thi t Cnh. i Nam thc lc chnh bin tam k, (vit
tt l DNTL 3) (1894. Tokyo: The Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies, Keio
University, 1977), 14: 19b.
3 Taboulet, La geste Franaise en Indochine, p. 295.
4 V d, ng c Siu (1750 - 1810) - mt nh Nho khu vc min Trung - l thy
dy cc hong t con vua Minh Mng. Nguyn Minh Tng, Ci cch hnh chnh
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 101
ng.1 Gii tr thc tr Vit Nam nhn thy cc lit cng phng Ty
y nguy him lun ng h o Thin cha. Cc bo co ca h c
th gy nn ni s hi kinh thnh v n lt n li lm gia tng
s th ch ca triu nh i vi Thin cha gio.
Vo thi im , o Thin cha ang ph bin Gia nh.
Cc gio s phng Ty u tp hp quanh L Vn Duyt - ngi m
h tin tng v coi nh nh bo h. Mt trong s l gio s ngi
Php Rgereau - ngi b mt ti Nng nm 1825. Theo sc
lnh bi tr o C c ban hnh nm 1825, gio on b cm vo
Vit Nam, Rgereau s b bt gi2 nhng ng ta trn vo Gia nh
v sinh sng bnh thng y.
Nm 1826, Minh Mng cm mi hot ng truyn gio Vit
Nam, ng thi ra lnh tt c gio s phi ti Hu dch cc tc
phm nc ngoi sang ting Vit3 v khng c php thu phc tn
. Trn thc t, sc lnh ny ch yu nhm vo cc gio s Nam B.
Sau sc lnh ny, ch c ba gio s Taberd, Franois-Isidore Gagelin
v Odorico (ngi theo dng Francis) c mt Hu v ng ch
l tt c h u tng Gia nh. Taberd phn nn rng h khng
th tm c bt c gio s no t cc vng min khc ca Vit Nam.4
iu r rng cho thy ch ca Minh Mng l tch nhng ngi
ny khi L Vn Duyt.
Theo mt bo co ca Taberd gi v Paris, L Vn Duyt
by t kin ca mnh v chnh sch bi tr o Thin cha ca
Minh Mng nh sau: Nh vua khng my may nh ti s gip
ca cc gio s. H cung cp go cho chng ta khi chng ta i. H
1 Phan Huy Ch, Hi trnh ch lc, (1833), Phan Huy L, Claudine Salmon v
T Trng Hip dch v hiu nh (Paris: Cahier dArchipel 25, 1994), tr. 201 - 202
v 208.
2 Phan Pht Hun, Vit Nam gio s (Cu Th tng th, Si Gn, 1965), tr. 279.
3 DNTL2, 47: 15.
4 Taboulet, La geste Franaise en Indochine, pp. 326 - 327.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 109
1 Adrien Charles Launay, Histoire gnrale de la Socit des Missions Etrangres Tom
2 (Paris: Tqui, Libraire-Editeur, 1894), p. 535.
2 Taboulet, La geste Franaise en Indochine, p. 327; Mt bc th ca Gageline vit
thng 2 - 1828. Trch t Annales de Lassociation de la Propagation de la Foi 21
(thng 7 - 1830).
3 Trong bc th vit vo thng 3 - 1831, Rgereau tuyn b trong nm 1830, ng ta
nghe 1.340 li xng ti, lm l ra ti cho 10 ngi trng thnh, ch tr trn
15 hn l v t chc 6 bui thuyt ging. Mt bc th ca Rgereau, Annales de
Lassociation de la Propagation de la Foi 34 (thng 10 - 1833).
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 111
a) Thc go Gia nh
S cn i cung cu thc go min Bc v min Trung ph
thuc vo sn lng thc go ca Nam B. Thc t ny bt u xut
hin t th k XIX khi thc go Nam B ng vai tr then cht trong
nn kinh t quc gia. Vo th k XVIII, Gia nh c coi l vng
t mu m sn xut ra nhiu thc go. Sn lng v s a dng v
chng loi go ca Gia nh thm ch cn c nc M bit n khi
nc ny tm kim loi go thch hp trng min t mi pha
Ty.3 Tuy vy, tht kh tin rng thc go Gia nh l yu t tch
cc trong hot ng giao thng quc t th k XVIII. Ngun cung
cp thc go trong thi gian ny lun khng p ng nhu cu ca
dn c. chnh l l do ti sao nm 1792, nh cp chng I,
Nguyn Phc nh min cng tin xung vng ng Bc Bin Ha.
1 DNTL1, 6: 8b.
2 Nh trn, 9: 31b.
120 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 White, A Voyage to Cochin China, pp. 208, 245, 246 - 47, 271; 332.
2 Nh trn, tr. 265.
3 S iu tit ca nh nc vi hot ng thng mi chm dt nm 1801. Xem
Chen Chingho, Gencho Shoki no Kashukomu ni Tsuite (Bnh lun v Cng vic
chnh quyn ca H Chu [nm di Vit Nam], Sodaiajiakenkyu 11 (1990): 75 - 76.
4 DNTL2, 16: 18b - 19a.
5 Wong Lin Ken, The Trade of Singapore, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society 33, 192 (1960): 155; Crawfurd, Journal of an Embassy from the
Governor-General of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China, p. 226.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 129
1 Nh trn, 40: 18a. Trn thc t, ngh ca Gia nh kh u i Thanh nhn. Trc
ht, mc thu ny thp hn vi ngi Minh hng. Theo lut ban hnh nm 1826,
mt Minh hng phi np 2 lng bc thu. Chng ta khng bit chnh xc gi
bc nm 1826 nhng c th on gi bc thi im ny bng cch tham kho
gi chnh xc ca bc ti hai thi im khc: nm 1824, 1 lng bc = 3 quan;
nm 1828, 1 lng = 4,7 quan. Xem DNTL2, 23: 15b; 54: 24a. Mc thu i vi
Thanh nhn c l c tnh ton da theo gi bc nm 1827. Mc thu ny gn
bng mc thu vi ngi Minh hng. Tuy nhin, mc thu i vi Thanh nhn
c cho l thp hn bi v ng tin Vit Nam mt gi so vi bc. Fujiwara,
Tonanajiashi no kenkyu, tr. 341. Nm 1845, ti H Tin, 1 lng bc = 9 quan.
DNTL3, 56: 18a.
2 DNTL2, 40: 18a.
3 Nh trn, 173: 13a.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 135
KT LUN
Gia nh thnh Tng trn l n v hnh chnh c chc nng
cai qun Gia nh. T nm 1808 n 1832, Gia nh c 3 quan Tng
trn u l ngi Gia nh. Cc quan Tng trn c trao quyn
ln, t cai qun ton b vng Gia nh n kim sot Chn Lp,
quyt nh vic t tng, b nhim hoc bi nhim quan chc a
phng, trng thu li nhun v iu hnh mi s v vng bin vin.
Cng tc khai hoang, xy dng cu ng v hot ng ngoi thng
cng c t di s kim sot ca quan Tng trn. V quan ny b
nhim ngi Nam B hoc gia nhn ca mnh vo cc chc v quan
trng. Ni cch khc, Gia nh l vng lnh th bn t tr Nam B
cho n nm 1832, khi triu nh trung ng tin hnh cuc ci cch
mang tnh lch s.
Trong s 3 v Tng trn ca Gia nh, L Vn Duyt l ngi
ni bt nht. Nhim k ca ng ko di hn 2 v Tng trn cn li l
Nguyn Vn Nhn v Nguyn Hunh c. ng c b nhim lm
Tng trn Gia nh thnh 2 ln. Nhim k u tin ca ng tng
i ngn ngi (1812 - 1813) trong thi gian tr v ca vua Gia Long.
Nhim k quan trng hn ca ng bt u t u thi Minh Mng.
ng cai qun Gia nh t 1820 cho n khi qua i nm 1832. ng
l mt trong nhng ngi ng h Minh Mng nhit thnh nht khi
v vua ny c ch nh lm ngi k v vua Gia Long nm 1816.
Nhng ng cng qu trung thnh vi nhng di sn ca chnh quyn
Gia nh vn hnh thnh t trong cuc ni chin. Trong thi k
cm quyn ca L Vn Duyt, cc tn Thin cha gio v ngi
Gii th quyn lc
vng t nam b
1. XA B GIA NH THNH
Xi mn quyn lc Gia nh
So vi tnh hnh Bc thnh - ni triu nh Hu c th thc thi
quyt sch vi t tr ngi - Gia nh l thch thc ln hn nhiu i
vi triu nh. Quyn lc v thanh th ca L Vn Duyt y rt
ln. Mi n lc nhm gim bt quyn lc ca ng i hi phi c
tin hnh thn trng v kho lo. Gii php ca Minh Mng l xa b
1 Xem Phan Thc Trc, Quc s di bin, (vit tt l QSDB), (New Asia Research
Institute, Hong Kong, 1965), tr.160. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn s tp, (vit tt l
LTST), (1889. Keio Institute of Linguistic Studies, Tokyo, 1962), 24: 12.
2 Nh trn, tr. 178.
3 Nh trn, tr. 204.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 141
b) Quan bo h Chn Lp
Tip theo l s thay i quyn bo h i vi Chn Lp. Nhn
vt ni ting Nguyn Vn Thoi - ngi nm quyn bo h Chn
Lp t nm 1820 v di s ch o ca L Vn Duyt - qua i nm
1829. Vi quyn ngh ngi k tc cng v ny do triu nh
ban, L Vn Duyt tin c Nguyn Vn Xun - mt ng s ca ng
nhng ngh ca ng b t chi thng thng. ch thn vua Minh
Mng la chn v ch nh mt v quan khc. Bi c Minh - mt
quan vn ca nh vua - c c lm quan bo h Chn Lp v c
trch nhim hp tc vi quan Tng trn.2 H qu l quyn bo h
c chia cho Bi c Minh v quan Tng trn. Nhng s cn bng
quyn lc gia 2 nh cm quyn ny nhanh chng b ph v v Minh
Mng phong cho Bi c Minh mt chc v khc - Thng th B
Binh. y l chc v cao hn hn quan Tng trn.3 Bng cch ,
Minh Mng tch hon ton quan bo h khi s kim sot ca L
Vn Duyt v xc lp mi lin h trc tip vi triu nh thng qua
cu ni ca cc quan vn.
c) Lc lng qun s
ginh quyn kim sot qun s i vi Gia nh, Minh Mng
chn vin tng thn cn Nguyn Vn Qu v phi ng ta ti Nam
B vo nm 1831. Sau t lu, lc lng qun s ch cht ca L
Vn Duyt b gii tn. Cc lc lng nng ct ca ng nh i T Bo
1 i Nam chnh bin lit truyn nh tp, (vit tt l LTNT) (1909. The Institute of
Cultural and Linguistic Studies, Keio University, Tokyo, 1981), 14: 5b - 6.
