Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 2002

Dr. Mikls Blah

Selected Problems
in Fluid Mechanics

1 Hydrostatics ............................................................................ 3
2 Kinematics .............................................................................. 8
3 Bernoulli Equation ................................................................ 10
4 Integral Momentum Equation............................................... 15
5 Hydraulics ............................................................................. 20
6 Compressible Flows.............................................................. 24

RESULTS
1 Hydrostatics .......................................................................... 27
2 Kinematics ............................................................................ 29
3 Bernoulli Equation ................................................................ 31
4 Integral Momentum Equation............................................... 34
5 Hydraulics ............................................................................. 36
6 Compressible Flows.............................................................. 39
 Hydrostatics 4

1 Hydrostatics 1/5 The figure shows a vertical section of a gas pipe. At the lower tap
there is an overpressure of 500 Pa. How big is the overpressure at the
For all relevant problems R = 287 J / kg K , g = 9.81 N / kg upper tap?
There is no flow in the pipe.
1/1 p A p 0 = ? [Pa ]
air = 1.2 kg / m 3
gas = 0.7 kg / m 3

1/6
p 0 = 10 5 N / m 2 air
z=0 3
0 = 1.2 kg / m R = 288 J / kgK
1/2 p1 p 2 = ? [Pa ]
a.) T0 = ? [K ]
b.) p A = ? [Pa ],
if the temperature is constant for 0 z < 2000m .

1/7 p A = 0.5 10 5 N / m 2
p 0 = 10 5 N / m 2 air
z=0
0 = 1.25 kg / m 3
1/3 Section 1-2: 12 = 1.3 kg / m 3

Section 3-4: 34 = 1.1 kg / m 3 z A = ? [m ] if the temperature is constant for 0 z < z A .

p 4 p1 = ? [Pa ] 1/8 The vehicle is filled with oil.

oil = 950 kg / m 3
a = 3 m / s2
1/4 p 0 10 5 Pa (for the calculation of ) p A p 0 = ? [Pa ]
Outside (air): T1 = 0 o C
p 2 760 mmHg
In chimney (smoke):
T2 = 250 o C

p 1 p 2 = ? [Pa ]
Hydrostatics 5 Hydrostatics 6

1/9 The vehicle is filled with oil. 1/13 The pipe is filled with water.
oil = 950 kg / m 3 p 0 = 10 5 Pa
p A p 0 = 0 Pa How high angular velocity is needed to surface at
[
a = ? m / s2 ] a.) reach p A = 0.8 10 Pa ?
5
standstill

b.) empty the A-B section and have pressure of

0.8 10 5 Pa in it?

1/10 The tank wagon shown in the figure is taking a

curve with a centripetal acceleration of a = 3 m / s 2 .
The tank is filled with water.
a.) How high will climb the water surface on the
A-B side? 1/14 Effect of gravity is negligible.
b.) How big force will affect the A-B side, = 800 kg / m 3
when the vehicle is 1.6 m long? n = 6000 1 / min
p A p0 = ?

1/11 Where are the both surfaces of the liquid

situated if the pipe accelerates to the left 1/15 Effect of gravity is negligible.
g = 100 1 / s
with an acceleration of a = ?
2 water = 1000 kg / m 3
oil = 800 kg / m 3
p A p 0 = ? [Pa ]

1/12 n = 1000 1 / min

1/16 What area does an ice-floe have, which can carry a person weighing 736 N? The thickness
water = 1000 kg / m 3 of the ice-floe is 10 cm and its density is 900 kg/m3 ?
p A p 0 = ? [Pa ]
1/17 The rope is weightless.
Cube = 2300 kg / m 3
Water = 1000 kg / m 3
rSphere = 300 mm
G Sphere = 200 N

[
a = ? m/s 2 ]
Hydrostatics 7

1/18 A balloon is filled with hot air of 60C. Its diameter is 10 m. The environmental temperature 2 Kinematics
is 0C . Pressure outside and inside the balloon is 105 Pa. The weight of the balloon material
is can be neglected. Determine the buoyant force!

2/1 Pressure changes are negligible.

1/19 p1 p 2 = 20 N / m 2
q v = 40 m 3 / s
liquid = 800 kg / m 3 t 1 = 15 C
= ? [] if an error of 1mm at the reading of the fluid t 2 = 80 C
column position causes 2% relative error of p1 p 2 .
v1 = ? [m / s]
v 2 = ? [m / s]
1/20 After having been filled the pipe both
taps were closed. During the rotation the
surface in the left pipe section sinks to
the point B as shown in the figure. 2/2 Two dimensional flow:

v = 10 r
p 0 = 10 Pa 5
[(rot v )z ]A = ? [1 / s]
p saturated steam = 2 10 4 Pa
T = const

= ? [1 / s]

2/3 Axisymmetric flow.

v mean
=?
v max

2/4 Unsteady, two dimensional flow.

vy = 0
v x = 5 yt 2
Calculate the local and convective acceleration in point
'A' at t = 0.5 s .
Kinematics 9

2/5 Calculate the circulation along the dashed line. 3 Bernoulli Equation
2
v= 2
r

3/1 p t = 3 105 Pa
[
= ? m2 / s ]
p 0 = 10 5 Pa
v = ? [m / s]

2/6
v1 = 20 m / s
= const.
[a konv ]A = ? [m / s 2 ]
3/2 v = 10 m / s
u = 4 m/s
= 10 3 kg / m 3
p A p 0 = ? [Pa ]

3/3 Friction losses are negligible.

= 1.2 kg / m 3
v 2 = ? [m / s]

3/4 Steady flow with

q V = 0.1 m 3 / min .
h = ? [m ]
Bernoulli Equation 11 Bernoulli Equation 12

3/5 p1 = 1.6 105 Pa 3/9 p 0 = 105 N / m 2

p 2 = 1.2 10 5 Pa pA = 0
[
qV = ? m / s 3
] vA = 4 m / s
[
a A = ? m / s2 ]

2
3/6 a = 12 m s
3/10 p 0 = 105 Pa
p 0 = 10 Pa
5
p1 = 0.9 10 5 Pa
p t = 0.5 10 5 Pa
Friction losses are
[
q V = ? m3 / s ] negligible.
a.) How big is the starting
acceleration a when
opening the tap?
b.) H = ? [m] in case of steady flow?

3/7 = 25 1 / s
w = ? [m / s] 3/11 How big is the starting acceleration
(w: relative velocity) in point B when opening the tap?

3/8 w = 3 m/s
= ? [1 / s] 3/12 How big is the starting acceleration at the
(w: relative velocity) end of the pipe?
p t = 2 10 4 N / m 2 (overpressure)
v=0
Bernoulli Equation 13 Bernoulli Equation 14

3/13 v =1m /s 3/18 Irrotational, horizontal, two-dimensional flow.

a =1m/s 2
r1 = 0.5 m
Friction is negligible. How big r2 = 0.8 m
force is needed to push the v0 = 5 m / s
piston? a.) What kind of velocity distribution has
developed in the arc?
b.) p A p B = ? [Pa ]

3/14 u = 72 km / h pA pB r
c.) 2
= f 2 ? (Draw a diagram!)
v = 4 m/s v r1
0
2
Friction is negligible.
[
a.) q V = ? m 3 / s ]
b.) How big power is needed to move the pipe?

3/15 alc = 800 kg / m 3

air = 1.2 kg / m 3
v = ? [m / s]

3/16 The inner diameter of an orifice flowmeter is d = 200 mm . Flow coefficient = 0.7
Compressibility factor = 1 . The measured difference pressure is p = 600 N / m 2 .
= 1.3 kg / m 3 .

[
q V = ? m3 / s ]

3/17 Width of the flow is 1 m.

a.) Construct the velocity distribution diagram
along the vertical line over the outlet.
[ ]
b.) Calculate the flow rate q V m 3 / s !
 Integral Momentum Equation 16

4 Integral Momentum Equation 4/5 v = 10 m / s

Hg = 13600 kg / m 3
Friction and gravity are negligible.
4/1 Calculate the horizontal force acting on the conical Calculate the force acting on the cone!
part of the pipe!
q V = 3.5 m 3 / min
4/6 A = 10 4 m 2
Friction losses are negligible. v = 10 m / s
Friction and gravity are negligible.
Determine the weight of body G [N]!

4/2 v1 = 30 m / s
u = 13 m / s
Friction losses are negligible.
a) v 2 = ? [m / s] 4/7 G =1 N

b) Calculate the angle of deviation [] (angle v 0 = ? [m / s]

between v1 and v 2 )! Friction is negligible.

c) Determine the force acting on the blade!

d) How is the kinetic energy of 1kg water changing, when passing the blade?

