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THISI
STOCERTI FYTHATTHISPROJECT
I
STHEBONAFI DEWORKOFVI NAYKUMAR
OFCLASS12TH'A' ANDHASBEEN
SUCCESSFULLYCOMPLETEDANDI S
TAKENTOBEANI SSUECONDUCTEDBY
THEC.B.
S.E.I
NTHESESSION 2017-
2018.

TEACHER'
SSI
GNATURE EXTERNAL'
SSI
GNATURE

PRI
NCI
PAL'
SSI
GNATURE

PAGENo.
-1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
MEREWORDSWON' TBEABLETOEXPRESSMY
GRATITUDEANDTHANKFULNESSFORTHEVARIOUS
PEOPLEWITHOUTWHOSEINVOLVEMENTTHIS
PROJECTCOUNLDN'
THAVEBEENCOMPLETED
SUCCESSFULLY.

FI
RSTOFALL, IWOULDLIKETOEXPRESSMYHEARTY
GRATITUDEFORMR.SANTOSHRAJPUT, MYPHYSICS
TEACHERWITHOUTWHOSESUPPORTANDGUI DANCE
THISVERYPROJECTCOULDN'THAVEBEENPOSSIBLE.I
WOULDALSOLI KETOTHANKMR.MUSTAFA,OUR
PHYSICSLABASSISTANT,WHO WASALWAYSTHERE
TOHELPUSOUTOURPROBLEMS.

LASTLY,IWOULDLI
KETOENDUPTHANKINGALLMY
FRI
ENDSANDMYPARENTSTOOWI THOUTWHOSE
CONTRIBUTIONTHEWORKENTEREDINTHI
SFI
LE
WOULDN' TBEAREALI
TY.

PAGENo.
-2
 CONTENTS
AI
M
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
THEORY
BASI
CGATES
THEORGATE
THEANDGATE
THENOTGATE
THENORGATE
THENANDGATE
THEXORGATE
THEXNORGATE
BI
BLI
OGRAPHY

PAGENo.
-3
 AI
M

"TODESIGNAN
APPROPRIATELOGIC
GATEFORAGI VEN
TRUTHTABLE"

PAGENo.
-4
 I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Agat eisdef
inedasadigi
talci
rcui
twhichfol
lowssomel ogical
rel
ati
onshi
pbetweenthei
nputandoutputvol
tages.
 Iti
sadi gi
tal
cir
cuitwhi
cheitheral
l
owsasignaltopassthroughasstop,iti
s
call
edagate.

The l
ogi
cgatesar ebuildi
ngbl ocksatdigi
talelect
roni
cs.
  
They
areusedindigi
talelect
ronicstochangeonv ol
tagelev
el(i
nput
volt
age)i
ntoanother(outputvolt
age)accor
dingt osomelogical
stat
ementrel
ati
ngthem.

Al ogi
cgat emayhav eoneormor einput
s,buti thasonl
yone
output.
 Ther el
ati
onshi
pbetweenthepossi
blevaluesofi
nputand
outputvoltageisexpressedintheform ofat abl edt
ecal
l r
uth
tableortableofcombinati
ons.
Truthtabl
e ofa 
Logi
cGates i
satablet
hatshowsal
lthei
nputand
outputpossibi
li
ti
esf
ort
hel ogi
cgate.

GeorgeBoolein1980inventedadiff
erentkindofalgebrabased
onbinar
ynatureatt
helogic,
thisal
gebraoflogiccaledBOOLEAN
l
ALGEBRA. Alogi
calst
atementcanhav eonlytwov alues,
suchas
HIGH/LOW,ON/ OFF,CLOSED/ OPEN,YES/ NO,RI GHT/ WRONG,
TRUE/FALSE,CONDUCTI NG/ NON-
CONDUCTI NG etc. The two
val
uesofl ogi
cstat
ementsonedenotedbyt hebinar
ynumber1
and0. Thebinar
ynumber1isusedtodenotethehighval
ue.
 The
l
ogicalst
atementsar edBool
ecal
l eanexpressi
ons.
PAGENo.
-5
 THEORY
Logicgat esorl ogi cgat eisanent i
tyinel ectronics
andmat hemat icsBool eant hatt urnsoneormor e
l
ogi cinputst oal ogi coutputsi gnal .Logi cgat eis
mai nlyimplement edel ectr
oni callyusingdi odesor
transist
ors,butcanal sobebui ltusingt he
arrangementofcomponent sthatut i
li
zet he
proper t
iesofel ect romagnet ic(relay )
,fluids, opti
cal
orev enmechani cal .AnyBool eanal gebr aoper at
ion
canbeassoci at edwi t
hinput sandout puts
representthest at ement sofBool eanal gebr a.
Althought heseci rcui t
smaybecompl ex, theymay
allbeconst ructedf r om threebasi cdev ices.We
hav ethreedi f
fer entt y
pesofl ogi cgat es. Thesear e
theANDgat e,theORgat eandt heNOTgat e.