2 LTST, 23: 14b.
3 DNTL2, 62: 3.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 143
S kt thc ca Gia nh
Sau khi L Vn Duyt qua i nm 1832, Gia nh thnh Tng
trn lin b xa b v ti c cu li. Nm trn trc y c i
thnh 5 tnh. Tnh An Giang c thnh lp v c a gii nm gia
Vnh Long v H Tin. Do , trn mnh t Gia nh c l 6 tnh
mi: Bin Ha, Phin An (hoc Gia nh2), nh Tng, Vnh Long3,
An Giang v H Tin. By gi, Gia nh bt u c gi l Nam K
(Nam B) tng ng vi tn gi Trung K (min Trung) v Bc K
(min Bc). Nhng tnh ny cn c gi bng tn ph bin l Lc
tnh (6 tnh) hoc Lc tnh Nam K (6 tnh Nam K).
Bc i tip theo ca chnh quyn trung ng l tn cng cc
nhm ngi c L Vn Duyt bo tr trc y. C nh u tin
ging xung nhng ngi ny ngay sau ci cht ca L Vn Duyt
l vic vua Minh Mng tuyn b cm tuyt i o Thin cha. T
nm 1833, triu nh bt u n p Thin cha gio trn khp Vit
Nam. Cc nh th b ph hy, tn b bt dm ln ch thp
chng t rng h tuyn b t b tn gio. Cc thnh vin Hi tha
sai Paris Nam K ng trc hai s la chn: t v o hoc chy
trn khi Vit Nam. Lnh ca triu nh cm o Thin cha khin
cc tn Thin cha ngi Vit Vit Nam tm cch trn khi Gia
nh. Chng hn, Phan Vn Minh (1818 - 1853) - hc tr 18 tui ca
2. THAY TH NHN S
S thng tr ca cc quan vn
Theo c cu hnh chnh mi phn chia theo tnh ca vua Minh
Mng, mi quan Tng c cai qun 2 tnh. Tnh no ln hn s c
t tr s .2 Mt quan Tun ph s ng u mi tnh. Di
quyn ca Tun ph l cc quan B chnh, n st v Lnh binh.
Tuy nhin, trn thc t, quan B chnh mi l ngi ng u
mi tnh. C hai l do gii thch iu ny. Th nht, v tr quan Tng
c, gn nh thng xuyn l tng qun s, mang tnh chnh tr
hn l iu hnh thc t cng vic. Th hai, v tr quan Tun ph
him khi c b nhim.
Quan Tng c thng t tr s ti tnh ln trong s 2 tnh
c giao, trong khi quan Tun ph ch l chc quan trn danh
ngha. Tnh c din tch nh hn hon ton t di quyn kim
sot ca quan B chnh. Ngay c ti tnh ln - ni t tr s ca quan
Tng c - B chnh vn c th l ngi ng vai tr quan trng
nht trong vic a ra quyt sch, ng ng sau v quan Tng c
tng i t c hiu lc. Chng hn, chng ta nh rng nm 1832,
c Tng c Nguyn Vn Qu v B chnh Phin An Bch Xun
Nguyn cng a ra ngh triu nh ra lnh bt L Vn Khi.3
Trn thc t, Nguyn Vn Qu ch lin quan n mt t cng vic
chnh thc Si Gn. ng ch lm vic ti tr s 2 hoc 3 ln mt
thng nn tt c cc vn quan trng Phin An u do B chnh
TNH CHC V
Ch thch: trong ngoc kp ... l chc v trc, trong ngoc n (...) l nm k thi Hng.
Bng thng k trn cho thy, 3 Lnh binh ca Phin An, Vnh
Long v An Giang tng l cc Tng c min Trung Vit Nam.
Cng thi gian , cc cu Trn th H Tin, nh Tng v Vnh
Vn ch ngha a phng
Nghin cu k hn s thay i nhn s nm 1832, ta s thy
mt ng c khc ca vua Minh Mng, l loi tr ch ngha a
phng. Bng 2 di y cho thy khng k 3 ngi c qu qun
khng c xc nh, khng c ngi Nam B no c b nhim
lm B chnh hoc n st Nam B. Trong s 9 B chnh v n st
c qu qun c xc nh r, 3 ngi vng chu th sng Hng,
6 ngi min Trung. Nu chng ta phn loi nhng ngi ny da
theo ni xut thn l ng Ngoi ca vua L cha Trnh trc y
(t H Tnh ra Bc) hay ng Trong ca cha Nguyn trc y (t
Qung Bnh vo Nam), th c 3 ngi thuc ng Ngoi v 4 ngi
CHC V
TNH
Tng c Tun ph B chnh n st
L Vn L
Bin Ha Nguyn Vn Qu V Qunh
(Tha Thin-T)
Nguyn Chng
Phin An Bch Xun Nguyn t
(Ngh An-T)
T Trn Ng B Tun
nh Tng L Phc Bo
(Bc Ninh-B) (Qung Bnh-T)
V c Khu
Vnh Long Phm Phc Thiu
(Hi Dng-B)
Ch thch: trong ngoc n ( ): ni sinh; T: min Trung Vit Nam; B: min Bc Vit Nam.
1 DNTL2, 85: 20b - 22a; QTHKL; Cao Xun Dc, Quc triu ng khoa lc (vit tt l
QTDKL), ngi dch L Mnh Liu (Trung tm hc liu, B Vn ha Gio dc Thanh
nin, Si Gn, 1961); Vin S hc dch, i Nam nht thng ch, (vit tt l DNNTC)
(Hu: Thun Ha, 1992).
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 151
TNH CHC V
Tng c Tun ph B chnh n st
Qung Bnh on Vn Nguyn Cng V T hn
Trng Thuyn
(An Giang)
1 Nguyn S Gic dch, i Nam in l tot yu, (vit tt l TY), (1909. Nxb. Tp. H Ch
Minh, H Ch Minh, 1994, tr. 122).
2 DNTL2, 76: 25b - 30a.
3 DNTL2, 76: 25b - 30a; LTNT; QTHKL; DNNTC.
152 &+2,%<81*:22.
buc phi tham gia nhng ti sao cc ngi khng u hng qun
triu nh khi h n m li cng qun ni lon c th cng bn
gic trong thnh? chng ng tic lm sao!1
Trong khi coi cc tn Thin cha gio, cu t nhn min Bc
v ngi Hoa nh c l 3 nhm ngi quan trng nht lnh o
cuc bo lon, nh vua cng ch r s tham gia ca nhng ngi
khc gm nhng k chim gi ti sn ca chnh quyn; uy hip cc
thn lng hoc bt gi cc vin quan chc cao cp a phng.
Nhng ngi uy hip cc thn lng c th l ngi tng sinh
sng v c quyn th no thn lng. Mt bo co v lc lng
tham gia khi ngha cho chng ta cht t bng chng v danh tnh
nhng ngi b cho l uy hip cc thn lng. Nguyn Vn Hun
l chc sc ca mt lng thuc tnh Gia nh. Khi cuc khi ngha
bng n, Nguyn Vn Hun v con trai u hng hi tham gia. Mt
trong nhng nhim v ca ng l thuyt phc dn lng mnh hp tc
vi ngha qun v h mun ng k dn lng theo cch ring ca h.2
Nhng ngi tham gia bt gi quan chc cao cp a phng
ca h nh m t trong sc ch ca vua Minh Mng, ch yu l
ngi dn a phng buc cc quan li chnh quyn phi tham
gia khi ngha tnh Vnh Long. cng l nhng k ng h m
qung tuyn b rng b quan li triu nh ngc i nh iu
Minh Mng ghi trong sc ch ca mnh.
Cui nm 1833, qun i triu nh chim li c 5 tnh v
buc qun khi ngha phi lui v c th trong thnh Si Gn. Tuy vy
Minh Mng vn phi i n nm 1835 mi c chng kin cnh
cc tng lnh ca mnh chim thnh Si Gn. Vi vic dp tt khi
ngha ca L Vn Khi, s c kt ca triu nh trung ng tr nn
cht ch hn bao gi ht. Hng ngn ngi b qun triu nh st hi.
1 Nh trn, 158: 5b - 6a.
2 Chu bn triu Nguyn, Th vin H Quc gia Australia, bn chp microfilm 60 -
64 [1836 - 1837], ngy 20 thng 7 nm inh Du (tc nm 1837 dng lch).
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 159
H QU
Mc d cuc khi ngha ca L Vn Khi b dp tt, Nam B
i khi vn lm vo tnh trng cng thng. S khng c ca ngi
1 Trng Quc Dng (1797 - 1864) l Tin s. ng sinh ra tnh H Tnh. Nm 1825,
ng k thi Hng. Nm 1829 k thi nh. Xem LTNT, tp 29, Trng Quc
Dng; Cao Xun Dc, Quc triu hng khoa lc, (vit tt l QTHKL), Nguyn Thy
Nga v Nguyn Th Lm dch, Nxb. Tp. H Ch Minh, Tp. H Ch Minh, 1993, tr. 140.
2 ng sinh ra Tha Thin gn Hu v k thi Hng nm 1825. Xem QTHKL,
tr.138.
3 Tn Nguyn Vn C S khng c trong cc tc phm khc nh Quc triu hng
khoa lc, i Nam thc lc v Lit truyn nh tp. Tuy nhin, trong Ht ng th d,
chng ta c thy cu chuyn tng t v tn quan B chnh y l Nguyn Vn
C. Ht ng th d, Vin Hn nm VHc 01749, H Ni, tr.33. Trong Lit truyn nh
tp, tn ca ng l Nguyn C. D Lit truyn nh tp khng nhc n vn ny
nhng cng ni n vic ng lm Gia nh vo u thi T c. LTNT, 30: 2a.
ng sinh H Ni v k thi Hng nm 1831. QTHKL, 171.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 161
1 Trng Quc Dng, Thoi thc k vn (hay Cng h k vn), Vin Hn nm A1499,
H Ni, tr.115.
P II
NHNG NT C TH
DI THI MINH MNG
CHNG IV
1 i Nam thc lc chnh bin nh k (vit tt l DNTL 2) (1861. Tokyo: The Institute
of Cultural and Linguistic Studies, Keio University, 1963), 158: 6a - 7b.
2 Ph Tng trn Gia nh, nhm chc khi L Vn Duyt c b lm Tng trn Gia
nh nm 1820.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 167
Mu cu mu dch
Minh Mng ln n ngi Nam B l coi r gi tr thc go vi
hm rng qu nhiu ngi dn chy theo ngh bun thay v ngh
nng. Trn mt vi phng din nht nh iu ny c th ng
bi sn xut thc go Nam B khng kh khn nh nhiu vng
khc v v th yu cu t nhn lc hn. Quan trng hn, khuynh
hng ny lin quan n s ph bin ca hot ng mu dch Gia
nh. Tc phm Gia nh thnh thng ch ca Trnh Hoi c (1765
- 1825) m t chi tit s pht trin ca thng mi, nht l 2 huyn
Bnh Dng v Tn Long thuc vng Si Gn. Dn c ng c,
cc ch kt ni vi nhau, nh san st, ting Phc Kin, Qung ng,
Triu Chu, Hi Nam, phng Ty, Xim c dng giao tip.1
Ti liu ch r nhiu ngi Nam B lm ngh bun bn. Theo
Gia nh thnh thng ch, c dn 2 huyn Thun An v Phc Lc 9
ngi lm nng th 1 ngi i bun.2 Trng gia th ph ca dng h
Trng cho bit mt s nng dn ngng cy la chuyn sang sn
xut nng nghip phc v th trng.3 ng Th (1762 - 1843) l mt
lo nng c 3 con trai u lm nng nghip nhng ngi con trng
tn Thnh (1785 - 1834) u t trng rau (xem t 8), thu hoch kh
gi hn cy la. C v nh Thnh tch tr c kha kh tin theo
cch ny v c tn nhim bu lm Th bn.4 V lng ca Thnh
nm a phn ca huyn Bnh Dng thuc Si Gn ngy nay,5
ti cho rng nghip kinh doanh ca anh ta c lin quan n nhng
1 GDTTC, 4: 11.
2 Khng r Gia nh thnh thng ch c vit vo thi im no nhng chc chn
l sau khi Gia nh thnh c thnh lp vo nm 1808 bi u cun sch
mang tn Gia nh thnh v chc chn c vit trc 1820 - nm Trnh Hoi
c gi 3 tp ca b sch ny ra Hu. DNTL2, 3:6b. Xem Dng Bo Vn, Mt vi
nghin cu v sch Gia nh thnh thng ch, Xa v Nay 53B, 1998, tr. 18.
3 Nguyn Thu, Hon v k vn (Vin Hn Nm, A585, H Ni),
4 i Nam thc lc chnh bin lit truyn s tp (vit tt l LTST), (1889. Tokyo: The
Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies, Keio University, 1962), 11: 2a.
170 &+2,%<81*:22.
o c suy vi
Chng ta khng bit r Minh Mng c hm g khi ph phn
ngi Nam B trong ch d ca mnh: dn phong tp thi kiu sa,
dm ng. Minh Mng ch sng Gia nh n nm 11 tui nn
t c kh nng nh vua c tri nghim trc tip v thi dm ng
ca ngi ni y. Tuy nhin, trong thi gian tr v ca mnh, i khi
nh vua vn a ra nhng nh gi nh th v ngi Nam B. Theo
Minh Mng, Gia nh l vng t suy i v mt o c, ni thm
ch ph n cng ht thuc phin.1 Ch d nm 1835 c vit
lm hng dn chnh thc i vi ngi Nam B nn ging iu
c kim ch nhiu. Trong nhng ghi chp v cc cuc tho lun
ca nh vua vi triu thn, quan im c nhn ca Minh Mng v
ngi Nam B c a ra mt cch thng thng. Ti liu ghi rng,
trong cuc m o vi triu thn nm 1832, Minh Mng ni: Do
ny trm nghe bn chng [ngi Nam B] ht thuc phin, h ht
om sm, c bc, ci c, nh loi bo hnh c c. Thi quen ny
chc khng trnh khi tr thnh phng trm cp. Bn n b
dm ng phng tng, c x ca chng tht qu kinh tm. Bn n
ng vn chi bi phng ng th sao c th i hi tit hnh ca
m v?2
Vi Minh Mng, lng chung thy ca ph n - hm ngha v
phm hnh ca ngi ph n Vit - l ht sc quan trng. Nh vua
tin rng ngi Gia nh khng th t c nhng tiu chun cao
Ln s vng Nam B
im quan trng trong ch d ca Minh Mng l s ln n ca
ca nh vua v s li bing ca k s Nam B, hm ngha h khng
lm cho nh vua n tng rng h l nhng nh Nho ng ngha.
Nu chng ta nh rng Nho s Gia nh ng gp quan trng cho
vic hnh thnh chnh quyn Gia nh th li bnh lun ca Minh
Mng c phn thiu chnh xc. Tuy nhin, n cho chng ta bit v
khu vc ny: Nho hc Gia nh i khi b hot ng ca cc nhm
tn gio ngn tr. Ngay c nhng ngi nc ngoi cng c n tng
tng t. Trong bn bo co v vi thng sinh sng Si Gn trong
cc nm 1819 - 1820, John White khng cp n Nho gio cho d
v du khch ngi M ham khm ph ny c nhc n cc tn gio
khc nh Pht gio, Cng gio, tn ngng vt linh v s pha trn ca
cc tn ngng khc.1
Hin tng tng i t ph bin ca Nho gio Nam B nh
hng n thi ca k s Gia nh i vi nh Nho min Bc
v min Trung. Nhiu ngi cm thy mnh km ci. Trong li
ta cho cng trnh ca Trng ng Qu, Phan Thanh Gin (1796
- 1867) d Tin s vn cho rng c trc tc v ti nng ca mnh
km xa ng nghip h Trng - ngi gc Qung Ngi thuc min
Trung. C th y ch l mt cch ni khim nhng nhng vn c
ngha l bn thn Phan Thanh Gin t cho rng s bt tng xng
ca mnh l bi ng l ngi Nam B:2
1 John White, A Voyage to Cochin China (1824, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University
Press, 1972).
2 Theo m t ca Phan Thanh Gin v lch s dng h ngoi ca ng th c t 6 i
pha m l mt ngi Hoa di c t Phc Kin sang. Pierre Daudin, Phan Thanh
Gian 1796-1867 et sa famille daprs quelques documents annamites, Bulletin de
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 173
la Socit des tudes Indochinoises, Tome 17 (1941): 27. Bin nin s triu nh cho
rng t tin ca Phan Thanh Gin di c t Trung Quc sang vo th k XVII. LTNT,
26: 21b. Tuy nhin ti khng cho rng nhng vn ny tc ng n bn sc
ngi Nam B ca Phan Thanh Gin. Mi n thp nin 30 ca th k XIX, Phan
Thanh Gin mi bit v lai lch ca mnh. Xem: Nguyn c D, Gia ph kho v
lun thc hnh, Nxb. Vn Ha, H., 1992, tr. 311 - 315.
1 ng thi nm 1825, lc 30 tui. Trng ng Qu bt u s nghip t 1819,
khi mi 25 tui. LTNT, 21: 1a. Cao Xun Dc, Quc triu hng khoa lc (vit tt l
QTHKL), Nxb. Tp. H Ch Minh, 1993, tr. 110.
2 Phan Thanh Gin, Hng kh vn tho (1876. Vin Hn Nm, A2125, H Ni), 2: 6.
3 C ngha l pha Bc sng, tc l sng Gianh Qung Bnh. Pha bc Qung Bnh
c H Tnh, Ngh An, Thanh Ha v cn li l Bc K.
174 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Xem: Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model, pp. 135 - 136.
2 Nh trn, p. 36.
3 Nh trn, p. 19.
4 H Tnh l mt tnh mi Nam Ngh An, ra i t ci cch hnh chnh nm 1831.
Tn ca H Ni v Hng Yn cng ln u tin xut hin trong thi im ny. Tnh
Ninh Bnh (pha bc Thanh Ha) cng tng thuc min Trung, nhng sau ci cch
nm 1831 th c ct v Bc K. QSDB, p. 210.
5 Xem ch thch s 40 v 42.
178 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Lin quan n ch ny, Nola Cooke ch ra rng, di triu Nguyn, ngi min
Bc vng chu th sng Hng b loi tr ra khi trung tm quyn lc. Xem Nola
Cooke, Southern Regionalism and the Compositon of the Nguyen Ruling Elite,
Asian Studies Review (Brisbaine), 23,2 (1999), mc The Analysis.
2 QSDB, p. 240.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 179
1 Chi tit v nhng triu thn thi Gia Long. Min Bc: H Ni (7), Hi Dng (1), Nam
nh (4), Sn Nam (1), Bc Ninh (3), Qung Yn (2). Min Trung: Thanh Ha (16),
Ngh An (8), H Tnh (2), Qung Bnh (12), Tha Thin (44), Qung Nam (10), Qung
Ngi (9), Bnh nh (37), Ph Yn (1), Khnh Ha (2), Bnh Thun (1). Nam B: Bin
Ha (23), Gia nh (122), nh Tng (21), Vnh Long (19), An Giang (11), H Tin (4).
2 LTST.
3 Bng sau y lit k 219 ngi c tn trong i Nam chnh bin lit truyn nh tp,
nhng ngi khi nghip di triu Minh Mng (Ngun: LTNT).
Bc Trung Nam Tng cng
S lng 66 139 14 219
T l (%) 30.14 63.47 6.39 100
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 181
Khng cn thit phi tin rng s phn b theo vng ca min Bc v min Trung
cho thy nhng thay i thc s bi v cc nguyn tc t chc v tiu ch la
chn trong i Nam chnh bin lit truyn nh tp i vi ngi pha bc Hu kh
khc vi nhng g th hin trong i Nam chnh bin lit truyn s tp. Xem phn
The Resources trong chuyn lun Southern Regionalism and the Composition
of the Nguyen Ruling Elite ca Nola Cooke. Ti lm bng s liu ny nhm ch ra
s st gim t l ngi Nam B di triu Minh Mng, khng ch so vi triu Gia
Long trc m ngay c so vi cc vng khc di triu Minh Mng. Qu qun
ca 219 ngi ny nh sau. Min Bc: Ninh Bnh (1), H Ni (16), Hng Yn (7),
Hi Dng (6), Nam nh (12), Sn Ty (8), Bc Ninh (16). Min Trung: Thanh Ha
(22), Ngh An (18), H Tnh (19), Qung Bnh (14), Qung Tr (11), Tha Thin (35),
Qung Nam (7), Qung Ngi (5), Bnh nh (6), Ph Yn (1), Khnh Ha (1). Nam B:
Bin Ha (2), Gia nh (5), nh Tng (0), Vnh Long (3), An Giang (4), H Tin (0).
iu l th l s tin thn ca ngi thuc 3 tnh Thanh Ha, Ngh An, H Tnh,
tng cng 59 ngi. S ngi 3 tnh ny cao hn tt c cc tnh khc, tr
Tha Thin.
1 DNTL2, 220:36a.
2 Nguyn Thu, Hon v k vn, Tp 3.
182 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 MMCY, 4: 3a.
2 MMCY, 4: 7b.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 183
ngi Vit ni chung sng bng ngh nng nhng vi thanh nin
Nam B, vic tch ly ti sn v t ai d dng hn rt nhiu so vi
thanh nin hai min Trung v Bc. Mt v d in hnh l trng
hp ngi thanh nin tn Dng (1794 - 1849) thuc dng h Trng
gn Si Gn. Khi n tui trng thnh, ngi con trai th hai ca
gia nh nng dn h Trng quyt nh chuyn n lng Ha Bnh
thuc tnh nh Tng thng lu sng M Kng (Tin Giang).
Khi nghip tay trng nhng Dng thnh cng trong vic tch ly
gia sn thng tin v c v tr qu hng mi. Trc khi qua i,
Dng lm n chc Th khon.1 Nu Dng l ngi min Bc hoc
min Trung, s tin thn trong x hi cha chc d dng n th.
