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www.intechopen.com
Recent Advances in Signal Processing
Edited by Ashraf A Zaher

ISBN 978-953-307-002-5
Hard cover, 544 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, November, 2009
Published in print edition November, 2009

The signal processing task is a very critical issue in the majority of new technological inventions and
challenges in a variety of applications in both science and engineering fields. Classical signal processing
techniques have largely worked with mathematical models that are linear, local, stationary, and Gaussian.
They have always favored closed-form tractability over real-world accuracy. These constraints were imposed
by the lack of powerful computing tools. During the last few decades, signal processing theories,
developments, and applications have matured rapidly and now include tools from many areas of mathematics,
computer science, physics, and engineering. This book is targeted primarily toward both students and
researchers who want to be exposed to a wide variety of signal processing techniques and algorithms. It
includes 27 chapters that can be categorized into five different areas depending on the application at hand.
These five categories are ordered to address image processing, speech processing, communication systems,
time-series analysis, and educational packages respectively. The book has the advantage of providing a
collection of applications that are completely independent and self-contained; thus, the interested reader can
choose any chapter and skip to another without losing continuity.

How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:

Namunu C. Maddage, Li Haizhou and Mohan S. Kankanhalli (2009). Music Structure Analysis Statistics for
Popular Songs, Recent Advances in Signal Processing, Ashraf A Zaher (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-002-5,
InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-signal-processing/music-
structure-analysis-statistics-for-popular-songs

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