PAGENo.
-6
LOGI
CSTATES

1 0

HI
GH LOW

+v -
v

ON OFF

CLOSEOPEN

RI
GHT WRONG

TRUE FALSE

YES NO

PAGENo.
-7
 BASI
CGATES
(
a)THEORGATEisadevicet
hatcombi
nesAwi
thB
togi
veYast
heresul
t.
TheORgatehastwoormoreinput
sandone
out
put.Thel
ogi
cgateofORgatewithAandB
i
nputandYoutputi
sshownbelow:

InBool
eanalgebr
a,addi
ti
onsymbol(
+)i
sref
err
ed
astheOR.TheBooleanexpr
essi
on:
A+B=Y,
indi
cat
esYequal
sAORB.

(
b)THEANDGATEi
sadevicet
hatcombi
nesAwi
thB
togi
veYast
her
esul
t.
PAGENo.
-8
 TheANDgatehastwoormorei
nputsandone
out
put.Thel
ogi
cgateofANDgatewit
hAandB
i
nputandYoutputi
sshownbel
ow:

I
nBooleanalgebr
a,mul
ti
pli
cat
ionsign(ei
therxor
.)
i
sref
erredastheAND.TheBooleanexpressi
on:
A.
B=Y,
indi
cat
esYequal
sAANDB.

(
c)THENOTGATEisadevicet
hati
nvertstheinput
s.
TheNOTi
saoneinputandoneoutput.Thelogi
c
gat
eofNOTgat
ewithAandYout putisshown
bel
ow:

_
I
nBooleanal
gebr
a,barsymbol()isr
efer
redast
he
NOT.TheBool
eanexpressi
on:
Ã=Y,
indi
cat
esYequal
sNOTA.
PAGENo.
-9
THEORGATE
Ai
m:
TODESI
GNANDSI
MULATETHEORGATECI
RCUI
T.

Component
s:
Twoi
deal
p-nj
unct
iondi
ode(
D1andD2)
.

Theor
yandConst
ruct
ion:
An OR gat e can be r
eal
ize byt he el
ectroni
c
ci
rcuit,making use oft wo diodes D1 and D2 as
showni nthefigure.
Here t he negat i
ve termi
nal of t he batter
yi s
groundedandcor r
espondstot he0l evel
,andt he
positi
veterminalofthebatt
ery(i.
e.volt
age5Vi nthe
presentcase)cor r
espondstol
ev el1.TheoutputYis
volt
ageatCw. r.
t.eart
h.

PAGENo.
-10
Thefol
l
owingint
erf
erencecanbeeasi
l
ydr
awnf
rom
thewor
kingofel
ectr
icalci
rcui
tis:

a) 
  
  
  
 Ifswit
chA&Bar eopenl
ampdonotglow
(A=0,B=0),henceY=0.
b) 
  
  
  
 IfSwitchAopenBcl
osedthen(
A=0,B=1)
Lampgl ow,henceY=1.
c) 
  
  
  
 Ifswit
chAclosedBopent
hen(A=1,
B=0)
Lampgl ow,henceY=1.
d) 
  
  
  
 Ifswit
chA&Bar ecl
osedthen(
A=1,B=1)
Lampgl ow,henceY=1.

Tr
uthTabl
e:
I
nput I
nput Out
put
A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1

PAGENo.
-11
 THEANDGATE
Ai
m:
TODESI
GNANDSI
MULATETHEANDGATECI
RCUI
T.

Component
s:
Two i dealp-
njunct
ion di
ode (
D1 and D2)
,a
r
esi
stanceR.

Theor
yandConst
ruct
ion:
AnAND gat ecanber ealizebyt heel ectroni
c
cir
cuit,making use oft wo di odes D1 and D2 as
showni nthef i
gure.Ther esistanceRi sconnect ed
tothepositi
vetermi nalofa5Vbat ter
ypermanent l
y.
Here t he negative t er
mi nal of t he bat ter
yi s
groundedandcor respondst ot he0l evel
,andt he
positi
veterminaloft hebattery( i
.e.volt
age5Vi nthe
presentcase)correspondst ol evel1.Theout putYis
voltageatCw. r.
t.ear t
h.

