Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a) Clipping means to cut off the beginning or the end of the word. It
may mean cutting from both ends, leaving a part to stand for the
whole.
phone photo psycho trigo chem.
b) Blending is formed by fusing or putting two words together. Usually
the first part of one word is blended or fused with the last part of
another. The blended word then gets its meaning from the two
words put together.
Eurasian Philhealth cosmonaut smog telecast
c) Compounding uses two or three words put together to make a full
form. Most often the meaning of the word is different from its parts.
Sometimes it is the meaning of the two words put together.
tightwad blackout first aid runner-up trigger-happy
VOCABULARY
d) Acronymy is the use of initial letter or syllables of several words in succession.
UNESCO AWOL scuba radar
e) Reduplication- full or partial repetition of a free morpheme; sometimes with variation
full with variation
so-so zigzag
bye-bye dilly-dally
hotch potch
hodge podge
In Filipino
Bili (BUY) – bibili (WILL BUY)
Kain (to eat) – Kakain (WILL EAT)
Pasok (to go) – papasok (WILL GO)
f) Coining (Coinage): Creating a completely new free morpheme, which is unrelated to any
existing morphemes; a rare thing
Googol pooch Nylon
g) Folk or Popular Etymology results from changing a word in part or in whole to make it more
like a familiar word.
belfry isle bachelor barbeque caesarian
VOCABULARY
3. Context Clues. The meaning of a word may be determined by its
environment – the words that surround it, either coming before or after it in the
sentence of in the paragraph.
a) Definition is considered the simplest and most obvious way by which the
meaning of a word is revealed. The be verb is used to equate the term to
be defined to the familiar word in the sentence.
Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
BASED ON EMPHASIS:
g) Hyperbole – the use of excessive exaggeration for effect
Waves mountain high broke over the reef.
I think of you every minute of the day.
h) Litotes – makes a deliberate understatement used to affirm by negating
its opposite
Regine Velasquez is not a bad singer.
Edgar Allan Poe is no mean writer.
i) Meiosis is a positive understatement intended to suggest a strong
affirmative.
I am a bit worried because I am falling in almost all of my subjects.
We were a little disappointed to learn that the guest of honor could
not come.
j) Repetition is repeating words, phrases, or whole construction in order to
intensify feeling or meaning.
Never give in. Never give in. Never, never, never, never yield to
force.- Winston Churchill
VOCABULARY
5. Figures of Speech. These forms of expressions are used to convey meaning or heighten effect, often by comparing or
identifying one thing with another that has meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener.
BASED ON PARALLELISM/CONTRAST
k) Irony is the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning.
You’re so beautiful; you look like a Christmas tree!
You gave ma a good plan. Its only problem is that it can never be
done.”
l) Antithesis – a contrast of words or ideas
She looks like an innocent flower but watch out for the serpent under
it.
m) Oxymoron – the combining of contraries to portray a particular image or
to produce a striking effect
Parting is such sweet sorrow.
He is an honest liar.
VOCABULARY
5. Figures of Speech. These forms of expressions are used to convey meaning or heighten effect, often by comparing or
identifying one thing with another that has meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener.
BASED ON PARALLELISM/CONTRAST
BASED ON SUBSTITUTION:
p) Metonymy – substitutes a word that closely relates to a person or thing
Have you no respect for gray hairs?
The “pen and plume” can be used to represent a writer.
q) Periphrasis is the substitution of a descriptive phrase for a name or vice-
versa
The sleeping giant has broken ties with its neighbors.
r) Synecdoche – uses a part to represent the whole
Give us this day our daily bread.
Life is so hard when you have eight hungry stomachs to feed.
Ten brilliant minds instead of ten intelligent people
VOCABULARY
5. Figures of Speech. These forms of expressions are used to convey meaning or heighten effect, often by comparing or
identifying one thing with another that has meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener.
A. Verb Errors
• 1. Verb Tense. Check if the correct verb tense has been used in
the sentence.
