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$ India-Geography-In-Tamil PDF
$ India-Geography-In-Tamil PDF
1
,e;j pah
A+dpad; gpuNjuq;f s;
,e;j pahtpd; ,aw;i f mikg;G gphpTfs; gpuNjrj;j pYs;s gpuk;kGj;j pu gs;sjhf;F tiu ePz;L
nry;fpd;wd.
,e;j pa epyg;gFjp gy khWgl;l Gtpapay;
epyj;Njhw;wq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,q;Fs;s gy kiyfs; fly; kl;lj;j pypUe;J
epyj;Njhw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j pahtpd; 8000 kPl;lUf;F Nky; cauk; nfhz;lit.
,aw;ifaikg;ig Ie;J ngUk; gphpTfshfg; ,k;kiyfs; [k;K-fh\;kPh;> ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;>
gphpf;fhyk;. tq;fhsk;> rpf;fpk; kw;Wk; mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk;
Mfpa khepyq;fspilNa gutpAs;sd.
mitahdtd:
,kakiy cUthdtpjk;
1. tlf;F kiyfs;
2. tl,e;j pa ngUk; rkntspfs; gy kpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G xNu xU
3. jPgfw;g gPlg+kp epyg;gFjpjhd; ,Ue;j J. ,ijr;Rw;wp ngUq;fly;fs;
4. flw;fiug; rkntspfs; #o;e;j pUe;j d. ,t;thW ,Ue;j epyg;gFjpf;F
5. jPTfs; |ghQ;rpah| (Pangea) vd;Wk; mijr; Rw;wpAs;s ePh;g;
gFjpf;F |ghe;j yhrh| (Panthalasa)vd;Wk;
,e;j pahtpd; epyg;gug;gpy; 29.3 kiyfs; kw;Wk;
Fd;WfshfTk; 2.7 gPlg+kpfshfTk; 43 miof;fg;gl;lJ.
rkntspfshfTk; cs;sJ. ,g;gue;j epyg;gFjp ,U gFjpfshfg;
gphpe;j J. tlgFjp |mq;fhuh| (Angaraland) vd;Wk;
,kakiyfs;
njd;gFjp Nfhz;Lthdh(Gondwanaland) vd;Wk;
tlf;F kiyfs; vd;gJ ,ka kiyfis ngahplg;gl;ld. ,e;j ,uz;L epyg;gFjpia
Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,J cyfpNyNa kpf cah;e;j gphpf;Fk; ePh;g;gFjpf;F nlj;j P]; fly; (Tethys Sea)
kiyfshFk;. ,k;kiyfspd; cah;e;j rhpTg; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fly; fpof;F Nkw;fhf
gFjpfs; vg;NghJk; epue;j ukhd gdpahy; gutpapUe;j J.
%bAs;sjhy; ,kakiyfis |gdp ciwtplk;|
(Abode of Snowl) vd;W miog;ghh;fs;. mq;fhuh kw;Wk; Nfhz;Lthdh gFjpapypUe;J
cUthfp tUk; MWfs;> jhd; nfhz;L te;j
,kakiyfs; |tpy;| Nghd;w tbtj;j py; 2500 gbTfis nlj;j P]; flypy; gbaitj;j d. ePz;l
fp.kP. ePsj;j pw;F Nkw;F -fpof;fhf mike;Js;sd. fhyj;j pw;F gpwF ,g;gbTfs; Gtpapd; cs; ,af;f
Nkw;Nf [k;K fh\;kPhpy;; cs;s rpe;J
gs;sj;j hf;fpypUe;J fpof;Nf mUzhr;ryg;
2
,e;j pah
tpirfshy; cah;e;J ,kakiyfs; ,kakiyapd; tlf;F kiyj;njhliu
vd;wiof;fg;gLk; kbg;G kiyfis cUthf;fd. `pkhj;hp vd;fpNwhk;. ,jd; ruhrhp cauk; 6000kP
MFk;. ,k;kiyj;njhlh; tlf;Nf rpe;J
,kakiyfis Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhf gs;sj;j hf;fpypUe;J njd;fpof;fpy; cs;s gpuk;kGj;j pu
NkYk; %d;W cl;gphpTfshf gphpf;fhyk;. gs;sj;j hf;F tiu ePz;L nry;fpd;wd.
Mitahtd
cyfpYs;s kpf cah;e;j rpfuq;fspy; gy
m. Nkw;F ,kakiyfs; M. kj;j pa ,kakiyfs; ,k;kiyj;njhlhpy; mike;Js;sd. cyfpNyNa
,. fpof;F ,kakiyfs; kpf cauKs;s 8848kP cauk; nfhz;l vtnu];l;
kiyr;rpfuk; ,q;F mike;Js;sJ. fQ;rd;[q;fh
(3598kP) eq;fgh;tj; ( 8126kP) jtsfphp 0167kP) kw;Wk;
m.Nkw;F ,kakiyfs; ee;j hNjtp (7517kP) Mfpa rpfuq;fSk; ,q;F
mike;Js;sd.
tlNkw;F ,e;j pahtpYs;s ghkPh;
Kbr;rpypUe;J fpof;fhf fhuNfhuk; kiyfs; fq;ifapd; gpwg;gplkhd fhq;Nfhj;hp
nry;fpd;wd. cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j gdpahWk;> aKidapd; gpwg;gplkhd aKNdhj;j php
rpfukhd Nf2 (K2) vdg;gLk; fhl;tpd; M];bd; gdpahWk; ,q;Nf mike;Js;sd.