4/3 v = 10 m / s
Friction and gravity are negligible.
Calculate the force acting on the arc!

4/8 Two dimensional flow.

v = 30 m / s
a) F = ? [N ]
b) A1 A 2 = ?
4/4 v = 10 m / s
u = 2 m/s
Friction and gravity are negligible.
Calculate the force acting on the moving conical
body! 4/9 Two dimensional flow.
Friction and gravity are negligible.
= ? []
Integral Momentum Equation 17 Integral Momentum Equation 18

4/10 Two dimensional flow. 4/15 v1 = 2 m / s

Friction losses are negligible. 0 = 1.29 kg / m 3
v = 10 m / s t 0 = 0C
= 15 t 2 = 273C
G = ? [N ]
Friction and density changes of the air because of pressure
changes are negligible.
4/11 Friction losses are negligible. [
q V = ? m3 / s ]
The cylinder is balanced by the water jet.
G = 10 N
h = ? [m] 4/16 v1 = 20 m / s
= 1 kg / m 3
h = ? [m]

4/12 v = 10 m / s
u = 6 m/s
Friction is negligible. 4/17 There is no friction loss in the pipe.
Calculate the power transmitted by the water jet to the p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]
wheel!

4/13 v = 20 m / s
u = 6 m/s
4/18 The flow rate through the lower and upper outlet
Friction is negligible.
is the same. The losses due to the rapid cross
Calculate the mean force acting on the wheel blades in
section change at the upper pipe must be
the direction x and y!
considered.

h = ? [m ]
4/14 v1 = 2 m / s
1 = 1.2 kg / m 3
4/19 Steady flow.
t 1 = 20C
h = ? [m]
t 1' = t 2 = 300C
Friction, gravity and density changes of the air because of pressure
changes are negligible.
p1 p 2 = ? [Pa ]
Integral Momentum Equation 19

4/20 Determine the quotient of the flow rates with and

without horizontal plate! 5 Hydraulics
without plate
qV
with plate
=?
qV 5/1 The width of the gap is 100 mm (perpendicular to the paper plane).

v = 0.5 m / s
= 0.1 kg / ms
F = ? [N ]

5/2 Friction loss in the confuser is negligible.

v1 = 0.5 m / s
= 850 kg / m 3
= 10 5 m 2 / s
p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

5/3 Friction loss of the transitional section is negligible.

v1 = 10 m / s
= 1.2 kg / m 3
= 14 10 6 m 2 / s

p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

5/4 How do the Reynolds number and the pressure loss of a straight, smooth pipe depend on
diameter in case of laminar and turbulent flow, if the flow rate is constant?

5/5 How does a straight, smooth pipes pressure loss depend on the flow rate in case of laminar
and turbulent flow?

5/6 Oil flow rate of q V = 2 10 4 m 3 / s has to be transported through a 10 m long straight pipe
( = 800 kg / m 3 , = 10 4 m 2 / s ). The available pressure difference is not more than
2 10 5 Pa . Determine the diameter D [mm] of the pipe!
Hydraulics 21 Hydraulics 22

5/7 q V = 8000 m 3 / h 5/11 water = 1.3 10 6 m 2 / s

= 1.2 kg / m 3 [
q V = ? m3 / s ]
= 0.025
D = 0.8
p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

5/8 q V = 1200 l / min 5/12 Hydraulically smooth pipe walls.

Hg = 13.6 10 3 kg / m 3
water = 1.3 10 6 m 2 / s
h = ? [m ]
qV = 5 l / s
p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

5/13 Hydraulically smooth pipe walls.

5/9 The figure shows a part of a lubrication equipment, which water = 1.3 10 6 m 2 / s
3
has to transport an oil flow rate of q V = 0.05 10 m / s . For
3 q V = 180 l / min

the calculation of the friction loss, it can be considered that p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]

the pipe is straight.
oil = 800 kg / m 3
oil = 10 4 m 2 / s
d = ? [mm] 5/14 Steady flow, hydraulically smooth pipe.
water = 1.3 10 6 m 2 / s
5/10 The additional losses of the bends can be neglected.
v1 = 1 m / s
(It can be considered that the steel pipe is straight.)
6 a) H = ? [m]
water = 1.3 10 m / s 2

[
q V = ? m3 / s ] b) p1 p 0 = ? [Pa ]
Hydraulics 23

5/15 What power is needed to drive the shaft of a glide bearing with 2880 1 / min , when the shaft
is 60 mm wide, 100mm long and the gap between bearing and shaft is 0.2 mm? 6 Compressible Flows
( oil = 0.01 kg / ms ) How is it possible to decrease this power?