When I came home, the children still didn’t finish dinner.
When I came home, the children still hadn’t finished dinner.
• In reported speech, check that the rule of sequence of tenses has
been observed.
She promised she will come.
She promised she would come.
• 2.Tense Formation. Know the past participle of irregular verbs.
He throwed it out the window.
He threw it out the window.
• 3. Subject-Verb Agreement. Check if the verb agrees with the
subject in number.
There is many reasons why I can’t help you.
There are many reasons why I can’t help you.
VERB TENSE
Present: I dance.
Past: I danced.
Future: I will dance.
Present Progressive: I am dancing.
Past Progressive: I was dancing all afternoon yesterday.
Future Progressive: I will be dancing next week.
Present Perfect: I have danced.
Past Perfect: I had danced before I sang.
Future Perfect: I will have danced before I sing.
Present Perfect Progressive: I have been dancing since then.
Past Perfect Progressive: I had been dancing when the bomb exploded.
Future Perfect Progressive: I will have been dancing when the party ends.
Subject - Verb Agreement Rules
A. Verb Errors
• 4. Conditional Sentences. The word if will NEVER be followed by the
words will or would.
• If I would have known, I wouldn’t have gone.
• If I had known, I wouldn’t have gone.
• 5. Expressions of Desire. Unfulfilled desires are expressed by the form “
had hoped that ________ would (or could, or might) do ________.”
• I wish I heard that story about him before I met him.
• I wish I had heard (or could have heard or would have heard) that
story about him before I met him.
• 6.Verbs Followed by Verb Words. A verb word is the infinitive without the
to.
• She ignored the doctor’s recommendation that she stops smoking.
• She ignored the doctor’s recommendation that she stop smoking.
GRAMMAR
A. Verb Errors
• 7.Tag Endings. Check for three things in tag endings: a) Does the ending
use the same person as the sentence verb? b) Does the ending use the
same tense as the sentence verb? c) If the sentence verb is positive, is the
ending negative; if the sentence verb is negative, is the ending positive?
• She’s been there before, isn’t she?
She’s been there before, hasn’t she?
• 8. Negative Imperatives. There are two forms for negative imperatives.
• Would you please don’t smoke here.
• Please don’t smoke here. orWould you please not smoke here.
• 9. Affirmative and Negative Agreement of Verbs. There are two correct
forms for both the affirmative and negative agreements.
• I haven’t seen the film and hasn’t either.
• I haven’t seen the film and she hasn’t either.
• or I haven’t seen the film and neither has she.
GRAMMAR
A. Verb Errors
• 10. Infinitives of Gerunds in the Complement of Verbs. Some verbs may be followed by
either an infinitive or a gerund. Others may require either one or the other for idiomatic
reasons.
• I intend learning French next semester.
• I intend to learn French next semester.
• 11.Verbs Requiring How in the Complement. The verbs KNOW, TEACH, LEARN, and
SHOW require the word how before an infinitive in the complement.
• She knows to drive. She knows how to drive.
• 12. Idiomatic Verbs Expressions. There are a few commonly used idiomatic verb
expressions.
– a.must have (done) – it is a logical conclusion
• They’re late. They must have missed the bus.
– b.had better (do) – it is advisable
• It’s getting cold. You had better take your coat.
– c.used to (do) – was in the habit of doing in the past
• I used to smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, but I stopped.
– d.to be used to – to be accustomed to
• The noise doesn’t bother me; I’m used to studying with the radio on.
– e.make someone do – force someone to do
• My mother made me take my little sister with me to the movies.
– f.would rather – would prefer
• I would rather you didn’t speak to her.
GRAMMAR
B. Pronoun Errors
1. Pronoun Subject-Object. Check if a pronoun is the
SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a verb or preposition.
All of us – Fred, Jane, Alice, and me – were late.
All of us – Fred, Jane, Alice, and I – were late.
