Stimulus Gland Hormone Target Organ Response

1) Increased amino acid levels (blood) Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone (GH) 1) Muscle 1) Muscle build-up (anabolic)
2) Hypolipidemia (Somatotrope 2) Adipose Tissue 2) Lipolysis (catabolic)
3) Hypoglycemia cells) 3) Cells in General 3) Hyperglycemia
4) 4) Cartilage build-up
*Controlled by GHRH/GHIH Cartilage/Bone (anabolic) 5) Growth
(Somatostatin) of long bone

1) High levels of estrogen (blood) Anterior Pituitary Prolactin (PRL) Breasts Milk synthesis
2) Breast feeding (Lactotrope (Lactiferous glands)
3) Birth control pills cells)
4) Opiates
*Controlled by PRH/PIH

Tropic Hormones (Release controlled by negative feedback - also called feedback inhibition)
1) Low body temperature Anterior Pituitary Thyroid Stimulating Thyroid Stimulation of the Thyroid Gland
2) Pregnancy (Thyrotrope cells) Hormone (TSH) to release:
*Controlled by Thyrotropin Releasing 1) Thyroxin (T4)
Hormone (TRH)/TIH 2) Triiodothyronine (T3)

1) Long-term stress Anterior Pituitary Adrenocorticotropic Adrenal Gland Stimulation of the Adrenal Gland
2) Fever (Corticotrope cells) Hormone (ACTH) 1) Zona glomerulosa (cortex) to release:
3) Hypoglycemia 2) Zona 1) aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
*Controlled by Corticotropin Releasing fasiculata (MAIN) 2) cortisol (glucocorticoid -
Hormone (CRH)/CIH 3) Zona reticularis MAIN) 3) testosterone
(gonadocorticoid; androgen)
Negative Feedback Controls
(Circulating levels of sex hormones)
*Controlled by Gonadotropin
Releasing Hormone (GnRH)/GnIH
Stimulus
Stimulation of the Supraoptic Nucleus:
1)
Dehydration
2) Low plasma volume/BP
Stimulation of the Paraventricular
Nucleus:
1) Breast feeding
2) Labor
Absence of light (input from the visual
pathways)
Activation of the renin-angiotensin
pathway by lowered blood
pressure/blood volume, elevated K ion
and lowered Na ion blood levels, and
ACTH release (minor influence)
Anterior Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Gonads: Stimulation of the Gonads to
(Gonadotrope cells) Hormone (FSH) Ovaries (female) release:
Luteinizing Testes 1) estrogen/progesterone
Hormone (LH)* (male) (female)
*Interstitial cell- 2) testosterone (male)
stimulating hormone FSH: Sperm and egg
(ICSH) production
LH: maturation of egg and
ovulation (female); testosterone
production (male)
Gland Hormone Target Organ Response
Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic Hormone Kidneys (Collecting 1) Water reabsorption
(ADH) tubules) 2) Concentrated urine
3) Decreased urine output
Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin 1) Breasts (Myoepithelial 1) "Milk letdown"
cells) 2) Contraction of uterus
2) Myometrium of uterus
Pineal gland Melatonin Suprachiasmatic nucleus Influences the setting of day/night
(pinealocytes) of the hypothalamus cycles influencing physiological
process such as sleep, appetite,
body temperature and
hypothalamic activity in general
Adrenal gland cortex Aldosterone - Kidneys (Distal 1) Increased blood levels of Na
(zona "Mineralocorticoid" convoluted tubules) ions and increased excretion of K
glomerulasa) ions
2) Water reabsorption
accompanies Na reabsorption
causing increased blood volume
and blood pressure
Stimulated by ACTH Adrenal gland cortex Cortisol 1) Body cells and tissues 1) promotes gluconeogenesis and
(zona fasiculata) (Hydrocortisone) - 2) Adipose hyperglycemia
"Glucocorticoid" tissue 3) 2) moblizes fat for energy
Muscles metabolism
3) stimulates protein
catabolism
4) depresses the inflammatory
and immune response

Stimulated by ACTH Adrenal gland cortex Androgens Sex organs May be responsible for female
(zona reticularis) (Testosterone) - libido and source of estrogen after
"Gonadocorticoid" menopause
Stimulus Gland Hormone Target Organ Response
1) Short term stress ("Fight or flight Adrenal gland Epinephrine Organs/tissues around the Activation of sympathetic nervous
response') medulla (Adrenalin) body system target organs
2) Extreme emotion (chromaffin cells)

