CHAPTER 11 MACLAURIN

SERIES

Focus on Exam 11
1 Let f (x) = e x sin x
⇒ f(0) = e0
=1
f ′(x) = (x cos x + sin x) e x sin x
   = (x cos x + sin x) f(x)
⇒ f ′(0) =  (0 cos 0 + sin 0)(1)
 = 0
f ″(x) = (x cos x + sin x) f ′(x) + f (x)(-x sin x + cos x + cos x)
   = (x cos x + sin x) f ′(x) + f (x)(-x sin x + 2 cos x)
⇒ f ″(x) = 0 + 1(2)
=2
Hence, f (x) = 1 + f (0)x + f ′(0) x + 
2

2!
2x2
e x sin x
=1+ +G
2
= 1 + x2 + G   [Shown]
2 y = ln (cos x)
dy –sin x
= = -tan x
dx cos x
d 2y
= -sec2 x = -(1 + tan2 x)
dx2
d 3y
= -2 tan x(sec2 x)
dx3
= -2(-tan x)(-sec2 x)

dy d 2y
dx dx2
 
dy d 2y
= -2    2    [Shown]
dx dx
dy
4
dy d 3y d 2y d 2y
4 = -2    3 + 2 -2 2
dx dx dx dx dx 1 2
2 2
dy d y3
dy
= -2   3 - 2 2
dx dx dx 1 2
© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

Chap-11-FWS.indd 1 10/8/2012 11:04:54 AM

 2 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

When x = 0,
y = ln (cos 0)
= ln 1
=0
When x = 0,
dy
= - tan 0
dx
=0
When x = 0,
d2y
= -(1 + tan2 0)
dx2
= -1
When x = 0,
d 3y dy d 2y
= -2  
dx3 dx dx2
= -2(0)(-1)
=0
When x = 0,
2
d4y dy d 3y d 2y

dx4
= -2   
dx dx3
- 2
dx2 1 2
= -2(0)(0) - 2(-1)2
= -2

Hence, ln (cos x) = f (0) + f ′(0)x + f ″(0) x + f ′″(0) x + f IV x + G

2 3 4

2! 3! 4!

1 2
= 0 + 0x - x + 0x3 - 2 x + G
2 4

2 24
= - x - x + G
2 4

2 12
3 y = 1 + sin x
2
…
dy
2y  = cos x …
dx
d 2y dy dy
2y  2 +  2  = - sin x
dx dx dx
d 2y dy 2
2y 
dx 2
+2 1 2
dx
= 1 - y2

d 2y dy 2
2y  2 + 2
dx dx 1 2
+ y2 - 1 = 0 …  [Shown]

d 3y d 2y dy dy d 2y dy
2y  3 + 2  2 + 4
dx dx dx dx dx2 1 21 2
+ 2y  = 0
dx
d 3y dy d 2y dy d 2y dy
y  3 +   2 + 2
dx dx dx dx dx2 1 21 2
+ y  = 0
dx
d 3y dy d 2y dy
y  3 + 3
dx 1 21 2
dx dx2
+ y  = 0   … 
dx

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

Chap-11-FWS.indd 2 10/8/2012 11:04:54 AM

 Fully Worked Solution 3

When x = 0,
y = 1 + sin 0
=1
When x = 0,
dy
2(1)  = cos 0
dx
dy = 1
dx 2
When x = 0,
2
d 2y
2(1)  2 + 2
dx 12
1
2
+ 12 - 1 = 0
d 2y 1
= - 
dx2 4
When x = 0,
d 3y
(1)  3 + 3
dx 1 21 2
1 1 1
-  + (1)  = 0
2 4 2
dy3
1
= - 
dx 3
8

Hence, 1 + sin x = f (0) + f ′(0)x + f ″(0) x + f ′″(0) x + G

2 3

2! 3!
1 1 x2 1 x3
= 1 +  x -
2 4 2!1 2
-  
8 3!1 2
+G

x x2 x3
=1+ - - +G
2 8 48
4 y = cos x
y 2 = cos x
dy
2y  = -sin x
dx
d 2y dy dy
2y  2 +  2  = - cos x
dx dx dx
d 2y dy 2
y  2 +
dx 1 2
dx
1
= -   cos x
2
2
dy
d 2y
y  2 +
dx 1 2
dx
1
= -   y2
2
2
dy2
dy
y  2 +
dx 1 2
dx
+ 1 y2 = 0   [Shown]
2
d y d y dy dy d 2y 1 dy
 
3 2
y  3 + 2  + 2   2 +  2y  = 0
dx dx dx dx dx 2 dx
d 3y dy d 2y dy
y  3 + 3   2 + y =0
dx dx dx dx
d 4y d 3y dy dy d 3y d 2y d 2y d 2y dy dy
y  4 + 3  + 3   3 + 2   3  2 + y  2 +  =0
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx dx dx dx