2. Who and Whom. When in doubt about the correctness of
WHO/WHOM, try substituting the subject/object of a simpler
pronoun to clarify the meaning.
I don’t know who Sarah meant.
I don’t know whom Sarah meant.
3. Pronoun Subject- Verb Agreement. Check if the pronoun
and its verb agree in number.
Jessa is absent, but a few of the class is here.
Jessa is absent, but a few of the class are here.
GRAMMAR
B. Pronoun Errors
4. Possessive Pronoun Agreement. Check if possessive pronouns agree in person
and number.
If anyone calls, take their name.
If anyone calls, take his name.
5. Pronouns After the Verb To Be. TO BE is an intransitive verb and will always be
followed by a subject pronoun.
It must have been her at the door.
It must have been she at the door.
6. Position of Relative Pronouns. A relative pronoun refers to the word preceding
it. If the meaning is unclear, the pronoun is in the wrong position.
He could park right in front of the door, which was very convenient.
His being allowed to park right in front of the door was very convenient.
7. Parallelism of Impersonal Pronouns. In forms using impersonal pronouns, use
either “one… one’s/his or her” or “you… your.”
One should take your duties seriously.
One should take one’s/his or her duties seriously.
or You should take your duties seriously.
GRAMMAR
3. Comparatives. In using adjectives of one or two syllables ending in –y, add –er.
Other words of more than one syllable use more. Adverbs of one syllable add –
er; longer adverbs use more.
This exercise is harder then the last one
This exercise is harder than the last one.
GRAMMAR
A. Errors in Usage
1. Connectors. Do not mix different forms in connecting ideas.
She speaks not only Spanish but French as well.
She speaks Spanish and French.
She speaks Spanish. She also speaks French.
She speaks Spanish and French too.
She speaks not only Spanish but also French.
She speaks both Spanish and French.
She speaks Spanish as well as French.
A. Errors in Usage
A. Errors in Usage
8. ALL READY-prepared
Example: Dinner was all ready when the guests arrived.
ALREADY -by this time
Example: The turkey was already burned when the guests arrived.
9. ALTERNATE- means every other one in a series or a substitute
Example: When the experiment failed, they tried the alternate method.
ALTERNATIVE- one of the two possibilities
Example: She always reminds everyone that failing is not an alternative to passing.
10. ALTOGETHER -entirely
Example: Altogether, I thought that the student's presentation was well-planned.
ALL TOGETHER -gathered, with everything in one place
Example: We were all together at the family reunion last spring.
11. AMONG - a preposition that implies three or more.
Example: The dog sat down among the tulips.
BETWEEN -is generally used with two.
Example: Please sit between your mom and me.
GRAMMAR
20. BRING- means ‘to carry from a distant place to a nearer one’
Example: Bring those books here, please.
TAKE- means to carry from a nearer place to a more distant one
Example: Take these forms to the principal’s office.
21. CANVAS- a kind of cloth
Example: The actors need a canvas for their stage play.
CANVASS- a survey of opinions
Example: He canvassed the whole studentry re RH Bill.
22. CAPITAL-seat of government. It also financial resources.
Examples: The capital of Virginia is Richmond.
The firm had enough capital to build the new plant.
CAPITOL-the actual building in which the legislative body meets
Example: The governor announced his resignation in a speech given at the capitol today.
23. CITE-to quote or document
Example: I cited ten quotes from the same author in my paper.
SIGHT-vision
Example: The sight of the American flag arouses different emotions in different parts of
the world.
SITE-position or place
Example: The new office building was built on the site of a cemetery.
GRAMMAR
Words and Expressions Commonly Misused. Many words and expressions are not so
much bad English as bad style, the commonplaces of careless writing.
43. LIE-to lie down (a person or animal. hint: people can tell lies)
Example: I have a headache, so I'm going to lie down for a while.
The dog has lain in the shade all day.
Yesterday, the dog lay there for twelve hours.
LAY-to lay an object down.