5/16 a) Determine the confusers 6/1 p1 = 1.5 bar, p 2 = 1 bar

output diameter d 2 , when T1 = 300 K
the water jet is 12 m high!
c p = 1000 J / kg K
b) Calculate the flow rate
= 1.4
[
q V m3 / s ] through the
Isentropic change of state.
pipe! Friction losses of the
v 2 = ? [m / s]
bends, the confuser and
friction effects between 6/2 p1 = 1.3 10 5 Pa , p 2 = 10 5 Pa
the water jet and the air
T1 = 273 K
are negligible.
R = 287 J / kg K
= 1.4
Isentropic change of state.
q m = ? [kg / s]

6/3 p1 = 1.4 bar, p 2 = 1 bar

5/17 Water of q V = 18 m 3 / h flow rate has to be transported by the equipment shown in the
figure. t 1 = 20 C
a) How wide pipe do we need to fulfill this task? = 1.4
b) Determine the maximal dike height where the transport is possible? (theoretical answer) Isentropic change of state.
a) t 2 static = ? [C]
b) t 2 total = ? [C]
(temperature measured by the stagnation point
thermometer)

6/4 p1 = 4 bar, p 2 = 1 bar

T1 = 300 K
R = 287 J / kg K
= 1.4
Isentropic change of state.
q m = ? [kg / s]
Compressible Flows 25 Compressible Flows 26

6/5 p1 = 4 bar, p 2 = 1 bar 6/11 R = 287 J / kg K , c p = 1000 J / kgK ,

t 1 = 70 C = 1.4 .
R = 287 J / kg K a) How wide should be the diameter d 2 , if
= 1.4 the outflow needs to be isentropic?
Isentropic change of state. b) Calculate the thrust F [N ] of the rocket
d min = ? [mm]
engine!

6/6 What kind of formula can be used to calculate v 2 , if

p2
a) = 0.99
p1
p2
b) = 0.6
p1
p2
c) = 0.4
p1
Isentropic change of state.

6/7 Air of temperature t = 40 C flows at a velocity v = 180 m / s . = 1.4 , R = 287 J / kg K .

Calculate the Mach number (Ma) !

6/8 Carbon-dioxide of the temperature t = 20 C flows at a Mach number of Ma = 0.3 .

= 1.3 , R = 189 J / kg K .
Calculate the velocity of the flow! [m / s]

6/9 A rocket flies in air of t = 23 C at a velocity of u = 400 m / s .

c p = 1000 J / kgK
t A = ? [C]

6/10 An aircraft flies in air of t = 0 C at a velocity u = 200 m / s . The relative velocity w 2 in a

definite point of the wing makes 250 m / s . R = 287 J / kg K , = 1.4 . Calculate the Mach
number in this point.
 Results 28

1/8 p A p 0 = 7.23 10 3 N / m 2
RESULTS
1/9 a = 2.45 m / s 2

1 Hydrostatics 1/10 a) h = 0.422 m

b) F = 1400 N
1/1 p A p 0 = 6200 N / m 2

1/11 The surface at the left side is situated at the left lower corner, the other surface in the right
vertical section at a height of 100 mm.
1/2 p1 p 2 = 12360 N / m 2

1/12 Volumes are the same in standstill and rotation:

1/3 p 4 p1 = 392 N / m 2
1 2
R 2 z 0 = r z 1
2
1/4 p1 p 2 = 486 N / m 2
Points of equivalent potential:

1/5 The overpressure at the upper r 2 2 2gz

g z1 = 0 ; r2 = 21
tap is 600 Pa. 2
After substitution:
1 2gz1 z
R 2z0 = z1 z1 = R 0 = 0.236 m
2 2 g
R 2 2
p A p 0 = g z A = 14300 N / m
2