(Godwin Austin) ,k;kiyj;njhlhpy; mike;Js;sJ. kiyfspd; FWf;Nf fhzg;gLk; ,aw;ifg;
gy;Nlhuh (Baltora) kw;Wk; rpahr;rpd; (Siachin) vDk; ghijfis fztha;fs; vd;fpNwhk;. fh\;kPhpYs;s
,U ngUk; gdpahWfSk; fhuNfhuk; kiyfspd; nrh[pyh fhztha;> rpf;fpkpy; cs;s ehJyh kw;Wk;
njw;F mike;Js;sd. [yg;Gyh Nghd;wit `pkhj;j phpapYs;s Kf;fpa
fztha;fhsFk;.
ylhf; (Ladakh) kw;Wk; [h];fh; (Zashar)
vd;w ,U kiyj; njhlh;fs; fhuNfhuk; kiyj; 2. ,khr;r y; (Himachal)
njhlh;fSf;F ,izahf mike;Js;sd. ylhf;
kiyj;njhlhpd; njhlh;r;rp ylhf; gPlg+kp (Ladakh Tlf;Nf ,khj;j php kiyf;Fk; njw;Nf rpthypf;
kiyf;Fk; ,ilNa ,khyr;ry; kiyj;njhlh;
Plateau) vdTk; mJNt ,e;j pahtpYs;s kpf
mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; ruhrhp mfyk; 80 fp.kP.
cah;e;j gPlg+kpahfTk; mikfpwJ. ,J tlNkw;F
MFk; ,jd; ruhrhp cauk; 3700 kP Kjy; 4500 kP
fh\;kPhpy; mike;Js;sJ.
tiu khWgLfpwJ.
M. kj;j pa ,kakiyj; njhlh;f s; ,g;gFjpapy; cs;s ePz;l kiyj;njhluhf
ghkPh; Kbr;rpypUe;J njd;fpof;F fh\;kPhpd; gPh;ghQ;rhy; (Pirpanjal) njhlh; cs;sJ.
Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ,kakiyfis kj;j pa ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrj;j py; [k;K-fh\;kPhpy; ,Ue;J
,kakiyfs; vd;fpNwhk;. ,k;kiyfspd; mfyk; tUk; jt;yjhh; (Dhauladar) kiyj;njhlh; ePz;L
Nkw;fpy; 400 fp.kP. Kjy; fpof;Nf nry;yr; nry;y nry;fpwJ. ,k;kiyj;njhlh;fSf;F ,ilNa
50 fp.kP tiu khWgLfpwJ. ,jd; cauk; fh\;kPh;> fhq;fpuh> FYgs;sj;j hf;Ffs;
Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhf mjpfhpj;Jf;Nfhz;Nl mike;Js;sd.
nry;fpwJ.
Gfo;ngw;w kiy thoplq;fshd =efh;>
,kakiyfs; ,sk; kbg;G kiyfshy; ghfy;fk;> Fy;khh;f;> %Nrhhp kw;Wk; iedplhy;
(Young Fold Moultains) MdJ vd;gij kj;j pa Nghd;witfSk; ,q;F mike;Js;sd. Gdpj
,kakiyfspYs;s cah;e;j rpfuq;fs; mjpfkhf ,lq;fshd mkh;ehj;> Nfhjhh;ehj;> gj;j ehj; kw;Wk;
,Ug;gijf; nfhz;Nl mwpayhk;. it\;ztpNjtp Nfhapy;fSk; rpwg;G kpf;f
,k;kiyj;njhlh;fs; gs;sj;j hf;F fshYk;> ,lq;fshf ,khr;ry; kiyj;njhlhpy;
gPlg+kpfshYk; mWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kj;j pa mike;Js;sd.
,kakiyfspy; tlf;F njw;fhf %d;W ,izahd
kiyj;njhlh;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 3. rpthypf; (Siwalik)
3
,e;j pah
FWfyhd ePz;l ^d; (Duns) vdg;gLk; jua; (Terai) vd;gJ NrWk;> rfjpAk; nfhz;l
gs;sj;j hf;F fs; rpthypf; kiyj;njhlhpy; xU epyg;gFjp MFk;. ghgh; gbTfspy;;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf kiwe;j pUe;j MWfs; kPz;Lk; ,g;gFjpapy;
Nluh^idf; $wyhk;. Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,j;j uha;> ghgh; gFjpf;F njw;fpy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,J Rkhh; 15 fp.kP. Kjy; 30 fp.kP.