Example: The town lay at the foot of the mountain.
At that point, Pappy laid the shotgun on the ground.
44. LOSE--verb, to misplace or not win
Example: Mom glared at Mikey: "If you lose that new lunchbox, don't even
think of coming home!"
LOOSE--adjective, to not be tight; verb (rarely used)--to release
Example: The burglar's pants were so loose that he was sure to lose the
race with the cop chasing him.
45. PASSED- verb, past tense of "to pass," to have moved
Example: The tornado passed through the city quickly, but it caused great damage.
PAST-belonging to a former time or place
Example: Go past the fire station and turn right.
46. PRECEDE-to come before
Example: Pre-writing precedes the rough draft of good papers.
PROCEED-to go forward
Example: He proceeded to pass back the failing grades on the exam.
GRAMMAR
Words and Expressions Commonly Misused. Many words and expressions are not so
much bad English as bad style, the commonplaces of careless writing.
51. RESPECTIVELY- in the same order as the people or things already mentioned.
Example: Lisa visited Paris and Vatican respectively.
RESPECTFULLY- means in a respectful manner
Example: She greets her teachers respectfully.
52. SET- means ‘to put something in a certain place’
Example: Set the plates on the table.
SIT- means to be seated
Example: I will sit in his placer tonight.
53. STATIONARY-standing still
Example: The accident was my fault because I ran into a stationary object.
STATIONERY-writing paper
Example: My mother bought me stationery that was on recycled paper.
54. SOME TIME- a portion of time
Example: I will need some time to make a decision.
SOMETIME- at an indefinite time in the future
Example: Let us meet sometime after 12 noon.
SOMETIMES- adverb, means occasionally
Example: Sometimes it is better to hesitate before signing a contract.
55. THAN-use with comparisons
Example: I would rather go out to eat than eat at the dining hall.
THEN-at that time, or next
Example: I studied for my exam for seven hours, and then I went to bed.
GRAMMAR
Words and Expressions Commonly Misused. Many words and expressions are not so
much bad English as bad style, the commonplaces of careless writing.
58. TO-toward
Example: I went to the University of Richmond.
TOO-also, or excessively
Example: He drank too many screwdrivers and was unable to drive home.
TWO-a number
Example: Only two students did not turn in the assignment.
59. WHO-pronoun, referring to a person or persons
Example: Jane wondered how Jack, who is so smart, could be having difficulties in Calculus.
WHICH-pronoun, replacing a singular or plural thing(s); not used to refer to persons
Example: Which section of history did you get into?
THAT-used to refer to things or a group or class of people
Example: I lost the book that I bought last week.
60. WHO-used as a subject or as a subject complement
Example: John is the man who can get the job done.
WHOM-used as an object
Example: Whom did Sarah choose as her replacement?
READING COMPREHENSION
• LITERATURE
• Literature is derived from the Latin word litera which means letter.
• It refers to any printed matter written within a book or magazine.
• It is a reproduction of man’s manifold experiences blended into one
harmonious expression.
• It relates to man’s love, griefs, dreams, and aspirations coached in a
beautiful language.
• It is a story of man.
• TYPES OF LITERATURE
• The prose
• The NOVEL is a long narrative divided into chapters. The events are taken from
the true-to-life stories and spans a long period of time.
• SHORT STORY is a narrative involving one or more chapters, one plot and one
single impression.
• PLAYS are presented on stage divided into acts and each act has many scenes.
• LEGENDS are fictions, narratives and usually about origins.
• FABLES are stories about animals and inanimate things that speak and act like
people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold
their ways and attitudes.
• ANECDOTES are products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring
out lessons to the reader.
• ESSAY expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem
or event. Best example is an editorial.
• BIOGRAPHY deals with the life of a person which may be about himself or that of
others.
LITERATURE
• TYPES OF LITERATURE
• The poetry
• Narrative
• EPIC is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often
under supernatural control.
• Examples: Biag ni Lam-ang of Ilocos, Phl
• Beowulf of England
• Iliad and Odyssey of Greece
• Ramayana and Mahabarata of India
• TALES are stories about supernatural beings.
• BALLADS are short poems, adapted for singing, simple
in plot and metrical structure.
LITERATURE
• TYPES OF LITERATURE
• The poetry
• Lyric poetry expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. It is usually short, simple and easy to
understand.
• Folksongs/Awiting Bayan are intended to be sung poems about love, despair, grief, doubt, joy,
hope and sorrow.
• Example: Chit-Chirit-Chit
• Sonnet is a 14-line poem dealing with emotions, feelings or ideas
• Example: Sonnets of Shakespeare
• Elegy is a poem for the dead.
• Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe
• Ode is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity on a certain thing/object.
• Example: Ode to the West Wind
• Psalms are songs praising God and containing a philosophy of God.
• Example: Psalm of David
• Awit is a realistic poem sung with 12 syllables per line.
• Example: Florante at Laura
• Corrido is an 8-syllable recital with element of fantasy.
• Example: Ibong Adarna
LITERATURE
• TYPES OF LITERATURE
• The poetry
• Dramatic Comedy
• Tragedy involves the hero who struggles mighty against
dynamic forces until he meets death.
• Example: Hamlet
• Comedy comes from the Greek word ‘komos’ meaning
festivity. Its purpose is to give amusement through s happy
ending.
• Melodrama arouses immediate and intense emotion and is
usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal
character.
• Force is an exaggerated comedy where the situations are too
ridiculous to be true.
LITERATURE
• Famous Works
• BEOWULF by Homer
• This is the England’s oldest epic. It is about the heroic deeds Beowulf who
helps save the Kingdom of Heorot.
• Rebirth of freedom
• American returned in 1945.
• Proliferation of newspapers such as FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN, MANILA
TIMES, PHIL. HERALD, CHRONICLE, BULLETIN
• Famous work:
• ‘Kwento ni Mabuti’ by Genoveva Edroza- her first Palanca Award
• PERIOD OF ACTIVISM
• Period of Enlightenment
• 1.Benjamin Franklin
• Wrote the Autobiography, a self-help book written to share pieces of advice to his son
• An important figure in the 1787 Convention which drafted the US Constitution
• Was President of the Anti-slavery Association
• 2.Thomas Paine – wrote the pamphlet The Common Sense in which he wrote, “The cause of
America is in great measure the cause of all mankind.”
• 3.Philip Freneau – the poet of the American Revolution
• 4.Washington Irving – wrote Legend of the Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle
• 5.James Fennimore Cooper – wrote The Leatherstocking Tales that feature the life of
frontiersman Natty Bumpo. His masterpiece is the Last of the Mohicans
• 6.Phyllis Wheatley was the second published African American poet whose writings helped
create the genre of African American literature
LITERATURE
• Chinese literature
• Chinese literature is one of the major cultural heritage of the world.
• Poetry was characterized by compactness and brevity.
• Confucius or Kung Fu-tze was the first sage of China who wanted to make education
available to all men. He was the great teacher who founded Chinese literature.
• SHIH CHING was the first anthology of Chinese poetry
• Five Books of Confucius
• YIKING (Book of Changes) – divination
• LIKING (Book of Ceremonies) – etiquette
• SHUKING (Book of Historical Documents) – political ideals and good governance.
• SHIKING (Book of Poetry) – best poems
• CHUN CHIU (Spring and Autumn) – history of Confucius’s native province.
• Teachings of Confucius
• Principles of Courage and Prudence
• Filial Duty
• Selecting friends
• Good human relations, good government, values education and self-criticism
• ANALECTS are selections or parts of literary works.
• Examples:
• I am not concerned that I am not known but I seek to be worthy to be known.
• Give man a fish and you feed him for a day, teach man to fish and you feed him for a life.
