HORMONES

S.no. hormones Major physiological roles

• HYPOTHALAMUS
1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH FSH and LH secretion
2. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH TSH secretion
3. Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH ACTH secretion
4. Dopamine DA b Prolactin secretion
5. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone MIF f MSH secretion
(MSH) release inhibiting factor u
6. Somatostatin SST i GH secretion
7. Growth hormone-releasing hormone GHRH u GH secretion
i
• PITUITARY GLAND
➢ Anterior lobe (pars distalis)
1. Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH Female: ovarian follicle growth; estradiol
(follitropin) synthesis
Male: spermatogenesis
2. Luteinizing hormone (lutropin) LH Female: ovulation; ovarian estradiol and
progesterone synthesis
Male: testicular androgen synthesis

3. Prolactin PRL Milk synthesis; corpus luteum

progesterone synthesis in some species
4. Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating TSH Thyroid hormone (T4 and T3) synthesis
hormone) and secretion
5. Adrenocorticotropin (adrenal cortical ACTH Adrenal steroidogenesis
stimulating hormone)
6. Growth Hormone GH Hepatic somatomedin (IGF-I, II)
biosynthesis

➢ Posterior lobe (pars nervosa)

1. Oxytocin OT Milk secretion; uterine contraction
2. Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin) AVP Renal water absorption; vasoconstriction
(antidiuretic hormone) ADH
3. Melanin-concentrating hormone MCH Melanosome aggregation; melanosome
dispersion

➢ Intermediate lobe (pars intermedia)

1. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone MSH Integumental melanogenesis;
melanosome dispersion

• THYROID
1. Thyroxine T4 Growth; differentiation; calorigenesis (
metabolic rate and oxygen consumption)
2. Triiodothyronine T3 Growth; differentiation; calorigenesis (
metabolic rate and oxygen consumption)
• ADRENAL STEROIDOGENIC
TISSUE (ADRENAL CORTEX)
1. Cortisol Carbohydrate metabolism; sympathetic
function
2. Corticosterone Carbohydrate metabolism; sympathetic
function
3. Aldosterone Sodium retention

• ADRENAL CHROMAFFIN TISSUE

(ADRENAL MEDULLA)
1. Epinephrine E Multiple and effects on nerves,
muscles, cellular secretions and
metabolism
2. Norepinephrine NE Generally same physiological roles as
epinephrine

• OVARY (PRELUTEAL FOLLICLE)

1. Estradiol E2 Female sexual development and
behaviour

• OVARY (CORPUS LUTEUM)

1. Progesterone Uterine and mammary gland growth;
maternal behaviour
2. Relaxin Relaxation of pubic symphysis and
dilation of the uterine cervix

• PLACENTA
1. Chorionic gonadotropin CG Corpus luteum progesterone synthesis
(choriogonadotropin)
2. Placental lactogen PL Possibly fetal growth and development,
mammary gland development in the
mother

• TESTES (LEYDIG CELLS)

1. Testosterone Male sexual development and behaviour

• TESTES (SERTOLI CELLS)

1. Inhibin Pituitary FSH
2. Anti-Millerian hormone AMH Millerian duct regression (atrophy)

• PINEAL (EPIPHYSIS) Gonadal development (anti-gonadotropic

action)
1. Melatonin

• THYMUS GLAND
1. Thymic hormones Proliferation and differentiation of
lymphocytes

• PANCREATIC ISLETS
1. Insulin Blood glucose; protein, glycogen, and
fat synthesis
2. Glucagon Blood glucose; gluconeogenesis;
glycogenolysis
3. Somatostatin SST Secretion of other pancreatic islet
hormones
4. Pancreatic polypeptide PP Secretion of other pancreatic islet
hormones

• GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT

1. Gastrin HCL secretion
2. Secretin Pancreatic acinar cell fluid (bicarbonate)
secretion
3. Cholecystokinin CCK Pancreatic acinar cell enzyme secretion;
gall bladder contraction
4. Gastric inhibitory peptide GIP Gastric acid (HCL) secretion,
Insulin secretion
5. Vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP Intestinal secretion of electrolytes;
smooth muscle relaxation
6. Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1 Insulin secretion
7. Motilin Gastric acid secretion; villous motility
8. Neurotensin NT Enteric neurotransmitter
9. Substance-P SP Enteric neurotransmitter
10. Gastrin-releasing peptide GRP Gastrin secretion; gastric acid secretion

• PARATHYROID GLAND
1. Parahormone PTH Blood calcium (Ca2+)
Blood phosphate (PO4-3+)

• THYROID PARAFOLLICULAR
CELLS (ULTIMOBRANCHIAL
GLANDS)
1. Calcitonin CT Blood Ca2+
2. Skin, liver, kidney vitamin D3 Blood Ca2+; intestinal Ca2+ absorption,
renal Ca2+ reabsorption

• PLASMA ANGIOTENSINOGEN
1. Angiotensin II AII Vasoconstriction; aldosterone secretion;
thirst (dipsogenic behaviour)

• KIDNEY
1. Erythropoietin EP Erythropoiesis

• MOST ALL TISSUES

1. Prostaglandins (PGs) PGE2 Second messenger formation
PGF2a Second messenger formation
2. Prostacyclins PGI2 Second messenger formation
3. Thromboxanes TXA2 Second messenger formation
4. Leukotrienes LTE4 Second messenger formation

• VARIOUS TISSUES
1. Epidermal growth factor EGF Epithelial cell proliferation
2. Fibroblast growth factor FGF Fibroblast proliferation
3. Nerve growth factor NGF Neurite development
4. Somatomedins IGF-I, Cellular growth and proliferation
II
5. Endorphins (e.g., enkephalins) Opiate-like activity

• HEART
Atrial natriuretic factor (atriopeptin) ANF Renal salt and water diuresis