Trong thc t, thu nhp t mt chc quan triu nh, t nht l
di triu Nguyn, khng nui sng mt gia nh bnh thng.
Gia nh s b thiu thn vt cht nu nh vin quan (hoc v v gia
nh mnh) khng kim tin thm bng cch ny hay cch khc. Ly
trng hp mt ngi Nam B thi Hng. Sau khi t c th
anh ta c b lm Tri huyn v xp hng tng lc phm theo quy
ch.2 Mt ti liu khc cho bit, vo nm 1840, tin lng mi nm
ca quan Tri huyn l 22 mn (hoc quan) tin v 22 phng go.3
Theo ti liu chu bn, vo gia thp nin 20 ca th k XIX, gi go
Gia nh vo khong mi mn mt phng.4 Theo , lng hng
nm ca Tri huyn l 44 phng hoc 22 hc go. Bin Ha,
sn xut ra chng ny go cn canh tc 2,88 mu rung.5 nhng
1 Trng gia t ng th ph ton tp (1886.Vin Hn Nm, A3186, H Ni), tr. 6.
Th khon: chc quan gim st v cho thu mn ti sn ca lng x. Xem: Alfred
Schreiner, Les Institutions Annamites en Basse-Cochinchine avant la Conqute
Franaise, p. 27.
2 i Nam in l tot yu (vit tt l TY), Nxb. Tp H Ch Minh, 1994, tr. 24.
3 DNTL2, 207: 45.
4 Phan Huy L, Chu bn triu Nguyn v chu bn nm Minh Mnh 6 - 7 (bn tho),
tr. 33.
5 Xem Chng VI v sn xut thc go Nam B. Khng th tho lun v thu t
Nam B trong hai thp nin 20 - 30 ca th k XIX bi n thi im , rung
184 &+2,%<81*:22.
Trng lp
Ngay sau khi Nam B c t di s qun l trc tip ca
triu nh trung ng vo nm 1832, cc h thng v cng c cho
vic gio dc ngi Nam B c lp ra. Cc chc quan trng coi
gio dc nh c hc, Gio th v Hun o c b nhim ln lt
cc cp hnh chnh l tnh, ph v huyn. Chng ta u bit chc
c hc c b ti cc dinh trn ngay t u triu Minh Mng,
trong khi chc Gio th v Hun o xut hin ln u tin vo
nm 1823.1 Tuy nhin, cc ngun t liu thnh vn cung cp t chng
c v cch vn hnh ca h thng gio dc cp huyn cho n khi
Gia nh thnh Tng trn b bi b vo nm 1832. Trc nm ny
dng nh c cc chc quan gio dc nhng cha c cc trng
c t chc h thng. Phi t nm 1834, triu nh trung ng mi
bt u b tr nhng chc quan gio dc cn khuyt cp huyn ti
Nam B.2
Bt u t nm 1832, trng hc bt u c xy dng ti cc
cp hnh chnh khc nhau. i Nam nht thng ch c son gia
cc nm 1865 - 1885 cho ta bit v tr ca cc trng a phng. T
b s ny chng ta c th nhn thy s lng trng hc Nam B
tng ln nh th no k t sau nm 1832. Trong s 8 trng ph3
th c 7 trng c thnh lp di triu Minh Mng v 1 trng
c xy di triu Triu Tr (1841 - 1847). Trong s 7 trng c
1 MMCY, 4: 23b.
2 DNTL2, 127: 7b.
3 Nm 1835, quy m trng ph v trng huyn c chun ha. DNTL2, 159:
26b - 27a.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 189
p: 2 p: 3 p: 2 p: 3 p: 3 p: 1
h: 7 h: 9 h: 4 h: 8 h: 9 h: 3
Tnh 1 1 1 1 1
0
(Minh Mng) (Gia Long) (1836) (1826) (1842)
Ph 2
2 2 1 1
(1836, 0
(Minh Mng) (1833, 1838) (1837) (1832)
1846)
Huyn 2 4 2
2 1
0 (1841, (1837, 1851, (1837,
(1835, 1838) (1847)
1852) 1860, 1862) 1839)
1 Vin s hc (dch), i Nam nht thng ch (vit tt l DNNTC), Nxb. Thun Ha,
1992.
2 Nguyn Thu, Hon v k vn, Tp 3.
190 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Nm 1398 hong Minh Thi T ( Trung Quc) ban hnh Gio dn bng vn, hay
gi l Lc d. Nghin cu thy s khc nhau gia Lc d v Thp iu. Lc d
gm c: 1) hiu thun ph mu; 2) cung knh trng thng; 3) ha mc hng l;
4) gio hun t tn; 5) cc an sinh l; 6) v tc phi v. Ngi gi hoc tn tt c
yu cu i quanh lng c Lc d. Theo yu cu ca triu Thanh, nm 1652,
su iu dy trn c khc ln bia v t mt s vng Trung Quc. Xem:
Morobashi Tetsuji, Daikanwajiten (T in Trung Nht), Vol. 2 (Tokyo: Taishukan
Shoten, 1971), pp. 1157 - 58.
2 DNTL2, 129: 2a.
194 &+2,%<81*:22.
Cc tc th cng
Mi tnh thuc Nam B u c s lng ln n cha cho cc
i tng th cng khc nhau, t thn x tc, Long thn, cc anh
hng ngi Vit, Hoa, Khmer... n cc loi thn ni, thn sng. Cc
loi th t sau y c ghi chp ph bin trong i Nam nht thng
ch: n x tc (th thn t, thn ng cc), n tin nng (th thn
nng nghip), n hi ng (th nhng lit s trong chin tranh vi
triu Ty Sn), n sn xuyn (th thn ni, thn sng), vn miu
(th Khng t) v nhng ni th thnh hong. Trong s th vn
miu, n x tc, n tin nng l nhng chng c lin quan trc
tip n vic gio ha ngi dn Nam B ca triu nh. c bit,
n x tc v n tin nng - vn th nhng thn lin quan n nng
nghip - c lp bi Minh Mng sau khi bi b Gia nh thnh
Tng trn. Bng 6 cho thy nhng di tch tn ti 4 tnh cho n nm
1865, km theo nin i xy dng.1
1 Nhn chung thi Hng di triu Nguyn c 4 ni dung: 1) kinh ngha v truyn,
2) chiu, ch, biu, 3) th ph, 4) vn sch. Xem: Cao T Thanh, Nho gio Gia nh,
tr. 124.
196 &+2,%<81*:22.
Nam B 12 14 15
(16) (15) (16) 10 9 11 5 (6) 76 (83)
KT LUN
Sau khi Gia nh thnh Tng trn b bi b nm 1832, ngi
Nam B phi i din vi chnh quyn trung ng nhiu hn nhng
thp k trc . Minh Mng quyt nh ha nhp ngi Gia nh
vo vi quc gia h ph hp vi trnh ca nhng ngi Vit
c gio ha mu sinh di s cai tr ca triu nh trung ng.
nh kin ca Minh Mng v ngi Nam B khng phi lc no
cng da trn thc t, d c da trn nhng c s nh tnh cch cng
nh iu kin kinh t ca ngi Nam B.
Chnh sch v tham vng ln lao ca vua Minh Mng c da
trn mt s chin lc nh: thnh lp cc c s o to nh trng
hc, vic ban b Thp iu, trin khai cc tc th cng nhm cng c
quyn lc nh nc, tng cng cc k thi quc gia. Mc d s lng
C nhn ngi Nam B khng tng di thi Minh Mng m ch
yu di thi Thiu Tr, ti cho rng s ph bin ca nhng ngi
Nam B t trong cc k thi quc gia thc s l mt kt qu quan
trng m Minh Mng lm c qua chin lc gio ha ca
mnh, thng qua vic m rng cc c s o to chnh thng Nam
B thuyt phc ngi Nam B chp nhn chnh quyn Hu. Cc
nhm C nhn v T ti c to ra qua cc k thi Hng khng ch
1 Qua i Nam nht thng ch c th khng nh 2 huyn Vnh nh v Phong Ph
trong thc t l mt. Nm 1839, huyn Vnh nh c ct ra t tnh Vnh Long
nhp vo huyn O mon ca ngi Khmer; 2 huyn ny hp li lp thnh
huyn mi l Phong Ph, thuc vo tnh An Giang. DNNTC, tr. 160. Huyn vnh
nh (hoc huyn Phong Ph) nm khu vc quanh Cn Th ngy nay, b Ty h
lu M Kng. Xem Hunh Minh, Cn Th xa v nay, Si Gn, 1966, tr. 24.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 201
Hu qu ca chnh sch ng ha
ca Minh Mng
1 Trong cng trnh trc y, David Chandler nhn nh rng Cc chnh sch ca
Minh Mng vi ngi Chn Lp l s m rng ca nhng chnh sch c
p dng Nam B. David P.Chandler, Cambodia before the French: Politics in a
Tributary Kingdom 1794-1848 (Lun n Tin s, i hc Michigan, 1973), tr.131. Tc
gi a rt t bng chng lin quan n chnh sch v dn tc ca Minh Mng
Nam B.
2 Alexander Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of
Nguyn and Ching Civil Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), tr. 251.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 205
1. T TNG NG HO
Chnh sch dn tc ca Minh Mng c thc hin mt phn
bi s m rng quyn hnh trc tip khng ch Nam B m cn
c Chn Lp trong nhng nm 30 ca th k XIX. hiu c mu
cht ca tnh hnh ny, trc ht chng ta phi hiu c quc hiu
Vit Nam di thi Nguyn v nhng hm ca n.
T u thi Nguyn, vic la chn quc hiu c cn nhc cn
thn v n th hin v khng nh quan nim ca tng lp u t i
vi lnh th mi c thng nht. Khi tn gi ca quc gia c
a ra tho lun vo u thi Nguyn, nhng ngi ng u chnh
quyn Gia nh quan tm ch yu v s hp nht ca vng ng
Trong v ng Ngoi. Tuy nhin, s hp nht ny khng ch mang
tnh lnh th m n cn bao hm c s m rng v vn ha di gc
thng nht hai thc th vn ha khc nhau ny. Vo nm 1802, tn
Nam Vit c la chn theo mt lun c:
1 i Nam chnh bin lit truyn s tp (Vit tt LTST) (1889. Tokyo: Keio Institute
Linguistic Studies, 1962), 11: 2a.
2 Xem LTST, tp 33, Nc Ngoi, Chim Thnh, 14 a.
3 V cuc tho lun xung quanh qu trnh i quc hiu, xem Woodside, Vietnam
and the Chinese Model, tr.120. Cng c ti liu Vit Nam lin quan n cuc thng
tho ny: i Nam thc lc chnh bin nht k (Vit tt DNTL1) (1848.Tokyo: The
Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies, Keio University, 1968), 23:1b-2a. V la
chn ca triu nh Trung Hoa, xem Ching Shih Kao Hsiao Chu (Taipei: Quo Shih
Kuan, 1990), tr. 12103.
4 Trnh Hoi c, Cn Trai thi tp (1919. Hong Kong: New Asia Research Institute,
1962), tr. 132.