LITERATURE
• Arabic literature
• ‘A Thousand and One Night’ was a collection of stories and folk tales compiled
in Arabic.
• Example:
• Alladin, Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, Sinbad, The Sailor
• Kahlil Gibran – great poet
• Indian literature
• The oldest sacred literature found in four VEDAS (knowledge)
• Rigveda – Veda of Praise (oldest)
• Brahmanas – rituals and prayers
• Upanishads – discourses between teachers and pupils
• Puranas – history of the Aryan race
• Mahabharata Hindu epic – the longest poem in the world about the bitter quarrel
of two brothers- Pandu and Kuru
• Ramayana – defects the duties of relationship portraying ideal characters like
the ideal servant, ideal brother, ideal wife and ideal king.
• Kalidasa – poet known for Sakantula/greatest Sanskrit playwright and poets
• Rabindranath Tagore – best known of all writers in India
LITERATURE
• Hebrew literature
• Bible- book of all books with 39 Old Testament books and 27 New
Testaments. This is a literature that provokes another literature.
• Japanese Literature
• NOH DRAMA – a dramatic dance with lyrical poetic texts and masked
actors.
• HAIKU – a 7-syllable poetic form usually about nature.
• WAKA – a 31-syllable classical poetry
• KABUKI
• KOJOKI (Record of Ancient Matters) earliest surviving work in Japan.
LITERATURE
• FICTIONISTS
• Zoilo M. Galang
• Paz Marquez Benitez
• Tarcila Malabanan Katigbak
• Arturo B. Rotor
• Amador T. Daguio
• Paz Latorena
• Loreto Paras Sulit
• Sinai Hamada
LITERATURE
• ESSAYISTS
• Zoilo M. Galang
• Francisco Benitez
• Jorge Bocobo
• Amador Daguio
• Fernando Ma. Guerrero
• I.V. Mallari
• Claro M. Recto
• Carlos P. Romulo
• Camilo Osias
LITERATURE
• continued influence of romanticism and later realism from the United States
• literary organizations were formed, e.g. Philippine Book Guild (1936), Philippine
Writers’ League (1939), The Veronicans
• the Philippine Commonwealth Government was established on July 4, 1935
• writers began to explore the idea of searching for a national identity
• S.P. Lopez and J.G. Villa clashed over the social function of art and art for art’s
sake function of art
• the short story flourished
• journalistic writing and literary criticism emerged
• the first Commonwealth Literary Awards were given in 1940
• Philippine Independence was proclaimed on July 4, 1946
• the 1950’s were a time of political unrest – the gov’t vs. the Hukbalahap
• Philippine literature in English greatly improved
LITERATURE
• Fatima Lim
• Merlinda Bobis
• Alfredo Navarra Salanga
• Gemino Abad
• Benilda Santos
• Ophelia Dimalanta
• Ma. Luisa Igloria
• Danton Remoto
• Paulino Lim, Jr.
• Cristina Pantoja Hidalgo
• Jessica Zafra
• Isagani R. Cruz
• Alfred Yuson
• Charlson Ong
• Arlene Chai
• Cristina Manguerra Brainard
• Rosario Cruz Lucero
• Connie Jan Maraan
LITERATURE
ENGLISH LITERATURE
The Renaissance
Poets took up more secular views and writers wrote in praise of peace, of springtime, and of heavenly and earthly love. The sonnet, a
14-line iambic pentameter poem, became the most favorite poetic form.
Humanism was the predominant philosophical thought in 16th century England
FRANCIS BACON
He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or
mischief.
Of Marriage and Single Life
JOHN BUNYAN
Christian writer and preacher famous for his Christian allegory Pilgrim’s Progress
JOHN MILTON
Famous for his epic poem Paradise Lost and its sequel Paradise Regained.
