Hydraulics Experiment No.

Experiment No. 3
1.0 Title:
Verification of Bernoulli's theorem

2.0 Prior Concepts:

Discharge, pressure, velocity, continuity equation, kinetic energy, pressure energy, potential energy
and properties of fluids. Principle of conservation of energy, H.G.L., T.E.L.

3.0 New concepts:

3.1 Propositions
Proposition 1: Bernoulli's Theorem
For a steady, continuous, incompressible, non-viscous fluid flow, the total energy or total
head remains constant at all the sections along the fluid flow provided there is no loss or
addition of energy.
P/γ + V²/2g +Z= Total head = constant
where P/γ = Pressure head (m)
V²/2g = Velocity or kinetic head (m) (V = Q/A = m/s)
Z = Potential head (Height above some assumed datum level)
Proposition 2: Application of Bernoulli's Theorem
Bernoulli's equation is based on Euler's equation of motion. It is applicable to flow of fluid
through pipe and channel. In Euler's equation the force of viscosity is neglected. Bernoulli's
equation is required to be modified if the flow is compressible & unsteady.
3.2 Concept Structure

4.0 Learning objectives

4.1 Intellectual skill
a) To develop the ability to interpriate the relation between velocity and pressure w.r.t.
cross section of flow.
b) To verify Bernoulli's theorem for various discharges.
c) To understand the concept of various energy of fluids
4.2 Motor skill
a) To develop the ability to maintain steady state condition.
b) To develop the ability to measure the actual discharge.
c) To measure the potential head, kinetic head and pressure head.
d) To draw H.G.L. & T.E.L.

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Experiment No. 3 Hydraulics

5.0 Apparatus
i) A horizontal rectangular Perspex duct (or metal sheets) of smooth variable cross-section of
conversant and divergent type. The section is ….x ….mm at the entrance and exit and
….x….mm at middle. The total length of duct is ….m.
ii) Inlet tank.
iii) Measuring tank
iv) Stop watch

6.0 Diagram

Figure 3.1 Bernoullis Apparatus

The pressure head at every gauge point depends upon the velocity at that section. If the c/s
area of the conduit is more the velocity will be less and pressure head is more. The values
of pressure head of the first gauge point is more and subsequently decrease up to centre of
gauge point. Again the pressure head increases and will form a parabolic curve.
b) Simple U tube Manometer: A manometer transparent tube of 10mmor more, bent in a U
shape is called U-tube or simple manometer. U tube manometer can measure both positive
and negative pressures.

7.0 Procedure
1. Measure the area of conduit at various gauge points.
2. Open the supply valve and adjust the flow so that the water level in the inlet tank remains
constant.
3. Measure the height of water level (above the arbitrarily selected plane) in different piezometric
tubes
4. Measure the discharge of the conduit with the help of measuring tank.
5. Repeat the step (1) to (4) for two more readings.
6. Plot graph between the total head (or energy) and distance of gauge points starting
from u/s side of conduit.

8.0 Observations
(i) Discharge Measurement
Size of measuring tank =
Area of measuring tank (A) =
Time of collection (t) =

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Hydraulics Experiment No. 3

d = Depth of water collected in measuring tank

A = Area of measuring tank in t seconds
V = Volume of water collected in measuring tank
ii) Total Head

9.0 Sample Calculation

Volume = Axd
=
= m3
Volume
Discharge = -------------
Time
=
= m3/s
Total head = P/g + V²/2g+Z

10.0 Results

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Experiment No. 3 Hydraulics

11.0 Conclusion
Note: Teachers should guide the students to write the conclusion keeping in view skills acquired
and results obtained.

12.0 Questions
Note : Distribute any 3-5 questions to each students for writing the answer in lab manual.
1. Practically the total head of liquid at a point does not remain constant during the flow,
why?
2. The liquid level in the piezometric tube connected to minimum c/s area is lowest, Why?
3. Why the water levels in the various piezometric tubes are different?
4. What is the effect on result, if there is a leakage in the duct in between the Piezometer
tubes?
5. State one practical application of bernouli's theorem
6. What is Bernoulli's theorem?
7. How Bernoulli's theorem is modified?
8. What is the observation in this experiment with reference to pressure and velocity?
9. What is the head loss between Piezometer 1 & 6
10. what do you mean by piezometric head ?
11. Draw H.G.L. & T.E.L.

13.0 (Space for Answers)

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Hydraulics Experiment No. 3

(Space for answers)

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Experiment No. 3 Hydraulics

(Space for answers)

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