MWfshy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; $ohq;fw;fs;> tiu mfyk; nfhz;lJ ,J <ug;gjk; nfhz;l
ghiwfSk rpthypf; kiyfspd; mbthuj;j py; gba gFjpahFk;. ,J fhLfs; tsh;tjw;Fk;> gy;NtW
itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rpthypf;fpd; njd;gFjpapy; tpjkhd fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; tho;tjw;Fk;
nkd;Jfs;fshd gbTfs; juha; rkntspia JizGhpfpd;wd. ngUk;ghyhd jhua; gFjpfs;
cUthf;F fpd;wd. ,J mlh;e;j fhLfs; Njhl;lg; gFjpfshf khw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
tsh;tjw;F k; rJg;G epyq;fs; cUthtjw;Fk;
JizGhpfpd;wd. gq;fhh; (Bhangar) vd;gJ tz;ly; gbTfshy;
cUthd epyj;Njhw;wk;. ,q;Fs;s gbTfs; ahTk;
,. fpof;F ,kakiyfs; gioa tz;;ly; kz;zhy; Mdit. ,it
nts;sg;ngUf;Fr; rkntspfspy; mike;Js;sd.
Gpuk;kGj;j puh> MW ,kakiyfspd;
fpof;Nfhuhg; Gtp vy;iyahf mikfpwJ. ,it ngUk;ghYk; fspkz;zhy; Mdit.
,e;j pahtd; fpof;F vy;iyfSld; cs;s
fhlh; (Khaddar) vd;gJ MWfshy; nfhz;L
,k;kiyfis |g+h;thr;ry;|(Purvanchal) vd;W
tug;gLk Gjpa tz;ly; kz;. ,J nts;sg;
miof;fpd;Nwhk;. ,it eLj;j u cauk ngUf;F rkntspapd; ,U fiufspd; kPJk;
nfhz;lit. tlf;fpy; gl;fha; (Patkai Hills) kw;Wk; gbaitf;fg;gLk; gbTfshFk;. nts;sg;ngUf;F
ehfh Fd;WfSk; (Naga Hills) njw;fpy; kPNrh Vw;gLk; fhyq;fspy; ,g;gbTfs; kPJ NkYk; Gjpa
Fd;WfSk; (Mizo Hills) fpof;F ,kakiyapy; gbTfs; te;J Nrh;fpd;wd.
mlq;fpAs;sd. ,k;kiyfs; ,ilapy; Nkw;F
Kfkhf jpUk;gp Nkfyhahtpy; cs;s tq;fNjr tl ,e;jpar; rkntspia %d;W gphpTfshfg;
vy;iy topahfr; nry;fpwJ. ,q;F n[ae;j pah gphpf;f yhk;. mitahtd
(Jaintia) fhNuh (Garo) kw;Wk; fhrp (Khasi Hills) 1.uh[];j hd; rkntsp 2.gQ;rhg; -`hpahd rkntsp
Fd;Wfs; fpof;F Nkw;fhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 3.gpuk;k Gj;u h rkntsp
2.tl ngUk; rkntspfs; 1.uh[];j hd; rkntsp
,kakiyapd; njw;Nf mike;Js;sit tl uh[];j hd; rkntsp> Muty;yp
ngUk; rkntspfshFk;. ,it rpe;J fq;if kw;Wk; kiyj;njhlUf;F Nkw;fpy; mike;Js;sJ.
gpuk;kGj;j puh MWfspd; gbTfshy; cUthdjhFk;. ,g;gFjpapd; Kf;fpa Mwhfj; jpfo;tJ |Y}dp MW|
,r;rkntsp 2400 r.fp.kP. ePsk; nfhz;lJ. ,J fl;r; Flhtpy; fyf;fpwJ. Y}dp Mw;wpd;
,g;gbTfs; ghgh; vdg;gLk; fuLKulhd tlgFjp cs;ehl;L tbfhy; mikg;Gfs; nfhz;L
gbTfisAk;> juha; vdg;gLk;; rJg;G gbTfisAk; ngUk; gFjpahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. twz;l
gq;fhh; vdg;gLk; gioa gbTfisAk; fhlh; Mw;Wg;gLiffs; gytw;iwAk ,q;F fhzyhk;.
vdg;gLk; Gjpa tz;ly; gbTfisAk; nfhz;lJ. gy cg;G VhpfSk; uh[];j hd; rkntspapy;
mike;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws; n[a;g;g+Uf;F Nkw;Nf
ghgh; (Bhabar) kz; gbTfs;
mike;Js;s |rhk;ghh; Vhp| kpfg;nghpa VhpahFk;.
kiyabthuj;j py; Vwj;j ho 8 Kjy; 16 fp.kP. tiu
mfyj;j pw;F gbe;Js;sJ. kiyfspypUe;J tUk; 2.gQ;r hg;- `hpahd rkntspfs;
MWfs; jhq;fs; nfhz;L tUk; gbTfis tz;ly;
tprpwpfshf kiyabthuq;fspy; gba itf;fpd;wd. tskhd gQ;rhg;-`hpahdh rkntspfs;
,g;gbTfspy; Ez;Jiwfs; mjpfkhf cs;sjhy;> ,e;j pag; ghiytdj;j pd; tlfpof;Nf mike;Js;sd.
mjd; topahf XLk; MWfs; cs;thq;fg;gl;L nly;yp KfL (Delhi ridge) gQ;rhg; `hpahdh
epyj;j b ePuhf XLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; Mw;wpd; rkntspfis fq;ifr; rkntspapypUe;J gphpf;fpwJ.