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

Chap-11-FWS.indd 3 10/8/2012 11:04:54 AM

 4 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

2
d4y dy d 3y d 2y 2 d 2y dy
dx dx dx dx 1 2
y  4 + 4    3 + 3 2 + y  2 +
dx dx
 = 0 1 2
When x = 0,
y = cos 0 = 1
When x = 0,
dy
2(1)  = -sin 0
dx
dy
=0
dx
When x = 0,
d 2y 1
(1)  2 + 02 +  (1)2 = 0
dx 2
d 2y 1
= - 
dx2 2
When x = 0,
d 3y 1
1 2
(1)  3 + 3(0) - + (1)(0) = 0
dx 2
d 3y
=0
dx3
When x = 0,
2
d 4y 1
1 2 1
1 2
(1)  4 + 4(0)(0) + 3 -  + (1) -  + 02 = 0
dx 2 2
d 4y 1
= - 
dx4 4

Hence, cos x = f (0) + f ′(0)x + f ″(0) x + f ′″(0) x + f  IV(0) x + G

2 3 4

2! 3! 4!
=1-  
1 x2
2 2 1 2
1 x4
-  
4 24
+G 1 2
x2 x4
=1- - +G
4 96
5 y = sin-1 x
sin y = x
dy
(cos y)
dx
=11 2
dy
1 - sin2 y 
dx 1 2
=1
dy
1 - x2 
dx 1 2
=1
dy 2
(1 - x2)
dx 1 2
=1

dy d 2y dy 2
(1 - x2)  2 1 2
dx dx2
+
dx 1 2
(-2x) = 0
dy
(1 - x2) d y2 - x
2
= 0 [Shown]
dx dx

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

Chap-11-FWS.indd 4 10/8/2012 11:04:54 AM

 Fully Worked Solution 5

d 3y d 2y d 2y dy
(1 - x2) + 2  (-2x) - x  2 - =0
dx 3
dx dx dx
When x = 0,
y = sin-1 0 = 0
When x = 0,

1 - 02 1dy
dx2
=1

dy
=1
dx
When x = 0,
d 2y
(1 - 02) - (0)(1) = 0
dx2
d 2y
=0
dx2
When x = 0,
d 3y
(1 - 02) + (0)[-2(0)] - (0)(0) - 1 = 0
dx3
d 3y
=1
dx3

Hence, sin-1 x = f (0) + f ′(0) x + f ″(0) x + f ′″(0) x + G

2 3

2! 3!
=x- x +G
3

6

∫ 11 + x + 2! + 3!211 - 2! 2 dx
0.4 0.4
x x 2
x
3 2
6 ∫ 0.1
e2 cos x dx = 
0.1

∫ 11 - 2 2
=
0.4
x 2
+ x - x + x + x dx
3 2 3

0.1 2 2 6

∫ 11 + x - 3 2 dx
=
0.4
x 3

0.1

0.4

3
= x+ x - x 4
2 4

2 12 0.1

1
= 0.4 + 0.4 - 0.4 - 0.1 + 0.1 - 0.1 2
2 4 2 4

2 12 2 12
= 0.373

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

Chap-11-FWS.indd 5 10/8/2012 11:04:54 AM

 6 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

0.5
sin x dx = 0.5
7 ∫ 0 1-x ∫ 0
 (sin x)(1 - x)-1 dx

∫ 1x - 3 2[1 +
0.5
x 3
= -1
C1(-x) + -1C2(-x)2 + -1C3(-x)3] dx
0

∫ 1x - 3 2(1 + x + x
=
0.5
x 3
2
+ x3) dx
0

∫ 1x + x + x3 - x dx 2
0.5 3
= 2
0 3

∫ 1x + x + 2x dx2
0.5 3
= 2
0 3
0.5

3
= x + x + x 4
2 3 4

2 3 6 0

= 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 - 0

2 3 4

2 3 6
= 0.177

8 e2x ln 1 - 2x = e2x  312 ln (1 - 2x)4

1 (2x)2 (2x)3 (2x)4 (-2x)2 (-2x)3 (-2x)4

2 3
=   1 + 2x +
2!
+
3!
+
4!
+ G -2x -
2
+
3
-
4
+G 43 4
1
1
=   1 + 2x + 4x + 8x + 16x + G -2x - 4x - 8x - 16x + G 21 2
2 3 4 2 3 4

2 2 6 24 2 3 4

1
2 1 4
3
2
3
8
21
=   1 + 2x + 2x2 +  x3 +  x4 + G -2x - 2x2 -  x3 - 4x4 + G
3 2