1/13 After writing the equation

r 2 2
1/6 p = gz + const .
2
p0
a.) T0 = = 290 K for the both known points (surfaces in the left and the right section), the angular velocity can
0R
be calculated.
dp p
b.) = g = 0 g a.) = 21.4 1 / s
dz p0
pA
b.) = 24.3 1 / s
dp g
p = p00 z A
p0 r 2 2
1/14 Equation p = gz + const written for the surface of the fluid:
p g 2
ln A = 0 z A
p0 p0 2
r0 2
const. = p 0
p A = 0.788 10 N / m
5 2
2

1/7 h = 5650 m pA p0 =
2
[
2 2
]
rA r02 = 19.7 10 5 N / m 2
Results 29 Results 30

1/15

Apply the equation p = gz
r 2 2
+ const at first for the oil-filled part and then for the v y
4
x 2 + y2 x
4
(
1 2
x + y2 ) 3
4
2x
v x
2 = 10 at po int A = 100 0.1
x x 2 + y2 y
water filled part of the pipe. It can be written then:
v y v x
pA p0 =
2
[ ( ) ( )]
oil 0.12 0.05 2 + water 0.15 2 0.12 = 9.25 10 4 N / m 2 [(rot v )z ]A = = (50 + 100 ) 0.1 = 47.5 1 / s
2 x y
Solution with polar coordinates:
1/16 A = 7.5 m 2
[(rot c )z ]A = dc + c = 10
1
+
10 15
= =
15
= 47.5 1 / s
dr r A 2 r r r 0.1
1/17 a = 0.3 m
2/3
1/18 F = 1200 N
r
7

v = v max 1
20 r0
1/19 h= = 2.55 mm
800 9.81
The cross section has to be divided into rings of elementary width 'dr'. Integrate the
1mm
l= = 50 mm elementary flow rate through the rings as follows:
0.02
1 0
r
r
1
r r 1
r r
7
r
2.55
r02 0
sin = = 0.051 = 2.9 v mean = 2rv(r ) dr = 2 v d = 2 v max 1 d =
50 0
r0 r0 r0 r
0 0 r0 r0
1
1 r
2
1 r
9
2 7 v 7
1/20 = 81.8 1 / s 2 v max 2 v max = v max 1 = v max mean = = 0.778
2 r0 9 r0 9 9 v max 9
0

In general:
2 Kinematics r
n
v n
v = v max 1 mean =
r0 v max n+2
2/1 v1 = 10 m / s ; v 2 = 6.9 m / s
2/4 [a local ]ty==01.5 = 5 m / s 2
2/2 Solution with Cartesian coordinates:
y x a convective = 0
v x = c( sin ) = v
; v y = v cos = v
r r
y y y 2/5 = v ds = 2.61 m 2 / s
v x = 10 r = 10 = 10
r r 4
x 2 + y2
2
x x x 2/6 r1 v1 = r 2 v
v y = 10 r = 10 = 10
r r 4
x 2 + y2 2 1
v = v1r1
r2
v y
4
x 2 + y2 x
4
(
1 2
x + y2 )
3
4
2x v y
= 10 at po int A : x , y = (0.1, 0) = 50 0.1
x x 2 + y2 x
Results 31 Results 32

v v r
=
2 2 r
= v1 r1 3
( r1)2 2
r1 2 v 22 r 2
2

= +gh 2
x r x r x 2 2 2 2
v 2 v 2 r 4 r Point 1 is situated on the water surface on an arbitrary radius r1 , point 2 at the upper end of
a convective = v = 15 1
x r x the pipe.
2 20 2 0.05 4 0.05 v 2 = 10.8 m / s
[a convective ]A = = 132 m / s 2
0.075 5 0.8
3/8 = 24 1 / s

2 A
p0 v A v
3/9 = + g h + ds
3 Bernoulli Equation 2 0
t

A
v
3/1
p t v2 p0
= + + gh
t ds = a
0
A l = a A 3m
2
a A = 24.1 m / s 2
v = 19.8 m / s
3/10 a.) [a ]t =0 = 6.55 m / s

3/2 pA p0 = (v u )2 = 1.8 10 4 Pa b.) H = 1.52 m
2
B
100
4
v 5
3/3 water g h = v 2 1 v = 7.4 m / s
3/11 t ds = a B 10 20 + 5 = 7.5a B

2 50 A

[a B ]t =0 = 1.31 m / s 2
3/4
qV 3/12 [a 2 ]t =0 = 7.94 m / s 2
h = A = 0.141 m
2g 3/13 F = 451 N