Nkw;gug;G twz;l Mw;Wg;gFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gQ;rhg; `hpahdh rkntsp> rl;ny[;> gpah];>
uhtp MWfshy; Vw;gLk; gbTfshy; MdJ.
`hpahdhtpYs;s fhf;uh ejpf;Fk akdh ejpf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l epyg;gug;Ng `hpahdh rkntspahf
mikfpwJ.
4
,e;j pah
3.fq;i fr; rkntsp ,J Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;F Nehf;fp rhpe;J
cs;sJ. Mdhy; eh;kij -jgjp gFjpfspy;
fq;ifr; rkntsp kpfg; gue;j rkntsp. ,J fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf rhpe;Js;sJ. eh;kij MW
Nkw;fpYs;s aKdh Mw;wpypUe;J fpof;fpYs;s jPgfw;g gPlg+kpia ,U rkkw;w gFjpfshfg;
tq;fNjrk; tiu Rkhh; 1500 fp.kP. ePsj;JlDk;> gphpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tlgFjpia kj;j pa
ruhrhp 300 fp.kP. mfyj;JlDk; gutpAs;sJ. ,J cah;epyq;fs; vd;Wk;> njd; gFjpia jf;fhz
cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fk; gPlg+kp vd;Wk; miog;gh;.
Nghd;w khepyq;fspy; gutpAs;sJ.
m. kj;j pa cah;e pyq;f s;
fq;ifr; rkntspapDila rhpT fpof;F
kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F Nehf;fp nkd;rhpthf 1.khs;t h gPl g+kp (Malwa Plateau)
mike;Js;sJ. ,r;rkntspapd; Nkw;gFjpapy
fq;if> aKidapd; Mw;wpilr; rkntsp(Doab) Muty;yp kiy> tpe;j pa kiy kw;Wk;
mike;Js;sJ. ,r;rkntspapd; fpof;fpy; gz;ly;fhd;l; Mfpatw;why; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J
Nuh`py;fz;l; jho;epyk; mike;Js;sJ. yhth vdg;gLk; vhpkiyf; Fok;ghy; cUthfp
fUg;G kz;zhy; Md gFjpahFk;. rhk;gy; ejpAk;
fq;if rkntspapd; jho;e;j gFjpapy; mjd; JizahWfSk; Nrh;e;J gPlg+kpapd; tl
fq;fh-gpuk;khGj;j puh MWfs; gy;NtW gFjpapy; gy gpsTfis
,izahWfshfg; gphpe;J cyfpNyNa kpfg;gue;j (Rasvines)cz;lhf;fpAs;sJ.
rkntspia cUthf;fp cs;sd. ,r;rkntspapd;
jho;gFjp Re;j utdk; vd miof;fg;LfpwJ. 2.gz;l y;f hd;l ; cah;e pyk;( Bundelkhand)
,g;gFjp Xjj;j hy; Vw;gLk; mlh;e;j rJg;G epyf;
fhLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,r;rkntsp ,J aKidahw;wpd; njd; gFjpapy;
fopKfq;fs;> rJg;Gepyf;fhLfs;> kzy; jpl;Lf;fs; mike;Js;sJ. ,j;j Pg;ghiwfshYk; Mf;fg;gl;lJ.
kw;Wk; jPTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gPl;th kw;Wk; nfd; Nghd;w MWfs; Mokhd
gs;sj;j hf;Ffis cUthf;fpAs;sd.
4.gpuk;;k hGj;u h rkntsp
3.gfy;f z;l ; (Baghelkhand)
,J tlngUk; rkntspapd; fpof;Nfhug;gFjp
gpuk;khGj;uh Mw;wpidAk; mjd; gy;NtW gfy;fz;l; ikf;fhyh kiyj; njhlhpd;
JizahWfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gpuk;kGj;j puh fpof;Nf mike;Js;sJ. gPlg+kpapd; kj;j pag;gFjp
MW rhq;Ngh vd;w ngaUld; jpngj;j py; Nrhd; Mw;Wf;Fk; kfhejp Mw;Wk; ,ilNa
cUthfpwJ. mJ ,e;j pahtpw;F s; EioAKd; ePh;gphpNklhf mike;Js;sJ.
|jpfhq;| Mog; gs;sj;j hf;if cUthf;fp> m];]hk;
gs;sj;j hf;fpy; EiofpwJ.
,r;rkntsp tlfpof;fpypUe;J njd;Nkw;F
Nehf;fp rhpe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nkw;F g; gFjpiaj;
jtpu ,r;rkntsp cah;e;j kiyfshy; 4.Nrhl;l hehfGhp gPl g+kp (Chotonagpur Pleateau)
#og;gl;Ls;sJ tlfpof;fpYs;s m];]hhk;
Fd;WfspypUe;J gy;NtW JizahWfs; Njhd;wp Nrhl;lh ehfg+hp gPlg+kp kj;j pa cah;
epyq;fspd; tl fpof;Fg; gFjpapy mike;Js;sJ.
gpuk;kGj;uh Mw;Wld; ,ize;J tz;ly; tprpwpfis
jhNkhjh;> Rgh;zNufh> Nfhay; kw;Wk; guhf;rh;
(Alluvial Fans) Vw;glj;Jfpd;wd. fspkz; epiwe;j
MWfs; ,jd; topahfg; gha;fpd;wd. ,g;gFjpapd;
rJg;G epyq;fs; kpf mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kj;j papy; jhNkhjh; MW Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhfg;
tz;ly; tprpwpfshy; |juha;| vdg;gLk; rJg;G
gha;fpwJ.
epyf;fhLfs; cUthfpAs;sd.
,g;gFjp gPlg+kpfshYk;. kiyfshYk;
3.jPg fw;g gPl g+kp #og;gl;Ls;sJ. `rhhpghf; gPlg+kp> jhNkhjh;
jPgfw;g gplg+kp tl ,e;j pa rkntspf;F Mw;wpd; tlf;fpYk;> uhQ;rpg; gPlg+kp njw;Fg;
njw;Nf mike;Js;sJ. ,J Kf;Nfhztbtk; gFjpapYk; ,uh[;kfhy; Fd;Wfs; tlfpof;fpYk;
nfhz;lJ ,jidr; Rw;wp tlf;Nf Muty;yp> mike;Js;sd.
tpe;j pah> rhj;g+uh uh[;k;fhy; kiyj;njhlh;fSk;>
M. jf;f hz gPl g+kp (Decean Plateau)
Nkw;Nf Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk;> fpof;Nf
fpof;F j;njhlh;r;rpkiyfsk; mike;Js;sd.
5
,e;j pah
tl Nkw;F jpirapy; tpe;j pa rhj;g+uh ,k;kiyj;njhlhpd; fpof;Fg; gFjp nkd;rhpthff;
kiyj;njhlh;fisAk; tlf;fpy; kfhNjt; kw;Wk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh kw;Wk; fhtphp
ikf;fyh kiyj;njhlh;fisAk; Nkw;fpy; MWfs; fpof;Fr; rhptpy; cUthfp fpof;fhfg;
Nkw;F j;njhlh;r;rp kiyfisAk;> fpof;fpy; fpof;Fj; gha;e;J tq;fhstphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wd.
njhlh;r;rp kiyfisAk; vy;iyfshf
nfhz;Ls;sJ. jhy; fztha; (Thal Ghat)> Nghh; fztha;
(Bhor Ghat) kw;Wk; ghyf;fhl;L fztha; Mfpait
jf;fhzgPlg+kp Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhfr; Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa
rhpe;Js;sJ. mjd; fhuzkhf kfhejp> Nfhjhthp> fztha;fs; MFk;. Nkw;fpy; nfhq;fz
fpU\;zh kw;Wk; fhtphp MWfs; fpof;F Nehf;fpg; flw;fiug;gFjpf;Fk; fpof;Fj; jf;fhzgPlg+kpf;Fk;
gha;e;J tq;fhstphpFlh flYld; fyf;fpwJ. ,ilapy; rhiyfs; kw;Wk; ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;j pw;F
jf;fhz gPlg+kpapd; tl gFjp ,f;fztha;fs; nghpJk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
jPg;ghiwfisAk; fhpry; kiyj;njhlUld; fpof;Fj;njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk;>
,izf;fpwJ. Nkw;Fj;njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk; ePyfphp kiyapy;
xd;wpizfpd;wd. ,q;F kpf caukhd
njYq;fhdh gPlg+kpapypUe;J Nfhjhthp>
njhl;lngl;lh (2637kP) kiyr;rpfuk; mike;Js;sJ.
fpU\;zh kw;Wk; ngz;zhW MWfs; XLfpd;wd.
Nkw;Fj;njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; njd; gFjpapy; cs;s
jPg fw;g ,e;j pahtpYs;s kiyj;n jhlh;;f s; ghyf;fhl;L fztha; Nfus flw;fiuia
jkpo;ehl;Lld; rhiyfs; kw;Wk; ,uapy; ghijfs;
1.Muty;y p kiyj;n jhlh; %yk; ,izf;fpwJ.