1
1 8 8
=   -2x - 2x2 -  x3 - 4x4 - 4x2 - 4x3 - 16 x4 - 4x3 - 4x4 -  x4 + G
2 3 3 3 2
=
1
2 1
-2x - 6x2 - 32 x3 - 16x4 - G
3 2
= -x - 3x2 - 16 x3 - 8x4 - G
3
1
4
When e 2x ln  1 - 2x = e 5  ln ,
5
4
1 - 2x =
5
⇒x= 1
10
1
4 1 3 16 8
Hence, e5 ln = -  - - - 
5 10 100 3000 10 000

= - 1021   [Shown]
7500

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

Chap-11-FWS.indd 6 10/8/2012 11:04:55 AM

 Fully Worked Solution 7

9 f (x) = cosec1π2 + x2
π π
 f ′(x) = - cosec 1 + x2 cot 1 + x2
2 2
f ″(x) = - cosec 1π2 + x23-cosec 1π2 + x24 + cot 1π2 + x23cosec 1π2 + x2 cot 1π2 + x24
2

= c osec3 1π2 + x2 + cot 1π2 + x2 cosec 1π2 + x2

2

= c osec3 1π2 + x2 + 3cosec  1π2 + x2 - 14 cosec 1π2 + x2

2

= c osec3 1π2 + x2 + cosec 1π2 + x2 - cosec 1π2 + x2

3

= 2 cosec3 1π2 + x2 - cosec 1π2 + x2

 f ″(x) = 2[f (x)]3 - f (x)   [Shown]
f ′″(x) = 6[f (x)]2 f ′(x) - f ′(x)
f IV (x) = 6 [f (x)]2 f ″(x) + f ′(x)  12 f (x) f ′(x) - f ″(x)
  = 6[ f (x)]2 f ″(x) + 12 f (x)[f ′(x)]2 - f ″(x)

When x = 0,

f (0) = cosec 1π2 + 02

=1
f ′(0) = -cosec 1π2 + 02 cot 1π2 + 02
=0
f ″(0) = 2(1)3 - 1
=1
f ′″(0) = 6(1)2(0) - 0
=0
f  (0) = 6(1)2(1) + 12(1)(0)2 - 1
IV

=5
f (x) = f (0) + f ′(0)x + f ″(0) x + f ′″(0) x + f IV(0) x + G
2 3 4

2! 3! 4!
π
1 2 x 5x
2 4
cosec +x =1+ + +G
2 2 24
2 4
π 1 1 1
Hence, cosec 1 +
2 12 2
≈1+  
2 12 1 2
+

5 1
 
24 12 1 2
≈ 1.00348

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

Chap-11-FWS.indd 7 10/8/2012 11:04:55 AM

 8 ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

1
1- 1– x + x +G 2
2 4

1 - cos x 2! 4!
10 =
x sin x
1
xx– x + x +G 2
3 5

3! 5!
x2 x4
- +G
= 2 24
x4 x6
x2 - + +G
6 120
1 - x4 + G
= 2 24   Dividing each term by x2
1- +x 2
x4
+G
6 120
1-0+G
Hence, lim 1 - cos x = 2
x→0 x sin x 1-0+0+G
1
=
2
11 Let f (x) = ln (1 + sin x)
cos x
   f ′(x) =
1 + sin x
(1 + sin x)(-sin x) - cos x (cos x)
f ″(x) =
(1 + sin x)2
-sin x - sin2 x - cos2 x
=
(1 + sin x)2
-sin x - (sin2 x + cos2 x)
=
(1 + sin x)2
-sin x - 1
=
(1 + sin x)2
-(sin x + 1)
=
(1 + sin x)2
1
= - 
1 + sin x
= -(1 + sin x)-1
f ′″(x) = (1 + sin x)-2 cos x
cos x
= - 
(1 + sin x)2
When x = 0,
f (0) = ln (1 + sin 0)
=0
f ′(0) = cos 0
1 + sin 0
=1

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

Chap-11-FWS.indd 8 10/8/2012 11:04:55 AM

 Fully Worked Solution 9

1
f ″(0) = -
1 + sin 0
= -1
cos 0
f ′″(0) =
(1 + sin 0)2
=1
f ″(0)x2 f ′″(0)x3
f (x) = f (0) + f  ′(0) x + + +G
2! 3!
x2 x3
ln (1 + sin x) = x - + +G
2 6
1 2
x– x + x +G –x
2 3

ln (1 + sin x) - x 2 6
lim   = lim  
x→0 x2 x→0 x2
- x + x + G
2 3

= lim   2 6
x→0 x2
1 1 x
2
= lim   -  + + G
x→0 2 6
= -  1
2

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

Chap-11-FWS.indd 9 10/8/2012 11:04:55 AM