3/5 q V = 0.793 m 3 / s 3/14 a) The Bernoulli-Equation has to be written between the surface point (1) and the pipes
outlet point (2), in a co-ordinate system moving with the pipe. It means that v1 = 24 m / s .
pt p v2 From the Bernoulli-equation:
3/6 + (g + a ) h = 0 +
2 v 2 = 23.4 m / s q V = 0.116 m 3 / s
q v = 0.00589 m 3 / s b) the power is necessary to lift the water and to increase its kinetic energy. The change
of the kinetic energy must be calculated with the absolute velocity v.
3/7 Observing in an absolute co-ordinate system, the flow is irrotational ( rot v = 0 ). In a co-
v v1
2 2

P = q V g h + 2 = 8.85 kW .
ordinate system rotating with the pipe, rot w = 2 , so the term w rot w ds is equal to
2
2 w ds , the Coriolis force term. ( w relative velocity) The Bernoulli equation can be
2 p
written after simplifying the terms above: 3/15 v= = 36 m / s
air
Results 33 Results 34

d 2 2p
3/16 qV = = 0.67 m / s
4 4 Integral Momentum Equation
3/17 Because the stream lines leaving the outlet are straight and
4/1 Fx = 12100 N
parallel, there is only a hydrostatic pressure variation along
the vertical axis. It follows that the outlet velocity is 4/2 After writing the Bernoulli equation for points situated upstream and downstream the blade
constant. we get the result:
q V = 3.15 m 3 / s . v 2 = v1

4/3 F = 510 N , direction 45 from the horizontal plane (Northeast)

K 4/4 F = 109 N
3/18 a) in the arc v = , because rot v = 0 .
r
1 2K
r
K r 4/5 F = 57 N
r2 r1 r1 r
b) v mean = dr = ln 2 Because of continuity: v mean = v 0
r2 r1 r1
v mean (r2 r1 ) 4/6 G = 14 N
K= = 3.2
r
ln 2
r1 4/7 The integral momentum equation written for a control surface including only the plate and
K K the upper end of the jet:
v A = = 4 m / s , v B = = 6.4 m / s
r2 r1
From the Bernoulli-equation: G = A v2 = A0 v0 v

pA pB =

2
( 2 2
)
v B v A = 1.25 10 4 Pa
with v, the speed at the lower surface of the control surface.
According to the Bernoulli equation:
2
v = v0 2 g h
c.)
2 2 v 0 = 4.55 m / s
pA pB vB vA
= = ...
2 v0 v0
v0 4/8 Write the integral momentum equation for both
2
directions x and y:
... =
(n 1)3 n + 1
a) F = 636 N
ln 2 n n 2
b) A 1 / A 2 = 5.8
r2
with n =
r1
Solution with constructing the momentum rate
vectors:
(It has to be considered that
A 0 v 2 = A1 v 2 + A 2 v 2 )
Results 35 Results 36

a v1
2
p v2 p p
4/9 = arcsin
1 a
+ 1 = 2 + 0 + g h + BC where p BC = (v 2 v 3 )2 (Borda-Carnot-loss)
2 2 2
v 2 = v1 and v 3 = 0 .
4/10 G = 52 N

4/11 h =1m 4/18 h = 0.8 m

4/12 P = u A v ( v u ) = 302 W 4/19 h =1m

without plate
4/13 Fx = Fy = 280 N qV
4/20 with plate
= 2
qV
4/14 p1 p1' = 1 v1 ( v1' v1 )
2 2 2
p1' p 2 = ( v 2 v1' )
2
p1 p 2 = 123 Pa 5 Hydraulics
1 2
4/15 p1 p 2 = (1 2 ) g h v1
2 dv
5/1 F = A = 7.5 N
p1 p 2 = 1 v1 ( v 2 v1 ) dy
q V = 51 m 3 / s
5/2 p1 p 0 = 72400 Pa

5/3 p1 p 0 = 1500 Pa

q v d const
5/4 Re = =
d2 d

4
2
q v L 64 const
4/16 A 2 ( p1 p 2 ) = A 2 v 2 ( v 2 v 1 ) p lam = = 4
2 d 4 2 d const d
h = 6.5 mm
16 d
2
4/17 The Bernoulli-equation between point 1 and 2 (point 2 is situated at the outflow end of the qv L 0.316 const
p turb =
pipe): 2 d 42 d const d5
4
2 2 16 d
v1 p v p + gh
+ 1 = 2 + 0 because the area of cross section of the pipe is constant,
2 2
=const, v 2 = v1