5 Trong tranh lun v tn gi Vit Nam, Woodside gi mt quan im khc, Tn
Vit tng trng cho phn lnh th c ca quc gia, min Trung v min Bc vi
tn gi i Vit c t thi L. T Nam ch nhng khu vc mi, vng t mi
chim pha Nam, cha bao gi nm di quyn kim sot ca vng quc Vit
truyn thng. Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model, tr.120. Trong nhn nh
208 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Minh Mnh chnh yu (vit tt MMCY). U ban dch thut Ph Quc V Khanh c
trch Vn ha (1897. Saigon:1972 - 1974), 24:6b.
2 DNTL2, 194:22b - 23b.
3 Vit Nam d a ch (H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A 1829).
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 213
m Minh Mng cho l trch nhim quan trng ca gio quan ngi
Vit Chn Lp. 1 Woodside qu quyt rng nhim v ca cc hc
quan l dy ngi Chn Lp ch Hn.2 Mt khc, David Chandler
cho rng nhng quan li ny dy ngn ng Vit.3
tm ra ngha ch thc ca nhim v m cc hc quan c
Minh Mng giao ph, iu cn thit l chng ta phi nghin cu cch
s dng thut ng Hn. iu quan trng nht, chng ta cn phi nh
rng Hn l tn hiu ca mt triu i c pha Bc Trung Hoa, t
m vn ha ng Bc lan rng. V vy, cc nn vn ha cng
chung di sn s dng thut ng Hn vi ngha l tt, hoc lng
tt, uy tn, to ln, rng ln, thun khit, v trung tm hoc
gia. Trong ting Hn, Han tsu (Hn tc) thng khng ch ngi
Hn chung chung m l nhm dn Hn Trung Hoa. Nam Triu
Tin (Hn Quc), con sng ln nht chy qua th tn l Han Gang
(Hn Giang) v nhng tn c lin quan nh Han Seong (Hn Thnh)
v Han Yang (Hn Dng) c s dng ln lt Triu Tin nhm
ch kinh ca quc gia ny lu di nht ca Nam Hn, ko di t
1392 -1910.
Vit Nam, vo th k XIX, Hn ng ch ngi, ngn ng, hay
phong tc ca Vit Nam m khng phi Trung Hoa. T Hn nhm
ch khng gian vn ha, bao gm Khng gio, Pht gio i tha v
ch Hn tng hnh, nh nhng thnh t ph qut chung c chia
s ca nn vn ha ng Bc , cng thm di sn vn ha ring ca
ngi Vit bao gm phong tc v ngn ng. Hn nhn hoc Hn
dn c ngha l ngi Vit, khc vi ngi Hoa (thng c gi l
ng nhn v Thanh nhn), ngi Khmer v ngi dn tc thiu s
khc. Hn phong nhm ch phong tc, tp qun ca ngi Vit. Hn
ng hoc Hn m l ngn ng ca ngi Vit bao gm h thng ch
1 Nh trn,163:11a.
2 Woodside,Vietnam and the Chinese Model, tr.250.
3 David Chandler, Cambodia before the French, tr. 131.
216 &+2,%<81*:22.
2. CC M HNH NG HA
Ngi dn tc thiu s c th quy thnh 3 nhm ln. Mi nhm
c nh nc tip cn theo cch thc khc nhau. u tin, l
dn Khmer - nhm ln nht nh c ch yu vng chu th. Tip
theo l ngi dn tc thiu s sng vng Bin Ha - khu vc mi
khai hoang cho ti vng cao nguyn. C hai nhm ny u trng
la. Do , nhng n lc ca nh nc nhm ha nhp h vo dn
Ngi Khmer
Nhm ng ha ngi Khmer, chnh quyn Minh Mng s dng
rt nhiu cch thc khc nhau, c th k ra nh sau:
a) Kt hp cc lng Khmer v lng Vit hnh thnh mt tng
Vit. Theo chnh sch ny, chnh quyn trung ng sp nhp cc lng
Khmer v lng Vit gn nhau to ra mt n v hnh chnh Vit
mi. V d, nm 1833, khi huyn Tn Ninh ca ph Ty Ninh c
thnh lp, 25 lng Khmer trong khu vc ny c sp nhp vi 6 lng
Vit, vn l mt phn ca huyn Bnh Dng v Thun An. Kt qu
l, hai n v tng c thnh lp v tr thnh phn t thuc
huyn Tn Ninh. Tt nhin, nhng ngi ng u ca c hai tng
l ngi Vit2.
b) a cc lng Vit vo mt huyn Khmer v ngc li. Chnh
quyn trung ng cng mong mun v li ng a gii ca mt
huyn thun Khmer nhm bin n thnh b phn ca mt huyn
khng thun nht v tc ngi. Cch thc ny c s dng vng
pha Nam ca tnh Vnh Long - ni nhng du n ca ngi Khmer
li rt su m. Mt s lng Vit ln cn b nhp v mt php l vo
1 huyn ca ngi Khmer, trong khi mt s lng Khmer vn d l b
phn ca huyn ny b tch ra v nhp vo huyn ln cn ca ngi
Vit. Nm 1835, 2 tng ca ngi Vit, gm 20 lng vn thuc huyn
1 i Nam nht thng ch (vit tt DNNTC). Vin S hc (Hu: Thun ha, 1992)
Quyn 5, 128.
2 DNTL2,155:20a.
3 Nh trn,208:8b.
4 Nh trn, 208:9b.
220 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Nh trn, tr.3.
2 DNTL2,213:26.
222 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 DNTL3,13:2a.
2 Theo Chim Thnh kho ca Hong Cn (1914. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A 970),
di sn hong gia Chmpa kt thc vo thi im ny. Mt l do quan trng l
Nguyn Vn Tha - mt lnh o ngi Chm - tham gia vo cuc khi ngha ca
L Vn Khi. Sau , ngi Chm Phan Rang tr thnh i tng ca cng cuc
Vit ha. Po Dharma miu t tnh hung ny Ngi Chm theo o Hindu b
cng p phi n tht b. Ngi Chm theo o Hi b p phi n tht ln v thn
ln. Cc chc v v quyn hn chnh tr b i thnh tn Vit. Lut l v cc th tc
php l Vit c a vo. Cc loi thu phin h mi v yu cu v nhn lc b
trng thu vi mt n lc nhm i x ngi Khmer nh ngi ni lon b chinh
phc v bin h thnh ngi Vit. Trch dn t William Collins, Interdisciplinary
Research on Ethnic Groups in Cambodia, (Nghin cu lin ngnh v cc nhm
dn tc Campuchia c t chc Phnm Pnh, ngy 18-19/7/1996, tr.39).
Nm 1835, ngi Vit t h thng hnh chnh ca ring h, thit lp quyn kim
sot hon ton i vi t ca ngi Chm. Ngi ta cho rng, s tht bi ny ca
ngi Chm xui khin h di c sang Campuchia. (Sd, tr.41). Sau , khi ngi
Vit chim Chn Lp, mt ln na, h li phi thn phc chnh quyn Vit. Mt s
ngi t nn Chm tr li Nam B vo thi im . Nm 1843, 2.383 ngi M Lai
v ngi Chm b a n mt khu vc bn cnh ngi Khmer ph Ba Xuyn,
tnh An Giang. H c php c di n ph Ty Ninh ca tnh Gia nh nu
h mun. Khm nh i Nam hi in s l (vit tt KNHSL) (1851.Hanoi: Vin
Hn Nm Vhv 1570), quyn 38, Phin Dan Quy ha, 22-23.
3 Nguyn Lang, Vit Nam Pht gio s lun, Tp 2 (H Ni: Vn Hc, 1994), tr. 334.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 223
1 L Hng, a danh, di tch lch s, thng cnh trong vng ngi Vit gc Min,
Tp san S a 14 - 15 (1969): 50-1.
2 DNTL2,182:2.
224 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 DNTL3,14:4.
2 Nh trn, 30:22b.
226 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 DNTL2,196:26a.
2 Nh trn, 205:8b.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 231
Hn nhn
Trong thi k ny, Nam B, do c triu nh to iu kin
nn ng ha tr thnh mt xu hng rng khp v c tc ng rt
ln ln i sng ca ngi Vit v cc tc ngi khc Nam B. Khi
cc gia nh Vit mt ni khng ng nht, hn tp v tc ngi
nh Nam B, h c khuynh hng sng gn hn vi cc nhm dn
tc thiu s hn trc kia. Mt h qu tt yu l s ha trn v mi
lin h x hi thng xuyn gia h lm ny sinh mt m hnh mi
v hn nhn. T thi im ny, hn nhn gia ngi Vit v thnh
vin ca cc nhm dn tc khc tr nn ph bin hn. Trng gia th
ph minh ha r nt khuynh hng mi ny.
1 DNTL3, 36:20b.
234 &+2,%<81*:22.
S lng 0 1 1 4 3
Ngi di:1 Minh Ngi di:2 Ngi di:1
hng:1 Minh hng:1 Minh hng:1
Thanh nhn:1 Thanh nhn:1
1 Nhng thng tin chung nht v cc cuc khi ngha ca ngi Khmer, xem
Nguyn Phan Quang, Phong tro nng dn Vit Nam na u th k 19, tr.135 - 159.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 239
1 Chu bn triu Nguyn, 27 Thng Ging, m lch nm Bnh Thn (1836); DNTL2,
165: 17b - 18b. Lin quan n s lng binh s b iu ng, hai ngun ti liu ny
cho thy s khng nht quan hu ht cc tnh nhng th hin r nht tnh
Vnh Long. Trong khi Chu bn ch ra rng tnh Vnh Long c 6.456 binh s b iu
ng, DNTL a ra danh sch 5.400 binh s. V Chu bn l bn ghi chp gc v
a ra s liu c th hn, ti thin v vic chp nhn thng tin t Chu bn.
2 DNTL2, 165: 18b - 19a.
3 DNTL3, 16: 19a.
4 Nh ti trnh by chng trc, vic ci t nhn s thng xuyn din ra
t cui thi Minh Mng. V th rt kh c th so snh s lng binh s b ch nh
vo nm 1836 vi tng dn s trong thi k . V d, s lng binh s nm 1836
t Vnh Long l 6.465 ngi nhng chng ta phi nh rng khi nhng s liu ny
c tnh ton, tnh Vnh Long c m rng thm phn t dc theo pha
Ty ca sng Hu. Ba nm sau (1839), vng t ny cng vi cc lng trong
khu vc c l b chuyn vo tnh An Giang. S dn chu thu ca tnh Vnh Long
l 28.020 di triu Minh Mng, da trn thng tin ca Nguyn Thu. Nhng cng
c th rng s liu c tnh ton sau khi vng t dc theo phn phc tp
ca sng Hu c sp nhp vo tnh An Giang.
244 &+2,%<81*:22.
