Japanese Occupation of the Philippines

During Word War II

On December 8, 1941, Japan invaded the Philippines. Clark Air

Base in Pampanga was first attacked and also Nichols Field outside
Manila was attacked, then on December 22, The Japanese forces landed
at the Lingayen Gulf and continued on to Manila. General Douglas
MacArthurdeclared Manila an open city on the advice of commonwealth
President Manuel L. Quezon to avoid its destruction. Manila was occupied
by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. MacArthur retreated with his troops
to Bataan while the commonwealth government withdrew to Corregidor
island before proceeding to the United States. The joint American and
Filipino soldiers in Bataan finally surrendered on April 9, 1942. MacArthur
escaped to Corregidor then proceeded to Australia. The 76,000 captured
soldiers were forced to embark on the infamous "Death March" to a
prison camp more than 100 kilometers north. An estimated 10,000
prisoners died due to thirst, hunger and exhaustion.

The Huks

In the midst of fear and chaos, some farmers of Pampanga banded

together and created local brigades for their protection. Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro
Alejandrino, and other leaders of organized farmers held a meeting in February 1942 in
Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. In that meeting, they agreed to fight the Japanese as a unified
guerrilla army. Another meeting was held the following month, where in representatives
from Tarlac, Pampanga and Nueva Ecija threshed out various details regarding their
organization, which they agreed to call "Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon"
or HUKBALAHAP. Taruc was chosen to be the Leader of the group, with Alejandrino as his
right hand man. The members were simply known as Huks!

The Philippine Executive Commission

In accordance the instructions of President Manuel Quezon to Jorge

Vargas, the Filipino officials in Manila were told to enter into
agreements and compromises with the Japanese to mitigate the
sufferings of the people under the iron-clad rule of the Japanese. On
January 23, 1942 the Philippine Executive Commission was established,
with Vargas as chairman. the following was appointed as department
heads: Benigno Aquino, Sr., interior; Antonio de las Alas, finance; Jose
P. Laurel, justice; Claro M. Recto, education, health, and public
welfare; and Quintin Paredes, public works and communication; Jose
Yulo was named Chief Justice of the Supreme court.

The following month, an election was held for members of The

Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI). The
purpose of PCPI is to draw up a constitution for a free Philippines. Jose Laurel became its
head. Against the will of the PCPI delegates the new Constitution was finalized on July 10,
1943. Two months later it was ratified by the KALIBAPI, which was the only political party
allowed to exist at that time. KALIBAPI is the acronym for "Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa
Bagong Pilipinas".

The new constitution, which noticeably lacked a bill of rights contained 12 articles lifted from
the 1935 constitution that fitted the wishes of the Japanese. It was meant to be in effect
only temporarily, while the Philippines still in chaos. After the war, a new constitution would
again be drafted for the new Philippine Republic.

The Second Republic

On September 20 1943, the KALIBAPI- under the leadership of its director general, Benigno
Aquino Sr. held a party convention to elect 54 members of the National Assembly. The
Assembly was actually made up of 108 members; but half of this number was composed of
incumbent governors and city mayors. Jose P. Laurel was elected as president of the second
republic (the first republic was Aguinldo's Malolos Republic) and both Benigno Aquino Sr. &
Ramon Avancena as a vice-presidents. The new republic was inaugurated on October 14
1943 on the front steps of the legislative building in Manila. The Philippine flag was hoisted
as the national anthem was played. Meanwhile, the Japanese started using propaganda to
gain the trust and confidence of Filipinos who refused to cooperate with them. They hung
giant posters and distribute their materials that contains such slogans as "the Philippines
belong to the Filipinos." they also used newspapers, movies, and others to publicize the
same idea. Promoting Japanese propaganda was one of the main objectives of
the KALIBAPI, but still Japanese failed to gain the trust of the Filipinos.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur Returns

From Australia, Allied forces slowly advanced toward the Philippines, bombing several
Japanese strongholds until they regained control of areas previously occupied by the enemy.
The bombings began on September 21 1944, and barely a month later, on October 20,
1944, the Americans landed triumphantly in Leyte. Once a shore, General Douglas
MacArthur said; "I have Returned."

Sergio Osmeña was Part of MacArthur’s group. He had taken

over Manuel L. Quezon as president after the latter past way at
Saranac Lake, New York on August 1944. From October 23 to October
26, 1944 the Americans engaged Japanese forces in the Battle of Leyte
Gulf. Consider as the biggest naval battle in World History, this historic
encounter almost destroyed the entire Japanese fleet and rendered in
incapable of further attack. The US victory in the battle of Leyte Gulf is
said to have signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the
Japanese.

By mid-December, the American soldiers had reached Mindoro. The

Japanese, meanwhile, secured other area where their thought other American units would
land. Nevertheless, US liberation forces successfully docked at Lingayen Gulf on January 9,
1945. The news alarmed the Japanese. Lt. Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, supreme commander
of the Japanese troops in Manila, mobilize his kamikazes (Japanese suicide pilots); but they
failed to stop Americans. The Japanese also deployed MAKAPILI units to defend Manila but
neither succeeds.
On December 8, 1944, President Laurel and his cabinet moved to Baguio upon orders of
Yamashita, who is also known as the tiger of Malaya. The Japanese forces retreated to
Yamashita line a jungle battlefront stretching along the Sierra Madre Mountains from
Antipolo, Rizal to Appari Cagayan.

The Japanese in Manila would not give up easily. In fact, it took 3 weeks of intense fighting
before they finally surrendered on February 23. Gen. MacArthur continued to liberate other
parts of the country. And finally proclaim general freedom from the Japanese on July 4,
1945. Continue to Philippine Independence from the Americans.