PAGENo.
-12
Thef oll
owingconclusionscanbeeasi l
ydrawnf r
om
thewor ki
ngofel ect
ricalci
rcuit
:
a) 
  
  
   I
fbothswi t
chesA&Bar eopen(A=0,B=0)
thenlampwi l
lnotglow,henceY=0.
b)  
  
  
  I
fSwi t
chAcl osed&Bopen( A=1,B=0)then
Lampwi l
lnotglow,henceY=0.
c) 
  
  
   I
fswitchAopen&Bcl osed(A=0,B=1)t
hen
Lampwi l
lnotglow,henceY=0.
d)  
  
  
  I
fswitchA&Bbot hclosed(
A=1,B=1)then
Lampwi l
lglow,henceY=1.

Tr
uthTabl
e:

I
nput I
nput Out
put
A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

PAGENo.
-13
 THENOTGATE

Ai
m:
TODESI
GNANDSI
MULATETHENOTGATECI
RCUI
T.

Component
s:
Ani
deal
n-p-
ntr
ansi
stor
.

Theor
yandConst
ruct
ion:
A NOT gatecannotbereali
zed byusing di
odes.
Howeveranelect
roni
cci
rcuitofNOTgat ecanbe
r
eali
zedbymakinguseofn-p-nt
ransi
storasshown
i
nthefi
gure.
ThebaseB oft hetransi
storisconnect
edt othe
i
nputAt hr
ougharesi
stanceRb andtheemit
terEis
ear
thed.Thecol
lect
ori sconnectedto5V batt
ery
.
TheoutputYi
svolt
ageatCw. r.
t.ear
th.

PAGENo.
-14
Thefol
l
owingconcl
usi
oncanbeeasil
ydr
awnf
rom
thewor
kingoft
heel
ect
rical
cir
cui
t:

a) 
  
  
  
 IfswitchAisopen(i.
e.A=0),t
helumpwi
ll
gl
ow, henceY=1.
b) 
  
  
  
 IfSwitchAisclosed(i
.e.A=1)
,thel
umpwil
l
notglow, henceY=0.

Tr
uthTabl
e:
I
nput Out
put
A Y
0 1
1 0

PAGENo.
-15
 THENORGATE

Ai
m:
TODESI
GNANDSI
MULATETHENORGATECI
RCUI
T.

Component
s:
Twoidealp-
njunct
iondi
ode(
D1andD2)
,ani
dealn-
p
-
ntr
ansistor
.

Theor
yandConst
ruct
ion:
I
fweconnecttheoutputY’ofORgat etot
heinputof
aNOTgatethegateobtai
nediscalledNOR.
Theout
putYisvolt
ageatCw. r.
t.eart
h.

PAGENo.
-16
I
nBooleanexpression,t
heNORgat ei
sexpressedas
Y=A+B,andi
sbei ngreadas‘ AORBnegat
ed’.The
fol
l
owingint
erfer
encecanbeeasi l
ydr
awnfrom the
worki
ngofelectr
icalci
rcui
tis:

a) 
  
  
  
 IfSwitchA&Bopen( A=0,B=0)thenLamp
wil
lglow, henceY=1.
b) 
  
  
  
 IfSwitchAclosed&Bopen( A=1,B=0)then
Lampwi l
lnotglow,henceY=0.
c) 
  
  
  
 IfSwitchAopen&Bcl ose(A=0,B=1)then
Lampwi l
lnotglow,henceY=0.
d) 
  
  
  
 IfswitchA&Bar ecl
osedthen(A=1,B=1)
Lampwi l
lnotglow,henceY=0.

Tr
uthTabl
e:

I
nput I
nput Out
put
A B Y
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0

PAGENo.
-17
 THENANDGATE
Ai
m:
TODESI
GNANDSI
MULATETHENANDGATECI
RCUI
T.

Component
s:
Two i dealp-n j
uncti
on diode (D1 and D2)
,a
resi
stanceR,
anidealn-
p-nt
ransi
stor.

Theor
yandConst
ruct
ion:
I
fweconnecttheoutputY’ofANDgat et
othei
nput
ofaNOTgatethegateobtai
nediscal
ledNAND.
Theout
putYisvol
tageCw. r.
t.
ear
th.

PAGENo.
-18
InBool eanexpr
essi
on,t
heNANDgatei
sexpr
essed
asY=A. B,
andisbei
ngreadas‘
AANDBnegated’
.
Thef oll
owing
i
nt er
ferencecanbeeasi
lydr
awnfr
om t
heworki
ngof
electr
icalcir
cui
t:

a) 
  
  
  
 IfSwitchA&Bopen( A=0,
B=0)thenLamp
wil
lglow, henceY=1.
b) 
  
  
  
 IfSwitchAopenBcl osedthen(
A=0,B=1)
Lampgl ow, henceY=1.
c) 
  
  
  
 IfswitchAclosedBopenthen(A=1,B=0)
Lampgl ow, henceY=1.
d) 
  
  
  
 IfswitchA&Bar ecl
osedthen(
A=1,B=1)
Lampwi l
lnotglow,henceY=0.