3 i Nam in l tot yu (Vit tt TY), Nguyn S Gic dch (1909). Nxb. Thnh ph
H Ch Minh, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1994), tr. 452.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 245
b) Phn cc sc tc
Ngi Vit Nam B l nhng ngi u tin trc tip chng
kin cc cuc xung t dn tc. ng thi, h cng l nhng nn
nhn u tin ca s th ch gia cc nhm tc ngi vi ngi
Vit. Trn thc t, s xung t ny cng c thm s gn b ca ngi
Nam B vi Vit Nam trn bnh din chung v lm tng cm nhn
ca h v bn sc ngi Vit.
Mt v d v s chuyn bin tm l do tc ng ca cng thng
dn tc c th tm thy trong mt cu chuyn thi k ny. Trong
s nhng ngi ph n mu mc c gii thiu trong cun Nam
thin hiu hnh thc lc, chng ta bt gp mt trng hp lin quan
ti nghin cu ca chng ta v vn dn tc trong thi k ng ha.
Nguyn Th Liu l mt ph n huyn Kin ng (pha Bc
M Tho), tnh nh Tng. Mt ngy, c i do mt mnh trn con
ng lng. Trn ng, c gp mt ngi n ng Khmer tn l
Giao. Ngi ny tm cch cng hip c. C t st gi trinh tit v
trnh b u v bo lc.2
1 Lin quan ti s liu v binh s, ti nhn cng c th c thm vo. Trong nhiu
trng hp, nhng ti nhn pha nam b huy ng vo cuc chin vi ngi
Khmer. V d nh nm 1845, ti nhn ca 6 tnh c t chc thnh cc n v
qun i tin phong chng li cc cuc khi ngha ca ngi Khmer. DNTL3,
48:12a.
2 Nam thin hiu hnh thc lc (1869. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm VHv 1240), Quyn 5,
nh Tng.
246 &+2,%<81*:22.
KT LUN
Ti va tho lun vic ng ha nh l mt chnh sch quan
trng ca chnh quyn trung ng Nam B. Kt qu ca chnh
sch ny l s chung sng ha bnh gia cc nhm khc nhau - vn
l mt phn ca di sn Gia nh - b t b. Cng cuc ng ha
nhm mc ch Vit ha cc nhm dn tc khc Nam B v trong
n lc ny, ngi Nam B c ch nh (ng thi cng t nguyn)
hot ng nh mt phn ca i qun tin phong. Chng no h
cn l ngi Vit, triu nh cn coi h l cng c hu hiu y
nhanh qu trnh Vit ha. Cc quan li cp thp, nng dn, binh s
v thm ch l ti nhn u c s dng Vit ha cc nhm dn
tc khc Nam B. Chnh trong thi k ny, t l cc cuc xung t
gia ngi Nam B vi cc nhm dn tc khc cao hn so vi cc
thi k trc.
1 H Ti Hu Tm, Millenarianism and Peasant Politics in Vietnam (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1983) pp. 14 - 15.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 251
c in v bo v
t hu rung t
1 1 mu (150 x 150 thc) = 4.894, 4016m2; so = 1/10 mu) = 894,44016 m2; thc
(= 1/15 so) = 32,639344m2; thn (1/10 thc) = 3,263934m2. Xem Nguyn nh
u, Nghin cu a b triu Nguyn: nh Tng, Nxb. Tp H Ch Minh, 1994, tr. 26.
254 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Vit Cc, G Cng cnh c ngi xa, Tp 1, Si Gn, 1968, tr. 35.
2 Nguyn Th Thnh, French Conquest of Cochinchina, 1858 - 1862. Lun n Tin s,
i hc Cornell, 1992, p. 42.
3 Nguyn nh u, Ch cng in cng th, tr. 119.
4 Ph lc 1.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 261
b. X thn
L do tip theo ca s ph bin v t hu rung t c lin
quan n mi quan h gia cc thnh thnh vin trong lng x. Trong
trng hp mt thn gm rt nhiu h th rt kh mong i thnh
vin ca mi h gia nh s duy tr c s c kt ban u, khi m
t ai c khai hoang ln u tin. Giai on ny thn x mi ch
l mt n v n bit, bao gm nhng h gia nh ht nhn. Chc
chn l s thn thit hay c th l thc ng h ln nhau gia
nhng ngi trong thn v h l nhng ngi tin phong, cng
nhau vt qua gian kh n mt vng t mi nhng s c kt
thn x vn yu. Trc kia, hu ht nhng ngi vn l ngi xa
l. Cho ti khi cc mi quan h tr ln mt thit hn, v d nh thng
qua hn nhn, th mi lin kt gia cc gia nh bt u tr nn cht
ch hn gia h gia nh ny vi h gia nh khc. Tc gi Trn Vn
Giu m t: mi gia nh l mt khu vc c ly tre ro du.1 Thm
na, thn x Nam B thng ci m i vi nhng ngi mi -
mt iu kin c sy cho s chuyn dch. c bit trong thi gian u
nh c Nam B, ngi dn thng du canh du c nhiu ln trc
khi chn mt ch lu di2 v rt nhiu loi dn t nn khc nhau
lut l chung ca c nc. i Nam in l tot yu. Nguyn S Gic dch. Nxb. Tp.
H Ch Minh, 1994, tr. 162. k nhn, im ch c s dng gia ngi dn
trong thn.
1 Vietnam Cultural Window 4 (1998): 9.
2 Trc chng ta bit gia nh V Tnh sng Bin Ha cho n khi cha ng
ri n Gia nh, c l l t cui th k XVII - u th k XVIII. i Nam chnh bin
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 263
lit truyn s tp (vit tt LTST) (1889. Tokyo: Keio Institute of Linguistic studies,
1962), 6: 1a. Mt ngi con trai ca h Trng tn Dng (1794 - 1849) chuyn t
Gia nh n nh Tng trc khi ngi con ny lp gia tht. Xem Trng gia t
ng th ph ton tp (1886. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A 3186), tr. 6. L Hng cho
chng ta mt vi thng tin. Th d, Nguyn Th T sng Bn Tre trc khi b ri
n Cao Lnh nm 1819; gia nh khc, Nguyn Vn Lun chuyn t Bin Ha n
Cao Lnh nm 1820. L Hng: Ngi Vit tin phong trn bc ng Nam tin ti
Cao Lnh - Kin Phong, Tp san S a, 19&20 (1970), tr. 229.
1 Th d, thn Bnh Tin v thn Tn Ph Trung (hin nay thuc Sa c) trc kia
hp nht thnh 1 thn nhng cc h gia nh chia thnh 2 thn sau mt cuc
xch mch trong cuc cng t chung. Mt phn dn c thn Tn Ph Trung lp
thn mi l Bnh Tin. Xem Hunh Minh, Sa c xa v nay. Si Gn, 1971, tr. 223.
2 Mc ng, Vn dn tc ng bng sng Cu Long. Nxb, KHXH, Tp. H Ch
Minh, tr. 130, 150.
264 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Cc ph lc 2, 3.
2 Ph lc 8.
266 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Ph lc 5.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 267
1 i Nam thc lc chnh bin nht k (vit tt DNTL1) (1848. Tokyo: Keio Institute
of Linguistic studies, Keio University, 1968), 3: 21b.
2 i Nam thc lc cung cp cho chng ta hai bng chng v thc t chung ny.
Nm 1798, b v v con ci ca nhng ngi lnh ny ang b giam mt doanh
tri v chng hay cha ca h b trn. DNTL1, 10: 4b. Nm 1799, qun lnh b
cm mang theo v con trong trng hp nhng ngi ny i vin chinh di ngy.
Theo mt ch d cng nm, nhng gia nh s quan c h tr chm sc t s
quan a phng v gia nh ca binh lnh cng c ngi dn gn doanh tri
chm sc. Thc lc cho chng ta bit mt vi gia nh binh lnh c php bun
bn vi qun lnh tham gia cc cuc vin chinh di ngy.
3 TY, tr. 452.
4 i Nam thc lc chnh bin tam k (vit tt DNTL3) (1894. Tokyo: Keio Institute
of Linguistic studies, Keio University, 1977), 4: 8b.
268 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Nm 1836, th d lng thng ca mt ngi lnh l 1 quan. TY, tr. 451. Nm 1840,
pha ty ng bng M Kng [Ty Nam B - ND], gi go [trng - ND] 1 phng
(khong 38 lt) l 1 quan 5 tin. Bang, Kinh t thng nghip Vit Nam di triu
Nguyn. Nxb. Thun Ha, Hu, 1996, tr. 37. V vy, lng thng ca mt ngi lnh
c th mua c khong 25 lt thc. Nhng gi go l khong 1 quan/phng
trong nhng nm 20 th k XIX. Ti cho rng lng thng ca 1 ngi lnh ban
u c tr bng vi gi tr ca 1 phng thc/thng. Trn c s tnh ton ca
Nguyn Cng Tr, mt gia nh vi 6 nhn khu c th duy tr cuc sng cn 72
hc go trng/nm ti thi im . DNTL2, 167:21a. i khi l mt ngi c
tr 1 hc (2 phng) go/thng. Thng thng, 2 phng go c 1 hc thc hay
hn cht. Tm li, lng thng ca mt ngi lnh l mt khon tin ti thiu, ch
nui 1 ngi mi thng. V cn bn, 1 hc = 2 phng; 1 phng = 13 thng. 1
thng bng 2,932 lt; 1 phng bng 38,133 lt v 1 hc bng 72,226 lt. Bang,
Kinh t thng nghip Vit Nam di triu Nguyn. Nxb. Thun Ha, Hu, 1996, tr. 20.
2 DNTL1, 48: 15.
3 Nguyn Thu, Hon v k vn (n.d. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A 585), Tp 3.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 269
Rung n lu
Mc d mt s vn t c th cho thy ni dung vn bn ca vic
mua bn rung t khp Nam B, mua bn rung t c l khng
phi lc no cng c ghi chp trn giy t. Mt vi cuc thng
lng ny c l cng c lp bng giao ko ming. Trong trng
hp mnh rung b mua bn trc khng h c ng k, cng
vic giy t c l ch mang li s phin h v n s to nn rung n
lu xut hin cng khai trc quan li trong chnh quyn. hiu r
s m rng ti a ca t in Nam B, chng ta cn tnh n s tn
ti ca loi rung t n lu.
Trong khi cc quan chc triu nh trung ng bt u p dng
chnh sch o c rung t, h nhn thc c mt bc tranh v
Gia nh - mt bc tranh da trn nhng ghi chp ca ring h. N
cho php h tin rng cc cnh ng la khp Nam B hon ton
thuc v mt nhm nhng a ch. i vi nhng quan li ny ch
yu n t cc vng min Bc v Trung. Vic tp trung trong tay
c nhn v s khan him cng in r rng l bng chng ca thi t
xu xa Gia nh. Theo quan im ca h, vic tch t rung t vo
tay mt s t ngi ch t nhn tr nn qu ng. Trng ng
Qu l mt quan li cao cp trong triu chu trch nhim o c
rung t Nam B. Sau 2 thng Nam B, ng nhn nh Chng
cn bt c mnh t cm di no cho ngi ngho v ngi giu
chim [ton b rung t Nam B].1
Tuy vy, vic nh gi c phn n gin ha ca ng (nh hng
t b s kinh in S K) khng phn nh chn thc tnh hnh thc
t Nam B v mt s lng ln rung t khng c ng k tn
ti ng sau bc tranh. Mt vi rung n lu do ngi giu chim,
nhng ngi ngho cng c mt s s hu. Th d, nu mt ngi
nng dn khn hoang mt vng t mi sau khi anh ta b mt ri
b thn ca mnh trn trnh s truy tm ca chnh quyn, dng
nh anh ta khng th sn lng tuyn b s tn ti v a im ca t
ai va mi c khai ph ny cho cng mt chnh quyn .
Ngay c Trng ng Qu cng bit n s tn ti ca loi
rung n lu. Mc d ng vit chng c ming t no cho ngi
ngho cm di l ph phn vic t hu rung ang trn lan v
tch t rung t ang ph bin Nam B nhng cc tuyn b khc
1 DNTL, 168: 1
272 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 DNTL2, 168: 2a
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 273
2. O C RUNG T V H QU CA N
Vn thu
Sau y l mt on ch d ca Minh Mng ban hnh nm 1836
thi im c in din ra Nam K:
iu rt quan trng l phi xc manh r ranh gii cnh ng.
Cho ti nay, nhng cnh ng c o c bng mu, so, thc,
thn. y l h thng chung c s dng tt c cc tnh trong c
nc, khng c ngoi l. Lm sao m ch c Nam K lc tnh li sai
khc? [Bi v ngi dn nhng tnh ] quen vi phong tc c, rt
him khi ghi chp r rng [rung t] bng mu v so nhng [thay
vo ] 8 hay 9 trn 10 trng hp [rung t] c tnh bng thng
hay s. Cch ny khng nhng gn gi vi mt tp qun c k, m
cn theo mt quy nh chng c chun ha no.1
o c rung t lc l chnh sch khc do Minh Mng ban
hnh, nh l mt s c gng ln ca ng nhm a Nam B vo mt
h thng tng t cc vng khc Vit Nam. Nam B c c trng
l khng dng mu - n v o lng ph bin cc vng min khc
trn c nc - tnh ton a vc, m thay vo l cc n v nh
thng (hay dy) v s (hay tha). Thm na, trn c s quan st nm
1833, mt v quan ca Minh Mng l Don Un ni rng khonh2
v s c dng nh nhng n v c in Gia nh.3 Ngay
1 DNTL2, 16: 16a.
2 Ching ting Trung Quc, ch 100 khonh ng rung.
3 Don Un, Don Un tng cng hon tch, tr. 13.
274 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Ph lc 2 v 3.
2 Don Un, Don tng cng hon tch (hay Tuy Tnh tp ngn) (1842. H Ni: Vin
Hn Nm A 2177), tr. 13.
276 &+2,%<81*:22.
Theo Nguyn Th Anh, Kinh t v x hi Vit Nam di cc vua triu Nguyn, tr. 102
- 103.
3 DNTL2, 172: 13b. y chng ti cn nhn mnh n nng sut la Nam B.
Cha tm thy bng chng chnh xc cho thy vic minh nh nng sut trn
trn cc cnh ng la thi k ny. Tuy nhin, hai vn bn ghi chp lin quan
n vic sn xut la go Bin Ha v An Giang s gip chng ta tnh c
nng sut hng nm. Nm 1840, bo co cho bit qun lnh v t binh trong
mt doanh tri tnh Bin Ha lm ra 4.600 hc go trn 300 mu rung, trong
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 277
khi nhm lnh doanh tri khc An Giang lm c 9.000 hc go trn 770
mu. DNTL2, 210: 24. Sn lng trung bnh trong trng hp th nht l 15,3 hc/
mu, trng hp 2 l 11,7 hc/mu. Nu cho chng dng hai t l trn lm chun
cho nng sut hng nm, 26 thng gi l thu hng nm tr Nh nc chim
1/11,7-1/15.3 (6,5% - 8,5%) nng sut/nm, v 26 thng tng ng vi 1 hc
thi im ny. Trn c s mt vi ch s nng sut thng nin nm 1899, tc gi
Ng Vnh Long gi nh rng 26 thng thu hng nm t hn 4% sn lng c
chng. Ng Vnh Long, Before the Revolution: The Vietnamese Peasants under the
French (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), tr. 56. Nhng ti cho rng con
s nng sut nm 1899 khng th c s dng tnh ton mt cch my mc
v nng sut nhng nm 40 th k XIX, v s khi qut ca tc gi Ng Vnh Long
lin quan n nng sut khng th chp nhn c bi v sn lng mi vng
min Nam rt khc nhau trong nhng nm 40 ny.
1 DNTL2, 198: 17a.
278 &+2,%<81*:22.
Qun dch
Mt l do khc m Nh nc ban hnh c in Gia nh l
mong mun xc nh quy m dn s chnh xc hn nhm bit xem c
bao nhiu ngi c th ng vin tng qun. V i qun ngi Vit
Chn Lp gia tng t nm 1835, trang b qun s c i hi nhiu
hn. Bn thn Minh Mng cng trng ch vo ngun b sung lnh
ngha v t min Nam bi ng cng hiu vng ny c i x
u i trong thi tr v ca Gia Long. Trong khi min Bc v min
Trung c 3 hay 5 ngi c 1 ngi i lnh th t l min Nam k
t nm 1814 ch l 1 trong 8 ngi. Trc i hi v nhn lc cng
vi nh thng nht h thng tuyn qun, triu nh Hu quyt nh
trong 5 ngi Nam B th ly 1 lnh,249 cho nn, v mt l thuyt, t
l nam gii Nam B b bt phc v qun s tng ln 60%. Chu Bn
nm 1836 cho chng ta bit con s thc t hn, nh sau:
Tranh ci v c in
Mc d c rt nhiu l do xy dng thnh chng trnh c
in nhng cui cng c mt vi cn tr ngn nh nc hon
thin cng vic i vi rung t Nam B. Trc ht, s bt ng
xut hin gia cc quan trong triu nh vi cc quan chc c b
nhim - nhng ngi c giao cc trng trch Nam B. Trng
Vn Uyn l mt trong s nhng ngi thuc loi sau. Khi nghe n
d n mi, ng by t s khng hi lng v quyt nh . Trong bo
co trnh ln Minh Mng, ng nhn mnh c in s gy phin
nhiu cho ngi min Nam. Nam B ch mi n nh gn y sau
cuc ni dy ca L Vn Khi v chng trnh c in s dn ti
280 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Nh trn:167: 16b.
2 Nh trn:167: 30b.
3 Nh trn.
4 Nh trn:168: 2a.
5 Nh trn:188: 33b.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 281
1 Nh trn:169: 6.
2 a b thn Bnh Cch (1836).
3 Ph lc 8.
282 &+2,%<81*:22.
1 Nh trn, 210: 5.
2 Nh trn, 210: 5b.
91*71$0%',75,80,1+01* 287
1 i khi quyt nh ny b hiu nhm v bng chng cho thy l triu Nguyn la
chn cc phng php quyt lit to cng in. C mt v d l 3/10 t in
min Nam c lnh nhp vo rung cng x thn. Nguyn Th Thnh, French
Conquest of Cochinchina, 1858 - 1862. Lun n Tin s, i hc Cornell, 1992, p. 85.
2 DNTL2, 210: 6b.
3 Nguyn nh u, Ch cng in cng th trong lch s khn hoang lp p
Nam K lc tnh, tr. 127.
288 &+2,%<81*:22.
To lp T in
Mc ch cn bn ca Minh Mng l m bo t hu rung t
v cho php thc t trn tip tc chi phi Nam B. ng tm cch
to lp t in hn l vic gia tng cng in. Nhn chung, rung
t do qun lnh v nhng t nhn khai khn gi l quan in, cho
ti nm 1840 thng c la chn thun tin chuyn thnh s
hu cng. Tuy nhin, t nm ny, rung t ca nh nc dng bn
cho ngi dn x thn. tnh Bin Ha, rung t canh tc mi do
t nhn khai khn. Nhng ngi ny hon thnh thi gian ngha v
cng bc lao dch v i c tr v a phng. Minh Mng quyt
nh ban s hu ny cho cc phm nhn, h s tr thnh nhng ch
t nh, hay bn rung cho nhng ngi dn trong thn khc c
nhu cu. ng yu cu cc quan ch sung cc tha rung khai hoang
ny vo cng in theo k sch cui cng sau:
B mt thm h [nhng phm nhn]. Nu h mun sng ti ,
hy a h vo thn [st vi rung t pht quang] v ng k h
lm lao dch v cho h rung t khai ph lm rung t sinh
sng. Nu h mun v, hy bn rung pht quang cho ngi khc v
a ch v t in
Mt yu t gp phn vo vic tng t in khp Gia nh l
vic tng nhanh s lng binh lnh o ng v nhng ngi ri b
thn lng trn qun dch. R rng, nh nc khng thy trc
s pht trin ny, n l kt qu ca s tht bi trong vic huy ng
v gi lnh. Nh c tho lun phn trc, lnh o ng l
mt trong nhng ngun lc chnh cho cc a ch Nam B trc khi
chng trnh c in c ban hnh. Tuy nhin, s o ng v inh
trng b trn ngha v cng ch tng cht t sau khi chnh sch c
in bt u. Nh mt v quan trong triu pht biu: [Sau khi gin
binh], chng ta bt u thy nh hng tai hi ca gin binh. Binh
lnh hay nhng binh b bin mt ngy cng nhiu hn trc.2
Mt trong cc kh nng an ton nht cho ngi b trn l tr
thnh nng dn t in mt thn mi. Mt bo co gi v t tnh
Vnh Long nm 1840 lm r tnh hnh chung cp thn nh sau:
Trong mt thn tnh ny, s a ch chim t 2 hay 3 trong 10
ngi dn thng. H khi no bt lnh, ngi dn khng c rung
ni rng h khng th b bt i lnh v h khng c rung [...], cho
nn h vui lng thnh nhng t in.3 Lm mt t in r rng thch
hn l lm mt qun nhn. C th ngi dn trong thn - nhng
ngi lm tht vng nh nc bng cch t chi nhn cng in -
h cng c nhng ng c, suy ngh tng t.
1 Ph lc 8.
2 Binh ch biu s (N.d. H Ni: Vin Hn Nm A1543), tr. 243.
3 DNTL2, 209: 24b - 25a.
292 &+2,%<81*:22.
Tng T np thm:
din tch S Sp go xay gi
T Tng cng
rung tha a ch vt
in (thc)
thu rung
(mu)
1 Xem Ph lc 9.
296 &+2,%<81*:22.
Mi lin h Nh nc - a ch
Nh nc mun tn dng s giu c ca a ch Nam B v
ban cho h nhng phm trt trong th bc tn ti trong chnh quyn.
