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5 Hot Tearpdf PDF
5 Hot Tearpdf PDF
ABSTRACT
This study reports an in house experience of the occurrence of different types of casting defects and its scientific
analysis by computerised simulation techniques supported by industrial case studies.
The main two categories of defects viz. Solidification related defects like Hot Tear, Shrinkage and porosity
defects etc. and Flow-related defects like sand burn in and rough surface/ metal penetration, air entrapment,
cold shut etc. are discussed here along with simulation results and practical case studies.
Keywords: Hot tears, Solidification range, Chromite sands, Tie rods, Anti-cracker ribs/ Cooling brackets,
Alpha set core making system, Sulphur segregation, Simulations, Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE),
Feedability, Refractoriness.
INTRODUCTION
The Computerised simulation technique is used here to
analyse the defects found in castings.
Fig. 7: Showing hot zone (temp.1470°C). Figure 9 shows the simulation result of Centre pivot area
of Bolster castings. The view shows that the hot metal at
this junction whose temperature is 1470 °C, is well within
solidus range and is in mushy form and solidifies later
causing hot tearing due to contraction hindrances by
mould or core materials. But after positioning of external
chills, Fig. 11 at this area the temperature at this area was
found to be 1380 °C as per Fig.10, which indicates faster
cooling of this area and no hot tear was found.
Fig.9: Showing hot zone (temp.1470°C). Fig. 12: Chromite sands to prevent hot tears.
REMEDIES
1) Moisture content/Compactibility of
prepared sands
The moisture content should be in the range of 3.0
– 3.5 % for HPML, 4–4.5% for semi-mechanised
moulding to get good surface.
5) Compactness of the Mould / Core - Sand fusion found at the bottom part of support casting
as per Fig.20.
Compactness of the mould is very important for
getting good surface finish of the casting. High Simulation view as per Fig.20 shows that Sand fusion
mould hardness gives good surface finish of the found at the bottom part of the mould is due to higher
castings. On the other hand low hardness gives poor temperature of moulding sands ranging from 479°C to
surface and swelled mould. 938°C. But at the top side there is less sand fusion due to
low mould temperature ranging from 173°C to 402°C.
6) Gating System i.e. Ingate Location and Size
– The position of the ingate plays a vital role for CASE STUDY NO. 4
the surface finish of the castings. For steel castings, Shrinkage defects found in Bogie casting (Bolster) due
ingate located at the bottom of the casting gives to potential hot spot found at junction of casting as per
good surface finish. simulation given in Fig.21 & 22.
But now there are 4 round risers at these hot spot areas
(Fig. 23).
Fig.20: Sand Fusion.
CASE STUDY NO. 5
The simulation view shows that there is a potential Hot Air entrapment problems in Green Sand moulds
spot to be fed by the risers as at that time there were only produced in High Pressure Moulding Line in support
two elliptical risers. items.