On His Blindness
John Milton
When I consider how my light is spent a
Ere half my days in this dark world and wide, b
And that one talent which is death to hide, b
Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent a
To serve therewith my Maker, and present a
My true account, lest He returning chide, b
'Doth God exact day labor, light denied?‘ b
I fondly ask. But Patience to prevent a
That murmur soon replies, 'God doth not need c
Either man's work or his own gifts. Who best d
Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state e
Is kingly: thousands at his bidding speed, c
And post o'er land and ocean without rest; d
They also serve who only stand and wait.' e
LITERATURE
ENGLISH LITERATURE
The 18th Century
ALEXANDER POPE
MARY SHELLEY
Romantic Movement
WILLIAM BLAKE
The Sick Rose
ROSE, thou art sick!
The invisible worm,
That flies in the night,
In the howling storm,
William Wordsworth (1770-1850), British poet, credited with ushering in the English Romantic Movement with
the publication of Lyrical Ballads (1798) in collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
LITERATURE
ENGLISH LITERATURE
JOHN KEATS
A thing of beauty is a joy forever:
Its loveliness increases; it will never
Pass into nothingness;
LITERARY TERMS
ALLEGORY is a story or tale with two or more levels of meaning-literary level
one or more symbolic levels
ANECDOTE is a brief story about an interesting, amusing, or strange event
ANTAGONIST is a character or force in conflict with a main character.
BALLAD is a songlike poem that tells a story
CHARACTER is a person or animal who takes part in the action of a literary
work.
CHARACTERIZATION is the act of creating and developing a character
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER refers to the way that events follow each other
as they happen in time.
CONFLICT is a struggle between opposing forces.
CONNOTATION refers to the emotions and associations that a particular
word or phrase brings forth.
DENOTATION is the literal or dictionary definition of a word.
DRAMA is a story written to be performed by actors
ELEGY is a solemn and formal lyric poem about death
LITERATURE
LITERARY TERMS
EPIGRAM is a brief, pointed statement, in prose or in verse, often characterized by
use of some rhetorical device or figure of speech.
FANTASY is a form of writing that is highly imaginative
FICTION is writing in which characters, plots, and settings are invented by the writer.
FLASHBACK is a section of literary work that interrupts the chronological presentation
of events to relate an event from an earlier.
FORESHADOWING is a writer’s use of hints and clues to indicate action that will
occur later in the narrative. It creates suspense and makes the reader eager to
find out what is going to happen next.
FREE VERSE is poetry that lacks a regular rhythmical pattern or meter
HERO/HEROINE is a character whose actions are inspiring or noble.
An IMAGE is a word or phrase that appeals to one or more of the five senses-sight,
sound, hearing, touch, taste, or smell.
IMAGERY is the descriptive or figurative language used in literature to create word
pictures for the reader.
INFERENCE is a reasonable conclusion drawn from clues provided by the writer.
LYRIC POEM is a melodic poem that expresses the observations and feelings of a
single speaker.
LITERATURE
LITERARY TERMS
METER is the rhythmical pattern of a poem
MOTIVATION is a reason that explains a character’s thoughts, feelings, actions or speech
NARRATIVE is a story in fiction, nonfiction, poetry or drama.
NARRATIVE POETRY tells a story.
NONFICTION is prose writing about real people, real places, real happenings.
PARODY is a humorous imitation of a literary work, one that exaggerates or distorts the
characteristic features of the original.
PLOT is the sequence of events in the story.
POINT OF VIEW is the perspective from which a story is told.
PROTAGONIST is the main character in a literary work.
REFRAIN is the repetition of a word, phrase, or line in a poem.
RHYME is a poetic technique that repeats syllable sounds at the end of the lines in a poetry
stanza.
SETTING is the time and place of the action of a story.
SATIRE is writing that ridicules or criticizes individuals, ideas, institutions, or other works of art
or literature.
SURPRISE ENDING is a conclusion that violates the expectations of the reader.
SUSPENSE is the excitement a reader feels about the outcome, or solution to the problem the
writer has posed.
TONE is the attitude the writer takes toward a subject.