Theo ch d nm 1839, bt c ai quyn gp trn 2.500 hc thc v
chuyn chng sang Chn Lp hay tnh An Giang - ni qun i ngi
Vit ang n tr - th s c ban mt chc tng ng bt phm
hay cu phm v mt tc l b h. Thi gian , Minh Mng trng
i xem nhng ngi tnh nguyn quyn gp v vn chuyn bng
hn 5.000 hc thc2. Ni cch khc, ng lng trc rng ngi
Nam B giu c c th quyn gp v vn chuyn mt lng thc go
tng ng vi lng thng ca 7.500 lnh, hay nui hn 600
qun trong 1 nm.
V sau, chnh sch c tip tc pht huy lp ra cc n in
mi. Ban u n in l nhng n v qun i do nh nc t chc
nhng nhng n in mi ny l cc khu nh c, thng l c s
nng trang do cc a ch t chc v da trn vic tch t t ai. T
u triu T c (cq: 1848-1883), cc dng n in ph bin nht
l do cc c nhn t chc. Theo mt quy ch nm 1852, vic lp thn
c giao cho bt c c nhn no v ngi ny c th c nm
trong h thng cp bc tn ti trong chnh quyn. Nu mt ngi no
thu tp c 50 h gia nh v lp mt n in qun s c
gi l i (trung i, mt n v n in qun s), anh ta c gi
l i trng (ngi ng u i), hng tht phm. Nu anh ta c
th thu tp 100 h gia nh, c th lp mt n in to hn c gi
l c (tiu on) v trong trng hp ngi ny c gi l cai
1 DNTL4, 9: 4b - 6b.
2 Binh ch biu s, tr. 73.
3 V ph h ca gia tc ny, xem Nguyn Hu Hiu, V Duy Dng vi cuc khng
chin ng Thp Mi. Nxb. Tng hp tnh ng Thp, ng Thp, 1992, tr. 66 - 67.
4 Ph lc 8.
298 &+2,%<81*:22.
KT LUN
c in l mt trong nhng sng kin ca chnh quyn trung
ng nhm tr gip thc hin mt h thng thng nht khp Nam
B. Nhng ngi c phi i thc hin d n tin hnh o c
trn ng rung ca Nam B, p dng nhng n v o c chung
Bc K v Trung K, ng thi lp a b. cng thi im , d
n cng to lp cng in theo m hnh vn tn ti lu i min
Bc v Trung Vit Nam.
ng trc thc tin s hu rung t truyn thng Nam B,
nh ban u v sng kin c in ca nh nc - to lp cng
in - gim bt. S bt mn ca ngi Nam K vi vic ti phn
phi rung t ca Nh nc cng lm suy mn d hoch v lm
nn lng nhng ngi ng h lc ban u, trong nhiu ngi l
cc v i thn trong triu nh. C l nhn t quan trng bc nht
ngn tr vic m rng o c t in v lp cng in min Nam l
ng thi ca Minh Mng i vi s hu rung t. V c bn, ng l
mt ngi tn thnh t hu rung t v mi quan tm ch yu ca
ng l tip tc khai hoang v tng cng sn xut la go v su tp
thu Nam B. t mc tiu ny, truyn thng t hu rung t
c bo v v khuyn khch.
1 Milton Osborne phn loi ngi Vit cng tc vi Php trong thi k tin thc
dn thnh nhng ngi ch s hu giu c v nhng ngi theo o Thin
cha. Milton Osborne, The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and
Response (1859 - 1905) (Bangkok: White Lotus, 1997), p. 66. V a s ch s hu
giu c tr thnh in ch trc khi ngi Php sang xm lc, nhng in
ch hp tc vi Php c xem l c ngun gc trong thi k tin thc dn.
Cn Pierre Brocheux khng nh rng nhng lai lch ca cc ch t ln c ch
yu t khi Php xm lc v nhng k xm lc mun thng cho ngi Vit
Nam hp tc vi h. Pierre Brocheux, The Mekong Delta: Ecology, Economy,
and Revolution, 1860 - 1960 (Wisconsin: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, 1995),
p. 109. T nhng lun c ca hai tc gi, bn c v lch s Vit Nam c th cm
nhn c n tng l tt c cc in ch tin thc dn, nhng ngi hp tc vi
Php v cc in ch thi thuc a cng mt dng di. Tuy nhin, mt iu cn
ch rng in ch thi tin thc dn Nam B v nhng ngi ny thi thc
dn l cc nhm ngi ring bit. Trn thc t, Milton Osborne khng cho chng
ta nhng bng chng r rng l liu nhng ngi hp tc vi Php ni ting nh
Trn T Ca (mt hng ho) v Hu Phng (chc hn l mt ngi giu c)
vn c Osborne lit k l cc ch ti sn - trong thc t c phi l cc in ch
ngi Nam B hay khng.
TI LIU THAM KHO
_______
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. Quelques aspect conomiques et sociaux du problme du riz
________
Khmer 16, 39, 42, 44, 53, 61-65, 70, 74, M Lai 39, 61, 63-64, 70, 74, 212-214,
99-100, 175, 194, 200, 204-205, 211- 222
224, 235-236, 238-249, 258, 263, Matsumoto Nobuhiro 30
264, 285, 301, 304, 315
Min in 109, 111-112
khi ngha 15, 23, 39-40, 49, 66, 131,
Minh hng 67, 69, 84, 123, 132-135,
154-160, 166, 174-175, 193, 196-
218, 230-234, 237
197, 205-206, 222, 238, 240-241,
245, 306-308 Minh Mng 5-6, 11-12, 14-18, 24-25,
28, 30-32, 75, 81-82, 84, 87-89, 92,
Kin Ha 33, 50, 64, 190, 314
95-97, 99-104, 106-112, 117, 120-
L 122, 128-129, 134-137, 139-147,
Lc ha 224, 240-241 149-150, 153-160, 165-182, 184,
186-206, 208-210, 212-216, 218-
Lm Sm 240-241 219, 223, 230-232, 234, 238, 240,
Langlet 25, 315 242-244, 246, 249, 255, 257, 268,
Lo 61, 74, 209 273, 275-276, 278-280, 283-290,
296, 298-299, 302-308
Launay, Adrien Charles 315
L Cht 14, 52, 85, 101, 117, 139
N
L i Cng 140, 147, 148, 150, 152
Nam K 14, 23, 26, 28, 70, 80-81, 93,
L Pht t 307 100, 121, 127, 129, 133, 144, 147,
L Quang nh 41, 73, 169 149, 155, 157, 160-161, 166, 174,
L Thnh Tng 17, 258 175-178, 186, 198, 213, 253-255,
273, 283, 286-289, 298-299, 302-
L Vn Duyt 5, 14-15, 17, 53-55,
305, 316
79-85, 88-102, 108-113, 116-117,
122-123, 125, 130-131, 133-134, Nam nhn 173-179, 182
136-137, 139-146, 154-155, 159- ngha qun 39, 93, 117, 154, 157-158,
161, 166-167, 169, 186-187, 195- 306-307
196, 232, 240, 268, 277, 283-284, Ng nh Dim 31
302, 317
Ng Nhn Tnh 72, 73, 85, 131
L Vn Qun 51
Ng Tng Chu 41, 59
lit truyn 42, 85, 91, 140, 142, 169,
ngi Trung Quc 58, 61, 63-64, 66,
171, 180-181, 202, 207, 213, 263
69, 70, 72, 131, 133, 250
Lng Kh 31, 135, 319
Nguyn ng S 89, 186-187
Lu Tn 131-132, 155
Nguyn nh Chiu 306
L Ti 66-68, 73
Nguyn nh u 8, 70, 227, 235, 253,
M 254-255, 260, 278, 287, 316
M 212-213, 229 Nguyn Hong 25, 45, 102
326 &+2,%<81*:22.
Ty Sn 13, 39-41, 43-50, 52-53, 60-61, 84-85, 131-132, 168-170, 201, 207,
63-69, 91, 93, 109, 111, 117, 125, 269, 321
179, 194, 301 Trung B 26, 171, 177
Thi nh Lan 32, 76, 236 Trung Quc 30, 38-39, 58, 61, 63-66,
Thanh nhn 69, 73, 97, 123, 130-136, 69-73, 83, 105, 107, 111, 121-123,
155, 157, 215, 218, 229-234, 236- 125, 128, 131, 133, 173, 177, 190,
239, 306 192-193, 195, 209, 216-217, 227,
Thanh Thun 112-116 236, 250, 273
Thp iu 191-194, 200 Trng ng Qu 172-173, 175, 271-
273, 275, 280
Thin cha 14, 55-57, 59-61, 92, 102-
112, 136, 139, 141, 144-145, 155, Trng nh 306-307, 314, 318
158, 165, 193, 308 Trng Gia T ng Th Ph Ton
thiu s 15-16, 39, 49, 52, 61, 74, 91, Tp 321
93, 113, 130, 199, 204-206, 212-217, Trng Phc Cng 126
219, 221, 223-229, 233, 235-237, Trng Quc Dng 31-32, 160-161,
239, 241-244, 246, 251, 253, 306 321
Thiu Tr 30, 179, 180, 197-198, 200, Trng Vn Minh 85, 140
205, 213, 230, 232, 238, 242, 244
Trng Vn Uyn 242, 279, 280
th cng t tin 25, 60, 104
T c 14, 18, 30, 129, 160, 180, 192,
thuc phin 118, 122-123, 129, 130, 197, 296
167, 169, 170
Trn Tn Gia 31, 130, 185, 320 V
Trn Th Sanh 30, 307 Vit Nam 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 21-23, 25-
30, 32, 37-41, 43-45, 53, 55-59, 61-
Trn Th Thu Lng 254-255, 320 62, 64-67, 69, 70-73, 79, 81-83, 89,
Trn Tuyn 288 91-92, 94-95, 97, 101-108, 111-113,
Trn Vn Giu 39, 262, 292, 321 120-123, 125-126, 128, 129, 130,
Trn Vn Hc 297-298, 307 132-135, 137, 139, 144, 148, 150,
151, 153, 155, 161, 166, 169, 172,
Trn Vn Phin 265-266, 275, 281-282, 176-179, 194, 203-216, 221-223,
290, 292-293, 297 225, 227, 230-231, 236-238, 240,
Trn Vn Quan 148, 150, 154 245, 247, 251, 253, 254, 257, 258,
Trn Vn Thnh 249 259, 267, 268, 273, 274, 276, 285,
293, 298, 301-303, 306, 308, 310,
Trn Vn Thin 290
313, 316-319, 321
Trnh 25, 39-41, 59, 66-67, 72-73, 79,
V Tnh 46, 50-51, 117, 262
84-85, 131-132, 149, 152, 168-170,
173, 201, 207, 237, 258, 269, 321 V Trng Ton 41, 59, 73
Trnh Hoi c 39, 41, 67, 72-73, V Vng 47-48, 50, 66-67
328 &+2,%<81*:22.
W
White, John 125, 322
Woodside, Alexander 322
X
Xim 13, 41, 43-44, 50, 54, 61-64, 74-
75, 91-92, 112, 119, 121, 155-156,
168
NH XUT BN TH GII
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