Stimulated by TSH (anterior pituitary)
Thyroid glands Thyroxine (Thyroid Body cells (Exceptions: 1) Major effects throughout the
(follicle cells) Hormone or T4) brain, spleen, testes, body - affects practically all body
uterus, thyroid gland itself) systems (see text)
2) Increases cellular metabolic
rate

Same as thyroxine stimuli
Thyroid glands Triiodothyronine (T3) Body cells (Exceptions: 1) Major effects throughout the
(follicle cells) brain, spleen, testes, body - affects practically all body
uterus, thyroid gland itself) systems (see text)
2) Increases cellular metabolic
rate

Hypercalcemia Thyroid glands Calcitonin 1) Skeletal system/bones 1) Building up of bone

(parafollicular or C (Thyrocalcitonin) 2) Kidneys 2) Antagonistic effect to
cells) 3) Small parathyroid hormone
intestine 3) Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia Parathyroid glands Parathyroid Hormone 1) Skeletal system/bones 1) Bone resorption
(PTH) 2) Kidneys 2) Decreased urinary excretion of
3) Small calcium
intestine 3) Increased
gastrointestinal absorption of
calcium (vitamin D) 4)
Hypercalcemia

Hypoglycemia Pancreas (a cells) - Glucagon Liver 1) Hyperglycemia

Islets of Langerhans 2) Glycogenolysis (breakdown of
glycogen)
3) Gluconeogenesis (formation of
glucose from lactic acid, glycerol,
and amino acids)

Stimulus Gland Hormone Target Organ Response

Hyperglycemia Pancreas (a cells) - Insulin 1) Liver 1) Hypoglycemia (stimulates
Islets of Langerhans 2) Body tissues glucose uptake from the blood)
2)
Stimulates glucose uptake from
the blood

Secreted in response to food Stomach Gastrin Stomach Stimulates glands to release HCl
Secreted in response to food, Duodenum Intestinal gastrin Stomach Stimulates HCl secretion and
especially fats gastrointestinal tract motility
Secreted in response to food Duodenum Secretin Stomach and Pancreas Stomach: inhibits secretory
activity
Pancreas and liver: stimulates
release of bicarbonate-rich juice
Secreted in response to food
Secreted in response to glucose in
intestinal lumen
Duodenum Cholecystokinin (CCK) Pancreas, Gallbladder Pancreas: stimulates release of
and Hepatopancreatic enzyme-rich juice
sphincter Gallbladder: stimulates
expulsion of stored bile
Hepatopancreatic
sphinter: causes sphincter to
relax, allowing bile and pancreatic
juice to enter duodenum
Ducodenum and Incretins Pancreas Enhances insulin release and
other gut regions [glucose-dependent inhibits glucagon release caused
insulinotropic peptide by increased blood glucose
(GIP) and glucose-like
peptide (GLP-1)]
Comments
Hyposecretion:
Pituitary dwarfism
Hypersecretion:
Gigantism
Acromegaly

Hyposecretion:
Poor milk production

Hypersecretion:
Galactorrhea
Cessation of menses
Impotence in men
Hyposecretion:
Cretinism
Myxedema
Hypersecretion:
Hyperthyroidism
(similar to Graves'
disease) Exopthalmos

Hyposecretion: N/A

Hypersecretion:
Cushings symptoms
Hyposecretion:
Failure to mature sexually

Hypersecretion:
N/A

Comments
Hyposecretion:
Diabetes insipidus

Hypersecretion:
Retention of fluid (SIADH)
Hyposecretion:
N/A

Hypersecretion:
N/A

Hyposecretion:
Addison's disease

Potassium retention (blood)

Hypersecretion:
Hypertension
Sodium retention
(blood)
Potassium excretion (urine)
Hyposecretion:
Addison's disease

Hypersecretion:
Cushings disease

Comments

Hyposecretion:
numerous effects (text)

Hypersecretion:
numerous effects (text)

Hyposecretion:
numerous effects (text)

Hypersecretion:
numerous effects (text)

Therapy for Paget's disease

Hyposecretion:
tetany
Hyperparathyroidsim
Weakness of
bones
Weakness of muscles
Kidney stones

Comments
Hyposecretion:
diabetes mellitus
Hypersecretion:
hyperinsulinism
(severe hypoglycemia)