ngah; ePs k; gug;G Mw;w pd; gpwg;g plk; fyf;F kplk; gadilAk; gFjp
7
,e;j pah
fp.kP r.fp.kP
rpe;J 3100 3>21>290 ifyh\; kiyj;njhlh; mugpf;fly; ,e;j pah> ghfp];j hd;
fq;if 2480 3>37>000 myf;ee;j h tq;fhstphpFlh cj;j pug;gpunjrk;> gPfhh;
Nkw;Ftq;f hsk;
aKid 1300 3>59>000 aKNdhj;hp tq;fhstphpFlh Nly;yp> `hpahdh
cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;
gpuk;kGj;uh 885 2>40>000 rkhAq; gdpahW tq;fhstphpFlh tlfpof;F khepyq;fs;
fhtphp 800 87>900 FlFkiy tq;fhstphpFlh fh;ehlfk;> jkpo;ehL
Nfhjhthp 146 3>12>812 ehrpf;Fd;Wfs; tq;fhstphpFlh Me;j pug;gpuNjuj;j pd;
njd;fpof;Fg; gFjp
fpU\;zh 1400 2>59>000 kfjgNy];tuh; tq;fhstphpFlh kfhuh\;buh>
Me;j pug;gpuNjrk;
eh;kij 1312 98>796 mkh;fz;lf; kiy mugpf;fly; kj;j pag;gpuNjrk;>
kfhuh\;buh
jgjp 724 65>145 gr;khhp kiy mugpf;fly; kj;j pag;gpuNjrk;>
kfhuh\;buh
Nfhkjp 805 30>437 ,kakiy tq;fhstphpFlh cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;
fhf;uh 1080 1>27>500 rpthypf; kiyj;njhlh; jhh; ghiytdg; `hpahdh> gQ;rhg;>
gFjpapy; kiwfpwJ cj;j pug;gpuNjrk;
kfhejp 858 1>41>600 rhj;g+uh kiyj;njhlh; tq;fhstphpFlh rl;b];fh;> [hh;fz;l;
itif 240 7>000 Vyfphp kiy tq;fhstphpFlh jkpo;ehL
nghpahW 244 5>398 Vyfphp kiy tq;fhstphpFlh jkpo;ehL> Nfush
jhkpuguzp 123 4400 mfj;j pah; kiy tq;fhstphpFlh jkpo;ehL
,kakiyapy; cUthFk; MWfSf;F k; jPg fw;g MWfSf;F k; cs;s NtWghLfs;
8
,e;j pah
9
,e;j pah
10
,e;j pah
mikfpwJ. mNj Neuj;j py; ngUq;fly;fs; ,jdhy;j hd; Nkw;F uh[];j hdpd; xU gFjp
Fsph;tiltjhy; mq;F cah; mOj;j k; ghiytdkhf mike;Js;sJ.
Vw;gLfpwJ. fhw;W flypy; ,Ue;J ,e;j pa
epyg;gFjpia Nehf;fp tPRfpwJ. ,g;gphpthdJ ,khrygpuNjrj;ij
,f;fhw;iwNa njd; Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W mile;J> gpd; tq;fhstphpFlh fpisf;
vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. fhw;Wld; fye;JtpLfpwJ. ,it rpthypf;
Fd;Wfshy; jLf;fg;gLtjhy; mtw;wpd;
,f;fhw;W g+kj;j pa Nuifia kiyabthuj;j py; ey;y kiog;nghopit
flf;F k;NghJ mjd; jpir khw;wg;gl;L jUfpd;wd.
njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;whf tPRfpwJ.
,f;fhw;W ,e;j pag; ngUq;flypypUe;J tq;f hs tphpFlh fpis
Njhd;Wtjhy; mjpf <ug;gjj;ij jhq;fpa
fhw;whf cs;sJ. Nfushtpd; njd; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; ,Ue;J tPRk;
gFjpia milAk;NghJ gyj;j ,b ,f;fhw;whdJ <ug;gjj;ij jhq;fptUk;
kpd;d Yld; $ba kioia mspg;gjd; %yk; fhw;whFk;. ,J fhrp> fhNuh> n[ae;j pah
njd;Nkw;F gUtfhyk; Muk;gpg;gij Fd;Wfspd; kPJ NkhJfpwJ. <ug;gjk;
fhl;LfpwJ. ,jid gUtkio ntbg;G jhq;fptUk; ,f;fhw;whdJ Gdy;tbt
Fd;Wfspd; kPJ Nkhjp jpBnud Nky;
(Monson Burst) vd;gh;.
vOk;Gtjhy; ,e;j pahtpNyNa mjpf kio
nghJthf njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W ngWk; ,lkhd rpuGQ;rpf;F fdkioiaj;
,e;j pa jPgfw;g mikg;ghy; ,Ufpisfshf jUfpwJ.
gphpfpwJ. mitahtd. ,f;fhw;wpd; xU gFjp
1. mugpf;fly; fpis ,kakiyfshy; jLf;fg;gl;L Nkw;F Nehf;fp
2. tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis efh;e;J fq;if rkntspf;F kioiaj;
jUfpwJ. ,J NkYk; Nkw;F Nehf;fp efu
mugpf;f ly; fpis euf jk;kplKs;s <ug;gjj;ij ,og;gjhy;
gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `hpahdhtpw;F kpff; Fiwe;j
mugpf;flypy; ,Ue;J tPRk; msT kioiaj; jUfpwJ.
,f;fhw;wpd; xU gFjp Kjypy; Nkw;F
njhlh;r;rp kiy kPJ NkhJfpwJ. <ug;gjkpf;f ,Wjpahf tq;fhstphpFlh fpis
,f;fhw;W kiyr;rhpTfspd; topNa caNu fhw;W mugpf;fly; fpisAld; Nrh;e;J
vOk;gp> Fsph;tile;J Nkw;F flw;fiu ,kakiyapd; mbthukhd rpthypf; Fd;W
gFjpf;F gyj;j kioiaj; jUfpwJ. Nkw;F gFjpfSf;F mjpf kiog; nghopitj;
njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; fhw;W NkhJk; jpirapy; jUfpd;wd.
mike;Js;s Kk;ig 150 nr.kP. kioiaAk;
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; kiwtpYs;s ,e;j gUtj;j py; jkpo;ehl;by; twz;l
kio kiwT gpuNjrj;j py; cs;s GNd 50 epiyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; ,J
nr.kP kioiaAk; ngWfpd;wd. mugpg;fly; fpis fhw;Wf;F kio kiwTg;
gFjpapYk;> tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis
,jd; ,uz;lhtJ gFjp tpe;j pa fhw;Wf;F ,izahfTk; mike;Js;sJ.
rhj;g+uh kiyfspd; topNa nrd;W uh[;kfhy;
Fd;Wfspd; kPJ Nkhjp Nrhlh ehfg+hp 3. tlfpof;F gUt fhw;W (mf;N lhgh ; -
gPlg+kpf;F mjpf kiog; nghopitj; jUfpwJ. etk;g h;)
11
,e;j pah
12
,e;j pah
13
,e;j pah
14
,e;j pah
15
,e;j pah
16
,e;j pah
17
,e;j pah
18
,e;j pah
Gifapiy ,ug;g h;
19
,e;j pah
21
,e;j pah
<. ,e;J];jhd; v/F epWtdk; nghfhNuh kpd;dpak; njhopyfk; Kjy; Kjyhf 1850-
(HSL) Mk; Mz;L thndhyp jahhpg;Gld;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1950-Mk; Mz;L ,e;j pa
,e;j epWtdk; [hh;fz;l; khepyj;j py; njhiyNgrp epWtdk; ngq;f@Utpy;
`rhhpghf; khtl;lj;j pYs;s nghfhNuhtpy; Muk;gpj;j gpd;> ,j;njhopyfk; Gj;Jzh;T
1964-Mk; Mz;L u\;ahtpd; cjtpNahL ngw;wJ. kpd;dpay; nghUl;fs; jahhpg;gpy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. v/F jahhpg;gpy; ngq;f@U Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. Mifahy;
cUthFk; fopT (Waste) nghUl;fs; rpe;j php ngq;f@U kpd;dpay; jiyefuk;
cuj;-njhopyfj;j py; cu cw;gj;j pf;Fg; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. kpd;dpay;
gad;gLfpwJ. njhopyfq;fs; fhzg;gLk; efuq;fs;
i`juhghj; > nly;yp> Kk;ig> nrd;id>
5. Nryk; v/F Miy nfhy;fj;j h> fhd;g+h;> GNd> yf;Ndh>
n[a;g;g+h; kw;Wk; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;.
jkpo;ehl;by; Nryj;j py; v/F epWtdk;
mikf;fg;gl;L 1982 Kjy; v/F cw;gj;j p Nghf;F tuj;J kw;W k; jfty; njhlh;G
nra;J tUfpd;wJ. cyfj;j uk; tha;e;j
JUg;gpbf;fhj v/F jahhpg;gpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; Rhiy Nghf;F tuj;J
tfpf;fpwJ. ,q;F jahhpf;fg;gLk; v/F
Nkw;fpj;j pa ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp ,e;j pa rhiy topg;Nghf;Ftuj;J
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 3>314 kpy;ypd; fp.kP. ePsk; nfhz;L cyfpd;
,uz;lhtJ nghpa rhiy Nghf;Ftuj;j hf
6. tp[aefh; v/F Miy mike;Js;sJ.
22
,e;j pah
23
,e;j pah
9. tlfpof;F Nfhuf;g+h;
10. tlfpof;F vy;iyNahu khypfhd;
uapy;Nt
11. njw;F vy;iyNahu uapy;Nt Nrd;id
12. njw;F kj;j pa uap;y;Nt Nrfe;j ughj;
13. njd;fpof;F uap;y;Nt Nfhy;fj;j h
14. Njd;fpof;F kj;j pa uapy;Nt Gpyh];g+h;
15. Njd;Nkw;F uapy;Nt `Pg;sp
16. Nkw;F uapy;Nt Kk;ig
17. Nkw;F kj;j pa uapy;Nt [gy;g+h;
24
,e;j pah
Njrpa ePh ;t op vz; 3 - Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; 4. Nfhr;rp fg;gy; fl;Lk; jsk;- nfhr;rp
rk;gf;fhu fhy;tha; (Champakara) kw;Wk;
cj;Nahf kz;ly;fhy;tha; (Udyogmandal ,e;j pa muR JiwKfj;Jiwapy; jdpahh;
KjyPL nra;tjw;fhd tpjpKiwfis
canal) nfhy;yk;-Nfhl;lhGuk; ghij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j pa JiwKfr; rl;lk;
1908 kw;Wk; JiwKfr; rl;lk; 1963 ,it
Njrpa ePh ;t op vz;. 4 - fpU\;zh> Nfhjhthp
,uz;Lk; jdpahh; KjyPL nra;tjw;F top
MWfspy; cs;s rPuhghj; (Wazirabad)
Nfhypd.