Tr
uthTabl
e:

Out
put
I
nputA I
nputB
Y
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

PAGENo.
-19
 THEXORGATE
Ai
m:
TODESI
GNANDSI
MULATETHEEXORGATECI
RCUI
T.

Component
s:
TwoANDgat
e,anORgat
e,t
woNOTgat
e.

Theor
yandConst
ruct
ion:
Theoper ationXORchecksf ort
heexclusi
vit
yinthe
val
ueoft hetwosignal
sAandB.I tmeansifAandB
arenoti denti
cal(i
.e.i
fA=0andB=1orv i
cev er
sa),
theout putY=1,andi fbothareident
ical
,thenthe
outputY=0.Thi soperati
onisalsocall
edexclusi
ve
ORgat e,designat
edEXOR.

PAGENo.
-20
InBool eanexpr ession, t
heEXORgat eisexpr
essed
as
Y=A. B+A. B=
Thef oll
owi nginterferencecanbeeasi l
ydrawnfrom
thewor kingofel ectricalci
rcuit:
a) 
  
  
   Ifbothswi tchesA&Bar eopen(A=0,B=0)
thenlampwi l
lnotgl ow,henceY=0.
b)  
  
  
  IfSwitchAopenBcl osedthen(
A=0,B=1)
Lampgl ow, henceY=1.
c) 
  
  
   IfswitchAcl osedBopent hen(
A=1,B=0)
Lampgl ow, henceY=1.
d)  
  
  
  IfswitchA&Bar ecl osedthen(
A=1,B=1)
Lampwi l
lnotglow, henceY=0.

Tr
uthTabl
e:
I
nput I
nput Out
put
A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

PAGENo.
-21
 THEXNORGATE
Ai
m:
TODESI
GNANDSI
MULATETHEEXNORGATECI
RCUI
T.

Component
s:
TwoANDgat
es,
anORgat
es,
thr
eeNOTgat
es.

Theor
yandConst
ruct
ion:
TheoperationXNORchecksf ortheexcl
usi
v i
tyi
nthe
val
ueoft hetwosi gnal
sAandB.I tmeansifAandB
arenotidentical(i
.e.i
fA=0andB=1orv i
cev er
sa),
theoutputY=0,andi fbothareidenti
cal
,thenthe
outputY=1.Thi soperati
onisalsocall
edexclusi
ve
NORgat e,designatedXNOR.

PAGENo.
-22
InBooleanexpr ession,t
heXNORgat eisexpr essed
as
Y=A.B+A. B=
Thefoll
owi nginterf
erencecanbeeasi lydr awnf r
om
theworkingofel ectri
calci
rcuit
:
a) 
  
  
  
 IfSwi t
chA&Bopen( A=0, B=0)t henLamp
wil
lglow, henceY=1.
b) 
  
  
  
 IfSwi t
chAcl osed&Bopen( A=1, B=0)t hen
Lampwi l
lnotglow, henceY=0.
c) 
  
  
  
 IfSwitchAopen&Bcl ose( A=0, B=1)then
Lampwi l
lnotglow, henceY=0.
d) 
  
  
  
 IfswitchA&Bbot hclosed( A=1, B=1)then
Lampwi l
lglow,henceY=1.

Tr
uthTabl
e:
I
nput I
nput Out
put
A B Y
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

PAGENo.
-23
 BI
BLI
OGRAPHY

Iwouldli
ketoacknowl
edgethefoll
owi
ngsources
thr
oughwhichIobtai
nedvi
tali
nformat
ionwhich
contr
ibut
edinthecompl
eti
onoft hi
spr
oject
:

I
.sl
i
deshar
e.com
I
I.wi
ki
pedi
a.or
g
I
II
.icbse.
co.
in
I
V.scr
ibd.
com

PAGENo.
-24
 BI
BLI
OGRAPHY

Iwouldli
ketoacknowl
edget hefoll
owi
ngsources
thr
oughwhichIobtai
nedvitali
nformat
ionwhich
contr
ibut
edinthecomplet
ionoft hi
spr
oject
:

1. sl
i
deshar
e.com
2. wi
ki
pedi
a.or
g
3. i
cbse.
co.
in
4. scr
ibd.
com

PAGENo.
-25