An other solution can be the Bernoulli equation between point 1 and 3 (point 3 is situated
on the water surface):
Results 37 Results 38

2
q v L 64 3m 2 9.81m / s 2
5/5 p lam = = const q V Starting with = 0.02 , v pipe = = 0.827 m / s
2 A2 d q vd 200m
0.02 + 6
A 0.05m
2
q v L 0.316 0.827 .05
p turb = = const q V
1.75
Re = = 3.2 10 4 = 0.024
2 A2 d q d 1.3 10 6
4 v

A After the next iteration step, v pipe = 0.755 m / s , and the iteration can be finished.
To reach h = 12 m , the necessary velocity at the confusers outlet must be:
5/6 Considered that the flow will be laminar and using the formula = 64 / Re , we get
v 2 = 2 g h = 15.3 m / s
d = 13.4 mm .
The Reynolds number is 189 which is less than 2300, so the flow is laminar. 0.755 m / s
d2 = 50 mm = 11 mm
15.3 m / s
5/7 p1 p 0 = 143 Pa
q v = 1.47 10 3 m 3 / s

5/8 h = 17 mm
5/17 a) At first the velocity without friction loss can be calculated: v ideal = 2 g 3m = 7.7 m / s ,
2
v L 18
5/9 gh = 1 + m3 / s
2 d and A = 3600 = 6.5 10 4 m 2
7.7 m / s
Considering laminar flow, the result will be d = 19.3 mm .
So the pipe diameter is in this case 29 mm. Because of friction losses, we need a pipe of
Re = 33 < 2300 , so the flow is really laminar.
larger diameter. We start the iteration with = 0.02 and d = 50 mm :
5/10 q v = 0.23 m / s 3
3m 2 9.81m / s 2
v= = 2.36 m / s A = 21.2 10 4 m 2 d = 52 mm
14m
0.02 + 4 + 1
5/11 q v = 0.0817 m 3 / s 0.05m
2.36 0.052
Re = = 9.45 10 4 = 0.018
5/12 p1 p 0 = 10900 Pa 1.3 10 6
(At this Reynolds number we consider that the pipe is hydraulically smooth)
5/13 p1 p 0 = 28500 Pa In the next iteration step with = 0.018 and d = 52 mm we get the new diameter of
51.2 mm . The iteration can be finished.
5/14 a) H=2m
b) If the dike is higher, the pressure in the pipe can reach the pressure of saturated steam. In
b) p1 p 0 = 40000 Pa
this case, the water column is going to break. The lowest pressure appears after the valve, at
the upper right point of the dike. From the equation
5/15 P = 77 W
L + L2
The power can be decreased by sinking the oil viscosity and by increasing the gap. p min = p 0 g h max v 2 1 + 1 +
2 d
5/16 The resultant height loss is h res = 15 m 12 m = 3 m . h max can be calculated.

v2 L
g h res = + 2
2 d
Results 39 Results 40

6 Compressible Flows 6/9 t A = 56C

6/10 T2 = 262 K, Ma 2 = 0.77

6/1 v 2 = 260 m / s
6/11 a) d = 138 mm
6/2 q m = A 2 2 v 2 = 10 3 m 2 1.37 kg / m 3 200 = 0.274 kg / s b)
2
F = 2 A 2 v 2 = 9.8 10 3 N

6/3 a) t 2 static = 42C

b) t 2 total = +20C

T* 2
6/4 = = 0.833
T1 + 1
a 1 = R T1 = 346 m / s
T*
a* = a 1 = 316 m / s = v *
T1
1
T * 1
= 1 = 2.9 kg / m 3
*

T1
q m = v * * A * = 0.018 kg / s

6/5 q m = A 2 2 v 2 = 0.25 kg / s
qm
A* = = 2.34 10 4 m 2
v * *
d min = d * = 17.3 mm

2
6/6 a) v 2 = (p1 p 2 )

1

2 p1 p 2
b) v 2 = 1
1 1 p1

2 p1 2
c) v 2 = 1
1 1 + 1

6/7 Ma = 0.59

6/8 v = 80 m / s