tp[athlh ghij> fhf;fpelhlh GJr;Nrhp
ghij> gj;uhryk; uh[Ke;j phpg; ghij thd; topg;N ghf;F tuj;J
Njrpa ePh ;t op vz;. 5 -kfhejp>gpuhkzp Kjy; thd;topg;Nghf;Ftuj;J
MWfspd jy;r;rhh;-jk;khuh (Talcher- ,e;j pahtpy; 1911-Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fpaJ.
Dhamara)ghijj fpof;F f; flw;fiu fhy;tha; Mdhy; cz;ikahd njhlf;fk; 1932-,y;
kq;fy;fhb-ghujPg; (Mangalgadi-Paradeep) tiu N[.Mh;.b. lhlh mth;fshy; lhlh
ePbj;j pUf;fpwJ. Vh;iyd;]; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1946-Mk;
Mz;L Vh; ,e;j pah vd;W ngah; khw;wg;gl;L>
fly;t opg; Nghf;F tuj;J gpd;dh; 1953-,y; thd;top Nghf;Ftuj;J
Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j pahtpd; flw;fiuapd; nkhj;j
ePsk; 7516 fp.kP. Mfk; ,jpy; 13 nghpa ,e;j pad; Vh;iyd;]; cs;ehl;L
JiwKfq;fSk; 187 eLj;j u kw;Wk; rpwpa Nghf;Ftuj;j pw;Fk; Vh; ,e;j pah ntspehl;L
JiwKfq;fSk; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ. Nghf;Ftuj;j pw;Fk; Vw;gLj;j g;gl;lJ.
,j;JiwKfq;fspd; topahf 95 rjtPj ,t;tpuz;Lk; thd;top epWtdq;fs; kl;LNk
ntspehl;L tzpfk; eilngWfpwJ. nghpa ,e;j pa thd;topr; Nritia 1986-Mk;
JiwKfq;fs; midj;Jk; kj;j pa murpd; Mz;L tiu Nkw;nfhz;L te;j d. gpd;dh;
fl;Lg;ghl;bys;s JiwKf nghWg;Gf; jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;ifapdhy; gy
fofj;j hy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. eLj;j u jdpahh; thd; top epWtdq;fSk; ,jpy;
kw;Wk; rpwpa Jiwkfq;fs; khepy; murhy; ,ize;J nfhz;lJ.
eph;thfpf;fg;gLfpwd;wd.
2007-Mk; Mz;L ,e;j pa muR Vh;
Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;j pah kw;Wk; ,e;j pad; Vh;iyd;];
nghpa JiwKfq;fs; fz;l;yh> Kk;ig> epWtdq;fis xd;wpizj;J Ne\dy;
[t`h;yhy; NeU> kh;kNfhth> GJ kq;f@h; VgpNa\d; fhh;g;gNu\d; Mg; ,e;j pah
kw;Wk; nfhr;rp MfpadthFk;. Fpof;F ypkpnll; vd;w ngahpy; cUthdJ. ,e;j pa
flw;fiuapy; mike;Js;s nghpa tpkhd epiya nghWg;G Mizak; (Airport
JiwKfq;fs; J}j;Jf;F b> nrd;id> Authority of Inida) 1995-,y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
vz;Z}h;> tprhfg;gl;bdk;> gpujPg;> `hy;j pah
kw;Wk; nfhy;fj;j h Mfpait. jfty; njhlh;G
,e;j pa fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopypy; mQ;r y; Nrit:
Mrpahtpy; ,uz;lhk; ,lj;j pYk;> cyfpy; 16 -
MtJ ,lj;ijAk; ngWfpwJ. ,e;j pahtpy; ,e;j pa mQ;ry; Nrit 1857 Mk;
ehd;F Kf;fpa fg;gy; fl;Lk; jsq;fs; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,d;W cyfpy;
cs;sd. kfg;nghpa tiyg;gpd;dyhf cUthfpAs;sJ.
mitahtd: thndhyp:
1. ,e;J];j hd; fg;gy;fl;Lk; jsk;- ,e;j pahtpy; 1927 Mk; Mz;L Kjy;
tprhfg;gl;bdk; thndhyp xypgug;gl;lJ. 1936 Mk; Mz;L
2. fhh;ld; hPr; njhopw;rhiy-nfhy;f;j h |mfpy ,e;j pa thndhyp| vdg; ngah; khw;w k;
3. Nkrfhd;lhf;- Kk;ig nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1957 Kjy; Mfhrthzp
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
25