Magnetic Susceptibility Measurement

Using Quincke’s Tube

BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus Dr. V. Satya Narayana Murthy
Basic definitions

Magnetic field, H – Oe or A/m

Magnetic flux,  - Maxwell or Weber

Magnetic induction, B – G or T

Magnetization, M = moment/volume – emu /cm3 or A/m

Susceptibility,  = dM/dH – dimension less

Permeability,  = dB/dH – dimension less or H/m

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Types of magnetic materials

Diamagnetic materials
 Is small and –ve and r < 1
Ex: Cu, Ag, Au, etc.

Paramagnetic materials Paramagnetic Antiferromagnetic

 Is small and +ve and r > 1

Ex: O, Na, Mg, Al, etc.

Antiferromagnetic materials
 Is small and +ve and r > 1
Ex: Cr
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Ferromagnetic materials
 and r are very high
Ex: Fe, Ni, Co, Ga
Ferromagnetic Ferrimagnetic
Ferrimagnetic materials
 and r are very high
Ex: Fe3O4 (magnetite), YIG (yttrium garnet)

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Lanthanides

Actinides

http://www.piping-designer.com/

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Generating magnetic fields

Bar magnet Ampere’s law

Magnetic moment =  = Pl = iA
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Origin of magnetism

Total magnetic moment

  l   s  g B J  J  1

J = L+S, for more than half full

J = L-S, less than half full

Orbital magnetic moment Spin magnetic moment Lande g - factor

J ( J  1)  S ( S  1)  L( L  1)
g  1
2 J ( J  1)

Only unpaired electrons contribute to the total magnetic moment of the atom
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 B = 0 (H + M)

 = (/0) - 1

Energy density in a magnetic field = Ū =

B2/2 = H2/2

Increase in the magnetic potential

energy of the system = U =
1 2
2

H   0  r 2 h 
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 1 2
U 
2

H   0  r 2 h 
U 1 2
 The magnetic force on the liquid = Fm =
h
 H   0  r 2
2
 
The liquid attains equilibrium at Fm = Fg + Fb

Gravitational force on the liquid Bounce force

r2hg r2h0g

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 2 gh   0 
1 
0 0 H 2

2 gh   0  2 gh0    0 
  volume  
0 H 2 B2
 volume
Mass magnetic susceptibility,  mass 


 volume
Molar magnetic susceptibility,  molar  m mass  m


BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Indosaw
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus